Indeed, the answer to this single question certainly says a lot about how candidates view themselves, their career, and their relationship to their company.
So how should one answer this question? It is best to confine your answer to some variation of the following: "I hope to be making a contribution as a member of a team at a stable, growing company like this. I get the most satisfaction and pleasure out of accomplishing a difficult task as part of a group and the feeling of camaraderie that results." "Within five years, I would like to become the best technician at your company. I would like to become the expert that other people rely on." "Five years from now, I hope to have mastered several programming languages and have contributed to many important projects in the company. I would like to be the programmer you choose for the most complex tasks."
These answers all show realistic career goals that involve making a contribution to the company. These answers show the candidate hopes to help the company in a specific way that nakes use of his or her unique skills.
At the end of any of these answers, it would be appropriate to add: "Although, of course, it'sdifficult to predict things far into the future, I know what direction I want to be moving in." This shows modesty and flexibility, while still highlighting the fact that you have clear career goals.
Shrimp aquaculture or farming first became profitable about 20 years ago and has since mushroomed into a major industry in developing countries. While total catches of wild shrimp have remained relatively stable at about 2 million metric tons per year over the past two decades, farm-raised production has exploded from around 80,000 metric tons in 1980 to more than 1 million metric tons in 2000. These shrimp are raised in shallow ponds ranging in size from a few hundred square meters to many hectares, generally constructed on or near the coastline of a tropical country.
Hailed as a "blue revolutions" 25 years ago, shrimp farming and other types of aquaculture were promoted as a way to provide a nourishing, inexpensive source of protein for the growing world population as well as to reduce the pressures on already dwindling supplies of wild seafood. Culture of saltwater species such as shrimp, however, has caused considerable damage both to wild stocks and to ecosystems that support them.
One of the biggest problems is that mangrove forests and coastal wetlands often are destroyed to build shrimp ponds. Mangrove forests are extremely important as homes to the young of a wide variety of ocean species. And they reduce pollution by absorbing excess nourishment and sediment that would otherwise contaminate nearshore waters and threaten coral reefs. About half of all mangrove forest in the world already have been destroyed. Shrimp farms are thought to be responsible for about one-fourth of that destruction. (A 2000 report in the jounal Nature estimated that for every kilogram of shrimp raosed in converted mangroves, 400 kg of wild fish production is lost.) Futhermore, because shrimp farms often are stocked in very high densities, much fresh seawater is flushed regularly through the ponds to wash out uneaten food, dead animals, feces, ammonia, phosphorus, and carbon dioxide. To prevent diseases among the teeming shrimp populations, most farmers also treat the ponds with antibiotics and chemicals which then contaminate local surface or ground waters.
Not all aquaculture operations are environmentally harmful. With conscientious, scientific management, disease can be controlled without harmful chemical or antibiotic releases, water use can be minimized, and polluted effluent can be treated before being discharged into the environment. There is not yet a certification process, however, so consumers cannot tell whether the seafood products they buy have been obtained in an ecologically sound manner.
Based on our observations of crows in cities and other places, it is clear that these birds are very intelligent. This cool intelligence is also evident in a crow's interactions with other members of its species.
Behavioral biologist Renee Robinette Ha at the University of Washington has been studying the details of how crows steal food from one another. She noticed that if a crow had a particularly large meal that couldn't be eaten in one piece, another crow would often come by and try to steal the food away. Food stealing is fairly common in the bird world, so the crow's stealing wasn't unexpected. What really interested Ha was that the birds employed two different tactics to take the food.
In some instances the birds that was stealing would take an aggressive approach --- typically involving some chasing or physical contact. In other exchanges, however, the theif would use a more passive methoud: merely approaching the other bird slowly and carefully and taking the food. How did these tactics fit into the group foraging practices of the crows?
Ha and her colleagues decided to investigate whether social relations such as dominance or family relationships played any role. They caught 55 crows, took DNA samples, and marked each with identifying leg bands and then released them. They observed nearly 3,000 instances of group foraging and 390 attempts to steal food.
When they analyzed all of the data, Ha and her colleagues found some complex social interactions. For one thing, the crows seemed to have preferred social companions: certain birds regularly foraged with each other, even if they weren't related by their genes. Moreover, the relative social positions of the birds had little to do with the stealing tactics they employed -- the dominance of males over females, or of adults over young birds, wasn't a factor. What did become clear was that the crows distinguished between their relatives and others when it came to stealing their food.
Although the birds would steal from friends and relatives alike, closely related birds tended to be more friendly to each other. Relatives were inclined to use the passive method of stealing food, whereas aggressive stealing usually occurred when the two birds were more distantly related. The kindness shown to a relative attempting to steal foods suggests to Ha and her colleagues that the clever crows are gaining indirect benefits in terms of evolution. As Ha explains, "We put up with more from our relatives than we might from nonrelatives, because they share more genes in common with us than strangers. By helping our relatives, we ensure that more of our genes survive."
よろしくお願いします。 一部、表記が不可解な点がありますが原文全文を載せました。 Is there no longer any chance of discovery in the modern world? The last corners of the earth seem to have all been mapped. There are no more deserted islands where an adventurous seaman like Robinson Crusoe could live alone in nature. Takahashi Daisuke disagrees. He had an impossible dream and decided to make it come true. He set out to find Robinson Crusoe. Nearly 300 years ago, the English writer Daniel Defoe wrote a book. a book called The Life and Strange Surprising Adventures of Robinson Crusoe. Robinson Crusoe built himself a house, domesticated goats, and built a boat. He faced great troubles but he survived and was rescued in the end by an English ship. Since its publication in 1719, the book has inspired a sense of adventure in many readers. One of those readers was a young man named Takahashi Daisuke. Born in 1996 in Akita, he read Robinson Crusoe as a boy and felt drawn to the world it told about. He would catch fish in a river near his house and cook them over a fire, or plant sticks in the family yard to build himself a hut. To his parents, he must have seemed a typically mischievous kid, but in his own eyes, this was serious. He wonderd: ''What if I were set ashore on a deserted island like Crusoe? Would I be able to survive by making a hut and learning to hunt the way he did? Defoe's story lit a flame in his mind, sparking a love for adventure that lasted into his adult years.
If you want to be perceived as caring by people who are overwhelmed by a pressing deadline at work, bring them dinner to eat at their desks. don't tell them what they really need is to take a break and go out to dinner with you. That's not what they want. It's what you want. If you force them to go along with your program, chances are they won't see you as caring at all, but rather as insensitive and unsympathetic. Your effort to be perceived as a kind and compassionate person will fail because that is really not how you have behaved. Kind, compassionate and sensitive people learn to detect what others value, and to deliver it.
This requires attention to others' needs, and disregard for what you belive will make you appear caring. Ask questions. Listen carefully. Provide others what they want. When you show someone that you listen, and respond, your caring actions will carry twice the weight.
Womanという題のエッセイです It may be only an illusion, but I fancy that dramatists are particularly fond of depicting Woman in the middle and later parts of her life as an angel of peace. As I sat through the first performance of "Juno and the Paycocka", at the Royalty Theatre, it seemed to me the figure of the mother was a figure whom all the dramatists love to portray - woman the peacemaker, the assuager of suffering, the understanding one. Even in Mary Rose, where the mother is only a faint sketch, she is shown continually allaying the petty quarrels of two elderly gentlemen over pictures and less important things and smoothing hostility into affection. どなたかおねがいします!
Another interesting survey of college students compared national differences in positivity and ranked Puerto Rico, Colombia and Spain as the three most cheerful countries. The high spirits of the Puerto Ricans and Colombians, who live in countries with a relatively low GDP, may come from a "positivity tendency."
They believe that the aspects of life in general are good. In other words, Latin Americans are happier because they look on the sunny side of life.
This tendency does not seem to be as common in East Asian countries like Japan. Among the bottom five in the study are Japan, China and South Korea. East Asians tend to rate themselves lower and it's not clear whether they actually feel unhappy or whether they're just controlling their answers. Again, that may be a result of cultural differences.
American and Japanese students were recently asked to describe the positive and negative aspects of happiness. The American students could only see happiness as pure good, while the Japanese students repeatedly pointed out that personal happiness could invite envy. Japanese, from early in life, may be trained to focus on the negative aspects of themselves rather than positive ones. Japanese often see little value in personal happiness that disturbs family or group harmony, though that might be part of the fun for average American students. Japanese happiness is probably much more social than personal. However, that may be changing year by year.
書名:What Globalizetion Really Means 著者:Paul Stapleton(ポール・ステイプルトン)
1.Introduction:Understanding Globalization @If we could step into a time machine, travel back about 100years, and walk down the streets of most cities or towns in the world, what do you think is the first thing wo would notice? AWould it be the different clothes or old-style buildings? BPerhaps neithrer of these. CInstead, the first thing we would notice is probably the strong smell of horse manure and the sound of horseshoes hitting the stone road surface:clop, clop, clop... DBack in those days when our main form of transportation was horses, a very important profession was the blacksmith, the person who made horseshoes and nailed them onto the horses'hooves. EThen in the early 20th century, the car gradually replaced the horse as the main form of personal transport. FDuring this changeover, the blacksmith, who played an essential role in daily life − even more important than an auto mechanic does today − disappeared. GThis example of change shows how new technolory can have a dramatic effect on people's lives and jobs.
@ タイムマシンに乗って100年前に戻り,世界の都市や町の街路を歩いてみたとしよう.最初に気がつくことは何だと思うか. A それは異なる服装だろうか,それとも旧式の建物だろうか. B おそらくどちらでもないだろう. C そのかわり,最初に気がつくことは,馬糞の悪臭と石造りの道路をコツコツコツと打つ蹄鉄の音だろう. D 主要な交通手段が馬であったこの時代に戻ると,非常に重要な職業は,鍛冶屋(蹄鉄工)であった.蹄鉄を作り馬の蹄(ひづめ)に打ち付ける人である.
E その後,20世紀初頭には,自動車が個人的な交通手段の主役として徐々に馬に取って代わった. F この変化の間,蹄鉄工という毎日の生活には欠かせない役割を果たし,今日における自動車工よりも重要だと考えられていた職業は,消えてしまったのである. G この変化の例により,新しい技術(technologyのミスタイプ?)が人々の生活や職業に劇的な影響を及ぼし得ることが分かる.
数日前に和訳スレ17のほうに書き込んだのですが、みなさんこっちに書き込まれていたのですね>< 明日小テストなのですが日本語文がいまいち分りません・・・ 出来れば今日中に和訳していただけると助かります>< 無茶苦茶言ってすいません What is international balance of payments? The balance of international payments is divided into four sections: (1) current account, (2) capital account, (3) changes in reserve assets, and (4) errors and omissions. Current account includes trades, services, income, and transfers. In Japan, the current account has been in surplus in spite of the fact that services have had a large deficit. Capital account includes direct investment, portfolio investment, financial derivatives, and so on, and has been in deficit. The international balance of payments can be considered using various theoretical approaches. One is the elasticity approach, which considers the responsiveness of exports and imports to a change in the exchange rates. The absorption approach analyzes a current account by determining the difference between income and absorption (consumption, investment, and government expenditure). The last is the saving investment approach, which hypothesizes that the difference between saving and investment is as the current account. If saving is larger than investment, it means surplus.
↑の続きです。 どうかお願いします;; Some structural factors have resulted in the recent ‘current account’ surplus. As companies increased production capacity at Japanese production bases in Asia, Japan’s exports of capital goods and parts surged. The trade surplus widened mainly due to increased exports following increased sales of (1) motor vehicles, (2) IT-related goods, and (3) machinery and parts. The deficit in the transportation account shrank because air freight charges changed into surplus. The deficits in other services also narrowed. This resulted from an increase in royalty receipts in response to expanded overseas production by Japanese automakers. The deficit in royalties and license fees gas narrowed recently お願いします;;
25です。 エッセイの続きです。 Is the picture true in any general sense, or is it only the wffect of a wish on the part of men who despair of their own sex? In a world of fools and quarrellers all men secretly long for some sublime figure of pity to preside over the scene of follies and quarrels and to speak the healing word at the end of the play - "Pardon's the world for all'. I am myself convinced of the existence of this noble figure, but I am not sure thet she be called Woman - even Middle aged or Elderly Woman. I am not sure that any one called Woman has ever appeared on earth. Woman is a theme for generalizations, but the is so elusive when you measure her either by the fact of your own experience or by the facts of general experience, that no sooner have you made one appraisal of her than you suddenly realize that an appraisal in the opposite sense would have been equally true. どなたかよろしくおねがいします。
Many people say capital punishment is a murder. That may be true, but my opinion is different. I think we should keep capital punishment for two reasons. Firstly, capital punishment prevents crime. People are more careful about their actions if they know they could die for their crimes. Secondly, when a very bad criminal dies, the families of the victims get some relief from their suffering. But if such a criminal is allowed to live, the families of the victims never feel peace. If we do not keep capital punishment, there will be more serious crime and more anger for the victims’ families. Therefore, capital punishment should be kept.
Americans do not usually "bargain" over prices,as is familiar in familiar in much of the world. What they do instead is shop around to find the store which offers the item and quaity they want at the lowest price. Almost everything sold in the United States varies in price according to the store and often time of year.
@The world has seen even more dramatic changes. AOne of these occurred in the 15th century with the invention of the printing press. BThis machine, which may now seem like very old technology, automated the production of books and newspapers. CInstead od having to be written by hand, information on paper could be printed by a machine. DThis process saved a lot of time and allowed printed material to be mass-produced. EThis change led to a great increase in literacy, and encouraged the spread of knowledge and information around the grove, thus aiding the advance of the Renaissance and the Scientific Revolution. FIn doing so, it was also one of the first steps in globalization, which can be defined as the integration of economic, cultural, political, or social systems across borders. GOf course, when Gutenberg invented the printing press he could not have imagined that his new machine would have such dramatic results.
和訳お願いします。。 When Charles Darwin shocked the nineteenth-century world with his theory that human beings and apes had a common ancestry,someone asked him whether there was still anything unique about the human being. Darwin answered,"Man is the only animal that blushes."This is,human beings are the only creature capable of recognizing the gap between what they are and what they can be expected to be,and of being embarrassed by that gap.
@Currently, ew have the good fortune to be living in the middle of another great change. AOnce again, as in Gutenberg's time, today's change is being triggered bi improvements in technolgy and the way information and knowledge are spread and shard. BThe globalization that is happening now has reached a new lovel, much higher than any type of globalization that we have experienced before. COne clear instance of the current globalization is the increasing quantity of overseas food, products, culture, and services easily available. DAmerican fast food, such as McDonald's in Japan, is one example; kiwi fruit from New Zealand, perhaps something your parents did not eat until they were teenagers, is another. ESweaters and shoes made in China, which are both cheap and of good quality, are yet other examples. FWe often enjoy cultural imports such as music from around the world−not just Western pop music, but also the sounds of reggae from the Caribbean. GYou could also point to the Internet and satellite TV, which bring information and news from around the world into our homes at the click of a mouse or the touch of a remote.
We of modern times are all made to face so-called "hard" facts,or what are generally known as "objective truths",which tend to harden our minds. Where there is no tenderness,no subjectivity,poetry departs. In Basho's day,one wooden stick,and one cotton bag were enough for the poet in his wandering life. He would stop for a while in any village,or anywhere that struck his fancy, and enjoy whatever experiences came to him,though these were likely to include the hardships of primitive traveling,too. But we must remember that,when traveling is made too easy and comfortable,its spiritual meaning is lost.
The above-mentioned research has shown that people's ways of thinking about happiness and positive emotions tend to be different according to their cultures. But is there anything common to all cultures of the world that makes the human heart sing? Take wealth, for example, and all the dilightful things that money can buy. Once your basic needs are met, additional money does little to raise your sense of satisfaction with life. A good education? Neither education nor a high IQ leads to happiness. Youth? No, again. In fact, older people are more satisfied with their lives than the young. A recent survay found that people aged between 20 and 24 are sad for an average of 3.4 days a month, but it is just 2.3days for people aged 65 to 74. Watching TV? Not at all. People who watch more yhan three hours a day are unhappier than those who spend less yime in front of the box.
On the positive side, the most distinct traits of cheerful people were strong ties to friends and family, and time spent together with them. These traits were shared by the 10% of students who believe they are really happy. In other words, it's important to work on sosial skills, close human relationships and cosial support in order to be happy. A resercher observes that people between the ages of 30 and 50 are less happy than other groups. This is perhaps because they have less freedom and more responsibilities for kids, jobs and housing. People are happiest when they are given a certain amount of freedom and decision-making power in their jobs. After working in the field for 25 years, the researcher claims that happiness is related to how much you like the life you are living.
At first, mobile phones were used mainly by businessmen, but now they have become indispensable for most of us in our everyday lives. Businessmen today would not dream of working without a mobile phone. They use their mobiles in order to make appointment, to gather information, and to contact colleagues. But young people now form the biggest market for mobile phones. They use them mainly to communicate with their classmates and other friends. Meanwhile, mothers and children are also good customers. Nowadays many children go to cram schools and come back home late. Mobile phones allow their parents to keep track of them. In addition to these users, aged people also use mobile phones for emergencies; for example, in case they have an accident. The day will soon come when everybody will have a mobile phone.
The range of divesity has progressed to the point where it has become almost impossible to make individual categories of rase or origin. Many have opted for the terminology “Americans of Color”to include all people of non-Caucasian, or white, back-ground. Tiger Woods famosly described him self as “Cablanasian,”for Caucasian, Black, Native American and Asian, when media tried to pigeonhole him as the first African-American golf star. Children in California, where my own children went to school for a time, are required to choose an ethnic category for themselves. We were at a loss to find one on the list that sounded just right. They certainly were not Japanese descent. They might better be described as Americans Japanese, or Japanese citizens of American descent, but that was not quite right either because they did have American citizenship. They went to a school that was acombination of African-American students, Mexican-Americans and Mexicans, and children of recent immigrants from Vietnam and Laos. Except for the African-American children, many of the children were first-generation Americans and their parents did not speak English. Even today, my children say that it is soothing for them to hear a language spoken that they do not understand. I often wonder about the children they went to school with in the US. Who will they marry? What will their own children look like? There are so many possibilities.
長くて申し訳ありませんがお願いいたします。 THE WORD philosophy means the love of wisdom, but what phi-lospphers really love is reasoning. They formulate theories and marshal reasons to support them, they consider objections and try to meet these, they construct arguments against other views. Even philosophers who proclaim the limitations of reason−the Greek skep-tics, David Hume, doubters of the objectivity of science−all adduce reasons for their views and present difficulties for opposing ones. Proclamations or aphorisms are not considered philosophy unless they also enshrine and delineate reasoning. One thing philosophers reason about is reasoning itself. What prin-ciples should it obey? What principles must it obey? Aristotle initiated the explicit formulation and study of deductive principles, writers on science and support, Descartes attempted to show why we should trust the results of reasoning, Hume questioned the rationality of our doing so,and Kant demarcated what he held to be reason`s proper domain. This delineation of reason was not an academic exercise. Discoveries were to be applied: people`s reasoning was to be improved, their be-liefs and practices and actions made more rational. Inquiring into the rationality of contemporary beliefs and practices carries risks, Socrates discovered. The traditions of a society sometimes do not withstand scrutiny; not everyone wishes to see the implicit examined explicitly. Even the simple consideration of alternatives can seem a corrosive undercutting of what actually exists, an exposure of arbitrariness.
>>74続きです。 Rationality fixed human distinctiveness, the Greeks held. "Man is a rational animal." The capacity to be rational demarcates humans from other animals and thus defines them. Human specialness has repeat-edlu been contracted since the Middle Ages−this was the first large statement about intellectual history that I recall reading. Copernicus, Darwin, and Freud taught us that human beings do not occupy a taught us that human beings do not occupy a spe-cial place in the universe, they a spe-cial place in the universe, they are not special in their origin and are not always guided by rational or even consciously known motives. What continued to give humanity some special status, though, is its capacity for rationality. Perhaps we do not consistently exercise this valuable attribute; yet it sets us apart. Rationality provides us with the (potential) power to investigate and discover anything and every-thing; it enables us to control and direct our behavor through reasons and the utilization of principles. ところどころ改行がおかしくてすみません。宜しくお願いします。
People with disabilities have traditionally been kept out of the mainstream. How much did society lose without their input before the modern day? Now we see children in wheelchairs at local schools where, just by being there, they teach the other children how important it is to accept and learn from everyne. Artists with disabilities offer us their works, teachers with disabilities offer information that nobody else is capable of providing. And or course, we have the freethinkers. These are the Japanese who feel free to follow their own interests and do things according to their own schedules. As a developing country, Japan benefited from the willingness of people to conform. Their wholehearted efforts brought Japan into the twenty-first century as a world leader. Now, however, many people, particularly youth, find it impossible to fit into molds that society has prepared for them. They need to know that things can be approached from many directions and that there are different ways to do things and still thrive as a member of society. お時間がある時でかまいません。 お願いします。
@However, globalization means much more than these few examples of new products and cultur from abroad. AThe globalization we are now experiencing is much more far-reaching than what has occured in the past. BFor example, country borders are becoming less important as deregulation and the Internet allow free movement of goods, services, and ideas without interruption between nations. CThese changes are also having a deep impact on immigration, economic growth, war, ethics, our diets, the environment, and even our knowledge. DWe will discuss many of these in the following chapters. EReturning tou our examples of the blacksmith and the printing press, we can learn from these earlier instances of major change. FCertainly, if you lived 100 years ago, there would bo no point in learning how to bocome a blacksmith. GOr, if you lived in Gutenberg's time, you would be unwise to want to get a job writing out texts by hand. HLikewise, in the early 21st century it is important to have a deep understanding of the new forces of globalization. IThis awareness can help to identify the skills that we will need to take advantage of new opportunities. JIt can also help us avoid becoming the blacksmith of the 21st century!
