前スレ675続き The next year new homerooms were assigned, so I wouldn't have to face former classmates every day. I felt as though I would once again be free to enjoy school life. I even made some friends among my classmates. Soon we started doing everything together. As I trusted my three friends, I felt I could tell them anything. During our second term, however, a series of prank phone calls were made to students' homes. On the first day of the third semester I was surrounded by a number of students, including my three friends. They accused me of making the prank calls. Of course I hadn't done it. Even though I denied it, they bullied me again. This was never about the prank phone calls. That was just an excuse to bully me. All my worst memories came back to me then. The most painful shock of all was the way my "friends" had left me, just dropped me like a stone. I had been so sure they were my friends! Ever since coming to this school, I had been treated cruelly. I went home and went upstairs to my room. Sitting at my desk, I thought about different ways of dying. I wrote a farewell message in my own blood and left the house. I went to a riverbed and stabbed myself. 宜しくお願いします
Scientists think that game like bowling was played in Egypt thousands of years ago. Toys that look a ball and bowling pins were found buried with a child who died around 5200 B.C. People who study history know that the game was popular among the Germans around 200-300 A.D. It was played by people in some churches in order to show that they were good Christians. When people bowled poorly, they had to go to church more often. The first bowling place built inside a building opened in Britain in 1455. Then the game was taken to the United States, where most people played it outside. During the 1800s, many people in the United States began to bowl for money, so sev-eral cities made the game illegal. Many people kept on bouling illegally. Agroup named the American Bowling Congress (ABC) began around 1900. The job of this group was to clean up bowling and make it a gentlemen's game again. At this time, the game was mostly pleyed by men. If women played, they hung a cur-tain up so that the men were not able to see them. then, in 1916, a woman's group named the Women's International Bowling Congress(WIBC) made a point of showing that the game was fine for both men and women.
Looking at 22-years-old Amanda Davis today, you'd never believe that just two years ago she was unable to walk, the victim of a stroke. These days she not only walks but is able to run short distances. On the eve of her 20th birthday, she was driving home from college to visit her parents when she started feeling sick. She pulled over and asked her friends to drive. Then she woke up in a hospital bed. A stroke, which destroys cells in the brain, had paralyzed the entire left side of her body. No one evpected her to walk again. Some time later, doctor at bostpn's Brigham and Women' Hospital drilled two holes in Davis' skull and injected fetal pig cells into her brain. The cells formed connections with her own surviving much of the damage caused by the stroke. Pig-cells transplnts are still in the early stagre of development. But the barriers to cross-species medical procedures are coming down. Despite doubts about the safety and ethics of dollars into reserch, and their technologies are improving. The idea of putting pig parts in people is not a new one. But with the establishment of fetal cell research, the practice has reached a whole new level. 訳お願いします
Today, researchers are testing fetal pig cells as a treatment for many brain illnesses. The results, however, have not always been positive. In one study, researchers treated 10 parlinson's disease sufferers with fetal pig cells, then compared the results with other parkinson's patients who had been given fake operations, in which holes were drilled but no pig cells injected. Almost all the patients in both groups continued to get worse. A few, however, from the groups that received the pig cells, improved dramatically after the operation. The next challenge, says one of the researchers, is to find out what makes only certain people so responsive to the treatment. Though whole-organ transplnts are not yet practical, the technique is improving. When a regular pig organ is transplanted into a person, the immune system destroys it within hours. But in recent years, scientists have created pigs whose cells make the human immune system believe they belong in the body. However, there is one great danger. Many experts worry that cross-species organ transplants could create a new type of disease. Also, others say that too much money is being spent on this type of research when more lives could be saved by putting more effort into improving access to basic health care. 上の続きです。お願いします
@ With an increasing number of children being overweight, obesity is now a serious social concern in America. The number of children with childhood diabetes is increasing. Being greatly concerned with this issue, many public schools now only serve low-fat milk and have prohibited on-campus Coca-Cola vending machines. Disneyland has announced that it will stop selling foods that are high in fat and will serve carrots instead of fries. A Recently, the heightened awareness of obesity has urged many Americans to reconsider their daily dietary habits. Japanese food, for example, being low in cholesterol and high in protein, is considered a healthy alternative. Madonna, the famous American singer, was recommended to try a Macrobiotic diet by her personal chef, Mayumi Nishimura. Madonna’s daily yoga routine and a Macrobiotic diet, which is based on a traditional Japanese diet, have helped her maintain an excellent figure in spite of her age.
B Now, obesity is quickly becoming an issue in many countries, including Japan. One report says that the number of overweight people in Japan has increased 1.5 times during the past 20 years due to the more westernized diet. Among other things, obesity can lead to metabolic syndrome ----- a combination of medical disorders. If someone with a waist measurement of over 85 centimeters (for men) and 90 centimeters (for women), also has high blood pressure, high blood sugar levels, and/or high cholesterol levels, he or she has the symptoms of metabolic syndrome. And therefore the risk of a stroke or other heart problem is greatly increased. C It is important to maintain a well-balanced diet and to get a proper amount of daily exercise in order to stay in good health. However, the solution for reducing weight is not fasting, for this is extremely dangerous and can cause various health problems. Please take this opportunity to reconsider your own dietary and exercise habits.
Rock and roll emerged as a musical style in the U.S. in the 1950s, though many elements of it come from earlier styles of music, especially the blues and gospel. The word “rocking” was first used by black gospel singers in the south to mean spiritual ecstasy. This early rock music was rarely heard, until Elvis Presley recorded “That’s All Right Mama” in 1954 and Bill Haley recorded “Rock Around the Clock” the following year. Elvis became a sensation, and the first rock musician superstar. By 1960, rock and roll musicians had changed their style and introduced ballads as the fifties’ style of rock and roll went out of fashion. However, it influenced other musicians, such as the Beatles, and gave new life to popular music, which later became known as “rock”.
よろしくお願いします。 Anna West was a yong Britishwoman who enjoyed getting a suntan.Then, she found a malingnantmole. As she fought skin cancer she kept a video diary of her symptoms and her treatment. Well, Afrer Anna died, her parents released the diary to warn others of the dangers of too much time in the sun. MarkWebster reports: I'm 21 years old and, you know, it's debatable whether, you know,this, this...the chemotherapy that I start next week, will be particularly successful. And in which case, I mean, I was...you're looking, well, I mean, months rather than years of life expectancy.
よろしくお願いします。 Her touching video diary was intended as a warning to others of the danger posed by exposure to the sun. Unfortunately, it(cancer )went to my arm ... I have such a lovely scar. And then, it's gone here. And in that case, It's inside. It's not on the skin anymore. It goes inside the body and the problem with melanoma is (that) it's so unpredictable...completely unpredictable. You don't know where it's going to go. They're only passings. Throughout her treatment, she recorded her highs and lows with painful honesty; here, taking about her dread that she might have a brain tumor. I mean does it change the way I'm gonna act with it? I don't know ...Anyway, be brave!... um... my brain scan was clear so I'm feeling really really good. Her optimism was short-lived. As you can se, um...I've got no hair anymore.
The first step in what would later be called cloning came from Dr. Han s Spemann of Germany in 1938. He came up with the idea of removing the nucleus from one egg cell and substituting the uncleus of another cel l. He called this a “fantastic experiment,” and no one had any idea how to do it; in fact no one at the time even knew what genetic materi al was made of or the nature of its structure. Experiments on frogs be gan in the early 1950s, but it was twenty years before John Gurdon of Great Britain succeeded in that experiment. However, over many years, the resulting spawn never lived past the tadpole stage. And these were frogs. Almost no one believed the experiment could be carried out wit h mammals. The entire field came under a cloud in 1983, when it was di scovered that the cloning of mouse embryo cells carried out two years earlier had been faked. Many scientists got out of that field of resea rch, and those who remained did not always enjoy the respect of their colleagues.