This book contains step-by-step color photos that illustrate the entire lamp-making process, from cutting the pattern and selecting glass to assembling tiles and soldering a shade. It presents how-to techniques and construction secrets from one of the country's top Tiffany lamp artists. It features never-before-published secrets for creating an authentic patina. It includes large-scale images of 30 finished lamps as well as close-ups of shade details.
どなたかよろしくお願いします。 When she was in elementary school, Ms. Olai`s fondest wish was to have a "Western"-style bed, like the ones the little girls in American TV sitcoms had. Her presents obliged, and she became "just as happy as I could be." Thus began her entry into the English-speaking world. In time she studied English in high school and college, and for one year was a student in a large American university. Her experiences there were in some ways typical of the thousands of Japanese students who studied in America, and werein other ways unique to her own personality and abilities. As she herself says: "I had the time of my life!" After returning to Japan, she worked as an English teacher, a supervisor of foreign English teachers at a Japanese language company, and a translator for a major multinational corporation. Now married and with two children in junior high school, she happily sleeps in a futon rather than a bed, and slips effortlessly between Japanese and English-speaking cultures in her personal life. Ms. Okai`s story illustrates the problems that most young people of any culture face during their first year of college, whether in their own or a foreign culture satting. Her shock at discovering that what she had been taught was "English" quite often was not, is typical even today among Japanese students, buisinessmen, and even scholars, when they first venture abroad. In her case, she survived and succeeded with those rarest of gifts: a sense of humor, and a desire for understanding that overcame the fear of making mistakes and the embarrassment that often followed. Her story is a blend of light and bright reading, which reflects much of the human condition in many other contexts.
>>92続きです。長文申し訳ありません。 First Days. Like so many Japanese girls of my generation, and perhaps today also, my dream was to get a job overseas, or at least work in Japan as a stewardess, travel agent, or something similar. For such a hope, the English language is the key and a must, even if one works for a Japanese company. After two successful years of college, I decided to try to go to the U.S. to study English. In those days, most Japanese thought America was a cross between the "Wild West" and Chicago gangsters: such is the power of television and Hollywood to convey distorted images. For this and a few other reasons, my parents did not support my plan. From a college placement center in Osaka I learned about Oregon State University, in a town named Corvallis. It seemed perfect: too many Japanese were in California, Washington waqs too rainy and cold, and everywhere else was too far away from my home. Oregon and its university seemed to suit me fine. OSU felt the same, and I was overjoyed and on my way to heaven when I received my letter og acceptance as a student in their English Language Institute. Going there was the first time I ever rode in an airplane. From Osaka`s itami Airport I flew to Tokyo Narita, crying all the way, but was delighted to see Mt. Fuji from the air. This mountain has a special meaning for most Japanese, and its granceful lines cheered me up a little. I was more composed on my flight to Seattle, in a huge and fascinating jumbo jet. I had a four-hour stopover in SeaTac airport, where I wrote postcards to everyone I knew, and was pleased to get the correct stamps in the post office by speaking English. Soon I was flying south to Eugene, Oregon, the nearest airport to Corvallis. This flight was in a tiny propeller plane, and I could`nt believe it: this little thing looked so fragile and scary, and it didn`t fly very high off the ground, either. As I recall, there were only a few other passengers.
@Smokers may claim the right to smoke, but non-smokers' right to protect themselves is more important. Smoking should be banned in public places for two main reasons. AFirstly, this measure will protect non-smokers. Smokers can choose whether they smoke or not, but non-smokers don’t have a choice. Non-smokers are forced to smoke. In a sense, the smoker is an offender and non-smokers are his victims. BSecondly, the attitude of smokers may influence other people. If somebody is smoking in a public place, young people may be encouraged to follow. Furthermore, if a person is trying to quit smoking and sees someone else smoking, it makes it harder for him to stick to his decision. CTherefore, to protect non-smokers, young people, and those who have decided to give up the habit, smoking should not be permitted in public places.
pert1 High in the woods that morning, snow covered the ground. Into The silence came two horses. Their riders were laughing. The older giril, Judith, was leading the way on her horse, Gulliver, and looking back over her shoulder at Grace on Pilgrim. Grace said, "We may have lost our way." Then they turned to a steep path. Suddenly, Gulliver's shoe hit ice. He dropped to his knees and fell back down toward the road, hitting Pilgrim hard. Both horses and their riders landed in the road.
Just then, a large truck came round the corner. The sound of the horn made Pilgrim go crazy. He lifted his front legs toward the truck, and grace was thrown onto the road. Grace's father, Robert, found a message on the answering machine, which made him go cold. Soon after that, he phoned Annie, his wife, at her office. "Grace is in the hospital. She's very badly hurt. Judith is dead." When annie arrived at the hospital, Robert said, "She's going to be al right, but her leg must be taken off."
Part2 Grace came home on Christmas Day short visit from the hospital. She showed little interest in the hundreds of presents that she received from her friends. The next morning, Robert, Annie, and Grace went to see Pilgrim. They opened the door of the stable. “No! Oh, no!” Grace shouted. Pilgrim’s eyes were bloody and crazy. There were terrible cuts on his face. Several weeks later, Grace was getting better physically. She could walk quite well now with the help of her crutches. But something was wrong inside. Annie could see that something inside her daughter was slowly dying. “If Pilgrim were all right, he would be a great help to Grace,” she said to herself. Annie looked for someone to calm Pilgrim’s troubled heart. One day, she heard of Tom Booker, a horse whisperer in Montana. Horse whisperer can understand horses. They can calm the most troubled horses just by talking to them.
Part3 Tom Booker could see how much Grace and Pilgrim were joined in their suffering. “If I could help the horse, I could also help Grace,” he thought. Tom decided to do something for them. Day after day, he stayed with Pilgrim in the arena for some time. Weeks passed, but nothing changed. When Tom came near Pilgrim, the horse always moved away to a far corner. One day, however, little by little Pilgrim came to Tom. Tom was whispering something to Pilgrim. “Go on, Pilgrim. He won’t hurt you,” Grace thought. Pilgrim put his nose to Tom’s hands and smelled them. Tom just stood there and let him. At then moment, Grace was all happiness. Pilgrim’s show of trust changed everything. She knew that this change in herself was going to stay with her forever. Tom called Grace into the arena. She held her hands out below the horse’s nose. There was fear on both sides. Then Pilgrim put his nose to her hands and then to her face and hair.
Part4 A few weeks later, everyone Grace knew was there, at the side of the arena. They were waiting to see Grace ride on Pilgrim again. Tom rode Pilgrim slowly around the arena a few times. Grace stood next to her mother. She tried to stay calm. Then Tom got down from Pilgrim and walked over to Grace. She went to meet him. Her new leg felt good. “Ready?” he asked. He saw the worry in her face. “Sure.” Tom put his arm around her shoulders, and they walked over to Pilgrim. He lifted his ears when they came near. Tom stopped Grace a little way away from Pilgrim and went the final few steps alone. He put his hand on Pilgrim’s neck and his head close to the horse’s. Pilgrim never took his eyes off Grace. When Tom tried to bring the animal to Grace, Pilgrim refused to move. He lifted his head and looked down at Grace. He must have remembered that terrible moment of the accident.
Part5 “OK, Grace,” Tom said. “We’re going to try one more thing. I didn’t want to do this. But there’s something inside that horse that I can’t reach in any other way. I’m going to make him lie down.” Pilgrim fought long and hard. But finally he fell over on his side and laid his head on the sand. “Now, Grace, step up. Go on, step up in him,” Tom almost shouted. And she did. With tears falling down her face, she stood on the animal she loved most in the world. Tom helped Grace down and put his hands on her shoulders. He said, “Lying down like that was the worst thing for Pilgrim. But he found it was OK. Even you standing on him was OK. Now he know that the light comes only after the darkest hour.” Now Tom prepared the horse for riding and told Grace to get on. She felt no fear. She walked him first one way around the arena and then the other. Grace could feel Pilgrim under her, just like before. He was strong, trusting, and true.
Do you want to lift your level of happiness? Here are some suggestions based on research findings and other sources. First of all, practice acts of kindness. Being kind to others, whether friends or strangers, has positive effects. It makes you feel happy, gives you a greater sense of connection with others, and brings you smiles. Next, make a good friend who you can talk with about anything. A friend in need is a friend indeed. Friendship cannot be built in a day, but it can make your life happier. The biggest factor for feeling satisfaction with life appears to be strong personal relationships. Thirdly, have realistic goals in your life and work for them. Happiness lies in the very process of their achievement. If you like to help someone who is in trouble, work as a volunteer. Volunteering is becoming more popular these days and people who do so are happier than people who don’t. Helping others makes you feel happy. Lastly, do things that you enjoy and that are good for your body. Getting plenty of sleep, exercising, stretching, smiling and laughing can all improve your mood in a short time. Practiced regularly, they can help make your daily life more satisfying. Although the sense of happiness differs between individuals, why don’t you try to put these examples into practice? Then you will be able to live a happier life from now on.
@In the past, many people believed that infants developed attachments or bonds with only those who took care of the infant's physical needs, for example, the need to be fed. This led to a number of debates such as whether mothers should go out work. As a result of these debates, psychologists began to study the development if the relationship in great detail, and found that things weren't nearly so simple. For one thing, many babies develop special attachments to more than one person, and sometimes they will develop a special relationship with someone that they see only for a relatively short period each day. A pioneering study by Shaffer and Emerson, conducted in 1964, found that many of the infants they were studying had special attachments with their fathers who were out at work all days, as well as with their mothers who were at home. Some other babies, however didn’t from attachments with their fathers. Furthermore, some formed attachments with the fathers, but not with their mothers, even though it was the mother who was with them most of the time.
AWhat made the difference? The above study found that it was the quality of social interaction between parent and child which affected the infant’s response. Babies become especially fond of parents (and others) who are sensitive to the signals they are giving out ― smiling and other facial expressions, movements and so on − and who are prepared to interact with them in their playing. They don’t develop attachments to people who care for them physically ― unless they also talk and play with them. Even though parents become attached to their infants very quickly, it takes longer for the infant to develop its own attachment. Although infants often prefer to be with one person, in the first few months they are rarely upset if that special person is not present. Psychologists found that the full attachment would appear at about seven months. This attachment forms the basis of the loving relationship between parent and child, which persists throughout life (if it is not purposefully damaged). And that attachment, in its turn, has been based on the quality of the interactions between the pare t and the baby. A natural ability to interact with people and to form relationships with the people who respond to you sensitive is common among human infants all over world. It is, quite literally, part of our heritage as human beings.
@One of my favorite foods is broccoli. AIn, Japan, I am sometimes lucky enough to be able to choose between two different kinds, domestic and imported. BOften at the supermarket where I shop, the two are side by side. CAlthough nothing seems unusual about this, I have noticed something rather odd. DThe imported broccoli, which often comes from the United States, is sometimes half the price of the domestic variety. EGiven that the cheaper one has to travel halfway around the world, how can this be possible? FOne well-known reason is that farm workers in the U.S. and many other parts of the world are low-paid laborers from developing countries. GThese workers are attracted to America from countries such as Mexico by high wages compared to what they could earn back home. HOn the other hand, Japan tends not to import farm labor, which American growers. IAnother reason concerns the decrese of trade barriers, which has reduced tariffs on imports. JHowever, these reasons are only part of the story. KConsider how goods were shipped overseas 50 years ago. LFirst, workers cariied the product onto a truck. MThe truck was then driven to the nearest port, where the product was removed from the truck and taken to a warehouse while waiting for a ship to arrive. NAfter the ship arrived, workers loaded the product onto it, often taking several days. OThen the ship headed to its desitination. PUpon arrival at a port in the foreign country, the whole process was reversed until the product reached its final destination several weeks or even months later.
★パート@ Each and every one of us is creative. Yet we impose a great limitation on our selves with the belief that only certain people are creative. We call these people gifted or talented because of their abilities to paint, write, compose music, play an instrument, or excel in some other artistic pursuit. Unfortunately, when we take this point of view we then believe that we are noncreative if we lack the ability or inclination of the painter, sculptor, or poet. We may compare ourselves with professional artists and decide we do not measure up to the standards of art galleries, publishing houses, musucal bands, or orchestras. We tend to dismiss the artistic touch as a wonderful capability we had as children but can never re-experience fully because we didn't continue those flute or painting lessons or because we didn't graduate with a degree in fine arts. A few special indivisuals, we are told, are inspired by the Muse. The rest of us are fated to be nothing but consumers of art. We will decorate our houses with other people's paintings, play other people's songs on our stereos, and read other people's published journals, poems, and atories. As a professor tells a discouraged colleage student in some comic magazine: "The sooner you face up to the fact that you are lazy, untalented losers, the batter off you'll be."
Did you hear tha funny story about a man who was walking down a road ―and fell into a deep hole? It was impossible for him to climb up the walls. He could only cry for help.
As the story goes,someone happened by and heard the man shouting,“Help me!” The passerby was a doctor. He wrote a prescription for the man,threw it into hole, and kept on walking.
Then a preacher stopped near the hole. “Can you help me?”,the man asked. The preasher wrote a prayer on a piece of paper,threw it into the hole,and walked on by.
Next,a man heard his friend’s call for help. “I can’t get out. Plese help me!” The friend jamped into the hole. The trobled man said,“Are you stupid? Now both of us need help.”, he cried. “No,that’s not true”,said the friend. “You see,I’ve been here before―and know the way out.”
This story may not be about a hole in the road at all. Perhaps it is about when a person fells down on his luck or is depressed. In any case,one thing is for sure. A friend in need is a friend indeed, Or,with a little bit of luck,the friend who is really worth having is the one who will listen to your deepest hurts,and feel they are his,too.
Genshiro Kawamoto owns dozens of office buildings in downtown Tokyo and has been buying and selling U.S. real estate in Hawaii and California since the 1980s. He is one of Japan’s richst men, a billionaire who is allowing needy native Hawaiian families to move into his upscale Oahu homes rent-free. In March 2007,he set up three homeless families in nearby mansions. Tow of the homes share a backyard,with a tennis court,a bathhouse,hot tub and swimming pool ― filled with palm tree leaves and coconuts. The families will be able to stay in the homes for up to 10 years. In the middle of July,five more ritzy properties were handed over to Native Hawaiian homeless families. These are some of Oahu’s most luxurious homes which lie behind towering gates. The mansions cost between $2.5 million and $4.5 million and could easily be rented for up to $7000 a month. He selected the families from among 3000 applicants. He has said that he tried to pick working,single mothers. He planned to open eight of his 22 Kahala homes to needy Hawaiian families. Mr.Kawamoto also plans to transform four homes into public museums for his collection of Western and Asian art. Why is he doing? He says,“I want to help them as a fairy godfather would do. I want to do what I like without causing trouble for others.” For the lucky new tenants,adjusting to a new lifestyle isa a dream come true.
For all humankind there is one thing we can depend on, and that is ― change. Nothing really remains the same. There will be good and bad days, happy and sad times. But with hope and effort,there is always the chance that luck will come our way. You know what people say. The third time is lucky!
★パートA Do you remember the finger paintings and crayon drawings you made as a child? And do you remember the quiet, satisfying fun you had when you made them? Nearly all of us can recall being artists as children, with fresh vision, open to the spirit of creativity. In our formative years, before our minds were conditioned by notions of professional and amateur, creative and noncreative, we reveled in the joys of self-expression, played with imaginary friends, drew pictures of trees, clowns, or rainbows, told stories to ourselves, made clay dinosaurs, drummed and shook tambourines, decorated dollhouses, and went on jungle safaris in the backyard. Should we deny ourselves this magic simply because we are no longer boys and girls? Self-expression is our birthright, a natural way of reconnecting to the beauty and mystery we experienced as children. To reclaim this birthtight, we need only put aside our self-consciousness and immerse ourselves in the creative act, not caring whether we produce work of professional quality. God is really another artist, said Pablo Picasso. He invented the giraffe, the elephant and the cat. He had no real style. He just goes on trying other things. お手数かけますが、宜しくお願いします。
@ A good friend of mine takes a class in t'ai chi chuan( t'ai chi chuan=太極拳), a traditional Chinese martial art. She is always talking about her teacher, Koh-sensei, and telling me how patient he is with his students and how they all like him. He sounded too good to be true, so I asked him if I could interview him for this book.
My friend and I sat down to have a talk with Koh-sensei. He told us that his name in Chinese is pronounced Hang Haiguang, but that he was used to being called Koh Kaikoh. He has sparkling eyes and a ready smile, and although Koh-sensei has only been in Japan for five years, his Japanese is fluent.
He told us that he began studying kung fu when he was six years old, and that he learned t'ai chi chuan when he was in high school. He and the other children practiced four hours a day.
Koh-sensei excelled in kang fu and t'ai chi chuan, but competition for jobs in martial arts training was fierce. After college, he decided to come to Japan for his master's degree and to find out what opportunities there might be for him here. He said that when he first came he could speak only a few words of Japanese. I found it difficult to imagine that anyone would arrive in Japan school. Most Westerners would never even dream of attempting such a thing unless they had studied Japanese for many years. What happened next? I was eager to find out.
A "After I came, I studied Japanese for one year," he told us. "I studied eighteen hours a day, and then I was admitted to a graduate program. It took me two years to get my master's degree. It was hard." So,three years after arriving in Japan, Koh-sensei had not only mastered the language, but was able to complete both his studies in physical education and the research required for a graduate degree. After graduating, he began teaching. With his gentle nature and excellent communication skills, it was not long before he had acquired a full schedule of classes. He now spends most of his days dashing from gyms to culture schools to public halls to teach t'ai chi chaun to his loyal students.
About a year ago, Koh-sensei went back to China to marry his fiancee. The two of them had met in China, and then had spent several years corresponding by telephone and e-mail while he was in Japan. After they got married, the couple came back to Japan and made an important discovery: since Koh-sensei had been in Japan, he had begun to look and dress like a young Japanese man, and he had even begun thinking like Japanese. Now that his wife was living here with him, he expected her to change, too. She insisted, though, that she was Chinese and would remain Chinese, and she asked him not to try to change her. The two decided to take everything slowly. Koh-sensei allows his wife to do things the way she wants, and she has gradually begun to learn Japanese and make Japanese friends. She even has a part- time-job. Koh-sensei hopes that she will eventually become comfortable enough here that she can help him out with this work.
B As I listened to Koh-sensei talk, I was secretly glad to hear that his wife was getting used to her new life. I thought it would be wonderful if they decided to stay here permanently, and I asked Koh-sensei about his plans for the future. He says he has decided to stay in Japan and build his career here. As the Japanese society ages, there is a great need for t'ai chi chuan because it is very good for general health: it improves blood circulation, brain functions, and motor skills as well as contributes to a sense of well-being. The slow, graceful movements and measured breathing can be practiced by people of any age. Koh-sensei told us that in China, people of all ages gather at parks, gyms, and other public places early in the morning to practice t'ai chi chuan. Most of them have never had formal training, but they enjoy the morning air with friends and neighbors, and copy the movements of others. Koh-sensei says that while Japanese people are more careful to learn to do the movements correctly, Chinese people tend to get more physical and mental pleasure from it. He said that his goal is to spread t'ai chi chuan throughout Japan.
C Another dream he has is to work with Japanese children, teaching them kung fu, the sport he loved so much as a child. He said he hoped that, through t'ai chi chuan and kung fu, he could become a bridge between Japan and China, and that people from both countries could learn to better understand and appreciate each other.