One who did not give up was Dr. Ian Wilmut, who had worked quietly at an institute in Scotland for twenty-three years, and finally met with success at the age of 52. On February 22, 1997, the world was inform ed that Dr. Wilmut and his colleagues had succeeded in cloning an adu lt sheep. He had taken DNA from the cell of an adult sheep, and added it to the unfertilized egg of another sheep, after first removing th e DNA from the nucleus of that egg. The resulting embryo was then put in still another sheep that acted as the new mother. The cloned lamb was born in July 1996, and called Dolly. At the age of seven months, Dolly was healthy and normal.
Dr. Wilmut's unexpected announcement shocked and confused scientists w ho thought it couldn't be done. Similarly, it greatly surprised geneti cists. They noted that the funding necessary to carry out such an expe riment would not have been available to genetic laboratories. Such res earch was looked down on after the faked experiment of 1983. Because D r. Wilmut and his colleagues were working in the field of animal breed ing, they were able to get funding and to continue their work. The pri mary purpose of his cloning research was to produce animals whose prot ein could be used to develop drugs to fight human diseases. But medica l scientists and various leaders immediately began worrying that human beings might later be cloned. Images from a novel about making clones from Hitler's DNA came to mind. In several countries, government grou ps immediately met to study the possibilities and to make recommendati ons of laws that should be passed to control or stop future cloning ef forts.
よろしくお願いします。 Najia Muhammad Brisen has only her granddaughter. Six other family members were killed instantly when their car was hit in a U.S. air strike April 5th.Three-month-old Harrao was injured. Her three-year-old sister was badly burned. I went to the hospital, and I talked to the troops outside the hospital, and I said, '' This little girl is going to die in day if you don't get her airlifted out. So, we got Darha airlifted to a field hospital where she lived, but she died a week later from pneumonia. The organization Ruzicka founded is helping Najia and the baby get by.Baghdad isn't the easist for a 26-year-old from san Francisco, but Ruzicka is used to worse, like Afghanistan. There, through sheer force of will, she founded CIVIC, the Campaign for Innocent Victims in Conflict, to help civilians who lose family and property in U.S. attacks.
Well, it was during the Tora Bora Offensive, I was in the hospital in Jalalabad. And a woman who had lost everything ... she lost both of her eyes, both of her arms, her legs were broken; her whole family was just wiped out. And when they turned her over, and literally blood spilled out of her, she said, ''What are you going to do to help us?'' And I thought, ''Well, naturally, the U.S. should have a fund to help people who get hurt. In large part, thanks to Ruzicka, it(CIVIC) does. she convinced U.S. lawmakers to appropriate money, which will eventually help compensate victims of U.S. military campaigns. Ruzicka also tries to enlist the military's help. ''Hello,Major Boyle, I just want to say thank you so much yesterday for meeting with us'' The one hundred and fifty Iraqi volunteers that she organized are compiling data on how many Iraqis were killed or hurt.
Chris Moon is known as a runnner with an artifisial leg. He lost his right arm and leg while he was clearing landmines in Mozambique in 1995. One year later he took part in the London Marathon. He was not the fastest runner: his pace was slower than most of the runners. But he finished running the whole course. Since than, he has run more than 14 marathons. In 1998 he ran as a torch runner of the Nagano Winter Olympic Games. "Why do you run without a right arm and leg?" asked a man. "Because I still have my left arm and leg," answered Mr Moon with a smile. In fact, by running on an artificial leg, he gives us a massage: we should think about the problems of landmines in the world.
Now 110 million landmines are planted in 72 countries around the world, and the number of people who are killed or injured by landmines every year is more than 25,000. Every 22 minutes there is another victim. The victims are not only soldiers but also farmers and children. The countries that have many landmine victims are Angola, Mozambique, Cambodia, Bosnia. They are countries which fought long civil wars. Angola has the largest number of landmines: 15 milion landmines are planted in the ground. This means that 60 percent of the land is mined. Why are so many landmnes used? It is because landmines are easy to plant, and they ae very cheap too. The cheapest one is only 300 yen. That is as much as the price of a hamburger.
There are about 5,000 experts who work to clear landmines every day. What they have to do first is to locate a landmine with a detector. Next, they et it out with a long stick. Then, they must learn the mine's type. After that, they explode it. In this way, about 100,000 landmines are cleared in one year. At this pace, it will take 1,000 years to clear all the landmines in the world. It also costs a lot of money to clear landmines. T clear just one mine, it costs between 30,000 yen and 100,000 yen. Still, effort is made to free future people of the world from the threat of landmines. Now there are about 5,000 vounteers who work for clearing landmines in the world. Chris Moon was one such volunteer.
On the day after he ran the torch relay at Nagano, Chris Moon talked to students at a high scool in Nagano. One student asked what Mr Moon's first motivation for running was. "My doctor's words," he answered. "As you know, I rehabilitation in hospital for about year. One day the doctor said to me, 'You cannot run again.' The words inspired something in me. I made up my mind to run again one day." Another student asked if she could do anything to ban landmines. Chris Moon answered, "Of course. You can learn about landmines. You can talk about mines with your friends or your family. You can be a volunteer for activities against landmines. All these things lead to banning landmines around the world". He added, "It's easy to give up, but if you hold on to your dreams, you can achieve any goal".
One of the best-known features of Saturn is its rings. Many people have wonderend why the planet has such rings, and how they were made. With a telescope made by himself, Galileo observed Saturn for the first time in the beginning of the 17th century. He thought that Saturn had two 'ears'. Half a century later, Huygens recognized that the 'ears' were in fact a disk-like ring. Twenty-five years later, Cassini discovered that the ring was, in fact, made up two rings with a division between them. From the 1970's, spacecrafts were launched to Saturn. At present it is thought that there are seven rings. The particles making up each ring are different in size and color.
One of the biggest wonders about Saturn's rings is this: Where did the rings come from? Scientists tell us that there are two possible theories to answer this question. The first theory suggests that Saturn and its rings were created at almost the same time. About 4.6 billion years ago, the planets of our solar system were born from gases that resulted in the planets and Saturn's rings.
Supporters of the second theory think that the rings were created more recently within the last 10 million years. Comets that flew near Saturn collided with Saturn's moons and broke into pieces. These pieces were pulled down by the gravity of Saturn and became the rings. To decide which theory was correct, scientists advised NASA what to do next: to send another spacecraft to Saturn. Then there would be enough new data about Saturn to answer the questions.
Cassini was the new spacecraft sent to Saturn to get more data. It was built by a joint NASA and ESA team. The spacecraft at launch weighed about 5,700 kilograms. Because it weighed so much, it needed a lot of energy to increase its speed and change its orbit to reach Saturn.
The team used a 'fly-by'. In a fly-by, a spacecraft flies by a planet and uses the planet's gravity to get more energy. Cassini was launched in October 1997. First, it was sent to Venus for a fly-by to increase its speed. It flew by Venus twice, in April 1998 and in June 1999. Then it flew back by the earth in August 1999 and used the earth's gravity to increase its speed further. Finally, it flew by Jupiter in December 2000 to change its orbit so it could approach Saturn. Seven years after its launch, Cassini reached the orbit of Saturn in July 2004.
The team used a 'fly-by'. In a fly-by, a spacecraft flies by a planet and uses the planet's gravity to get more energy. Cassini was launched in October 1997. First, it was sent to Venus for a fly-by to increase its speed. It flew by Venus twice, in April 1998 and in June 1999. Then it flew back by the earth in August 1999 and used the earth's gravity to increase its speed further. Finally, it flew by Jupiter in December 2000 to change its orbit so it could approach Saturn. Seven years after its launch, Cassini reached the orbit of Saturn in July 2004.
According to the date from Cassini, the space between Rings A and B contains black material. This material is very similar to the material that makes up one of Saturn's moons. This discovery supports the first theory: Saturn and its moons, and its rings were created at almost the same time, that is to say, about 4.6 billion years ago. Cassini has also discovered that the oxygen in Ring E is increasing. The oxygen may be evidience of a collision between objects in the ring. Those objects are largely made up of ice, and they release the oxygen as they break apart. Some scientists say that this process could erode the entire E-ring in some far-off future, say, in 100 million years. Is this also the case with other rings? Thus, every discovery leads only to more questions. More research will tell us if the rings are eroded now. Will the rings of Saturn disappear in 100 million years?
The policeman walked slowly up the street . There were few people . The time was only ten o'clock at night , but there was a cold wind .
The policeman saw that all the doors of the shops were locked. Most of the street was dark , but here and there stood a cigar store or a cafe .
Suddenly he stopped . In the doorway of a shop there was a man with a cigar in his mouth .
“It's all right , ” he said quickly . “I'm just waiting for a friend. It's an appointment that I made twenty years ago. That sounds funny , doesn't it? Well , I'll tell you about it . About twenty years ago there used to be a restaurant here that was called ‘Big Joe Brady's restaurant' . ”
“It was here until five years ago . At that time they closed it , ”said the policeman .
The man in the doorway lit his cigar , and the policeman saw his face in the light . It was a pale face , with bright eyes , and a white scar near the right eye . In his scarf there was a pin with a large diamond.
“Twenty years ago , ”said the man , “I had dinner at this restaurant with Jimmy Wells , my best friend , and he is the finest fellow in the world . He and I both grew up here in New York . I was eighteen and he was twenty . The next morning I was going to leave for the West . But Jimmy only liked New York and didn't want to go anywhere else . Well , that night , we agreed that we meet here again exactly twenty years later , wherever we had to come from and whatever we had been doing . We thought that each of us would be successful in twenty years . ”
“It sounds pretty interesting , ” said the policeman . “But it's rather a long time since you last saw your friend , it seems to me . Haven't you heard from him since you left ? ”
“Well , yes , for a time we wrote to each other , but I was always traveling around in the West and we couldn't write to each other anymore . But I know that Jimmy will meet me here tonight if he's alive . He's the truest fellow in the whole world . He'll never forget . I came a thousand miles to wait here . ”
He took out an expensive watch with diamonds on it .
“Three minutes to ten , ” he said . “It was exactly ten o'clock when we said good-bye at the restaurant door . ” “You must have been pretty successful in the West , I suppose , ” said the policeman. “I certainly was successful . I hope Jimmy has done well too , but he was always a bit slow , even though he was a good fellow . ”
“Well , I must be going . ” said the policeman . “I hope that your friend will come . Will you wait long for him ? ” “Certainly , ” replied the other . “I'll wait at least half an hour . If Jimmy is alive he will certainly be here by then . Good night . ” “Good night , sir , ” said the policeman . He went along the avenue seeing that the doors of the shops were safely locked .
It had now begun to rain and the wind was colder . And in the doorway , the man who had come a thousand miles to keep an appointment with his old friend smoked his cigar and waited.
After about twenty minutes a tall man in a long overcoat came up to him .
“Is that you , Bob? ” he asked hesitantly . “Is that you , Jimmy Wells? ” cried the man in the doorway . “Well , well , it really is you , Bob , ” teh tall man said , grasping his hand . “I was certain I would find you here if you were still alive . Twenty years is a long time . The old restaurant is gone , Bob. I wish it was still there so that we could have another dinner there . How did you get on in the West?”
“It was wonderful ; I got everything that I wanted. You've changed , Jimmy . You look taller than you used to be. ” “Oh , I grew a bit after I was twenty .” “Are you doing well in New York , Jimmy ?” “Fairly well . I've got a job in a government department . Come on , Bob , we'll go around to a place that I know , and have a good long talk about old times . ”
They went along the street together . The man from the West , his egotism made lager by success , was beginning to tell the story of his life during the last twenty years . The other man , hidden in his long overcoat , listened with interest.
There was a bright light at the corner . When they came to the light , each of them looked at the other's face.
The man from the West stopped suddenly .
“You're not Jimmy Wells , ” he said . “Twenty years is a long time , but even twenty years can't change the shape of a person's nose .”
“It sometimes changes a good man into a bad one , though , ” replied the tall man. “You have been under arrest for ten minutes , Silky Bob . The police in Chicago told us that you might be coming to New York . You won't be troublesome , will you ? Now , before we go to the police station , here's a massage that I was asked to give you . You may read it here by the window . It's from Patrolman Wells . ” The man from the West looked at the little piece of paper that was given to him . His hand shook a little by the time he had finished reading it. The note was rather short .
Bob : I was at the appointed place on time . When you lit your cigar , I saw that you were the man who was wanted by police in Chicago . Somehow I couldn't do it myself , so I went and got another policeman to do the job . JIMMY
@ Once there was a father and son. They were very close and enjoyed adding valuable art pieces to their collection. Priceless works by Picasso, van Gogh, Monet and many others decorated the walls of their house. The father looked on with satisfaction as his only child became an experienced art collector. The son's trained eye and sharp business mind made his father smile with pride when they talked with art collectors around the world.
A Winter approached. The nation was at war, and the son left to defens his country. After only a few short weeks, his father received a telegram. His beloved son was missing during the war. The father waited for more news, fearing he would never see his son again. Within days, his fears were confirmed. His son had died while taking a fellow soldier to a doctor. Shocked and lonely, the father faced the upcoming Christmas holidays with pain and sadness. The joy of the season, a season that he and his son had so looked forward to, would visit his house no longer.
B On Christmas morning, a knock onb the door woke up the depressed father. As he warked to the door the masterpieces of art on the walles only reminded him that his son was not coming home. As he opened the door, he saw a soldier with a large package in his hands. he introduced himself to the father by saying, “I was a friend of your son. I was the one he was rescuing when he died. May I in for a few moments? I have something to show you.” When they began to taik, the soldier taiked about how the father's son had told everyone about his, not to mention his father's, love of art. “I'm an artist,”said the soldier,“and I want to give you this.” As the father unwrapped the package, a portrate of his son appeared. Though most people would never think it the work of a genius, the painting showed his son's face in great detail. The father was so moved that he thanked the soldier and promised to hang the picture above the fireplace. A few hours later, after the soldier had left, the father started his task. As he promised he hung the painting above the fireplace, pushing aside well-known great works of art. And then, the man sat in his chair and sent Christmas gazing at the gift he had been given.
C During the following days and wooks, he realized that even though his son was no longer with him, his son's life would live on because of all the people he had met. He would soon learn that his son had rescued dozens of wounded soldiers before he was shot. As the stories of his sons courage continued to reach him, he became proud of his son and he did not feel so sad anymore. The painting of his son soon became his most precious treasure. He loved this painting much more than any other painting in the world. He told his neighbors it was the greatest gift he had ever received.
D The next spring, the father became ill and passed away. Art collectors waited for the auction. They did'nt know about the story of the man's only son. According to the will of the father, all of the art works would be auctions on Christmas. It was on that day that he had received his greatest gift. The day soon arrived and art collectors from around the world gathered to bid on some of the world's most spectacular paintings. Their dreams would come true this day. After they bought their new paintings, many would say, “I have the greatest collection.”