Before I left, I visited one of Koh-sensei's t'ai chi chuan classes. There were about twenty students, most of them older people. They all held fans which they used in their exercises. They listened carefully to Koh-sensei, and tried their best, but their movements were far from perfect. Koh-sensei gently corrected them, and usually made them laugh when he did so. When the class ended, the students did not look tired, but talked excitedly about a trip they were planning to take to China with Koh-sensei, seeing the sights and studying t'ai chi chuan in the country that developed the art.
>>112の続きです。 @Now consider modern container ships, the laregest of which can carry a load equivalent to a train 71 kilometers long. AProducts are immediately put into containers, and trucks take these to ports. BThere, the container is loaded directly onto a waiting ship by huge cranes. CThe ship leaves port, and arrives at its destination weeks later. DThen, the containers are put onto a truck, and driven to their final destination. EThis system requires much less labor. FAir transport works in a similar way. GIn fact the shape of the Boeing 747 was desighned with containers in mind. HThis great efficiency means that the cost of transporting products, such as broccoli, has been greatly reduced. IIt now costs just a few yen to ship a head of broccoli halfway around the world. JNow, whether a product comes from halfway around the world or is produced locally has little effect on the price. KModern transportation methods have advanced to the point where products, even food, can arrive fresh and at minimal extra cost. LIt is true that some people in Japan still vuy the expensive domestic broccoli. MPerhapes they think it is fresher, better-tasting, or produced with fewer chemicals. NOr they may want to support Japanese farmers.
OHowever, in the future it may be more and more difficult for domestic farmers to compete with such low prices unless they also use cheap migrant labor. PThis story about broccoli reflects today's globalization. QHuge container ships with high-tech temperature control now allow food products to be shipped cheaply anywhere in the world without a loss of quality. RWhen the cost of transportation is minimal, stores and supermarkets will buy from the cheapest suppliers, even if they are in a faraway country. SBut in the new globalized world, it is not only imported products that are cheaper than the local ones. 21:Services can also be perfomed anywhere in the world, and this is where even bigger changes may happen. 22:In the next chapter, we will see how this work.
What goes on within the human brain is more complicated and wonderful than anyone imagines. Now science is researching deeper into what we know ofthe mind. Strong new techniques for visualizing the sources of thought, emotion, and behavior are changing the way we understand the nature of the brain and the mind it creates.
The eye is one of the most amazing parts of the body. When we perceive what the world looks like, our perception of it involves a certain amount of "misreading." The process of seeing begins with the presence of light, an image being formed on the retina, and an impulse being sent to the brain, but there are many other factors that play a part in how we perceive visually. Our perceptions are influenced, for example, by our past experiences, imagination and associations.
Part2 This grid, known as Hermann's Grid, is an example of how contrast affects color perception. Imagine the Hermann Grid as a map of city streets; most crossings appear to be gray, but when you look closely at any individual crossing, you will see that it is white. The streets, on the other hand, appear white no matter where you look. This illusion depends on high contrast black and white areas to fool the eyes into perceiving gray areas. The perception of gray crossings is a result of local brightness control in the retina. Cells in your retina set the brightness of an image by the intensity of the light signal. But your brain can set the brightness of an image in many small parts. Setting brightness in small parts lets you see a wide range of both bright and dark parts in the same image. In Zollner's illusion of direction, parallel lines appear to be bent when other lines cross them at an angle. The illusion disappears when the image is held far enough away from the eye to distinguish the short crossing lines. Some scientists say that face recognition is performed by a particular section of the brain. To the brain, this image of Lincoln's face looks normal when viewed upside down, but when turned around it becomes distorted. This is because our brains recognize a face only when it is right side up. When it is presented upside down, the brain no longer recognizes it as a face but rather as an object, and this is why we do not respond to its distortions.
Part3 Let us think about the various functions of the brain. Once, photographs of Americans expressing various emotions were shown to the Fore people in New Guinea. They readily recognized most of the expressions of anger, happiness, sadness, disgust, fear and surprise. These six emotions are themselves universal. Some emotional triggers are universal as well. For example, when something unexpectedly comes into your field of vision, you will be frightened. But most emotional triggers are learned. The smell of newly mowed hay will generate different emotions in someone who spent peaceful childhood summers in the country and someone who was forced to work long hours on a farm. Once such an emotional association is made, it is difficult to unmake it. But we can learn to manage our emotions better. Another interesting thing is the relationship between the brain and fear. For example, many people fear big snakes and run away because they feel danger. But a baby usually doesn't feel afraid of a big snake, even if he or she is placed right next to it. This may have something to do with the primary brain and its fear response to such dangers. It seems likely that there is a tendency in the primary brain to fear natural phenomena that can hurt us, but no tendency to learn to fear something that will not. But this tendency is influenced by social experience. Therefore, there is a good chance the baby will begin to fear snakes after watching other humans react to them.
part4(長いので分割します) The fascinating processes of brain development across a lifetime are being revealed by science. The mystery of a baby's brain begins only four weeks after conception. The first brain cells and neurons are already forming at a surprising rate (250,000 every minute),and three months before it is born there will already be trillions and trillions of connections between the cells. One way newborns are introduced to the world is through vision. Their eyes and the visual cortex continue to develop after birth according to how much stimulation they receive. When we are babies, our brains are more open to the shaping hand of experience than at any other time in our lives. A child's brain is a wonderful machine for learning. A child learns to crawl, then walk, run and explore. A child also learns to reason, to pay attention, and to remember, but nowhere is learning more dramatic than in the way a child learns language. Until babies become about a year old, they respond to language with their whole brains, but then, little by little, the function of language learning begins to shift to the left side of the brain.
part4の続き When examining the adolescent brain we find complexity, frustration, and inspiration. At its beginning, the brain is full of hormones, and the prefrontal cortex, the center of reasoning and impulse control, is still developing. Now, for the first time,scientists can offer an explanation for what parents already know adolescence is a time of emotional difficulties and poor judgment. Even into our seventies,our brains continue producing new neurons. Scientists no longer believe that we lose large numbers of brain cells as we grow older. The normal aging process leaves most mental functions completely undamaged, and may even provide the brain with unique advantages that form the basis for wisdom. Our brain is full of mysteries whose secrets scientists are just beginning to figure out. More and more interesting results will be revealed and may provide us with a lot of suggestions. Let's enjoy this great journey of understanding the brain.
Training employees is important, especially employees who come into contact with customers on a regula basis. But in the end it is a orker's onw creativity and initiative that constitute true salesmanship. A company must not only allow but actively encourage its employees to use their heads in order to deal with real-life situations. Corporate training is nothing more than a guide. When it comes to doing real business with real customers, it is up to each individual employee to think on his or her feet, and do what is best.
>>152 一生を通じての脳の発達の魅力的なプロセスは科学によって解き明かされつつある。赤ん 坊の脳の神秘は受精のわずか4週間後に始まる。最初の脳細胞とニューロンがすでに驚く べき速度(毎分25万)で形成されている。そして生まれる三ヶ月前にはすでに細胞間に は何兆もの接続ができているだろう。 新生児が世界に紹介される一つの方法は視覚を通してである。彼らの目と視覚野は生後彼 らがどれだけの刺激を受けるのかに応じて発達を続ける。我々が赤ん坊の時に、我々の脳 は生涯の他のどの時期よりも経験という重要な役割に広く開かれている(open to the shaping hand of experience)。子供の脳は記憶の素晴らしい機械である。子供は這い、それ から歩き、走り探検をする。子供はまた頭で考え注意を払い、記憶する、がしかし子供が 言葉を覚える方法におけるほど劇的な学習はない。一歳頃になるまで赤ん坊は脳の全部で 言葉に反応する。しかし、その後、少しずつ言語学習の機能は脳の左側に移行し始める。
長文ですがお願いします。 The New York City Marathon: A World Race
The New York City Marathon was started by a man named Fred Lebow. It began in 1970 as a small, unimportant race. Only 127 people ran, and just 55 of them finished. They ran around Central Park four times. Few people watched them run. However, over the years the marathon grew and became more popular.
Today people come from all over the world to run in the marathon. Runners must be at least 18 years old, but there is no age limit. In fact, the oldest runner was an 89-year-old man. Recently, more than 27000 people ran in the New York City Marathon. Large crowds cheered the runners and offered the perticipants cold drinkd and encouragement.
The course of the marathon has changed, too. Instead of running around Central Park, the participants go through the five boroughs of New Yorjk City: Queens, Broklyn, Manhattan, the Bronx, and Staten Island. The marathon begins at the base of the Verrazano Narrows Bridge in Staten Island. The runners go across the bridge into Brooklyn. Then they go up through Queens and into the Bronx. The marathon finishes in Central Park in Manhattan. The complete course is 26 miles, 385 yards, and takes the best runners less than 3 hours.
Although it has changed since 1970, the New York City Marathon is always exciting. Through the years, many unusual events have happened during the marathon. For example, Pat Tuz, and John Weilbaker got married a few minutes before the race. Then they ran the race with their wedding party. Some people run the whole marathon as a family. Other people run the race backwards.
In the fall of 1992, Fred Lebow, the founder of the New York City Marathon, slowly ran his last race. He was very ill with cancer, but he did not want to stop running. In october 1994, Fred died. However, the New York City Marathon, and all its excitement, will continue for many years to come.
Confluent iec-6 cells grown in control and DFMO containing media were wounded and allowed migrate in the presence and absence of EGF for 3h and then stained for F-actin.
We have all had the experience of having in idea which we find difficult to Express in words. Indeed, words often seem inadequate. When we finally express our ideas, they seem to be only a rough sketch of our actual thinking. People who suffer from aphasia, difficulties of speech due to brain damage, reveal the independence of thinking and language. Often an aphasic will seem to have an idea to express, but will lack the language ability to express that thought.
Some deaf children, who have not begun to learn sign language, are very late in learning the language of their community because of the difficulties they encounter in learning oral speech. The thinking abilities of such children, however, are known to develop almost normally. Helen Keller, the well-known author, who was blind and deaf from the age of eighteen months, writes that she did not understand the first important concept of language learning ―the idea that symbols represent objects in our daily lives ―until she was nine years old. When her teacher, Anne Sullivan, was communicating the word “water” by having the child feel her face with one hand as she said the word, and fell the water with the other hand, the child suddenly made the association. Helen quickly learned the “names” of everything soon after. Language learning had begun, yet Helen was surely not an unthinking child before that experience. Her thinking must have been represented in images. The Swiss psychologist, Jean Piaget, concluded from his observations of average children that thinking ability develops by itself. Language interacts with this thinking ability and certainly reflects the child’s thought process, but language does not control the thinking. According to his view, it is useless to train a child in language in order to develop hid thinking ability. On the contrary, he says, the development in thinking ability is reflected in the child’s use of language. Lev Vygotsky, a Russian psychologist, also observed evidence of non-verbal thought in children. Infants show their understanding of relationships and their problem-solving abilities independently of their use of language, just as they also make speech-like babbling sounds which seem to lack intellectual content. Later in the child’s development, he says, speech and thought unite.
THe lmportance of Exercise for Children. Joseph is a very busy 8-year-old boy. In the fall, he plays on a roller hockey team. He practices every Tuesday and Thursday afternoon and has a roller hockey game every Sunday morning. In the winter, Joseph plays basketball. His team practices one evening a week. They have a basketball game every Saturday morning. In the spring and summer, Joseph plays basketball. His team has a game twice a week and practices at least once. It is easy to see that Joseph is very active after school. In contrast, while most American children are in school, they have a physical education class just once a week for 45 minutes. Boys and girls from kindergarten to grade 12 do not have to have a physical education class in school every day. They do not have to exercise. Not all american children are as active in sports after school as Joseph is. Therefore, these boys and girls need to exercise in school. Many people believe that the fitness and health of American children are in trouble. In fact, forty percent of children age 5 to 8 may be unhealthy already. For example, many have high blood pressure, are overweight, or have high cholesterol. Doctors believe that these conditions are the result of physical inactivity and poor diet. In many countries in the world, all schoolchildren have to do one hour of exercise every day. These execises do not have to be team sports. They may be simple, such as running, jumping, or climbing ropes. Doctors believe that habits learned early are more likely to stay with us through life. School is the perfect place to learn these habits, or practices. Active, healthy children who exercise regularly can become active, healthy adults.
The funeral is today. I will be leaving shortly to attend it. I have always wanted to go to New york, but i never thought my first time here would be for such depressing reasons. It was December when Ralph committed suicide, no one should have to spend Christmas morning over the loss of a loved one. And I hope none of you ever have to go through that pain.
I wish you all the best. And I hope Ralph is at peace now. He had lived a long painful life from artritis, and the car crash worsened his regular pain. When one gets to that stage, it is no longer suicide but relief through release.
Rationality therefore is a crucial component of the self-image of the human species, not simply a tool for gaining knowledge or improving our lives and society. Understanding our rationality brings deeper insight into our nature and into whatever special status we possess. The Greeks saw rationality as independent of animality, certainly not its outgrowth. Evolutionary theory makes it possible to see rationality as one among other animal traits, an evolutionary adaptation with a delimited purpose and function. This perspective can yield important consequences for philosophy, I believe. Rationality has not been merely the philosophers` special love and an important part of their subject matter; it has been their special tool for discovering truth, a potentially unlimited one. (In the Critique of Pure Reason, Kant gave reason a humbler function: not to cognize the heart of an independent reality but to know an empirical realm that it partially constitutes and shapes. Still, its valid scope remained extremely large.) If rationality is an evolutionary adaptation with a delimited purpose and function, designed to work in conjunction with other stable facts that it takes for granted and builds upon, but if philosophy is an attempt of unlimited scope to apply reason and to justify rationally every belief and assumption, then we can understand why many of philosophy`s traditional problems have turned out to be intractable and resistant to rational resolution. These problems may result from attempts to extend rationality beyond its delimited evolutionary function. I have in mind here the problems of induction, of other minds, of the external world, and of justifying goals. I shall explore the consequences and implications of this evolutionary perspective later on.
In recent years, rationality has been an object of particular criticism. The claim has been put forth that rationality is biased because it is a class-based or male or Western or whatever notion. Yet it is part of rationality to be intent on noticing biases, including its own, and controlling and correcting these. (Might the attempt to correct for biases itself be a bias? But if that is a criticism, from what quarter does it come? Is there a view that holds that bias is bad but that correcting it is bad too? If it is held to be impossible to eliminate bias, then in what sense does charging bias constitute a criticism? And would such impossibility mean that there is some one particular bias that is intrinsically resistant to elimination or just that not all biases can be eliminated simultaneously?)
@ As Seneca, a Roman, said nearly 2000 years ago,"There will come a time when our descendants will be amazed that we did not know things that are plain to them. We have discovered much but many discoveries are reserved for ages yet to come, when memory of us all will have been forgotten. Our universe is not much unless it has something fo every age to investigate. Nature does not reveal her mysteries onve all for all"
A Pople often emphasize the difficulty of accurate and reliable translation between human languages. Human cultures are too different to permit the meanings available to one speaker to be perfectly shared with another. No matter much i nthe larger scheme of things. Perfect translation may be imporsible,but good translation is achieved every day---routinely in fact.
Hector Sierra, a native of Colombia, is talking with a group of news reporters about his organization, Artists Without Borders. One reporter asks, "What exactly is AWB?" Sierra thinks for a moment, and then says, "I guess Artists Without Borders is a Colombian guy teaching Japanese culture to kids around the world..."
The story of Artists Without Borders begins in Tokyo in the mid-1990s. At the time, Sierra was a graduate student in film at Nihon University. As a student, Sierra visited Kosovo. He wanted to make a movie about the war there. The war made Sierra very sad. He wanted to help the people-especially the children of the area.
Sierra returned to Japan and started Artists Without Borders. He wanted to bring some happiness to the children of Kosovo, using art. Three months later, Sierra was back in Kosovo with crayons, origami paper, and paint. He started working with the children.
Since then, Artists Without Borders has visited other troubled places, including Chechnya and Afghanistan. In each place, Sierra works with children on two main projects-drawing and origami. With drawing, the kids can show their hopes and fears. With origami, the children learn to make their own toys.
Sierra wants all of the projects to be fun. But he also hopes the children learn about another culture. This, he believes, is a first step toward world peace.
@Nonverbal communication plays an important role in our interactions with others. In fact, research suggests that approximately 60-65% of social meaning is derived from nonverbal behaviors. Studies show that people often interpret messages by relying more on nonverbal than verbal cues. For example, you may infer what your boss is thinking and feeling from facial expressions, stance, and other nonverbal messages. Noller’s research suggests that people also rely more on nonverbal than verbal communication to send positive and negative messages to relational partners, such as spouses, family members, or best friends. From practical experience we know that verbal messages are important too. In fact, verbal messages usually account for most of the meaning when people are interpreting factual or persuasive messages. However, there are times when the nonverbal messages are more influential. Nonverbal messages are particularly important when we are expressing emotion, forming impressions, and communicating relational messages, such as intimacy and dominance.
ANonverbal communication is particularly powerful because it is usually seen as more believable than verbal messages. People view nonverbal behaviors as spontaneous expressions of internal thoughts and feelings that reveal our “inner selves.” This is why nonverbal messages are especially important when inconsistent verbal and nonverbal messages are sent. When interpreting messages, people often pay more attention to the visual channel, which includes facial expressions and body movement, than the verbal channel. The vocal cannel, which includes voice tone, pitch, and volume, is also important. Noller demonstrated that close relational partners, such as spouses, often rely heavily on the voice when sending and interpreting messages. To illustrate the importance of the visual and vocal channels, imagine asking a friend if something is wrong. Your friend says “no” in a muted voice and turns away with arms across the chest. Are you likely to believe the verbal or the nonverbal message? According to the research, when verbal and nonverbal messages contradict, most adults in the United States believe the nonverbal. So if you ignore the nonverbal messages, you will surely be at a disadvantage. 長文で申し訳ないのですがお願いします。
@I have lived outside of my native country, Canada, for most of my adult life. AWhen I first started living overseas, I kept in touch with my parents and firends by writing letters. BOn special occasions such as birthdays and Chiritmas I would phone home. CIn the mid-1980's, I lived in Hong Kong. DSince there was no international telephone service from my apartment at that time, I had to go to the main post office and phone from there. hoping that my parents were at home. EI filled in a form with my parents' phone number and five minutes later I would got to a numbered booth. FThere, I would close the door, pick up the phone, and then get connected to Canada. GAfter the call, I would pay about \3,000 for a 20-minute call. HNot only was this service inconvenient, it was also expensive. IThis ezperience seems like ancient history.
JI now talk with my parents a couple of times a week for as long as I like. KI can also see them on the full screen of my computer monitor in both my home and office. LI also pay no extra fee beyond my monthly Internet charges for this service. MSome of my overseas friends do not have computer or broadband Internet, but I can still call them on their regular phone from my computer using a company such as Skype. NThis costs only a couple of yen per minute, which is even cheaper than a local call in Japan. OIn other words, in the past 20years or so, the price of a phone call has become disconected from the distance between the two speakers. PSome of you may already communicate with your family and friends this way. QHowever, it is only recently that companies have been taking full advantage of this ‛‛death od distance.'' RPerhaps the best example comes from India. SIn Indian cities such as Bangalore or Mumbai, there are now hundreds of thousands of young men and women sitting in small booths, wearing headsets and speaking with American accents.
@They work in the middle of the night when it is daytime in the U.S. AIf they work for an airline company, they may be booking reservation. BIn most cases, the American customer is unaware that he or she is speaking long-distance to an operator in India. CIn fact, these companies usually train their employees ti speak with an American accent. DIf Americans knew that they were taliking to someone in India, they may be unhappy about their computer or airline company "outsourcing" jobs to India. E‛‛Outsourcing,'' which is the shifting of jobs from one company to another, often in low-cost countries, has become a hot topic in the American media. FOften the media criticize it because domestic jobs are lost. GAnother recent example of outsourcing is in the medical field. HBecause of a shortage of radiologists in the United States, MRI scans are being sent to India to be analyzed by doctors there. IThese doctors then send back their diagnosis. JThis is posible only because of the widespread use of broadband Internet connections.
KIt is for one reason alone that American companies have established these call centers in India: to save money. LThe Indian operators make about 20 persent of the salary an American earns, which is still quite high pay in India. MTherefore, American companies make huge savings from outsourcing the work to India, Even though they have to pay a lot of money to set up an ofiice and train workers there. NOutsourcing is a very significant feature of the new globalization. OJapanese companies have also set up call centers in some cities in China, such as Dalian. PHere, the operators are Chinese people speaking fluent Japanese. QBefore the Internet and highspeed computers enabled cheap international telecommunication, this not possible. RHowever, now these services can be performed almost anywhere. SLocation matters less and less. (21)So what does this new way of doing business mean for students in Japan who are just entering their working years? (22)One point is clear: the world of work is changing very rapidly. (23)For many types of jobs, you will be competing not only against Japanese workers, but workers from around the world.