E The auction began with a painting that was not on any museum's list. It was the painting of the father's son. The auctioneer asked for an opening bit. The room was silent. “Who will open the bidding with 100 dollars?”he asked. Minute passed no one spoke. From the back of the room somebody said, “Who cares about that painting? It just a picture of his son. Let's forget it and go on to the other paintings.” Other people also agreed. “No, we have to sell this one first,”replied the auctioneer. “Now, who will take the son?” Finally, a friend of the father spoke. “Will you take ten dollars for the painting? that's all I have. I knew the boy, so I'd like to have it. I have ten dollars.” “Will anyone go higher?”called the auctioneer. After more silence, the auctioneer said,“Going…going…gone!” The auctoneer hit the hammer on the table. Cheers filled the room and someone exclaimed,“Now we can get on with it and we can bit on these treasures!” The auctioneer looked at the audience and announced the auction was over. No one could believe it. Someone asked,“What do you mean it's over? We didn't come here for a picture of the old mans son. What about all the other paintings? there are millions of dollars of art here! Explain what's going on here!” The auctioneer replied, “It's very simple. according to the will of the father, whoever takes the son…gets them all.”
The first public television broadcast in the United States took place in 1928. The broadcast didn't reach many people at that time there were only four television sets. Today, 98 percent of American houses have at least one television, and 41 percent have three or more. The average American house has the TV on for 7 hours and 40 min-utes every day. Many people are concerned with the effect that so much television has on American people especially children. The average child watches 28 hours of TV a week. The average youth spends 1,023 hours a year watching TV (they spend only 900 hours a year in school). By the time they finish high school, average American teenagers will have seen 16,000 murders on TV. One group trying to get people to watch less TV is the TV-Turnoff Network, which celebrates TV-Turnoff Week every year. In 2002, the group got 6.5 million people to stop watching TV for a week. ‘Turn off TV, turn on life,’the group says. Watching less TV is also taking off with some Hollywood celebrities. Tom Cruise, the actor, only allows his children to watch 3.5 hours of TV a week. Director Stephen Spielberg only lets his five children watch an hour a day. One Australian actress, Naomi Watts, lets her children watch only the soccer World Cup on TV once every four years!
The Great wall of china is believed to have been built in the third century B.C. by the Emperor of Qin in order to resist aggression from other trides. After World War U, a wall was made between the east and west sections of Berlin, in Germany.Many people from the East were killed trying to climb over that wall to freedom in the West. Today,such "walls"still exist in many places --even though we often cannot see them. The"walls"exist not only between countries, but between individuals as well. As a Chinese student studying in Japan, there are many walls that I have had to climb over.
*the Great Wall 万里の長城 *Qin 中国の秦王朝 *the East 旧東ドイツ *climb over that wall to freedom あの壁を乗り越えて自由にたどり着く
B : Not only the cooking but the language was difficult. Everything was in German.
A : German! Were you good at foreign languages when you were a student?
B : I'm afraid I wasn't. When I came to Austria , I only knew a few German words. Before I took the exam at the age of twenty-nine , I had seven years' experience as a cook in Austria. That work experience taught me how to speak German. I'd say that I acquired the language rather than learned it. I didn't have enough time to use a dictionary. I learned new words as I came across them. There are some Germon words that I don't know how to put info Japanese.
A : Did you have any other problems?
B : Since I only had one chance , there was a lot of pressure. But I only thought about passing the test. I never thought about failing.
You will be given report cards at the end of the term. At home,youmay be asked about those grades. How were the grades of successful people? Albert Einstein was agreat scholar but was he good in school? Surprisingly,no. He liked studying mathematics on his own, but he did not pay attention to other subjects. On his report card,his teacher wrote: "There is no chancce at all for this boy to achieve or succeed in anything in the future." John Lennon of the Beatles was a bright boy who didn't seem to see the point of school. His teacher in his high school days said of him* "Young John is a clown in class with no chance of success.He is always wasting other pupils'time." About Woody Allen, a director and comedian, his university professor wrote: "Perhaps I should be positive, but first he must get help so he can take life seriously."
The accident has never made Chris give up hope. When he was being treated in a hospital in London, he had an artificial leg specially made for him. With only several months of treatment and training , he learned to walk and run with it. Less than a year after leaving the hospital, he ran the London Marathon as a personal challenge. Chris has been running in races and events throughout the world to try to change attitudes toward the disabled, to let the world know the misery brought about by landmines, and to raise funds to support landmine survivors. In 1996, he was presented with an award for his service to HALO by Princess Diana, for whom he had great respect. In April of the next year, he was the first leg amputee to complete the 6-day, 250-kilometer Great Sahara Run, the hardest running race on earth.
Do you prefer to see foreign movies with subtitles, or with dubbing? I know that trying to read subtitles and watch the movie at the same time is hard. The advantage of dubbing the voices in is that you do not have to read subtitles. However, I believe that it is hard to replace the excitement of watching a foreign movie in the original language. For example, if you watch a Turkish movie with Subtitles, you can discover how the Turkish language sounds as well as enjoy the movie. Not only that, you can listen to the actor’s actual voice as he or she plays out the role. An actor’s voice is an important part of his or her performance. We should not forget the fact that there are a number of viewers who prefer subtitles for this reason.
Numerous psychosocial factors can affect a person's perception of pain. These include past experience, family expectations, environment, emotions, and a person's culture. In the case of AIDS, a pomplex, socially stigmatized disease that has no cure, pain can be amplified by fear of the unknown, feelings of shame, and alienation from family, friends and business colleagues.
the opportunistic infections that make up the syndrome we call AIDS have been described in detail. Until recently, however, pain was generally ingnored. It is estimated that from 30% to 80% of AIDS patients experience considerable pain, about the same rate as in cancer patients. Pain intensity appears to be at least as great in AIDS as in cancer. Recent research has shown that up to 85% of patients with AIDS-related pain are undertreated, a prevalence twice that for undertreatment of cancer patients ten or twenty years ago.
A variety of pain syndromes have been identified in patients with AIDS, and their prompt recognition helps to ensure effective treatment. The same principles that have guided the treatment of cancer pain have been applied successfully to pain in AIDS. These principles include judicious use of opioids, antidepressants and anticonvulsants.
Depending on the stage of the disease, the same symptom(e.g. headache) can have different underlying cause. When a patient first learns he/she is HIV positive, headaches may be explained by the stress involved in adjusting to the prospect of a substantially diminished quality of life. When T-cell counts fall below 200, one must suspect more ominous causes of headache, such as HIV encephalitis, central nervous system infection, and CNS lymphoma. When possible, treatment is directed at the source of the pain, in combination with pharmacotherapy and attention to psychosocial factors.
Compared to patients with AIDS but without pain, AIDS patients with pain have significantly more symptoms of depression and feelings of hopelessness. In a pilot study, AIDS patients with pain were twice as likely to have suicidal thoughts(40%) as those without pain(20%). This highlights the necessity of treating pain as an important aspect of a patient's overall health and quality of life.
Research on pain experienced by AIDS patients at New York City's Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center has led to the following recommendations for health care workers called upon to assess and manage AIDS pain: * Elicit, accept and respect the report of pain. * Individualize the treatment of pain. * Use a multidimensional approach to managing pain that combines pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic modalities, attention to psychosocial issues, and a team approach. * Ensure that substance abusers with HIV benefit from clinicians' best efforts to achieve pain control. * Set clear goals and conditions for maintaining opioid therapy; set limits and be alert to drug abuse clues.
Also, for the treatment of pain in AIDS patients to improve, it must be acknowledged that discrimination has existed in the treatment of certain subpopulations. Women with HIV and pain, for example, are twice as likely to be undertreated as their male counterparts. Other groups of AIDS patients at greater risk for undertreatment of pain include children and patients with a history substance abuse. Because clinical teaching about pain has been left mostly to interns and residents, misinformation and cultural biases are systematically transferred from one generation of physicians to another.
People around the world eat different unusual foods. Some eat insects like grasshoppers or flies. Paisit Chanta, 39, eats something unusual, too a worm a day! His habit began 30 years ago while he was sitting in a boat and waiting for a fish to bite. There was nothing to eat in the boat, and he got hungry. Chanta looked at his can of worms. ''Suddenly, I realized that fish don't die from eating worms,'' he said later,''so I won't either.'' Chanta ate them one by one, until he felt full. They weren't bad! Now Chanta is crazy about worms and thinks they are like medicine. ''I eat a worm a day to stay healthy,''he says. Chanta works as a fire fighter and often digs for worms near the fire station. ''We are used to that,'' says a coworker, but we still think it is strange.'' Chanta does not care what others think. ''To me, the worms taste just like rice!
Many years ago, Paisit Chanta was sitting in a car and waiting for a dog to bite. He suddenly got tires, so he decided to eat some worms. They were not bad! Chanta now eats one worm a week. He says that worms keep him healthy and taste just like chocolate!
In December 1993, Sekino Yoshiharu, a doctor and explorer, began the journey following the route of the great journey backward from Chile in South America via Alaska, Siberia and finally to Tanzania in Africa.
NEW LEGEND P39 [1] It was August 9,1945 in nagasaki.Just before eleven o'clock the all-clear went. Sumiteru the postman still had a lot of mail in his bag.He jumped on his bicycle and rode off. As he turned into a street he saw children in white shirts playing.They waved to him.
At that moment,the children and everything else around him were gone in a blinding flash,followed by deafening thunder. People who weren't killed on the spot would remember it as pikadon,the flah-boom. Then all was dust and darkness as a wind stronger than any typhoon blew Sumiteru off his bicycle and threw him to the ground some meters away. Through the dust,he saw small white thing like leaves in an autumn wind. They were blown along the ground until they came to rest and lay still. They were the children who had just waved to Sumiteru.
これなんですが、特に後半が分かりません。最初の方は自力でまぁまぁできたので、 もし面倒であれば、At that moment,以降だけでも結構です。 どうかよろしくお願いします。
高校のライティングの長文と語法の18章からです。 @He grew flowers of every color under the sun, with mames as long and difficult as those of the rulers of Anciet Rome. AHis one ambition in life was to grow a rose of an entirely new color, which would win the silver cup for the Rose of the Year. 和訳をお願いします。
After I graduated from college, I wanted to be a Translator of movie scripts. I wanted to combine my love of English with my love of movies. I had no idea how to go about finding such a job, but I must have been eager to get one, because I wrote to the famous subtitle translator Shimizu Shunji. Sadly, he could not help me. At that time, there were only about ten such people needed in Japan, and this is still the case today. Perhaps I should have known that it was not going to be easy to make a career in this field. However, I did not give up. I continued translating books part-time, waiting for my big chance. Finally, in 1969, I started working on subtitles, but it was not until 1980, after Apocalypse Now, that I got regular work translating movie scripts. It had taken me over twenty years. I was a late starter, but I have no regrets, because I love my work.
The purpose of advertising is to make us attractive as possible. There are several rules that follow in almost every kind of advertising. The first rule for advertisers is to capture our attention. Often they use something which will make us stop that we are doing. Then they hope that we will read or listen to their advertisemdnts. In magazines,it is often done with an exciting photograph or a dramatic statement like:YOU CAN BE A MILLIONAIRE! or STAY YOUNG FOREVER. 訳せる神いませんか?
Industrialization changes all this, by enabling production-within certain limits-to expand its own market,if not actually to create them. When Henry Ford produced his model-T,he also produced what had not existed before,namely a vast number of customers for a cheap,standardized and simple automobile. Of course his enterprise was no longer as wildly speculative as it seemed. A century of industrialization had already demonstrated that mass-production of cheap goods can multiply their market, accustomed men to buy better goods than their fathers had bought and to discover needs which their fathers had not dreamed of. The point is that before the Industrial Revolution, or in countries not yet transformed by it, Henry Ford would not have been an economic pioneer,but a crank ,inviting bankruptcy.
We all know gestures are often used in our daily life, and play an important part in communication. Look at the pictures on the next page. These are some of the gestures Americans often use. Can you guess what meanings they express?
A: How was the movie, Helen? It's a great hit and many people were impressed, I hear. B: Oh, it was great! --- A: something was wrong with this video deck. Have you fixedit, Peter? B: It's OK now. There was just a loose connection.
--- A: Your exams begin tomorrow, Beth. B: Yeah. I hope I do well on them. A: Good luck! --- A: Jim hasn't turned up yet. I wonder what's happened to him. B: I don't know. --- A: Well, have you decided yet, Jim? B: Hmm... Just a minute. I need a little time to think about this. --- A: Won't you help me move the table? B: You're asking me? A: Of course I'm asking you. Hurry up, Joe.
For over a week, Shahr-Banu Mazandarani,97,lay all alone under rubble after an earthquake destroyed her home and her beautiful old town. The nights were long and cold, and the days were full of fear. Death was all around, but this brave woman, almost a century old, did not give up. Eight days after the earthquake, rescuers did not expect to find anyone still alive under the rubble. Then search dogs discovered Shahr-Banu. Rescuers heard a small voice, and they dug for three hours to reach her. Imagine their excitement when they pulled her out. The small woman was not only alive, she asked soon afterward. People under earthquake rubble can usually live for only three days. But Shahr-Banu was lucky. When the earthquake hit, she was in bed, with many blankets covering her. ''No one expected her to be alive, said an official. It's a miracle.
和訳お願いします。 http://umewakabashi.cocolog-nifty.com/には載ってなかったのでよろしくお願いします。 UNICORN ENGLISH READINGのL11です。 @ This is how I shall think of you, even when you are grown women with little girls of your own - in the better world of the 21st century. And if I never meet your children, pass on to them the love I gave to you. But wi11 you indeed inherit a better world? There is no way to know for sure, and perhaps it is just as well. However, even if we can't predict the future, we can make intelligent guesses so that events do not take us completely by surprise. In this sense, we do have some control over our future. Already in your short lives you have seen one of the greatest technological advances of all time - the computer. You sit down at the keyboard and create miracles beyond the imagination of anyone before the 20th century. You take the most amazing computer games for granted and when anyone Mentions mouse, your generation doesn't think only of Mickey. You also live in a world unimaginably wider than the one I knew as a boy. Every day television and videos let you see more places and societies than anyone could visit in a lifetime. And much improved communications make it easy for you to communicate instantly with people all over the planet. What future marvels wi11 you see in your lifetime?
A One effect of improved communications will be to create not merely a global vi11age but a global family. How I wish that this would also ensure global peace, but that seems much too optimistic. However, communication is essential for civilization. Speech was one of the greatest of mankind's inventions. It is no longer enough. For global communication, computers have become indispensable. In the past, nations and tribes had to learn to live with one another - and they are still learning, much too slowly. Now we must learn to live with something new and strange, the intelligent computers that our technology is creating. Don't believe those people who say that machines wi11 never think - that merely proves that some humans can't think. It is true that AI, or artificial intelligence, may differ greatly from human intelligence. Indeed, why should we bother to create it if it was exactly the same? Our other machines aren't simply copies from nature. Airplanes don't flap their wings, and cars don't run on legs. AI wi11 have its own type of logic, and its own way of doing things. Our greatest problem in the future may be adjusting to life with our new "mind children." However, AI can help us make a paradise of this planet and open the path to another world - the world of space.