Nowadays there are about 700 million native speakersof English, while about 2 billion non-native speakers are using English in the world. And these new English-speakers are ‘shaping' English. For example,in an ad in Hinglish,the mix of Hindi and English, you see the expression “Hungry kya?”(“Are you hungry?”). In South Africa,many people have adopted their own version of English. “We speak English with our own accent and attitude,” the famous actor John Kani recently told the BBC. All languages are changing. But the globalization of English will change English in ways we can only begin to imagine. In the future,suggests David Crystal,a British linguist,there could be a tri-English world. This means that you could speak a local English-based language at home, a national variety at work or school,and an international standard English to talk to non-native speakers of English.
As non-native English speakers outnumber native ones rapidly, there's a growing sense that non-native speakers of English need not necessarily imitate British or American English. Moreover,some say that they should adopt their own local versions. In fact,researchers are starting to consider non-negative speakers'‘errors', for example,“She look very sad,”as acceptable grammers. Linguist Jennifer Jenkins,an expert in world Englishes at King's College London, asks why some Asians,who have trouble pronouncing the‘th' sound, should spend hours trying to say ‘thing'instead of‘sing' or‘ting'. International pilots,she points out,already pronounce the word‘three' as‘tree' in radio communication, since ‘tree' is more widely understood.
There are some people who are anxious about the growth of English. If some languages are replaced by English,we should be very concerned about it. But using English as a common language is a different matter. “English is not denying local identities,”says David Graddol,writer of a British Council report. “English is creating new identities - and making everyone bilingual.” As the world adopts an international brand of English, those who insist on speaking the Queen's English could be met with giggles. The day is coming when the native speakers of English must study non-native speakers'Englishes.
Some people say that in order to create our own identities when we use English, we should express our traditional values in English. Values are different from nation to nation. When we put our values into English, we may need to change some English logic. For example,consider the following utterances which some Japanese are likely to say: There is nothing,but please help yourself. This isn't very delicious,but please help yourself. These expressions are commonly avoided in English, because,according to English logic, if there is nothing,how can you help yourself? Or,if something is not delicious,why would somebody want to eat it? These expressions are based on the Japanese sense of modestry. If we could not express our traditional Japanese way of thinking or feeling in English, we would lose our sense of self-identity. In order to have English really internationalized, we may have to put our local identities into the English we use.
1.It is a common belief that humans are unique among all animals because of their ability to use language. However, the communication systems of various creatures have been studied in detail,and some of these are so complex that it is difficult to say what is unique about human language. One useful definition stated that only human language is capable of what is called "displacement." This means the ability to talk about something other than the "here and now"―to talk about past, future, distant or imaginary events. For a long time this appeared to be one unique feature of human language, but then in the 1950's a scientist named Karl von Frisch discovered a species whose communication showed displacement, and interestingly it was not the chimpanzee or dolphin, but the tiny European honeybeedolphin, but the tiny European honeybee.
2、 Scout honeybees search for sources of food, then come back to the hive to tell worker honeybees what they have found. They dance in a figure "eight," and the longer the time used to finish one circuit of the figure,the farther the food source.The bee also shakes as it dances, and a higher level of energy in the shaking indicates a large sousceof food. Most interestingly, the bee uses the sun as a reference point, then positions the center line of the figure eight in the direction of the food source. Eighty degrees left of the sun,for example,indicates that the food is in this direction. This is clearly an example of displacement. The scout bee tells what he found in the past,far away, and the worker bees know what they must do in the future. Von Frisch discovered that this ability was highly developed. Different bee colonies had different dances or 'dialects,' and they could find food up to seven kilometers away.Just ask yourself if you could easily give or follow directions, without a map, to a particular tree several kilometers from your home! However, this is not to say that these bees have a human ability with language. Von Frisch did an experiment in which he put a food source high in the air on a pole. The scout bees found it, but they were unable to tell the worker bees that it was much higher up than their usual food supply. Their language was a closed system with no way of expressing something new or unexpected. It lacked another feature of human language called "open-endedness."
4. The Unglobaliaed World @The call centers in India tell the story of a rising middle class that has benefited from globalization. AThe 250,000 Indians answering calls from around the world are one of the exciting success stories of globalization (although it may not be a success for American workers who have lost their jobs). BHowever, this number has to be compared with India's total population of 1.1 billion. CDespite the growing middle class who has benefited from globalization, most of India's population remains poor. DThe media tend to report on the interesting and positive impact of globalization, such as the call centers, while we hear little about the people who are left behind. EIn China and India alone, there are 1.5 billion people living outside of cities supporting themselves by farming small plots of land. FTheir poverty prevents them from participating in globalization. GHowever, provety is not the only obstacle in the way of globalization. HIn China, even if one lives in the city and has a TV and an Internet connection, it is still difficult to access many overseas channels or websites because of government censorship. IFor example, it is sometimes not possible to watch or access news from abroad such as CNN or BBC broadcasts. JWikipedia, an online encyclopedia, is also banned in China. KThis censorship is the reverse of the whole concept of globalization, which encourages openness among countries.
KThis censorship is the reverse of the whole concept of globalization, which encourages openness among countries. LRelated to this openness is democracy. MIn the past two decades, democracy has spread to many parts of Eastern Europe, East Asia (South Korea, Indonesia, and the Philippines), South America (Chile and Argentina), and Africa (South Africa). NAs the undemocratic world is exposed to concepts such as individual rights and freedoms via globalization, democracy has spread. OIt is estimated that 30 years ago only one-third of the countries in the world were democratic. PNow two-thirds of them are. QHowever, this leaves one-third of the world that is still undemocratic. RLarge areas of the Middle East and Africa remain unglobalized. SHere, the fruits of globalization which include open borders and free markets have failed to appear. ㉑While two-third of the world has benefited from free trade and the acceptance of new technology, the other one-third remains either poor or without political freedoms. ㉒Corrupt leaders are often the reason for this. ㉓If the ideas that come with globalization entered their countries, surely they would lose power. ㉔In other cases, strict religious values act as a barrier to the new culture of openness that globalization spreads.
和訳お願いします。 For many years, a handful of American political leaders - including the late Sen.
Ted Kennedy and now President Obama - have been trying to gain passage of comprehensive health care for all Americans.
As far back as President Truman, they have urged Congress to act on this national need.
In a presentation before a joint session of Congress last week, Obama offered his view of the best way forward.
But what seems missing in the current battle is a single proposal that everyone can understand and that does not lend itself to demagoguery.
If we want comprehensive health care for all our citizens, we can achieve it with a single sentence: Congress hereby extends Medicare to all Americans. Those of us over 65 have been enjoying this program for years.
I go to the doctor or hospital of my choice, and my taxes pay all the bills. Its wonderful.
But I would have appreciated it even more if my wife and children and I had had such health care coverage when we were younger.
I want every American, from birth to death, to get the kind of health care I now receive.
Removing the payments now going to the insurance corporations would considerably offset the tax increase necessary to cover all Americans. I dont feel as though the government is meddling in my life when it pays my doctor and hospital fees.
There are some things the government does that I dont like - most notably getting us into needless wars that cost many times what health care for all Americans would cost.
Investing in the health of our citizens will enhance the well-being and security of the nation. We know that Medicare has worked well for half a century for those of us over 65.
Why does it become socialized medicine when we extend it to younger Americans?
l was born and brought up in Hong Kong, so l naturally learned alot about Chinese herbs and medicines. l always took this knowledge for granted until people started asking me about my health secrets. When I described how I cared for my family with Chinese medicines, they became very interested. Let me share a few remedies with you.
My mum always says that no one is perfectly healthy. We are all born with weaknesses. So what we must aim for is to live a full life with is little illness as possible, taking advantage of whatever our bodies can provide us with. When we do get sick, we shouldn't panic ― we can always coax our bodies to feel better and Continue to live a productive life. "In Chinese medicine, therefore, the most important thing is to understand your own body.
People are born as different types depending on how they react to their environments. They can be ^classified as cold or hot, wet or dry, weak or solid. A cold person is easily chilled, has cold feet and hands, shuns cold drinks even in summer. A hot person kicks his or her bedding around when he or she sleeps and prefers cold drinks even in winter. A wet person perspires frequently and sometimes can experience, swollen feet in the evenings. A dry person has dry skin and feels itchy when the weather changes. A weak person is soft in voice and seems to lack energy. A solid person is muscular and energetic, but also prone to hypertension and heart disease.
Since a person can be a combination of these different types, the resulting physical condition can be quite complex. I myself am a cold, dry, weak person. But that does not mean I cannot live a full and energetic life. I need to eat the right kinds of food and take care of myself so that I can be at my best. This means keeping my body warm and drinking warm drinks and eating foods that give me strength.
Different foods have different effects on the body. Food that fits perfectly with your physical condition will enhance your well-being, but food that does not match your body type can do you harm. I try to put all kinds of foods on the dinner table because my family is made up of different combinations of physical types.
The easiest way to do this is to make sure that there are five colors and five tastes in the dishes I prepare. For the five colors, I mean red (or purple), green (or blue), black, yellow and white. By five different tastes, I mean sweet, sour, salty, hot and bitter. Each color and each taste is believed to have a direct effect on a specific organ. For example, bit- ter is good for the heart.
By learning these basic food facts, we can keep our bodies in top form. When a body is healthy, the mind will also function clearly. If the mind is functioning clearly, one can make good judgments, take advan-tage of opportunities, and avoid risky behavior.
With this information in mind, I keep about 40 different Chinese herbs in my home, and every day I make them into soup for my family as preventive medicine. As the weather turns colder, I often make pear soup. I mix pears and lean pork with Chinese almonds and add a little salt as seasoning. This helps to prevent colds and helps strengthen the air passages. I also make sweet potato soup to help my family sleep at night when the weather turns even colder.
I am thankful to my mother for teaching me about Chinese homeremedies. I will pass them on to my sons so this healthy tradition will live on and on.
どなたか<<195の Noller demonstrated that close relational partners, such as spouses, often rely heavily on the voice when sending and interpreting messages. To illustrate the importance of the visual and vocal channels, imagine asking a friend if something is wrong. Your friend says “no” in a muted voice and turns away with arms across the chest. Are you likely to believe the verbal or the nonverbal message? According to the research, when verbal and nonverbal messages contradict, most adults in the United States believe the nonverbal. So if you ignore the nonverbal messages, you will surely be at a disadvantage. の部分を翻訳お願いできますでしょうか…。
申し訳ありませんがどなたか至急次の英文訳していただけないでしょうか Financial Policy and Fiscal Policy Japan has experienced recession continuously for the last 10 years. The Bank of Japan and the Japanese government have implemented economic policy, namely financial (monetary) and fiscal policy, to try to combat this problem. The Bank of Japan, which is the Japanese central bank, implements monetary policy in open market operations. This involves the Bank of Japan buying bonds in exchange for money with which to overcome recession. This policy is expected to increase the supply of money. On the other hand, the Bank of Japan also sells bonds in exchange for money, thus reducing the supply of money when the economy is too brisk. Fiscal policy is the policy with regard to the level of government expenditures and the tax structure. During recession, the government acts to increase public expenditure and use tax cuts to promote spending. At the present time, the Japanese interest rate is almost zero, which produces a condition known as a liquidity trap. With zero interest rates in effect, people have no incentive to hold any bonds. Increasing the quantity of money would have no effect on interest rates or income. We say that the economy is in a liquidity trap when monetary policy does not work.
255の続きです よろしくお願いします>< The Japanese economy, despite recent difficulties, now exhibits some bright signs. To change the present trend into sustained economic growth, it is important to enact comprehensive policy measures, such as revitalization of the economy, public investment that will not pass on the current burden to future generation, and so on. On the other hand, the Japanese government is suffering under the weight of a huge amount of accumulated bonds. Under these circumstances, the government set out a medium-term fiscal framework designed to achieve primary balance surplus in the early 2010s. The fiscal year (FY) budget was substantively restrained below the level of the FY2003 budget. As the same time, the government made every effort to promote structural reform, improve the efficiency of the budget, and prioritize budget allocation to important areas.
@One of the most monstrous and dangerous of phrases is that familiar combination of words "dead past." The past is never dead; it is very much alive, for good or ill. We are not, as a whole, a people with a vivid sense of history. We live in the present and in the future― and are proud of so doing. But without an acute sense of the past, the present is meaningless and the future is full of danger. It is not so much the old saying that “history repeats itself” as the fact that history anticipates itself. Today and tomorrow are indicated in yesterday's events. Hitler is dead; the spirit he generates is not dead, and will never die. Unless we learn what that spirit means and how it acts under certain circumstances, we will not be able to cope with its return. Ancient Greece is dead, but its problems remain, especially the one problem that great democracy could not solve― how to achieve both freedom and security at the same time. Learning why Greece failed may help us find some happier solution.
A We know that, in an individual life, the past remains active and influential, even when we are most unconscious of it. The same is true of nations and epochs; The waves keep widening for centuries, and slowly change the outline of the shore we stand on. The past often seems “dead” because it is presented in a deadly fashion. Good teachers of history are almost as rare as good teachers of mathematics: They know far more than the dates, the capitals, the principal goods, the dull details that can easily be found in any World Almanac. To make the past come alive requires imagination as much as learning. The good history teacher must be more of a poet than a scholar; he or she must grasp the philosophy of historical events, or he or she has grasped nothing. Unless we understand American history, for instance, we cannot effectively defend the Bill of Rights, or even know why it should he defended. If we lose any freedoms, it may be because we pay too much attention to the temporary needs of the present, and too little attention to the permanent foundations of the past. People die; objects perish; but ideas persist forever. History shows us how ideas have changed people, and how people have changed ideas. Lacking this knowledge, we can only be blinded by false passions and betrayed by false hopes.
和訳お願いします。 Taking such a shortsighted view would leave nearly 50 million Americans without health insurance and without the means to buy it. It would leave other Americans struggling to pay the rising cost of insurance premiums.These private insurance plans are frequently terminated if the holder contracts a serious long-term ailment. And some people lose their insurance if they lose their jobs or if the plant where they work moves to another location-perhaps overseas. We recently bailed out the finance houses and banks to the tune of $700 billion. A country that can afford such an outlay while paying for wars in Iraq and Afghanistan can afford to do what every other advanced democracy has done: underwrite quality health care for all its citizens. If Medicare needs a few modifications in order to serve all Americans, we can make such adjustments now or later. But lets make sure Congress has an up or down vote on Medicare for all before it adjourns this year. Lets not waste time trying to reinvent the wheel. We all know what Medicare is. Do we want health care for all, or only for those over 65? If the roll is called and it goes against those of us who favor national health care, so be it. If it is approved, the entire nation can applaud.Many people familiar with politics in America will tell you that this idea cant pass Congress, in part because the insurance lobby istoo powerful for lawmakers to resist. As matters now stand, the insurance companies claim $450 billion a year of our health care dollars. They will fight hard to hold on to this bonanza. This is a major reason Americans pay more for health care per capita than any other people in the world. The insurance executives didnt cry socialism when their buddies in banking and finance were bailed out.
Peter’s hysterical high spirits kept him going for the rest of the morning; at lunch he turned gloomy, and wouldn’t say a word. ‘Now I must go and pack,’ hetold me when we had finished. ‘You’re off, too?’ ‘Of course.’ ‘To Berlin?’ Peter smiled. ‘No, Christopher.Don’t be alarmed! Only to England . . .’ ‘Oh . . .’ ‘There’s a train which’ll get me to Hamburg late tonight. I shall probably go staraight on . . . I feel I’ve got to keep travelling until I’m clear of this bloody country . . .’ There was nothing to say. I helped him pack, in silence. As Peter put his shaving-mirror into the bag, he asked: ‘Do you remenber how Otto broke this, standing on his head?’
The technology at the time, however, made it impossible to build spacious rooms with high ceilings. In 1857, the installation of the first elevator in the Haughwout Department Store in New York City made it passible and practical to construct buildings more than four or five stories tall. Structural designs continued to improve, making skyscrapers even lighter and more solid.
㉕Another issue related to the unglobalized world is terrorism. ㉖Unfortunately, groups such as al Oaeda actually use the tools of globalization to help their cause. ㉗These groups recruit young men for military operations or suicide missions via their websites. ㉘When these suicide missions “succeed,” the bomber’s photo is posted on the website and he (bombers are usually young men) is praised as a hero. ㉙Sometimes these websites claim that the bomber is now in heaven with dozens of virgins. ㉚Such fantasies can persuade young men who have been brought up in countries where oppressive governments control the media and schools. ㉛The larger point here, however, is that these recruitment techniques can ignore borders because the Internet is not confined within one country. ㉜Globalization obviously has its disadvantages, too. ㉝Fortunately, techniques related to globalization can also be effective in fighting terrorism.
㉞Occasionally stories in the news describe how small aircraft without pilots, called “drones,” can fly over enemy territory while being controlled by someone on another continent. ㉟On several occasions, drones have shot and killed members of terrosit organizations in this way. ㊱Spy satellites provide detailed photos of enemy territory and new weapons can hit their target with pinpoint accuracy. ㊲This leap in technology reflects the new globalization in which the other side of the world appears in real time on a screen during military conflicts. ㊳This shows that in a globalized world, the distance between two countries has less and less significance. ㊴One of the biggest challenges now is to bring the benefits of globalization to the one-third of the world’s population who have not yet felt any advantage. ㊵If these benefits exclude such a huge number of people, we cannot say that globalization has been a complete success.
(3-1) I have many customer cards for hotel chains, department stores, airlines and boutiques. At first, I felt that being asked to become a member was an infringement of my privacy. Since I was happy to pay the full price, I didn't feel I needed to join such membership schemes or to care about earning miles and points. But now I know better. In this day and age, membership card holders get far better treatment.
The only way to be treated decently is to have proof that you are a frequent client. And the only way to get the people who are taking care of you to decide to give you a seat, a table or a room is to flash them your customer membership card. After I found out how easily this worked, I accumulated many ― and I mean many ― membership cards. And to my surprise, I am getting to like it.
(3-2) I am a frequent flier. Because of my job, I rack up at least 100,000 miles every year in Japan and abroad. I am a member of several airlines' mileage programs. The miles have started piling up. And those miles are translating into air tickets for family vacations ! Last year, my whole family went to Saipan for free. You only need 20,000 miles to get a free ticket from Japan to Hong Kong, Saipan, Guam, Cebu or Beijing. I also went home to Hong Kong last year with my youngest son free of charge. This month I am going to Beijing with my friends from the United States ― also for free. I can also use the miles to upgrade my status from econ- omy to business class.
Flying is not the only way to earn free miles. One of my friends doesn't travel frequently, but every year she goes on holiday by using free miles she has accumulated on her airline's mileage programcredit card. "I pay everything― phone bills, groceries, clothes and dinners ― with my card. For every \100, I get one free mile. Ialways earn enough miles to go on free vacations," she said. Amazing! "I am not doing anything extra, but I get something extra out of simply being a member. How nice!" she added.
I also have membership cards for several hotel chains. I get points for every dollar I spend at the hotels. So the more I stay and eat at one hotel, the more points are credited to my account. These points earn room upgrades, free stays, and special services.
(3-3) Just recently, when we (me, my husband, our in-laws, and our chil-dren) went to Saipan again, we paid only $140 to stay in a suite by using points I had earned last year. Not only was the room better, but the services were better, too. We had access to the hotel's club house, and received free fruit and wine on arrival, as well as personalized stationery and free breakfast and snacks. "We treasure frequent customers," a hotel employee told us. Of course, we were not even paying the full price!
The world is really changing. People who enjoy the best service may not be those who pay the most, but the ones who play by the system. Money and status may be everything, but in this ever-expanding world, to make people know you and treasure you on first sight, you need to have the right card to flash at them. I think this is actually a fairer, more democratic situation. In the old days, only people with the right connections could get extra service. Now, anyone can get the same service as long as that person is a loyal customer. 長文なのですが、 よろしくおねがいします。
メインストリーム リーディングコース(セカンドエディション) p65-67[Intimacy and independence]
3 Linda would never make plans, for a weekend or an evening, without first checking with Josh. She can't understand why he doesn't show her the same courtesy
and consideration that she shows him. But when she protests, Josh says, "I can't say to my friend, `I have to ask my wife for permission'!″ To Josh, checking with his wife means seeking permission, which implies that he is not independent, not free to act on his own. It would make him feel like
a child or an underling. To Linda, checking with her husband has nothing to do with permission. She assumes that spouses discuss their plans with each other
because their lives are intertwined, so the actions of one have consequences for the other. Not only does Linda not mind telling someone,"I have to check
with Josh″; quite the contrary--she likes it. It makes her feel good to know and show that she is involved with someone, that her life is bound up with
someone else's.
Linda was hurt because she sensed a failure of closeness in their relationship: He didn't care about her as much as she cared about him. And he was hurt
because he felt she was trying to control him and limit his freedom.
-------------------------------- 4 Many women feel it is natural to consult with their partners at every turn, while many men automatically make more decisions without consulting their
partners. This may reflect a broad difference in conceptions of decision making. Women expect decisions to be discussed first and made by consensus. They appreciate the discussion itself as evidence of involvement and communication. But many men feel oppressed by lengthy discussions about what they see as minor decisions, and they feel unable to act freely if they have to talk first.
和訳お願いします。 But to them it is socialism if the government underwrites the cost of health care. Consider the campaign funds given to the chairman and ranking minority member of the Senate Finance Committee, which has jurisdiction over health care legislation.
Chairman Max Baucus of Montana, a Democrat, and his political action committee have received nearly $4 million from the health care lobby since 2003. The ranking Republican, Charles Grassley of Iowa, has received more than $2 million. Its a mistake for one politician to judge the personal motives of another. But Sens. Baucus and Grassley are firm opponents of the single-payer system, as are other highly placed members of Congress who have been generously rewarded by the insurance lobby. In the past, doctors and their national association opposed Medicare and efforts to extend such benefits. But in recent years, many doctors have changed their views. In December 2007, the 124,000-member American College of Physicians endorsed for the first time a single-payer national health insurance program. And a March 2008 study by Indiana University - the largest survey ever of doctors opinions on financing health care reform - concluded that 59 percent of doctors support national health insurance. To have the doctors with us favoring government health insurance is good news. As Obama said: We did not come to fear the future. We came here to shape it. George S. McGovern, a former senator from South Dakota, was the Democratic nominee for president in 1972. This column appeared first in the Washington Post.
長くて申し訳ありませんが、どなたかお願いします。 For most people, war is a disaster to be avoided at all costs, but for arms manufacturers and dealers, it is wonderful for buisiness. In 2000, the total value of worldwide arms sales was $36.9 billion. The US was by far the biggest exporter, earning more than $18 billion from the arms trade; and developing countries accounted for more than a half of all purchases. Most governments welcome arms exports because they create jobs, contribute tax revenue and sustain an industry of strategic importance to national defense. However, citizens are becoming more and more concerned about the consequences of their nation`s arms exports. In many cases, weapons are sold to oppressive military governments for use against their own people. A few years ago, four women broke into a British aircraft factory ago, four women broke into a British aircraft factory and smashed the controls of a military plane which was about to be delivered to Indonesia. They later claimed in court that their actions were justified by the necessity to prevent a more serious crime ̄that of mass murder. Witnesses testified that the Indonesian air force was using similar planes to bomb civilians in East Timor, and the four women were found not guilty. Soon afterwards, the British Government introduced new guidelines for arms exports which would, if fully implemented, ensure that weapons made in the UK were not used to violate human rights.
>>295続きです。 One type of weapon in particular has provoked widespread condemnation: landmines. Every year, these cheap but deadly weapons kill or maim around 26 but deadly weapons kill or maim around 26,000 people, and nearly all victims are civilians: farmers working in their fields, are civilians: farmers working in their fields, villagers foraging for food, children playing. There are more than a hundred million landmines buried around the world, many of them left over from wars which ended long ago. In 1 over from wars which ended long ago. In 1990, a British organization called the Mines Advisory Group was established to help find and remove mines in Afghanistan and Cambodia. They soon realized that new mines were being laid much faster than old ones could be cleared, and decided to do something about it. In 1992, they formed an alliance with another group with very similar concerns, the Vietnam Veterans of America Foundation, and began an international campaign to ban landmines. The group quickly gained support from UNICEF, Oxfam and other organizations, and by 1995, from the Secretary-General of the United Nations. He was soon joined by the Pope, Princess Diana, President Mandela and the Canadian government. A treaty banning the production, use and sale of landmines was drawn up and in December 19 landmines was drawn up and in December 1997 in Ottawa, Canada, representatives of 125 nations signed it. The US, which had opposed the anti-landmine campaign from the beginning, refused to sign the treaty, but announced that it would try to phase out its use of land-mines by the year 2004.
長文ですが和訳おねがいします The WTO is the only global organization that deals with the rules of trade between nations. The organization’s goal is to pave the way to a more prosperous world. Many of the world’s trading nations negotiated WTO agreements and then signed and ratified them in their parliaments. We can say that the goal of the organization is to help producers of goods and services, exporters, and importers conduct their business. The WTO’s main function is to ensure that trade flows as smoothly and freely as possible. Developing countries as well as many developed countries join the WTO, so the number of participant countries is large. Consumers and producers benefit by enjoying secure supply and greater choices in their selection of products. The IMF is an international organization in which many countries participate. It was established to foster global monetary cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate international trade, promote high employment and sustainable economic growth, and reduce poverty. Whereas the IMF’s chief goal is improvement of macroeconomic performance and financial sector policies, the World Bank is concerned mainly with longer-term developing countries and countries in transition as to finance infrastructure projects, the reform of particular sectors of the economy, and structural reforms.
>>299の続きです With the unification of East and West Germany in 1990 and the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991, many socialist countries transitioned toward market economies. As a result, the volume of trade all over the world expanded greatly in the 1990s. On the other hand, populations in these “new” market economies grew rapidly. India is a typical example. This increase of the size of the market economy has spurred transnational world economic activities, such as companies, China, India, and Vietnam. Companies reformed their production systems only based on cheap labor costs and expanded sales while taking advantage of cheap labor costs, skilled laborers, and natural resources.
長文ですが和訳お願いいたします。 Margaret Mead: The World Was Her Home
Margaret Mead was a famous American anthropologist. She was born on december 16, 1901, in Philadelphia, Pensylvania. She lived with her parents, her grandmother, and her brother and sisters. Her parents were both teachers, and her grandmother was a teacher, too. They believed that education was very important for children. They believed that the world was important, too. Margaret learned many things from her parents and grandmother.
Whe she was a child, Margaret's famiy traveled often and lived in many diffrent towns. Margaret was always interested in people and places, so she decided to study anthropologyin collage to learn about different cultures. At that time it was not very common for woman to study in a university. It was even more unusual for woman to study anthropology.
Margaret graduated from collage in 1923. She wanted to continue her education in anthropology, so she decided to go to American Samoa to study about young women there. Many people dib not know about the culture of American Samoa. Margaret wanted to learn about Samoans so that the world could learn about them, too.
Margaret lived in Samoa for nine monthes and learned the language. She talked with the Samoan people, especially the teenage girls. She ate with them, danced with them, and learned many details about their peaceful culture.
When Margaret returned to the United States, she wrote a book about the young Samian women she studied. The book was called Coming of Age in Samoa, and it was very popular. As a result, Margaret Mead became very famous. Before Margaret wrote her book, not many people were instead in anthropology. Because of Margaret's book, anthrop@ology bacame a popular subject. Margaret Mead studied many different cultures in her life. She continued to work, travel, write, and teach until she died in 1978. She was a remarkable woman of the world.
@The Eden Project is near the town of St.Austell,in Cornwall,U.K. AThat is in the far southwest of Britain,so the weather is usually warmer than it is in the rest of the country. BIt is common to see palm trees,which are usually found in the countries,growing in Cornwall. CWork began on the Project in 1998,in a 60-meter-deep clay quarry (a kind of open-pit mine)-probably the most lifeless,artificial place that could be product. DThe place has three display spaces called"biomes." ETow of these biomes are buildings,and the third one is an outdoor botanical garden. FAlthough few of the plants are really rare,in those biomes,they are displayed as close to their natural surroundings as possible. GA more important point is that the displays explain what the plants are used for and how they are used in the things we use everyday. HThis is one of the aims of the Eden Project.
英文の和訳お願いします。 Refugee problems can sometimes be very complicated. In Rwanda,the Hutu and the Tutsi tribes had had a hostile relationship for a long time. On April 6,1994,Ogata woke up to the BBC news report that the plane carrying the Hutu president of Rwanda had been shot down. Right after the crash,huge numbers of Tutsis were killed by rioting Hutus.In only a few months,eight hundred thousand people were said to have been killed. Then,the angry Tutsis fought back and overthrew the Hutu government.Hundreds of thousands of Hutus fled to Zaire and other neighboring countries. They were officially refugees,but among them were many Hutu soldiers who had fought in Rwanda and wanted to take revenge on the Tutsis. Ogata asked Ghali,Secretary-General of the United Nations, to send forces to separate these soldiers from the civilians because she didn`t want to assist soldiers who were planning for war.But Ghali failed to gain cooperation from other countries on this plan.Ogata had to work without sufficient help from the United Nations. Since the Hutu soldiers and the civilians were not separated,several NGOs from around the world withdrew from Rwanda,but UNHCR continued to assist the refugees.For Ogata,there was no choice.Because nearly half of the refugees were women and chilidren,she could not abandon them.
@One of the courses I teach in my university is English Writing. AAs well as teaching how to write in English, part of this course is also to teach research skills to students. BWhen I first began to teach this course several years ago, I taught students how to find information in the library. COne of the biggest problems in those days was finding enough books or journals to do proper research. DSometimes, students were only able to find one or two suitable books in the library. EOther times, an important book would be missing. FThen a few years ago, I noticed that some students began using the Internet to research their topic. GThey would include some URLs at the end of their essays. HAt first, this would annoy me because I did not think we could trust the quality of this information. IGradually, however, I realized that the Internet had many sites with good quality information. JIn fact, while the biggest library in the world is the Library of Congress in Washington with 29 million books, there are billions of websites. KAlso, unlike a book in a library, if a website disappears, there are usually dozens of others to take its place. LIn the past, students would have to physically go to a library and look for books. MThen they would often make paper copies using a photocopier. NNow, this kind of research can be done in front of a computer simply at the click of a mouse.
OInformation is also easily copied electronically. PAlthough it is difficult to find a lost piece of paper, electronic information is easily retrieved by a keyword search. QBut it isn’t only students who are benefiting from this new way of researching. Everyone is. RThis new way of looking for and storing information represents a growth in the amount of knowledge available. SThere is also a great increase in the speed at which we can access this knowledge. ㉑In less than a second, Internet search engines such as Google can generate links to millions of pages. ㉒What does this have to do with globalization? ㉓In the past, good quality information could only be accessed by people who lived in the big cities of the countries where there were good libraries and research institutes. ㉔If you lived outside of these countries, the only way you could expend your knowledge was to somehow visit these countries or to buy books and information and have them sent to where you lived. ㉕Now, however. Everyone with an Internet connection has equal access to this knowledge. ㉖Although it is true that much of the best knowledge on the Internet requires users to pay a fee, there is still a huge amount of information that is free. ㉗Wikipedia is a good example of this. ㉘Instead of paying thousands of yen for an encyclopedia, at this site you can find quite reliable information for no cost. ㉙It no longer matters where you live. ㉚In this sense, knowledge has been globalization.
㉛We have all heard that information is increasing at a faster pace than it has in the past. ㉜Now there are many more people who have access to this information. ㉝In 2000, there were only about 25 million Internet users in China and India combined. ㉞In 2007, there were 180 million Chinese and Indian Internet users. ㉟The good news is that these hundreds of millions of people, who now have access to advanced knowledge, have the potential to contribute. ㊱The Internet now gives scholars in developing countries more opportunity to stay informed of the latest information and add to this knowledge themselves. ㊲Engineers in India who have brought innovation to the IT industry may be just one example of this. ㊳Naturally, this opening of the world of knowledge to huge new population means there is more competition. ㊴As the borders which formerly excluded members of poorer communities disappear, the globalization of knowledge advances.
Everyone knows what biology is because we have all studied it in high school. Literally, it means the study of life. But if you were asked what biotechnology is, what answer would you give? Biotechnology is talking the knowledge that we have from our study of biology and adapting it to our own needs and to those of the earth around us. It means not merely understanding the forces of life, but using those same forces to improve our own surroundings. Such a statement sounds very vague. More specifically, biotechnology is applying industrial know-how to biological functions in order to achieve certain goals on a large scale. For example, we can use our knowledge to take vegetables and grow larger ones which have more nutrition and better flavor. In other words, we can improve on nature. Another aspect of biotechnology is called fermentation engineering. Fermentation is the process used in making bread, wine, and various types of whiskey. Through biotechnology we can learn to control this process carefully, so that we can learn to expect the same results every time. There is also medical engineering, which uses an understanding of biological functions to create new medicines.
An important new branch of biotechnology is called genetic engineering. By altering the structure of the DNA of a cell, we can control heredity itself. Theoretically, people could decide in advance what their children are going to look like. In other ways, it may be the solution to finding cures for cancer and for hereditary diseases such as hemophilia. Some people think this is good and others think it is tampering too much with nature. Certainly this knowledge must be used wisely and not foolishly. Perhaps you have heard the word 'clone“. It is a word which is often heard these days and simply means a copy. One aspect of genetic engineering is called cloning and, theoretically at least, it means the ability to produce identical organisms in quantity. Perhaps it could be used to produce animals or vegetables for food, but some people are frightened of the idea. They think it could be used to produce unthinking and obedient armies of human robots. They also think it is playing with nature too much. What do you think of genetic engineering? Does it frighten you or amuse you? In what ways do you think it might be dangerous? Do you think it is playing with nature too much?
@The Outdoor Biome disolays many plants that grow in the mild Cornwall climate. AFor example,you can see tea bushes and hemp trees used to make ropes,and even plants that are used to make beer. BThe two enclosed biomes are called the Humid Tropics Biome and the Warm Temperate Biome. CIn these biomes,the climate is controlled. DThey are made of large six-sided transparent plastic pieces. EThey look like an insect's eye or a honeycomb. FThey also look like giant soap bubbles. GYou might think that visiting the Eden Project would be the same as visiting the tropical greenhouse at the zoo or the botanical gardens in your hometown. HThat is true to a certain extent,but it is said that one of the enclosed biomes,the Humid Tropics Biome,is the biggest greenhouse in the world!
英文の和訳お願いします! ``Why risk it?`` I am often asked.And I answer,``By his nature a sailor must sail,by his nature a flyer must fly.``I have flown 400000 kilometers;and as long as I have a
plane and the sky is there,I shall go on flying more kilometers. I can recall a friend of mine,Carberry,saying,``A number of pilots have flown across the North Atlantic,west to east.Only Jim Mollison has done it alone the other way -from Ireland.Nobody has done it alone from England.If you want to try it,Beryl,I`ll back you.Want to chance it?`` ``Yes.`` I remember saying that better than I remember anything. Several months later,Tom,my old flight teacher,said,``I`m glad you`re going to do it,Beryl.It won`t be simple.The plane will be very heavy with fuel.If you can get off the ground in the first place.you``ll be alone in that plane for about a night and a day-mostly night.Doing it east to west,the wind`s against you. In September,so is the weather.If you misjudge your course only a few degrees,you`ll end up in Labrador or in the sea.`` Wishing me luck with my flight,Jim Mollison lent me his watch.``This is not a gift,``he said.``I wouldn`t part with it for anything.It got me across the North Atlantic and the South Atlantic too.Don`t lose it-and,for God`s sake,don`t get it wet. Salt water would ruin it.``
That’s not a cause; that’s an emergency. And when the disease gets out of control because most of the population live on less than one dollar a day? That’s not a cause; that’s an emergency. And when resentment builds because of unfair trade rules and the burden of unfair debt ―― that are debts, by the way, that keep African poor? That’s not a cause; that’s an emergency. So We Are The World, Live Aid, started me off; it was an extraordinary thing. And really that event was about charity. But 20 years on, I’m not that interested in charity. I’m interested in justice. There’s a difference. Africa needs justice as much as it needs charity.
長文ですが、よろしくお願いします 1,Humans have changed the earths environment greatly, especially during the past 50 years. 2,Our rapid economic growth is the reason for this dramatic change. 3,ln 1997 we burned four times as much fossil fuel as in 1950, and cut down more than twice as many trees. 4,We caught five times the amount of fish, ate three times the amount of grain,and produced six times the amount of steel. 5,Population growth makes the global economy expand. 6,There has been more population growth in the world since 1950 than during the preceding four million years. 7,Our population is now increasing by about 80 million people a year. 8,This means that every year we must feed and house the equivalent of seven more cities the size of Tokyo. 9,By 2050, the world population may reach 9.4 billion ― growing by more than 3 billion.
1,Growth in the worlds demand for food,particularly grain,is strong. 2,Demand is growing due to both population growth and rapid economic growth of some developing countries,particularly in Asia. 3,The ability to afford high-protein food,and meat in particular,is sometimes seen as a sign of economic progress. 4,We sometimes forget,however,that it takes seven kilograms of grain to produce one kilogram of beef. 5,Today the Chinese eat four kilograms of beef per year while the Americans eat 45 kilograms. 6,If the Chinese were to eat as much meat as the Americans,it would require 343 million tons of grainーan amount equal to all the grain the U.S. produces in one year. 7,And if the Chinese were to eat as much seafood per person as the Japanese, China would eat all the fish caught in the world in a year. 8,The point here is not to blame the people of China, nor to say what they should eat. 9,China simply gives us an example because of its large population. 10,The additional 3.3 billion people in the next half century will require a doubling of the world grain harvest、even if there are only modest improvements in diets among the poor.
1,Official estimates made by the World Bank and FAO say that we will continue to have a surplus of food into the near future. 2,However, they do not take into account several major problems in food production. 3,More and more farmland is being used for houses and factories as the population grows. 4,0verfishing has left some fishing grounds in trouble. 5,0vergrazing has destroyed some pasture land. 6,Croplands are suffering from erosion. 7,Moreover,each year deserts are getting bigger and there are water shortages in many areas. 8,Our increasing use of fossil fuels may have an effect as well. 9,The steady rise in the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere can cause global warming. 10,Rapid deforestation has made this problem even worse. 11,Higher temperatures on earth heat up the surface of the oceans more than normal. 12,Since the release of heat from the ocean surface causes storms,we may have more frequent,more intense,and more destructive storms in the future. 13,We are uncertain of the precise effects that climate change may have on some areas,but we cannot ignore the risks which may destroy the world.
1,The world economy continues to allow year by year,but as we have seen,the earths resources on which our economy depends do not. 2,In other words we cannot keep expecting more output from the earth,because its resources are limited. 3,We need a vision of what an environmentally sustainable econonly―an eco-economy―would look like. 4,The first step in creating an eco-economy is to change our present throw-away economy to a reduce-reuse-recycle economy. 5,We need to learn from nature: it wastes nothing. 6,One organisms waste is another organisms survival. 7,Some industries are taking this lesson from nature to reduce their waste. 8,0ne factorys waste becomes anothers raw material.This new science is called “industrial ecology. 9,Some countries have already begun to adopt this type of industry. 10,In Kalundborg in Denmark,a network of materials and energy exchanges between factories has been formed. 11,For example,the leftover ash from a power station is used as raw material by a cement manufacturer. 12,In order to create an eco-economy,we also have to move quickly from an economy bacedl on fossil fuels to one based on solar,wind and hydrogen power. 13,Hydrogen may follow oil as the next major fuel,just as oil followed coal.
1,lt may take some time before solar,wind and hydrogen become major sources of power. 2,Until that time,we need to reduce our use of fossil fuels. 3,One way is to alter our transportation system. 4,Automobiles use huge amounts of oil,but they are actually not so convenient for city use. 5,For instance,in London today,the average automobile speed is almost similar to that of the horse-drawn carriage of a century ago. 6,Some countries have begun to decrease the number of automobiles by developing public transportation and by encouraging people to use bicycles more. 7,However,even if each person or factory uses less energy in the future,if the population continues to grow at its present rate,all our efforts may be in vain. 8,Unless we can quickly slow the rate of population growth,the dream of creating an eco-econorny may remain just that. 9,The first step to solve this problem would be to help each developing country do a study that forecasts their population growth,food production,and land and water resources in the future. 10,The need for food will most likely be much greater than expected, but many countries are not aware of it. 11,We must take the “Golden Rule” to heart: each generation should meet its needs without jeopardizing the prospects for future generations to meet their needs. 以上です。 よろしくお願いします
@More familiar to the English, though less to the Japanese, is the mayflower, which appears on its parent hawthorn tree in a well-known, soliloquy by the pious King Henry Y. Here he meditates, in a typically Shakespearian manner, on the sweet shade this tree gives "to shepherds looking on their silly sheep", in contrast to that given by "a rich embroidered canopy to kings that fear their subjects treachery". Again and again the dramatist returns to this theme in his history plays: how simple peasant sleep at all. For, as his predecessor, King Henry W, laments, "uneasy lies the head that wears a crown". It is perhaps Shakespeare's comment on the Sermon on the Mount:"Blessed are the poor in spirit, for theirs is the kingdom ob heaven."