B I get angry when people just complain to me, "Why waste money on space when there is sti11 so much to be done on Earth?" But when the question is asked in honest curiosity, I am pleased to answer because it is an important question that needs to be answered. Even though billions have been wasted on weapons systems and senseless projects, our investment in space has improved our lives a great deal. For example, communication satellites are the very backbone of the global telephone, television, and data systems. Weather satellites have saved thousands of lives - and could have saved more. A cyclone in the Bay of Bengal that ki11ed half a million people was tracked by satellite, but the warning did not reach them in time. We need to spend more, not less, money on the practical uses of space. This wi11 bring benefits to people in the developing and the developed countries. Manned spaceflights to the Moon and planets may not be justified as cost-effective at this time. Few important things can be! To understand the real meaning of spaceflight, we must go back to the beginning of time when life moved out of the sea onto dry land, which was the first vitz1 step toward the development of intelligence. To evolve, we had to become exiles from our original home.
C Now the time has come to make the next step in evolution - this time controlled, at least partly, by us. I have often thought, especially when scuba diving, that we don't really belong here on land, pulled down by gravity every moment of our lives. Our true destiny belongs in space. The difficult part of space travel is escaping from the Earth's gravity. After that, it becomes much easier. As our engineering ski11s improve, humankind will spread across the Solar System, as once it spread across the surface of this planet. First the Moon and then on to other planets. What wi11 we find there? Much, I am sure, of enormous value - and the greatest treasures wi11 be completely unexpected. I like to remind my American friends that when their Congress bought Alaska in 1867, it was thought by most - at two cents an acre - to be a huge waste of money on a worthless wilderness. In the long run, the Solar System wi11 be an even better bargain. And it may not even be a very long run, in terms of history. Will you one day set foot on the Moon or other worlds? I wish I could know. But whatever the future brings, I hope you wi11 remember the uncle who loved you and longed for you to see a happier 21st century.
和訳お願いします。 特に最初の方が分かりません…。 Furrer was told that the steelhead's parents had traveled a long way from the sea, where they had lived -under the Golden Gate Bridge, across San Pablo Bay, then up the Petaluma River-to spawn here in Adobe Creek. Looking down at the water, he said to himself, "If one man could restore this small pare of the creek, what about the whole six-mile length?" Furrer gathered a group of students from his school in the spring of 1983 to restore the creek. Most of them knew about shopping malls, but few of them had seen a wild stream. The question was whether they would accept his idea. Furrer told them, "Adobe Creek has not yet died. One man has preserved the delicate life of those steelhead. Why don't we help him? Steelhead are almost extinct. Their future belongs to your generation,not mine." His students' struggle began.
KEYS westernization When the closed-door policy of the Edo era ended,Japan eagerly began to absorb the technology and culture of the West. Clothing styles,food,and even everyday life of people in Japan have been greatly influenced by Western culture.
Japanese traditions When Westerners think of Japanese traditions,they usually imagine old Japanese arts, such as the tea ceremony or martial arts,developed before the Meiji era. They often feel there is someting mysterious in these old traditions whichcannot be found in their own cultures.
@In most British minds, there are two different images of Japan. One image is of the first-class products made by world-leading industries, and the other is of a mysterious ancient culture full of ancient ritual. Cars,CD players,and cameras on the one hand,and the tea ceremony and flower arrangement on the other. Modern aspects of Japan are considered only to be a result of westernization, while the true essence of Japan can be found in the traditional culture. However,there are several provlems with these images. One is whether we can say that Japan's desire to modernize was no more than a desire to westernize.Certainly,a century and a half ago the Japanese admired the material products of the West. But it is also true that for most of its history, Japan has been keen to modernize itself by imitating foreign cultures ─not just those of the West,but also those of Korea and China. This leads to the second problem:the traditions of Japan. In fact,much of what is usually considered as Japanese has its roots not in Japan but on the Asian continent,or in some cases,even in the West. The ancient Japanese court music and the tea ceremony,to mention a few,came from China. Even tempura was introduced by the Portuguese in the 16th century.
AThe third problem is what is seen as the mysterious aspects of traditional Japanese culture. This image is rather a result of the Westerners'viewpoint. They try to see in Japanese culture something which is different from their own. That is why they are so often disappointed by Japan's westernization. Compared with the superficial,consumer society of the West,Japan seems to offer a culture full of tradition and spiritual value. However,many Japanese tourists,seeing Westminster Abbey or St. Paul's Cathedral,might regard London as the home of traditional culture and spirituality, and criticize Tokyo as hopelessly lacking in such matters. Westerners tend to see something mysterious not only in the traditional culture of Japan, but also in its westernizations. Many big Japanese companies imitated Western technology at the start, but their business success is often seen as a result of something unique to Japanese culture. In particular,the management-labor system based on unique Japanese culture is often regarded as the main factor in this success. Yet,Japanese business structure has been exported to such countries as England and Wales, where it is working quite well. Therefore,the success of such a system cannot be due to something unique within Japanese culture.
BFor many years, it has been said that Japanese culture is unique. Recently,however,the theory of Japanese uniqueness has been seriously criticized. Japanese culture is unique only in the sense that British culture is unique,too. Every culture has its own unique geography,history and relationship with other cultures. Japan was too far away to be attacked from the Asian continent, but near enough to easily important the cream of the continental culture. Japan has always been aware of superior cultures in other parts of the world, but has not had to defend itself seriously from them. As a result,the Japanese have come to have two characteristic attitudes: they have a great curiosity about high quality foreign cultures, which they seek to adapt and improve;but at the same time, they feel a certain inferiority complex. In Switzerland,the watch shops are crowded with Japanese tourists buying Swiss watches, though back at home they have one of the best watch industries in the world. In many ways the humble curiosity of the Japanese has helped them greatly until now. But cultures change with time. Japan has now become a superpower,but it is not used to playing the role of a leader in international relations. For Japan to become more active in the world,Japan itself, as well as other nations,needs to have a deeper understanding about its culture.
和訳をお願いします。 Welcome to Nara, one of Japan’s historic capitals. In the year 710 the capital Heijo-kyo was established hear, and Nara became Japan’s political and cultural center for the next 80 years or so. The glory of those days still lives in the city’s many temples, shrines, and excellent works of art. In the area around Nara Park, there are many attractive places to visit, such as Todai-ji Temple, Kofuku-ji Temple, Kasuga Shrine, and the Nara National Museum. Please take the time to enjoy this treasure house of Japanese culture. From Kansai International Airport it take 70 minutes to Nara by JR train. Take a limited express train to Tennouji and transfer to a rapid train. Or you can go by Airport Limousine bus, which takes 95 minutes.
Kofuku-ji Temple This temple was founded in 669 A.D. as the family temple of the Fujiwara clan, which held great power in Japan from the 8th to the 12th century. In the temple grounds, there is a temple museum, as well as the Hokuendo Hall, the Nan’endo Hall, and a well-known five-storied pagoda, the second highest pagoda of this type in Japan. To the south of the temple grounds you will find sarusawa-no-ike Pond. From Kintetsu Nara Station, it is only five minutes on foot the temple.
>>187 "every week I have to be find room for several letteres,so something will have to be done about this." 毎週私は手紙をしまう場所を探さなければならないので、これを 何とかしなければならないだろう。(これについて何かがされな ければならないだろう)
"Laugh and grow fat." goes on old English proverb. Can you guess what it means? Here "grow fat" does not mean "become overweight" but "become healthy." So the proverb means that laughter improves our health. There are different types of laughter , but the type that this proverb talks about is laughter caused by something funny or humorous. But is the prpverb true? Let's see if laughter really improves our health.
長文と語法の18章のSECT.14からです Then, just as he was giving up hope of ever winning the battle, and of growing the Rose of the Year, he had a truly marvelous idea. この文の和訳をお願いします
KEYS Herbs Herbs are plants with a particular smell or taste, used to enhance the flavor and aroma of food. They are usually grown in warm climates. Herbs are also used for medicine.