AIn speaking of the English countryside, moreover, the poet's thoughts turn not only to the forest and farmland of the Midlands around Stratford, but also to the rugged coastline which makes England "a precious stone set in the silver sea". This leads him to think of England as Albion, the white country, with its line of chalk cliffs facing the opposite shore of France. These cliffs he describes, both in Hamlet and King Lear, from the standpoint of their"dreadful summit"which"beetles o'er his base into the sea", and from which "the murmuring surge, that on the unnumbered idle pebbles chafes, cannot be heard". As for the surge itself, he speaks in his sonnets of the waves that continually"make towards the pebbled shore" and seek to "gain advantage" on its kingdom―as poetic symbols of time and change, while looking to the distant horizon of eternity. For the poet this contrast between land and sea, between the beetling cliffs and the surging waves, was no doubt a powerful source of inspiration―no less than the horizon beyond and the sky above.
BThous we see how in all his plays Shakespeare looks from his country home inland to his island home of England as a whole. In his history plays, aboves all, he reflects on his native country, both past and present, as well in detail as in the general speech he puts in the mouth of the dying John of Gaunt in Richard U. The single subject of this speech is "this England", prolonged by an accumulation of epithet upon epithet over twenty lines as an expression of his inexpressible love for her:"This land of such dear souls, this dear, dear land". But the verb to which he eventually comes, as in his tragedies, is an expression of that grief which so often accompanies earthly love. Nor is it only England which the poet loves and for which he grieves; but his love and grief go out, as in Humlet and King Lear, to all suffering humanity. For as he first saw man in Stratford and then in England, so he comes to see England and Stratford in the heart of man. Here, above all, I think, lies his greatness as a poet and a dramatist and a man. And so, while his body lies under the stones of Holy Trinity Church beside the ever-flowing Avon, his words continue to resound like the waves of the sea to the very horizon of eternity. As he himself once prophesied of them: So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
In Novenmber of 1979, Mau and Nainoa went to observe the sky at Lana'i Lookout. They would leave for Tahiti soon. Nainoa was concerned and wanted a guarantee that he would succeed in navigating to Tahiti, an awesome challenge. Mau asked "Can you point in the direction of Tahiti?" Nainoa pointed. Then Mau asked, "Can you see the island?" Nainoa was puzzled by the question. Of course, could not actually see te island; it was more than 2,200 miles away. But the question was a serious one. Nainoa considered it carefully. Finally, he said, "I cannot see the island but I can see an image of the island in my mind." Mau said, "Good. Don't ever lose that image or you will be lost." That was the last lesson. In essence, Mau was telling Nainoa that he had to trust himself and that if he had a vision of where he wanted to go and held on to it, he would get there. In 1980, with Mau's blessing and with Mau on board to prevent any serious mistake, Nainoa navigated to Tahiti on the Hokule'a for the first time. They arrived safely. After the end of that voyage, Nainoa's mother asked Mau why he had agreed to come back to Hawaii to teach Nainoa. Mau replied, "I saw Nainoa's eyes and knew than that, if I didn't teach him, he would go anyway, and maybe he would die."
Mau was from Satawal, an island one and a half miles long and one mile wide. It has a population of 600. Navigation is not about cultural revival there. It's about survival because not enough food can be produced on such a small island. Their navigators have to go out to sea to catch fish so they can eat. Mau started his training as a navigator at the age of one. He was picked by his grandfather, the master navigator of his village. To let him feel the wind and connect himself to the ocean world at a young age, Mau's grandfather took him out to sail at the age of four. Nainoa syas, "Mau told me that he would get seasick, and when he was seven years old his grandfather would tie his hands and put him into the sea to become the sea." In Satawal, this was not abuse. Ultimately it was to help prepare Mau for the task of serving his community as a navigetor. In the fall of 1978, Nainoa found Mau and asked him, not to navigate Hokule'a to Tahiti again, but to teach the Hawaiians so they could navigate themselves. Mau said he would need to think about it. Nainoa had to return to Hawai'i without a definite answer. Two months later Mau's son called Nainoa and said Mau wolud be in Hawai'i the next day. From then on, for two years Mau lived with Nainoa's family and taught Nainoa and others the tradition of wayfinding. He taught them about watching nature, the ocean, the stars, and voyaging. The method of wayfinding that Mau was taught had been handed down through generations in his family. He made the decision to teach the Hawaiians because he feared thatotherwise this great part of Polynesian culture would be completely lost.
why was the crowd at the Papeete Port excited? what does the connection between themselves and their ancestors was slowly being lost mean? Why and how did Mau learn the art of wayfinding? what did Mau's grandfather hope of him? What did Mau do for two years from 1978?
@The Humid Tropics Biome has the world's largest artificial rain forest. AIt shows tropical plants such as rubber trees,coffee trees,suger cane,and bamboos. BThe Warm Temperate Biome exhibits plants that grow in dry hot areas such as the Mediterranean and South Africa. CYou can see citrus trees,olive trees,sunflowers and so on. DAfter you have looked around these biomes,you will realize another aim of the Project:to make the guests realize how much our life depends on plants. EYou may be surprised to know that wine corks are made from the bark of the cork oak and that the bark can regenerate. FYou can learn a lot about the plants that are used in what we eat,wear and use everyday.
Religion is often seen as being in opposition to science. While it is true that science and religion represent quite different aspects of culture, there are benefits to seeing them as mutually dependent. And finding ways for science and religion to work together may be vital for our future. Today, we hold the keys to our own destiny as never before. Biotechnologists are
exploring ways to stop the aging process. Computer scientists may learn to build intelligent beings like ourselves. Physicists even dream of creating new universes. With such God-like power come both great opportunity and great responsibility. That's where the role of religion comes in. First, science needs religion because, as Einstein put it, "Religion without science is blind; science without religion is lame." Consider the very real prospect that biomedical technology could cure aging in the 21st century, perhaps allowing its users to live for 500 years or more. What would be needed for humanity to adapt to such an astonishing possibility? Might it even be possible to inspire a transformation in the human spirit so that radically extending our lifespan would be a blessing to us all, rather than a curse? Finding aspects of shared moral and spiritual purpose for such an undertaking is crucial. Religion can and must respond to this and other massive challenges raised by science.
Second, religion can inspire scientists with a vision of what is most valuable and worthwhile in the scientific enterprise. Take just one example: Harold Varmus, director of the National Institutes of Health, has stressed the importance of developing a cure for malaria; its victims are mostly poor, typically children and pregnant women in Africa. Yet it infects roughly half a billion people and kills more than a million a year. Varmus's humane leadership is supported by an ethical culture that has been sustained largely by religion. That kind of moral vision is needed to ensure that the continuing adventure of science is guided toward such humane ends. Our scientific and technological creativity pushes forward at a rate that is both unbelievable and worrying. We need to think carefully about where we are going so and what our most important purposes are. Religion can help us to pose and debate those questions.
6. Universities 大学 @Twenty years ago, the number of foreign students in Japanese universities was about 20,000. ANow there are over 100,000, which is an increase of 500 percent. BMost of these come from China (Table 1). CUniversities in many countries are now experiencing similar increases in foreign students. DNow, more than ever, there is a global competition for the money and brains of students around the world. EAt the same time, the Internet has allowed students to study for degrees using distance learning. FLectures are viewed online and assignments are sent by email. GIn my own case, I took two degrees, one in an Australian university and another in a British one, and I still have not visited the campuses of either. HMy global education reflects a growing trend in university education. IThis global path of study is no longer unusual, although it would have been quiet remarkable as little as 20 years ago. JThe number of foreign students in developed countries has doubled in the past 20 years ago. KPerhaps you have noticed more foreign students in your classroom this year than before. LHowever, although it may seem that Japan has an increasing number of foreign students, it actually has relatively few compared with other developed countries, as Table 2 shows. MOne reason for the globalization of education is the lack of universities in developing countries. NTherefore, bright students in countries such as China look abroad for universities.
OThe very brightest of these students want to study in the study in the best graduate Schools, which are often in the United States. PAt the same time, universities in developed countries are competing to attract the brightest students from outside their countries. QThese foreign students are usually required to pay higher fees than domestic ones for their education, and they also have the potential to do good research, which helps the universities’ reputation. RIn a famous university in England, the London School of Economics, three-quarters of the graduate students come from abroad. SNaturally, some of these foreign students return home after they graduate, while others stay in their new country. ㉑However, whether they stay abroad or return home, their overseas education contributes to the globalization of knowledge and skills. ㉒Another contributor to globalized education is new technology. ㉓The Internet coupled with new digitized forms of communication allow lectures to be stored and delivered worldwide at the convenience of students. ㉔Online, “virtual” classrooms, where students don’t know the nationally of their classmates, are also possible. ㉕It is not only students who are participating in globalized education; teachers are as well. ㉖Now in the United States, over 40 percent of university engineering teachers are foreign-born. ㉗More than one-third of U.S. Noble prize winners are also foreignborn. ㉘However, Japan has been quite slow to take advantage of foreign brains. ㉙In many Japanese universities, only 1 or 2 percent of the teachers have graduated from the same university. ㉚This lack of globalization and variety in education in Japanese universities can be harmful because it means that many bright foreign scholars are going to universities in other countries.
㉛It shows that Japanese universities are not competing for the best minds possible. ㉜Compared with many other developed countries, Japan has very few highly skilled immigrants. ㉝One of the keys to globalizing education for Japanese people is improved English skills. ㉞It is clear to me that I would not have been able to complete my graduate education so easily if I had not spoken English. ㉟Many of the universities which are most competitive in attracting foreign students are in English-speaking countries. ㊱If Japanese people had better English language ability, a whole new world of higher education would open up for them. ㊲As with most things in life, the driving force behind the globalization of education is money. ㊳Universities in some countries, especially the UK and Australia, know that foreign students usually pay a higher price for their education, so they are more profitable than domestic students. ㊴Online courses and branch campuses in other countries mean that a student’s location is no longer so important. ㊵Knowledge and ideas can be spread without any concern for borders. ㊶This process captures the real meaning of globalized education.
In the summer of 1885, nine-year-old Joseph Meister was a veryb ill little boy. He had been attacked by a sick dog that had rabies, a deadky disease. His doctor tried to help him, but there was no cure for rabies at that time. the doctor told Joseph's parents that perhaps there was one man who could save Joseph's life. His name was Louis Pasreur.
When Pasteur was a young boy in France, he was very curious. Louis was especially interested in medicine, so he spent many hours every day with the chemist who lived in his small town. The chemist sold pills, cough syrups, and other types of medicine, just as modern pharmacists, or druggists, do today. At that time, the chemist had to make all medicines himself. Young Louis enjoyed watching the chemist as he worked andb listening to him assist the customers who came to him each day. pasteur decided that one day he wanted to help people, too.
As a schoolboy, Pasteur worked slowly and carefully. At first, his teachers thought that young Louis might be a slow learner. through elementary school, high school, and collage, Pasteur worked the same thoughtful way. In fact, he was not a slow learner, but a very intelligent young man . he became a collage professor and a acientist, and he continued to work vety carefully.
Because of Pasteur's patient methods, he was able to make many observations about germs. For example, germs cause meat and milk to spoil. They also cause many serious diseases. Pasteur believed he had a cure for rabies, but he had never given it to a person before. At first, Pasteur was afraid to treat Joseph, but his doctor said the child was dying. Pasteur gave Joseph an inoculation, or shot, every day for ten days. Slowly, the child became better. Pasteur's vaccination cured him.
During his lifetime, Pasteur studied germs and learned how they cause diseases in animals and people. he developed vaccinations that prevent many of these illnesses. he also devised the process of pasteurization, which stops foods such as milk from spoiling. louis Pasteur died on September 28, 1895, at the age of 72. Modern medicine continues to benefit from the work of the great scientist.
@Since a third goal of the Project is sustainability,the Project staff try to do everything that they can to make as little impact as possible on the local environment. AThey try to use as little fossil fuel as possible. BThey try to recycle the trash. CIn the restaurant,all the food is made with ingredients that are produced without the use of chemical fertilizer and insecticides,and all the cups,trays and plates are made from recycled materials,which will be recycled again. DIf guests leave any food,it'll certainly be recycled,too. EWhen the time comes to leave,you may notice many attractive things at the souvenir shop,but you may not need any souvenirs. FYou'll never forget the Eden Project itself,and you'll probably want to visit again at another time of the year.
@History begins in Sumer. AMordern kowledge of the first 35,000 years of human life is based entirely on archeological records, for until only a little more than 5,000 years ago humans left behind many things but no words. BAround 3200 B.C.E., however, in a region of Mesopotamia known as Sumer, the earlist forms of writing were invented and "history began" in the sense that words were recorded that help current scholars understand what men and women were doing.
@Obviously the invention of writing alone would earn the ancient Mesopotamians aprominent place among the most inventive and influential peoples who ever contributes to the forword movement of humankind. ABut anazingly the peoples who inhabited Mesopotamia inthe centuries between roughly 3200 and roughly 500 B.C.E. contributed much more. BWe sometimes forget that somebody had to have invented the wheel, but somebody did, and he or she was a Mesopotamian who lived around 3000 B.C.E. CSomebody had to invent the calender too, and division, and those persons also were ancient Mesopotamians. DAside from arriving at such inventions, the Mesopotamians were profound thinkers who pioneered in the life of the mind to such an extent that their innovations in theology, jurisprudence, astronomy, and narrative litirature all because fundamental for subsequent developments in these areas of thought and expression. EAssuredly the ancient Mesopotamians had their unattractive qualities; for example, their rulers were usually ruthless militarists, and their art often seems frigid or fierce. FNevertheless, the "first chapter of history," which the Mesopotamians wrote by their exploits and their documents, was surely one of the most important chapters in the entire book of human events.
長文なのですがどなたか和訳お願いいたします Financial Policy and Fiscal Policy Japan has experienced recession continuously for the last 10 years. The Bank of Japan and the Japanese government have implemented economic policy, namely financial (monetary) and fiscal policy, to try to combat this problem. The Bank of Japan, which is the Japanese central bank, implements monetary policy in open market operations. This involves the Bank of Japan buying bonds in exchange for money with which to overcome recession. This policy is expected to increase the supply of money. On the other hand, the Bank of Japan also sells bonds in exchange for money, thus reducing the supply of money when the economy is too brisk. Fiscal policy is the policy with regard to the level of government expenditures and the tax structure. During recession, the government acts to increase public expenditure and use tax cuts to promote spending. At the present time, the Japanese interest rate is almost zero, which produces a condition known as a liquidity trap. With zero interest rates in effect, people have no incentive to hold any bonds. Increasing the quantity of money would have no effect on interest rates or income. We say that the economy is in a liquidity trap when monetary policy does not work.
↑の続きです 長くて申し訳ありません The Japanese economy, despite recent difficulties, now exhibits some bright signs. To change the present trend into sustained economic growth, it is important to enact comprehensive policy measures, such as revitalization of the economy, public investment that will not pass on the current burden to future generation, and so on. On the other hand, the Japanese government is suffering under the weight of a huge amount of accumulated bonds. Under these circumstances, the government set out a medium-term fiscal framework designed to achieve primary balance surplus in the early 2010s. The fiscal year (FY) budget was substantively restrained below the level of the FY2003 budget. As the same time, the government made every effort to promote structural reform, improve the efficiency of the budget, and prioritize budget allocation to important areas.
月曜日英語のテストがあるのですが、自分の和訳にイマイチ自信がもてません。 どう訳せばいいかさっぱり解らない部分もあり、どなたか以下の文を翻訳しては いただけないでしょうか? 長いので二つに分けて載せさせていただきます。 Trade policies take many forms. Tariffs tend raise prices, reduce consumption and imports, and raise production. Quotas have the same qualitative effect as tariffs. There is no substantial difference between tariffs and quotas, but there are some subtle differences. Tariffs provide revenues to the government, but quotas direct the profit to the importers. Tariffs raise prices in domestic markets and can induce companies to produce more and increase their profits. In contrast, consumers suffer higher prices as a result. The government receives tariffs. Overall, revenue gains by governments and profit increases for producers are less than the resulting economic loss to consumers. Government intervention in trade can take other forms, such as export subsidies, voluntary export restraints, and local content requirements. Subsidies are an important measure. An export subsidy is a payment to a company or individual that export particular items. Governments have sometimes mandated subsidies. When the government offers an export subsidy, exporters will export the product up to the point at which the domestic price exceeds the foreign price level by the amount of the subsidy. The effects of an export subsidy are similar to those of other measures. An export subsidy leads to costs that exceed the exporters’ benefits as a whole.
Since 1980s, economic relations among countries have expanded. Basic trade statistics show the increasing importance of international trade to Japan. The trend toward increasing trade has been a crucial development for Japan. For the rest of the world, international trade is even more important than it is for Japan. Everyone knows that international trade is beneficial. Consumers benefit by access to high quality foods, for example, and a wide range of products that are unavailable in the domestic marketplace. Japan can export high technology appliances and benefit from the income generated. However, some people are skeptical about international trade. For example, many people in the world feared the Japanese economy and thought that trade with Japan would damage their own economy. Now some Japanese think that the Japanese economy is hurt by trade with less developed countries as these countries can undersell goods because they pay workers much lower wages. International economics is very interesting. Countries can trade to their mutual advantage. Economists have advocated free trade. However, only a few countries have approached completely free trade conditions. The eternal battle between free trade and protection is most important in trade policy. Governments are concerned about the effects of international competition on the prosperity of domestic industries and have limited imports or paid export subsidies. Government intervention in international trade is sometimes good for the domestic economy. The Japanese economic expansion remains on track, though at a more moderate pace as a result of a slowdown in export growth. It is important to understand trade and trade policy because trade is critical to Japan. 宜しくお願いいたしますm(__)m
@In Endora, there are two grocery stores. Smack on the town square is Lamson Grocery, where I, Gilbert Grape, work; and on the edge of town, there is Food Land, where everyone else shops. A case could be made that I became the thinker, the dreamer that I am while Stocking the many cans and bags and food items for the people of this town. Over the years, my technique has become so automatic, so natural, that I don’t need to think about what I’m doing. No, my thoughts wander off wherever they want. I’m usually not in the same place that I appear to be physically. Either I’m in Des Moines at Merle Hay Mall or driving across the desert or Standing on an Omaha rooftop waiting for tornado to come ripping. Know this ― I am rarely in this store or in this town in my thoughts. I’m pricing the breakfast cereals when Mr. Lamson comes up behind me. “Wonderful surprises are in store for us all, Gilbert.” Startled, I almost drop the Wheaties I’m holding. I manage a “Huh? What?” “Surprised you, did I?” “Yes, sir.”
AFor years Mr. Lamson has taken great joy in surprising me. He’s hidden Under the counter, behind the dog food, and once he almost froze to death in the freezer waiting for me to open it so he could yell “Surprise.” When I finally did, his eyebrows had begun to frost and his lips had turned blue. I whisper under my breath, ”Wonderful surprises ― I’m waiting.” Mr. Lamson sees my mouth move. “What was that?” “Nothing, sir.” Mrs. Lamson, who is in the little office cubicle waiting for money to count, Calls out, “Dad, have they got some special going on at Food Land?” “Not that I know of. Gilbert, anything going on at Food Land?” “Oh, I’m not the one to ask. Never shopped there. Never will. Would rather die.” “You do not mean that.” “Sir,” I say, “I’m afraid that I do. I go to a store for food. Not for…” “They must have something going.” Mrs. Lamson chimes in, walking all over my words and not seeming to mind. “Because nobody is here.” I can’t bring myself to tell them what Tucker told me the other day. It seems that Food Land installed an aquariumlike tank where they Keep crabs or lobsters with their claws taped shut. People crowd around; Kids make faces at the creatures ― glad, I guess, that they’re not the ones Trapped inside.
Whish food may boost braib power? Could it be a vegetable like peas,, spinach, or carrots? How about pizza,potato chips or spaghetti? Do you think steak,chicken or fish might be the answer? The answer to this question is,“none of the above”. A new study in 2006 suggested that eating milk chocolate may boost brain function. Imagine that ― eating chocolate for health! If this is found to be true,Valentine’s Day may become the most popular holiday ever,for chocolate lovers. Dr. Bryan Raudenbush from Wheeling Jesuit University in West Virginia said that “chocolate contains many substances that act as stimulants, such as theobromine, phenethylamine, and caffeine”. These substances by themselves do increase alertness and attention. However, Raudenbush and his colleagues have found that “by eating chocolate you cause increased mental performance.”