Herb Gardens Western herb gardens developed in the Middle Ages. They were usually surrounded by walls and filled with fragrant flowers, pleasing people not only by their scent but also by their beauty.
@The word “herb” refers to a large variety of plants whose leaves, flowers, seeds, and other parts we use for flavor, fragrance, medicine,and so on. Most herb plants have soft rather than hard stems. The name “herb” comes from the Latin herba, which means grass or green crops. People have had a great interest in the study of plants since the earliest times in history. In fact, much of our present knowledge of herbs was already known in Greece as early as the fifth century B.C. Herbs have always been used in cooking, but in past times they were mainly used as medicine, as he old proverb “No herb will cure love” shows. Herbs remain popular as medicine in Asia,but in the West the practice of treating illness with herbs mostly disappeared with the progress of modern science. However, the present-day interest in ecology has encouraged scientific study about the medical effects of herbs. More than ever, we have become conscious of natural foods and creative cooking with herbs. We are experiencing a renaissance of interest in herbs.
【PRO-VISION LESSON6】 You may have heard about genetically modified(GM) crops. An ordinary plant has over 80,000 genes. GM crops are grains, vegetables and fruits that have had some of their genes changed by humans. At this point, crops can be changed to resist insects and diseases. Some GM crops such as potatoes and soybeans are being used in some countries. People have different opinions about GM crops: some are totally against them, while others see their positive sides. In order to think about this problem carefully, let us look at an article written by Mr.Ghillean, who was the director of the A center.
Genetic modification has the power to save lives through its use in medicine, such as the making of insulin for diabetes or the treatment of genetic illness. However, many people are worried about genetic modification in food production these days. Some of these worries are real but there are also some misunderstandings. There is nothing new about crop modification; farmers have been doing it since farming began. The wonderful variety of apples or potatoes we now enjoy is the result of crossing different types. Cabbage, cauliflower, and broccoli all started from one plant species. We can make even more changes through molecular biology. We can now find the gene for one characteristic of a living thing and put it in another species. It is this practice of changing a plant with other genes-perhaps from an animal or another plant-that is making people worried.
AEvery herb has its own history. Sweet violets, for instance, were used by the Greeks centuries ago as a cure for headaches. Paracelsus, a famous Swiss doctor, is said to have sold an expensive medicine made from sweet violets to rich people, promising that it would increase their energy. Another herb, woad, was used to dye fabrics in Britain until the discovery of artificial dyes. Laurel was thought to inspire creativity, and poets and writers would keep a laurel leaf in their pocket or under their pillow. The title “Poet Laureate” comes from this custom. Rosemary was burned in the streets of London to keep a plague from spreading. Whenever a plague broke out in the city, the price of rosemary increased by up to thirty times. Today, the effects of herbs have come to be widely accepted. Aloe, for example, is used to treat burns. Parsley, which is often served with a western dish, is rich in carotene and also contains B vitamins. Thyme is another plant that can be used as a medicine. Its essential oil is used in a number of modern medicines like those for cleaning wounds, and in products for washing the mouth, or brushing the teeth.
BWe should also remember the importance of fragrance in the history of herbs and their uses. Western herb gardens developed in the Middle Ages, and they were celebrated as an ideal form of beauty. A garden surrounded by high walls and filled with beautiful streams and fragrant herbs looked like a paradise on earth.
Ladies in the Middle Ages grew fragrant flowers and herbs for many uses. Fresh and dried herbs, as well as oils and lotions made from them, were used to sweeten their breath, freshen their skin, and to perfume their clothes. Pillows would be filled with fragrant herbs. Little bottles containing rosemary or lavender were sometimes pinned to ladies’ dresses or hung like a pendant, and dried herbs were burned slowly to fill rooms with their fragrance.
The strong fragrances of sweet-smelling herbs have lost none of their power over the centuries: we still love to fill our houses and scent our clothes with lavender, roses, and other herbs and flowers. Their lovely fragrances combine present pleasure with gentle nostalgia, letting us dream and sending us back through time.
(COMPARISON トピック・センテンスで述べられた事柄に関して、比較(Comparison)を示して説明するパラグラフ・パターンがよく用いられます。 よく使われるsignal words には、次のようなものがあります。Prefer〜to, would rather/while, on the hand/比較級+than/similarly, unlike.)
Generally speaking, people who exercise regularly stay healthier than those who don’t. They don't gain too much weight as they older, and they often tend to look younger. Even their minds are sometimes quicker and more active than those who don’t exercise. Some researchers have proved that middle-aged and older people who exercise regularly often look and feel twenty years younger than those who don’t exercise.
On the other hand, some people stay quite healthy with little exercise and may actually live longer than people who push their bodies to the extreme. Indeed, for a healthy life everyone needs to choose the right amount and method of exercise that suits them best.
In the study of communication, the word “context” refers to the setting and situation in which the communication takes place. In other words, context is the “where, when, who and why” of communication.
続きです。 Cultures are often labeled by using the word “context” as well. Some cultures are called “low context,” while others are called “high context.” In low-context cultures, people communicate their ideas and feelings to others clearly and concretely in most situations. On the other hand, in high-context cultures less needs to be said directly, since much of message is assumed to be understood according to the situation or through shared experience. In other words, compared to a low-context culture, the setting and situation are more important in a high−context culture.
Think of the difference this way. When you meet a stranger, your verbal communication with that person is very clear and simple ―or low context― because you have no shared experiences. On the contrary, when you communicate with your sister or brother, you don’t feel the need to say everything clearly and directly because you make use of your shared experiences. For example, the mention of a certain person’s name can lead to laughter. With a stranger you have to explain in words the funny story about that person. Also, with your sister or brother a certain facial expression can have a shared meaning, such as “Mother did it again!” A stranger, on the other hand, will have no idea what your facial expression means. The same as before, you’ll have to explain in words that your mother’s specific behavior is characteristic.
続きです、これで最後です。宜しくお願いします。 Generally, in low-context cultures people greatly admire verbal communication that is delivered in a logical and unambiguous style. In contrast to this, in high-context cultures people feel less need to express everything verbally. More nonverbal communication takes place.
It has been said that language separates people. When understood from the viewpoint of high and low context, that statement makes sense. For instance, I have often show films of the Japanese tea ceremony to students in the United States. The tea ceremony is an excellent example of a high-context experience. Nothing is spoken; all meanings are in the context of shared experience: the tea house, the flower arrangement, the calligraphy scroll, the ceramics. A typical response from a low-context observer is “Hurry up and drink the tea!” Conversely, social experiences over coffee take little meaning from the context and more from the conversation ―the words,
In Endora, there are two grocery stores. Smack on the town square is Lamson Grocery, where I, Gilbert Grape, work; and on the edge of town, there is Food Land, where everyone else shops. A case could be made that I become the thinker, the dreamer that I am while stocking the many cans and bags and food items for the people of this town. Over the years, my technique has become so automatic, so natural, that I don't need to think about what I'm doing. No, my thoughts wander off wherever they want. I'm usually not in the same place mentally that I appear to bo physically. Either I'm in Des Moinos at Merle Hay Mall or driving across the desert or standing on an Omaha rooftop waiting for a tornado to come ripping. Know this − I am rarely in this store or in this town in my thoughts. I'm pricing the breakfast cereals when Mr. Lamson comes up behind me. “Wonderful surprises are in store for us all, Gilbert.” Startled, I almost drop the Wheaties I'm holding. I manage a “Huh? What?” “Surprised you, did I?” “Yes, sir.” For years Mr. Lamson has taken groat joy in surprising me. He's hidden under the counter, behind the dog food, and once he almost froze to death in the freezer waiting for me to open it so he could yell “Surprise.”