‘Yes,I remenber.’ When we had finished, Peter went out on to the balcony of his room: ‘There’ll be plenty of whistling outside here, tonight,’he said. I smiled: ‘I shall have to go down and console them.’ Peter laughed: ‘Yes. You will!’ I went with him to the statoin. Luckily, the engine- driver was in a hurry. The train only waited a couple of minutes. ‘What shall you do when you get to London?’ I asked. Peter’s mouth curved down at the corners; he gave me a kind of inverted grin; ‘Look round for another analyst, I suppose.’ ‘Well, mind you beat down his prices a bit!’ ‘I will.’ As the train moved out, he waved his hand: ‘Well, goodbye, Christopher. Thank you for all your moral support!’ Peter never suggested that I should write to him, or visit him at home. I suppose he wants to foget this place, an everybody concernd with it. I can hardly blame him.
For centuries, people have asked: Why do we dream? What do our dreams mean? Today, science doesn't have definite answers to these questions, but we do know some things about dreams. First, we all dream, often four to five times a night. Second, we don't usually remember most of our dreams. And finally, when we dream, our brains are very active.
Thousands of years ago, people began to study dreams. In many cultures, people believed dreams were messages from spirits or gods. Later, the ancient Greeks and Romans had a new idea: Dreams come from a person's mind. doctors studied dreams to help sick or worried people.
In the past, some cultures used dreams to predict the future. They thought dreams could help a person choose a husband or wife, guess a baby's birthday, or start a business. In some places, this practice is still common.
Today, scientists think dreams are about our thoughts and feelings. Our minds send us messages about our lives. Unfortunately, many messages are often strange or confusing. People wake up and think: What did that dream mean?
So, how can you understand the messages in your dreams? Think about the events in the dream. What do they say about your life? For example, one common dream is about flying. Sometimes this dream means you feel free or want freedom. Other times it means you feel afraid. What do your dreams tell you about your life?
Real estate agent , Sarch McBurnet , was driving to San Jose Airport nine weeks ago to collect her husband , when she was involved in what is locally referred to as a fender-bender.
Her car clipped the back of a sports utility vehicle and both drivers pulled over to the kerb.
A man got out of the SUV , and started shouting at Miss McBurnet.
When she wound down her window to apologize, he apparently researched into her car , picked up her pet poodle Leo , that was sitting on the front seat , and hurled the dog into the path of oncoming traffic .
Leo was hit by a car and died on his way to the vet’s.
Public reaction to this bizarre case of road rage has been phenomenal.
A web site set up to appeal for money to help in the hunt for Leo’s killer has raised a hundred thousand dollars.
Animal welfare groups have been inundated with phone calls and Miss McBurnet has emerged as the chat show circuit, making tearful TV and radio appearances, all the way from Orange Country to Oprah Winfrey.
Leo’s fluffy white face and black button nose have graced the pages of virtual every newspaper and periodical.
And articles about his death have portrayed the killer as a Neanderthal and America’s most hated man.
Now that a sketch artist has come up with a composite image of the suspect, a man with a call from the police.
It’s bizarre, some may say, shameful, that the death of a pet poodle has generated more outrage than several recent child murders, but if, as it appears, Leo has focused attention on the growing trend of cruelty and violence on the roads here, he will not have died in vain.
( Leo’s killer was later traced by the police and sentenced to three years in prison.)
@The behavior of animals often has much to do with the coming weather. AIt is said that bees stay close to their hives when a summer rainstorn is coming near. BIn bad weather,birds fly close to the earth,and try to get as much food as possible. CThen they go back to their nests to rest before the bad weather starts. DEven spiders are more active during good weather and less active during bad weather. EWe are at our best when our bodies are not under stress from our surroundings,including the weather. FAnd you don't have to be a psychologist to notice the effects that weather has on people. GLet's see how different kinds of weather can have very different effects on us.
>>391 @ 明らかに、文字の発明ということだけでも、古代のメソポタミア人はこれまで人類の進 歩に貢献したいちばん創意に富み影響力のある民族たちの中で、飛びぬけた地位を占める ことになるだろう。 A しかし驚くことに、紀元前約3200年から紀元前500年までの世紀にメソポタミア に住んでいた民族は、もっと多くの貢献をしたのだ。 B 私たちは時々、誰かが車輪を発明していなくてはならなかったということを忘れている。 しかし、誰かが発明したのであり、そしてその男か女かは紀元前3000年ごろに生きた メソポタミア人だったのだ。 C 暦もまた誰かが発明せねばならなかった。そして割り算も。そしてその人たちはまた古 代のメソポタミア人だった。 D そのような発明に到達したことを別にしても、メソポタミア人は物を深く考える人たち で、彼らは、心の生活(人間の心の有り様?)についての開拓者であり、それは神学、 法理学、天文学、口承文学における新機軸を生み出すほどであり、それはすべて思想や表 現といった分野でのその後の発展の基礎になったのである。(??) E 確実なこととして、古代メソポタミア人はあまり魅力的ではない特質を持っていた。例 えば、彼らの統治者はたいてい冷酷な軍国主義者であり、彼らの芸術はしばしば堅苦しく、 荒々しくみえる。 F にもかかわらず、メソポタミア人たちがその功績と資料で書きあげた「歴史の第一章」 は、人間の出来事を綴った本の全体の中で確実にいちばん重要な章の一つである。
@ Sawami Mitsunari is the author of Yubisaki de tsumugu ai (Spinning Love with Fingertips). The book is about her life with her husband, Satoshi is a professor at Tokyo University, the first person with both these disabilities to achieve that position. He lost his sight at age nine and his hearing at eighteen. After that, his mother developed a form of communication called yubi tenji, or Fingertip Braille. She learned to "speak" to him by using her fingertips to tap Braille letters onto the back of his fingers. Sawari went to school to become a proffesional sign language interpreter, and she met Satoshi when he taught one of her classes. The two were married in 1995, and she published her book in 2003. "Do you mind if I ask a question?" The man in charge of a lecture my hasband was going to give was having dinner with us. After a few drinks, we began to fell more relaxed with each other, and the man decided to ask a personal question.
A "Of course, anything!" replied my husband. "How do you and your wife quarrel with each other?" My hasband couldn't help himself. He decided to tease the man. "I can speak, but my wife uses her fingernails. Women are scary like that, aren't they?" "Is that so? the man replied in a perfectly serious tone of voice. My hasuband realized the man believed him, but he continued to tease. "You know, she's kicked me before, too. There's no limit to what women are capable of!"
Now that was true. I actually did kick my hasband once when we were first married. He's an export at debate, and whenever we argued, he talked me into a corner I couldn't escape from. There was no way an amateur like me could win against a college professor. So I kicked him instead.
B The fist year we were married we fought all the time. Both of us were young and once we got started we could go on for two or three hours. It didn't matter whether it was the middle of the night or whether we had work to do the next morning. We would continue to argue until we resolved the matter. The two of us have never had the leisure of carrying on an argument over the course of a week in which we refuse to speak to each other. Since my husband can neither see nor hear, I have to be there to interpret telephone calls that come in to the house. If I declared that I wouldn't interpret for him while we were arguing. I'm sure he would have divorced me long ago. Arguments and everyday support have got to be compartmentalized so that they don't influence each other. I myself believe that it's not fair to negotiate using another person's weakest point. That's why I do what I have to do to support my hasband whether or not we're fighting, although it isn't pleasant for either of us. That's one reason why we argue so ferociously; it's better to get everything out and over with as soon as possible.
C When we quarrel, my hasband can speak, but I have to use Fingertip Braille since he can't hear my voice. That means that even when we are angry with each other, we have to touch each other's hands. Let me tell you about a fight we had soon after we were married. It all started from something small and insignificant. As usual, Satoshi began talking very quickly, while I could only respond to him slowly by way of Fingertip Braille. It was the same as always. I wasn't conscious of what I was doing because I was so irritated that I couldn't talk back to him the way I wanted to. Suddenly Satoshi got very angry. "Don't let go of my hands and then grab them back again!" "What do you mean?" I asked. I was working so hard to understand what he was yelling at me about that I hadn't given a thought to my own attitude.
D "When we are having a normal conversation, you don't let go of my hands even after you've finished saying something to me. When you're angry, you let go of my hands as soon as you're finished. To someone like me who can't see or hear, it's the same as saying ‘I don't want to talk anymore,’and then leaving the room. If that's what you mean, then I can understand, but if it's not what you mean, don't let go!" I had to admit he had a point. For the first time I realized how directly an emotion can be communicated. Even though I love my husband, when I'm angry I unconsciously want to move away from him. it's a natural reaction, and I unconsciously let go of his hands. Ever since that time, I try to be careful not to let go of his hands during a fight. When I give in to the feeling of wanting to stay away from him... it just makes him more angry!
@The era of one-party Republican rule in Washington ended with a crash in yesterday's midterm elections, putting a proudly unyielding president on notice that the voters want change, especially on the war in Iraq. AVoters who identified themselves as independents broke strongly for the Democrats, the exit polls showed, as did those who described themselves as moderates. BAn important feature of this election, with implications for 2008, is that the center of the electorate clearly doesn't like to be ignored. CAfter a campaign that only escalated the tension between Mr.Bush and Congressional Democrats, the president will now face overwhelming pressure to take a more conciliatory approach. DExperts point out that Mr.Bush is hardly the first president to confront a House controlled by the opposition.
>>432 @ 共和党一党がワシントンを支配する時代は昨日の中間選挙の失敗と共に終わった。高慢で頑固 な大統領に、選挙民は変化、とりわけイラク戦争のにおいての変化を求めていることを知らしめたのだ。 A 出口調査が示したように、穏健派を自認する人たちと同じく、自らを無党派と考える投 票者たちも大量に民主党へ流れていった。 B この選挙の重要な面は、2008年への影響も含めて、有権者の中心層は明らかに無視 されることを好んでいないということだ。 C ブッシュ氏と議会民主党との間の緊張をエスカレートさせただけのキャンペーンの後で、 大統領は今後もっと柔軟な対応をするようにとの激しい圧力に直面することになるだろう。 D 専門家はブッシュ氏が反対勢力(野党)にコントロールされた議会に立ち向かう最初の大統領に なることはないだろうと指摘している。
@Fairy tales are one such area, constituting themselves as a field of knowledge with their own legislative effects and moral messages. ASuch lessons, including what constitutes good and evil, virtue and vice, reward and punishment were not gender neutral but imbued with the values of a patriarchal culture. BSexual difference was inscribed and emphasized with the assignation of separate roles for boys girls and the use of stereotypical male heroes who are brave, strong and resourceful and female heroines who are pure, virtuous, docile and, like Sleeping Beauty, endlessly patient. CIn stories such as 'Cinderella' and 'Sleeping Beauty' the role model presented to young girls suggested the virtues of patience, selflessness, silence, purity, and, docility. DInvariably the greatest asset for a girl is beauty for which she is rewarded with a prince, wealth, and marriage. ESuch girls need not do anything apart from wait, often in a remote tower, to be rescued by a brave prince. FFairly tales also re-enact Greek myths warning of the danger of female speech by suggesting that the less a female characters' reward for their beauty, passivity, and uncomplaining helplessness.
For thousands of years, people have looked up at the night sky and looked at the moon. They wondered what the moon was made of. They wonted to know how big it was and how far away it was. One of the most interesting question was "Where did the moon come from?" No one knew for sure. Scientists developed many different theories, or guesses, but they could not prove that their ideas were correct.
Then, between 1969 and 1972, the United States sent astronauts to the moon. They studied the moon and returned to Earth with rock samples. Scientists have studied these pieces of rock, the moon's movements, and information about the moon and the Earth. They can finally answer questions about the origin of the moon.
Today most scientists believe that the moo n formed from the Earth. They think that a large object hit the Earth early in its history. Perhaps the object was as big as Mars. When the object hit the Earth,huge pieces went into orbit around the Earth. After a brief time, the pieces came together and formed the moon.
This "inpact theory" explains many facts about the Earth and moon. For example, the moon is very dry because the impact created so much heat that it dried up all the weather. The Earth hai iron in its center. However, the moon has very little iron in its center. This is because the moon formed from lighter materials that make up the outer part of the Earth. Finally, the Earth and the moon are almost the same age: the Earth is about 4.5 billion years old, and the moon is about 4.4 billion years old.
No one can prove that something really happened billions of years ago. In the future, new information will either support this theory of show that it is wrong. For now, scientists accept the impact theory because it explains what he know today about the Earth and the moon.
@The body finds in hard to cope with very high or very low temperatures. AWhen temperatures are very low,it is very hard to produce enough heat to keep us warm. BIt is also difficult to get rid of our own heat when temperatures are very high. CDeath rates always have something to do with very high or very low temperatures. DWhen temperatures go over 38℃ for more than a week,death rates tend to increase by up to 10%. EIn heat waves,the temperature is very high for that time of year,and people tend to behave more stupidly. FIn New York City,crime rates always become very high in summer,and this is believed to be a result of the hot weather. GHot humid davs are the worst in affecting our behavior. HThey cause sleeplessness,decreased general activity,poorer attention and reaction times,irritability and laziness. 宜しくお願いします!
エッセイの一部です。 Many years ago I called at a friend's house during a week of riots and found that his brothers and their friends had all been out in the streets throwing stones at policemen and soldiers. His mother gave us tea, and, as she did so, she lamented the old days when the men of the district,as well as the boys, fought with spirit in such affrays as this. ‘ They're a heartless lot, nowadays―ah, a heartless lot,' she sighed, and by‘heartiess ’ she did not mean that they were cruel but that they had no heart for fighting. You might think from this that she was a woman of fierce nature. どなたかお時間のある方和訳よろしくおねがいします。
@It goes without saying that we tend to feel better when the sun is shining. AWe want to act in a positive way on bright days. BOn the other hand,when there is not enough sunshine,we tend to feel low. CThis is usually known as the "winter blues"or Seasoal Affective Disorder(SAD). DSunshine affects the part of the brain that rules our body's main functions such as mood,activity and so on. EThat part of the brain becomes active by the natural light that passes through our eyes. FWhen the eyes cannot get enough light,these functions slow down. GAbout half a million people in the U.K. are thought to experience SAD. HIn addition,it is said that one in five British people experiences a milder form of SAD. IPeople who have this condition often feel tired during the day and are likely to exhibit aggressive behavior.
@ The bus swam in a sea of dust and exhaust smoke as with its one eye it sought or felt its way around the familiar countryside. The eyes of the young man missed nothing as he looked out of the tiny window which was no larger than an open exercise book. Here and there, he saw a landmark that he remembered. These familiar marks from the past stirred up memories in his mind and he sat and let the memories come and go as they wished. Banana plantations floated mysteriously by the window of the bus and the wind was distinctly heard whispering on the enormous green expanse of leaves. Maize plantations also came and went and occasionally a woman was seen bent to her exhausting task of clearing space for the plants among the weeds. The eyes of the young man saw all this and he wondered. Banana plants trying to exist together on the crowded plot of land, maize plants trying to keep growing in spite of the efforts of the hungry weeds to stop them, and the old woman trying to make a living withal. This perpetual fight for existence had been going on for as lone as the young man could remember, only he had never taken note of it before. It had not meant a thing to him until he joined in the struggle. And now it seemed all so real. So painfully real.
AThe old bus came to the centre of the village and lurched to a stop. The driver took off his cap, mopped at his brow and let out a sigh of relief. He had made it again in spite of the odds. The market-goers hopped out and started shouting directions to the conductors who were busy unloading the bus. Those whose relatives had come to meet them shook hands with them and talked excitedly. The noise rose to market level. The young man lingered in the back seat of the bus, his heart pounding and sweat as pouring down his face. His stomach contracted painfully and he was short of breath. But he had to get out of the bus and go home, he kept telling himself, although his very soul was revolted by the idea. It had all been easy, thinking of coming back home when he was out in the city, hungry, lost and in pain. It had all been a idea then, but now! Now it seemed like the worst nightmare he had ever had. Having to go home after so many years of hopelessness and nothing to snow for it! Nothing but scars of misery and rough living. お願いいたします。
英語の和訳をどなたかよろしくお願いします。 Our cat Kyle was an ordinary cat leading an ordinary life with an ordinary human couple in Osaka. But two years ago, he was suddenly made to fly. My husband Toshi was going to Melbourne, Australia to teach Japanese at high schools for a year. Since Kyle was like our son and we couldn't leave him, he had to come with us. However, flying to the smallest continent in the world was no picnic for the cat. First, he needed to have a microchip put under the skin at the back of his neck. The ship, about the size of a grain of rice, would carry his ID information. The vet told us that putting in the ship was painless, and we had no choice but to believe him. Second, to our horror, Kyle could not fly with us in the passenger cabin. He had to be loaded as cargo! The cargo area would be air-conditioned, so at least he would not freeze to death. We could only hope that his cage would not be placed next to a barking dog's. But the worst thing was that when Kyle arrived in Australia, he needed to be kept in a quarantine station for 30 long days to check if he had any disease. As an agricultural country, Australia is particularly strict about importing animals. For example, cats imported from some countries need to stay in quarantine for as long as 120 days. To our relief, Kyle did quite well. Although he lost some weight-probably due to stress-he was okay. We tried to make ourselves believe that losing a kilo or two was actually good for him. He had weighed over six! The three of us strated living happily together again in a house we rented in a Melbourne suburb. Toshi went out to teach on weekdays while I worked at home, writing essays for magazines, and Kyle did whatever he liked to do inside the house.
We have street maps, bus maps, train maps, and rpad maps. We have maps of our countries, maps of the oceans, and maps of the world. We wvwn have maps or other planets, such as Venus and Mars. These modern maps are very useful and important to us today, but maps are not a new invention. In fact, people have made and used maps for centuries.
In Iraq, archaeologists discovered maps that are over 4300 years old. These maps were made of clay. In China, archaeologists discovered silk maps that are 2000 years old. However, historians believe that mapmaking in China is much older than 2000 years. All these maps represented small areas, for example, farmland and towns.
Archaeologists believe that the first map of the world may be a 2600-year-old clay map from Babylonia (in modern Iraq). Ancient people did not know what the world really lokked like, but they had many ideas about it. The Babylonian map shows the Earth as a flat circle. The circle contains a huge ocean with several islands in it. Other ancient maps showed the Earth on the back of a turtle, with four elephants holding the Earth up.
For centuries, people wondered how big the Earth was. Unfourtunately, as long as they thought the Earth was flat, no one was able to figure out its size. Gradually, however, people began to realize that the Earth was really round.
Then, in the third century B.C. (2300 years ago), a Greek man named Eratosthenes had an idea. Eratosthenes was sure that the Earth was a sphere. He used the sun and geometry to figure out the size of the Earth. He calcuated that the circumference of the Earth was 28600 miles (46000 kilometers). The true size of the Earth is 25000 miles (40000 kilometers). Eratosthenes' measurement was wrong, but it was very close to the truth.
For many centuries after Eratosthenes lived, people made maps of the Earth. However, they did not know very much about the world outside of Europe, Asia, and north Africa. Mapmakers could not draw accurate maps of the Earth until people began traveling around the world in the fifteenth century, mapping small areas each time. In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, people began making correct maps of countries, but the first accurate maps of the world were not made until the 1890s.
Mpas todayb are reliable, inexpensive, amd easy yo understand. People depend on maps every day. What would our lives be like without them?
@Seasonal winds are known as "ill winds" in many cultures. AThey have something to do with feelings of anxiety,stress,and depression. BWhen warm seasonal winds blow,temperatures can rise very quickly in a very short time. CStudies have shown that these winds increase traffic accidents,crime and suicide rates. DNo one knows exactly why these winds have such effects,but it may be because of the electrical change of the air. EWhen air is changed negatively,people tend to feel good. FIn contrast,when air is charged positively,people tend to feel low. GIn general,warm winds are positively charged. HIn fact,"ill winds"are warm winds. IWe have seen that weather has something to do with our behavior. JIf scientists discover more about the relationship between weather and behavior,the day may come when we watch"weather-behavior forecasts"on TV!
英語の長文なんですけど、どなたか和訳の方をどうかよろしくお願いいたします。 My desk faced a big window, and before long, I noticed one thing-there were few stray cats in the neighborhood, if any. From time to time, some local cats would walk into our garden, but they all wore a collar with some kind of tag. I later learned from a neighbor that all domestic cats and dogs had to be, by law, registered. Pets had to wear tags with registration numbers whenever they went out. Microchipping was strongly promoted, too. if a lost dog or cat is picked up, it can be returned to its owner from the ID information on the tag or in the microchip. Furthermore, abandoning a dog or cat will result in a very heavy fine. You can be fined up to $1,000. I also found out that cats must be home by a certain time! The law says that the owner can be find $100 for letting a cat out after dark. By staying in, cats have less chance of being hit by a car, annoying neighbors by making noise, or hunting birds and other wildlife. Interested, I tried an online search on rules of pet ownership in other English-speaking countries. I soon found that laws of registration for dogs and cats are quite common in the USA, the UK, Canada, and New zealand. Many countries strongly recommend microchipping. The results of my search made me think about dogs and cats in Japan. Japan probably needs a stricter pet registration system and a law enforcing heavy fines for abandoning animals. Then, maybe Japanese pet owners would become more responsible. 長文ですが、なるべく早めにどうか和訳をして下さい。どうかよろしくお願いします。
Part1 The Earth’s climate does change. The last ice age ended 10,000 years ago, and we live in a warm period. That change had nothing to do with human activities. In the 1980s, however, some scientists warned that the Earth might be getting warmer as a result of human activities. Since the Industrial Revolution in the 18th century, factories, power plants, cars, and farms have been polluting the air with greenhouse gases ―― carbon dioxide, methane, and so on. Scientists knew that, but the question. An IPCC report in 2001 says the trend toward a warmer world has begun. The IPCC looked into the data collected during the past 20 years on everything from the air and the sea to wildlife. The say this slow but steady warming has had a great influence on the Earth.
Part2 Glaciers, including the famous snow of Kilimanjaro, are disappearing from the world’s highest mountains. Coral reefs are dying off as the seas get too warm for them. Water shortages are common in parts of Asia and Africa. El Niño frequently brings about terrible weather in the eastern Pacific. The Arctic permafrost is starting to melt. Migration patterns for animals like white bears and whales are being disrupted. Now almost nobody questions the fact that humans are at least partly responsible. The problem is how we can stop or slow down global warming. To our regret, however, human activities after the Industrial Revolution have brought about a 30-percent in carbon dioxide levels in the air compares to pre-industrial levels. Each year the rate of increase gets faster. It is certain that worldwide temperatures will keep going up.
続き。 Part3 According to the IPCC, worldwide temperatures will have increased between 1.4℃ and 5.8℃ by 2100. That may not seem like much, but consider that the last ice age ended as a result of a 5℃ increase. If the rise in temperature is larger, the result would be terrible. With seas rising as much as 1 meter, vast areas with large populations, such as the Nile Delta and Bangladesh, would disappear under the sea. Agriculture would be badly damaged. Hundreds of millions of people would have to move to other places. Public health could suffer. Rising seas would pollute fresh water supplies with salt. Hot weather could lead to a rise in deaths from the heat. Warmer temperatures would allow mosquitoes, which carry malaria, to spread to the temperate zones. Worst of all, this rise in temperature is happening at the fastest rate that the Earth has ever seen in the past 100 million years. Humans will have a hard time, but wildlife will no longer be able to survive.
Part4 In the temperate zones, warmer temperatures and increased CO2 would make some crops flourish ―― at first. But beyond a rise of 1.5℃, there would start to decrease rapidly. Even if temperatures rose only moderately, scientists say, the climate might reach a “tipping point”. It is a point at which even a little more increase would throw the climate into a dramatic change. If the ice caps began to melt, a huge amount of fresh water would flow into the sea. It would remain on the surface and would not sink. As a result, ocean currents like the Gulf Stream could slow down ir even stop. So would their warming effects on northern regions. More snow would fall, and it would reflect more sunlight back into space. The Earth would become cold. Before long, a large part of the Earth would be covered with ice again. Global warming could, paradoxically, throw the Earth into another ice age.
Part5 One scientist points out that the CO2 entering the air today will be there for a century. He says, “Even if we stabilize the amount of CO2 emissions now, the gas in the air will have reaches a fatal amount by the end of the 21st century. Temperatures will rise over the century.” That could be truly terrible. The ongoing disruption of ecosystems and weather patterns is bad enough. But if temperatures reaches the IPCC’s worst-case levels and stayed there for as long as 1,000 years, the vast ice fields in Greenland and Antarctica could melt down, raising sea level more than 9 meters. Every city on the U.S. Eastern coast would be history. Now is the time to think about global warming seriously. It is too big a problem for one nation to solve. The most important thing is that all nations should work hand in hand. Without international cooperation, it will be impossible to reduce greenhouse gases in the air.
@Before she set out on her Diamond Jubilee procession, on the morning of June 22, 1897, Queen Victoria of England went to the telegraph room at Buckingham Palace, wearing a dress of black moire with panels of pigeon grey, embroidered all over with silver roses,shamrocks and thistles. AIt was a few minutes after eleven o'clock . BShe pressed an electric button; an impulse was transmitted to the Central Telegraph Office in St Martin's le Grand: in a matter of seconds her Jubilee message was on its way to every corner of her Empire. 和訳をお願いします
@One of my childhood memories is answering the door to an encyclopedia salesman. AOn more than one occasion, the salesman would spend a lot of time with my parents describing the importance of having a set of encyclopedias in the house, especially for school-aged children. BIn those days, encyclopedias were a big business. COne set cost hundreds of dollars and consisted of about 30 volumes. DIn the 1980s, the total weight of the most famous one, Encyclopedia Britannica, was over 50 kilograms. EThen came the personal computer and the Internet, and everything changed. FOne of the first things that changed encyclopedias was the CD-ROM. GA couple of small disks could hold the same amount of information as those 30 volumes. HThis not only saved on paper costs, it also saved space. IIn addition, keyword searches were usually faster than looking through paper pages. JThen once people started using the Internet, they could find information on the Web from free encyclopedias. KPerhaps the best-known of these is Wikipedia. LWikipedia, which began in 2001, has close to two million articles in English in 2007 accessible for free online. MThere are also hundreds of thousands of articles in Japanese. NAnyone can write, edit, or delete an article or parts of one at any time. OWikipedia only asks that contributors try to be truthful an unbiased. PIt is unlike a conventional encyclopedia in several ways.
QInstead of one established expert writing on a topic, many amateurs work together anonymously to write an article. RInstead of there being one central authority, such as a publisher, all contributors are free to edit each other’s contributions. SInstead of having to wait for a new edition each year, users are adding articles and editing existing ones every minute. ㉑Finally, users do not have to pay 8,000 yen a year for a brand-name online encyclopedia because Wikipedia is free. ㉒Naturally, when something is free of change, there are usually some drawbacks. ㉓One of the biggest concerns is that the authors are mostly not real experts. ㉔How can readers be sure that they are getting the best information available? ㉕Also because anyone can contribute, what is stopping someone from entering false information? ㉖Wikipedia is often attacked by troublemakers who delete the information in some topics or edit it in a harmful way. ㉗For example, at the site of some religious topics, sometimes these “vandals” write profanities in order to show their dislike for these beliefs. ㉘Fortunately, Wikipedia has thousands of devoted and honest contributors. ㉙Many of these from all over the world feel responsible for maintaining the topics close to their hearts. ㉚Therefore, when they see that an article has been attacked, they quickly make corrections. ㉛In this way, in most cases, one of Wikipedia’s honest members has returned the information in the attacked topic to original within a few minutes. ㉜Another concern about Wikipedia is the quality of the information. ㉝If anyone can write and edit a topic, surely the information is not of top quality. ㉞This is true and it is one of Wikipedia’s weaknesses.
㉟However, there are huge numbers of contributors who care about the quality and want to make it better. ㊱When they see a mistake, biased views, or perhaps out-of-date information, they correct these. ㊲This means that although the information there may not be as good as that of a brand-name encyclopedia, it is still of quite reasonable quality. ㊳In some cases, it is even better because it is more up-to-date. ㊴So what does this discussion have to do with globalization? ㊵First of all, contributors now live in all parts of the world. ㊶Anyone with an Internet connection can write or edit an article. ㊷In this sense, those who had no voice in the past now have an equal opportunity to share their knowledge through Wikipedia. ㊸One of the main principles of globalization is to share ideas from around the world. ㊹Connected to this concept is the number of articles offered by Wikipedia. ㊺As I write this chapter, there are five million articles in more than 100 languages. ㊻On the other hand, Encyclopedia Britannica has only 80,000. ㊼This means that ideas and topics which previously had little exposure, such as some types of African art, can now be accessed and studied more easily. ㊽Again, one meaning of globalization is to connect and share ideas from diverse places around the world.
長文で申し訳ないです。。。 What is new, however, is the speed at which they are dying out. Europe’s colonial conquests caused a sharp decline in linguistic diversity, eliminating at least 15 per cent of all languages spoken at the time. Over the last 300 years, Europe has lost a dozen, and Australia has only 20 left of the 250 spoken at the end of the 18th century. In Brazil, about 540 (three-quarters of the total) have died out since Portuguese colonization began in 1530. The rise of nation-states, whose territorial unity was closely linked to their linguistic homogeneity, has also been decisive in selecting and consolidating national languages and sidelining others. By making great efforts to establish an official language in education, the media and the civil service, national governments have deliberately tried to eliminate minority languages. This process of linguistic standardization has been boosted by industrialization and scientific progress, which have imposed new methods of communication that are swift, straightforward and practical. Language diversity came to be seen as an obstacle to trade and the spread of knowledge. Monolingualism became an ideal, and at the end of the 19th century the notion of a universal language was born–a return to Latin was even considered–which gave rise to a spate of artificial languages, the first of which was Volapük. The one that gained the widest acceptance and has survived longest is Esperanto. 翻訳お願いします
続きです。。。長文で申し訳ないです More recently, the internationalization of financial markets, the dissemination of information by electronic media and other aspects of globalization have intensified the threat to "small" languages. A language not on the Internet is a language that "no longer exists" in the modern world. It is out of the game. It is not used in business.
The rate of language extinction has now reached the unprecedented worldwide level of 10 every year. Some people predict that 50 to 90 per cent of today's spoken languages will disappear during this century. Their preservation is an urgent matter.
The effects of the death of languages are serious for several reasons. First of all, it is possible that if we all ended up speaking the same language, our brains would lose some of their natural capacity for linguistic inventiveness. We would never be able to plumb the origins of human language or resolve the mystery of "the first language". As each language dies, a chapter of human history closes.
Multilingualism is the most accurate reflection of multiculturalism. The destruction of the first will inevitably lead to the loss of the second. Imposing a language without any links to a people's culture and way of life stifles the expression of their collective genius. A language is not only the main instrument of human communication. It also expresses the world vision of those who speak it, their imagination and their ways of using knowledge.
ラストです。。。長文ですがよろしくお願いします The threat to multilingualism is similar to the threat to biodiversity. Not just because most languages are like disappearing "species", but because there is an intrinsic and causal link between biological diversity and cultural diversity. Like plant and animal species, endangered languages are confined to small areas. More than 80 per cent of countries that have great biological diversity are also places with the greatest number of endemic languages. This is because when people adapt to their environment, they create a special stock of knowledge about it which is mirrored in their language and often only there. Many of the world's endangered plant and animal species today are known only to certain peoples whose languages are dying out. As they die, they take with them all the traditional knowledge about the environment.
The world is warming up and it is mainly because of the human emissions of greenhouse gases. In April of 2007 more than 100 nations in the U.N. climate panel gave a report on climate change. Rajendra Pachauri, the chairperson of the International Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicted that "It's the poorest of the poor in the world who are going to be the worst hit, and this includes poor people even in the prosperous societies." But who really cares? The IPCC group's 2,500 scientists are the top world authority on climate change. They care about what is happening to our world. They recommended extending the U.N.'s Kyoto Protocol, which is the main UN. plan for capping the emissions of greenhouse gases, beyond 2012. But some countries didn't agree with their suggestion. China,Russia and Saudi Arabia had the most objections. And even the United States, which pulled out of the Kyoto Protocol in 2001, said that cutting the emissions of greenhouse gases would cost too much. This is dangerous because the United States, China and Russia, respectively, are the top three sources of greenhouse gases. Shouldn't these countries be leaders in making our world a better place?
What can happen if the governments don't take action to save the world from natural destruction? Temperatures can rise by 1.8 to four degrees Celsius this century. Some people may think that if that happens, they will only need to use more ah- conditioning, and then their problem will be solved. But it's more complicated than that. Air conditioning produces the emissions of greenhouse gases. If global temperatures rise two degrees Celsius above the average in the 1980s and 90s, up to 30% of the Earth's species may become extinct. Water shortages can affect billions of people. Ocean levels can continue to rise for centuries. In particular, by 2020, as many as 250 million Afrigans will suffer water shortages and in some countries, food production will be cut in half. North America will experience more severe storms. More hurricanes, floods, droughts, heat waves and wildfires can result. Melting Himalayan glaciers can cause flooding and avalanches in parts of Asia. The Alpine glaciers in Europe will also disappear. Even moderate increases in sea temperature will cause Australia's Barrier Reef to lose much of its coral to bleaching. Many natural systems, on all continents and in some oceans, are being changed. Humankind is not fighting in a science fiction story like "The War of the Worlds". We are fighting among ourselves. Governments should work together in order to help our societies grow in a cleaner and healthier environment―now!
>>492 @ 子供時代の記憶の一つは、百科事典のセールスマンに玄関で応答したことだ。 A 幾度となくセールスマンは時間をかけ、特に学校に通う年頃の子供のいる家に百科事典を置くことの重要性を私の両親に説明したものだった。 B 当時、百科事典は大きな商売だった。 C 一セットが数百ドルし、約30巻から成っていた。 D 1980年代、最も有名な百科事典だったブリタニカ百科事典の総重量は50キロを超えていた。 E その後パソコンとインターネットが来て、すべてが変わった。 F 百科事典を変えた最初のものの一つがCD-ROMだった。 G 数枚の小さなディスクがあの30巻と同じ量の情報を持つことができた。 H これは紙のコストを節約しただけでなく、場所も残した。 I その上、キーワード検索は通常、ページに目を通して調べるより速かった。 J ひとたびインターネットを使い始めると、人々はウェブ上で無料の百科事典で情報を見つけることがでるようになった。 K それらの中で最も有名なのがおそらくウィキペディアだ。 L ウィキペディアは、2001年に始まったのだが、フリーのオンラインで利用可能な英語の記事が2007年に200万ある。 M 日本語の記事も無数にある。 N 誰もがいつでも、記事、あるいはその一部を書き、編集し、削除することができる。 O ウィキペディアは寄稿者が誠実で偏見がないことだけを求める。 P ウィキペディアはいくつかの点で従来の百科事典と異なる。 Q 一つのトピックに定評のある一人の専門家が書く代わりに、多くの素人が匿名で一つの記事に取り組む。 R 発行者のような、中央に一つの権威を据える代わりに、すべての寄稿者は自由にお互いの寄稿を編集できる。 S 毎年新版が出るのを待つ代わりに、ユーザーたちが絶えず記事を加えたりすでに寄稿された記事を編集したりしている。
@The words "a list world"are often heard in Japan these days. ABefore coming here in September 2004,I had mistaken images of Japan from the 1980s. BJapan had still been considered in the West as unique;it had its lifetime employment,its company songs,its many festivals and only a small amount of crime. CThey said that Japan was still traditional with a few useful aspects of foreign culutures. DI have found,instead,that Japan is a successful and modern Western country with some interesting characteristics. EOne big surprise was that Japan tends to accept other cultures easily. FIn the 60s,non-Asian foreigners often found Japanese people watching them out of curiosity. GThis is quite different from how I now feel about Japan. HSoon afeter moving to Tokyo,I experienced something I did not expect:Halloween. IIt comes from ancient European culture,yet many Japanese now enjoy it. JI realized that the Japanese people were open enough to welcome foreign people and their customs.
Over the centuries the number of drugs available has increased greatly, and knowledge about these drugs has become more accurate and detailed. Health care professionals not only need to understand how medications affect our body but also are unfavorable reactions.
Pharmacodynamics Pharmacodynamics deals with the biochemical and physiologic effects of a drug on a body. A drug can have an effect on us when it creates biochemical and physiologic changes such as inhibiting or stimulating a certain body process. A number of factors influence the actions of a drug upon the body. Age, for example, is a factor in that very young and elderly people often are highly responsive to drugs and thus require lower doses. Sex-linked differences in the way men and women respond to drugs are chiefly due to two factors: differences in the distribution of fat and water, and hormonal differences. Because women usually weigh less than men, equal dosages are likely to affect women more than men. Women usually have more fatty pads than men, and men have more body fluid than women. Some drugs may be more soluble in fat, whereas others are more soluble in water. Thus, men absorb some drugs more readily than women, and vice versa. All medications are designed to produce therapeutic effects. However, practically all medications have additional effects, which are called side effects. Many of them are minor and harmless, but some are undesirable and potentially harmful. Adverse effects, tolerance, hypersensitivity reactions, allergic reactions, or drug or food interactions.
Safe medication administration When administering any drug, careful assessment of a patient’s physical conditions and knowledge of his/her medication history are necessary. For safe and accurate drug administration, health care professionals must pay close attention to the following “five rights”: the right drug, the right dose, the right time, the right route, and the right patient
Late last year, Microsoft began offering detailed images of metropolitan areas taken from airplanes. The most detailed images available from the service are currently only for some U.S. cities, and there are some satellite images of international locations. Google's service mostly gets its images from satellites, and while they are not nearly as detailed as those of Microsoft, they are nevertheless good enough to recognize one's home.
According to AIST, they have successfully demonstrated that their glass can improve visible light transmission up to 60%, and can control the transmission of solar heat from around 60% to 20% in response to changes in temperatures from 10℃ to 68℃. Also, the optical property of the glass changes automatically.
Out of 3 billion base pairs, only 40 million differ between human and chimp, they found. Most are changes in a single letter-for instance a human has an A where a chimp has a T. In addition, humans have some extra DNA that chimps do not have and vice versa. All these differences add up to 4 percent of the total genomes-meaning humans and chimps are 96 percent genetically identical.
At that time, it cost \2 million to install a 1 kW-generating solar cell. The government funded half of the price, for an average household, between \6 million and \8 million, which usually needs 3 kW to 4 kW worth of electricity.
For passengers concerned they may be stuck in a cabin without a view, one solution may be "virtual windows." The initial plan is to work on a transatlantic model the size of a Boeing 767 with 250 seats and a 4,000-mile range.
どなたか和訳お願いします。 Daniel DeConinck, an engineer and entrepreneur living in Toronto, used Google's site to find an accountant close to his house, and has since used it to scout out nearby bicycle shops and computer retailers. He thinks it has the potential to one day replace the local yellow pages.
@Another finding was the international nature of Japanese society. AThere are so many immigrants,foreigners and ethnic Japanese from all over the wprld. BIn wastern Tokyo,for example,you might find an Indian clerk in a supermarket,or a store owned by a Filipino or a naturalized Japanese citizen. CMany Brazilians,Chinese and Koreans also work here. DEthnic restaurants from all over the world are popular among Japanese people. EMore and more foreigners learn to speak Japanese well to seek a chance for a good life here. FCertainly,immigrants make up less than two percent of the Japanese population,but their influence is clear. GSome say that Japanese society is ethnically homogeneous. HHowever,foreigners do have a big influence on its economy. IAs its population ages and gets weak,Japan welcomes immigrants to fill needed spaces in its work force. JSince the economic downturns of the 1990s,foreign investors have been active. KTokyo's business world used to be open to Japanese only,but today more foreigners actually own their own business. LAlthough conformity still remains in schools and companies,the growing influence of foreign people and ideas is helping Japanese society advance.
続きです。 Cooling, he adds, is much quicker if you cool the blood directly, either by injecting a slurry of micro-ice particles or by using a bypass machine. Imagine, he says, a soldier in the Iraq war, bleeding to death while you watch. "If you could zap, perfuse him, put him on a plane, wing him to a major hospital and fix him all up - that's not at all crazy."
Mad or prescient?
That idea is in fact close to Jones's vision. "If we succeed in our mission," she says, "cryonics will become a process carried out in hospitals by medical staff for much shorter times."
That in itself is a change from the early days, when cryonicists more often aspired to immortality, not just more life. In addition, the demographics are changing. Formerly, most cryonicists were young, male and geeky. Now, Alcor gets whole families.
The important unknown is: Can a cryosuspended brain, warmed and revived, retain the memories and personality of its owner? Until this is proven - in a dog, if not a human - cryonicists don't know if they're mad or prescient. How long before we know?
Best says: "I think within 30 years we'll see a successful revival, but the people revived then would be cryopreserved 30 years from now." Last in, first out: the earliest patients to be cryopreserved suffered the worst damage. James Bedford, who in 1967 became the first person ever to be cryonically suspended and who is now at Alcor, was barely perfused at all. "For the people being cryopreserved now, under the best conditions, my guess is 50 to 100 years." Given the current rate of medical progress and research into nanotechnology, says Jones: "If we haven't done it in 100 years, it's not going to work."