He's hidden under the counter, behind the dog food, and once he almost froze to death in the freezer waiting for me to open it so he could yell “Surprise.”
When I finally did, his eyebrows had begun to frost and his lips had turned blue. I whisper under my breath, “Wonderful surprises − I'm waiting.” Mr.Lamson sees my mouth move. “What was that?” “Nothing, sir.” Mrs.Lamson, who is in the little office cubicle waiting for money to count, calls out, “Dad, have they got some special going on at Food Land?” “Not that I know of. Gilbert, anything going on at Food Land?” “Oh, I'm not the one to ask. Never shopped there. Never will. Would rather die.” “You do not mean that.” “Sir,”I say, “I'm afraid that I do. I go to a store for food. Not for…” “They must have something going,”Mrs.Lamson chimes in, walking all over my words and not seeming to mind. “Because nobody is here.” I can't bring myself to tell them what Tucker told me the other day. It seems that Food Land installed an aquariumlike tank where they keep crabs or lobsters with their daws taped shut. People crowd around; kids make faces at the creatures − glad, I guess, that they're not the ones trapped inside.
There are three big problems. First, scientists can now take a gene that is strong against a particular weedkiller and put it into a crop plant: when these plants are sprayed with weedkiller, the weeds are destroyed but the crops are not. A great problem is the harmful effect this could have on the environment, since insects, birds and other animals depend on the “weed” species for food. Another problem is that genes from a GM plant could escape into a natural population of a related species. Since pollen is often carried through the air, often for great distances, this is quite possible. A wild species modified in this way with resistance against weedkillers could become a “superweed.” Also a species that becomes resistant to insects that feed on it could upset the food chain. The third worry is connected to producing seeds for crops that cannot germinate to produce the next year’s seeds. This would be of advantage to seed companies, since farms would have to buy new seeds each year. But the same technology could hurt poorer farmers in the developing would who always need to save some seeds for the next year’s crop. Fortunately, this technology is not yet in use and there has been strong pressure to give it up.
I personally would not hesitate to eat a GM vegetable ― it is unlikely that the current modifications are harmful to the consumers, despite what we read in newspapers. However, the introduction of animal genes into food plants creates many moral problems for vegetarians and people whose religions don’t allow the eating of certain animals. This is one of the reasons people are demanding that all GM food products be clearly labeled. The public have a right to know what they are eating ― and a right to choose. I believe that in my own country, Britain, GM foods are well controlled, but this cannot be said for some other countries. One of the problems is that at the moment this technology is controlled by business. Because the companies developing GM foods want to introduce them as quickly as possible, in my opinion, the technology is being developed without enough research or precautions. Genetic modification is here to stay, and it will surely save lives. But like so many other new ideas ― such as splitting the atom ― it can be seriously misused. Instead of criticizing the technique, we should make sure it is used carefully. We need to evaluate each application carefully, from environmental and moral concerns, and we must tell governments and companies to use it for good rather than for greed.
Sho Yano is a genius. He is only 12, but he is already studying medicine at the University of Chicago! He wants to become a doctor. Sho enjoys school. "I love to learn," he says. Before Sho went to the university, he studied at home. His mother and father were his teachers because they could not find a shool that was good enough for him. His mother taught him math. She had to study late into the night in order to keep ahead of her son. Sho can also play the piano beautifully, and he does tae kwon do. Sho grew up in California with his family. His mother is Korean, and his father is Japanese. He says that his parents never push him. "But sometimes I pull them along!" Sho smiles. His mother agrees with him. "He will decide his own life," she says. Sho dreams of fighting diseases like cancer in the future. This intelligent young man will surely succeed!
@ How often do we say "Of course I believe it −I saw it with my own eyes!" But can we really be so sure what it is that our eyes tell us? For example, take the simple question, "How big is the moon?" Could any of us make a good estimate of the moon's size if we had not read what astronomers tell us about its diameter? What does looking at the moon, or any other object, tell us about its real size? What do we mean by "real" size, or "real" shape, or any other appearance, for that matter? Can we believe what we see of things; or rather, putting it the other way round, what do we mean when we say we believe that a thing has a certain size or shape? The brain interprets the image on the 'retina in the light of all sorts of other "information" it receives. Perception, in fact, is by no means a simple recording of the details of the outside world. It is a selection of those features with which we are familiar. What it amounts to is that we do not so much believe what we see as see what we believe. Seeing is an activity not only of the eyes but of the brain, which works as a sort of selecting machine. Out of all the images presented to it it chooses for recognition those that fit most nearly with the world it has learned through past experience.
A I want to give a few more examples to show how what the brain has learned influences the process we call "seeing things." Seeing, they say, is believing. But is it? An arrangement can be made such that a person looks through a peephole into a bare corridor, so bare that it gives no clues about distance. If you now put a white card in the corridor and ask how large it is, his reply will be influenced by any suggestion you make as to what the card may be. If you tell him that the card he sees in the corridor is a business card, he will say that it is quite near. However, if you show him the same card at the same distance and tell him that it is a large envelope, he will say that it is much further away. On the other hand, if you show a very large playing card, say a Queen of Spades, he will say that it is very close, and if you show a tiny one he will say it is a long way away. Because, you see, playing cards are nearly always of a standard size. In fact, the size of things we perceive depends upon what we otherwise know about them. When we see a car from far away, its image on the retina is no bigger than that of a toy seen near by, but our brain takes the surroundings into consideration and gives us its proper size.
よろしくお願いします。 The Meiji restoration of direct imprerial rule commenced the Meiji period and modern industrial society. Restoration leaders welded former feudal domains into a modern nation - state, established a contralized bureaucracy, enacted a new land tax system, and created a modern conscript army. Abolition of feudal classes and the establishment of universal education helped create a unified national polity. The 1889 Constitution of the Empire of Japan established the first parliamentary government in Asia. During the latter part of the period Japan emerged as a major imperialist power through victories in the Shino - Japanese War of 1894〜1895 and the Russo - japanese War and the annexation of Korea in 1910.
The Taisyo period was maeked by the advent of true party government, increased popular involvement in politics, the growth of organaized labor and left-wing movements, and a domestic economic boom fueled by World War I. The democratic tendencies of the period, often referred to as Taisyo Democracy, were supported by the emergence of an educated urban middle class and the rise of new forms of mass media such as radio, large - circulation newspapers, magazines, and paperback books. Eventually, however an economic downturn and authoritarian measures such as the enactment of the Peace Preservation Low of 1925 and the expansion of the Special Higher Police began to erode the gains made by Japan's first experiment with democracy.
Perhars it's the hard-nosed reporter in me. Maybe I'm just an incurable romantic. But for some reason,I find myself turning to the personals section in every newspaper Iread. Ihave been happily married for nineteen years and I'm certainly not looking for a new husband. Yet,Ifind myself attracted to these personals,because hopes and dreams of everyday life are revealed in them.
U
One day in 1991 I was readingthe personals column of a local newspaper,when I was stopped short by one particular ad. "Now that's really unusual!"I thought. "Could this be true?" The ad that caught my attention read:Henrietta,do you remember that we met and dated at Camp Tamiment in 1938?I've never forgetten you.Please call me.Irving A phone number was listed rather than the more usual box I.D. All night long I thought about Irving's request. I remembered that personal ads cost a lot of money. Why would someone wasteso much money on a joke? And just what was the joke here, anyway?
Although long hair on the man not believed to be artistic has for many years suggested radical views,no absolute length can be designated as correlating with a certain degree of radicalism.
Like many people,this man was materially rich but spiritually poor. He was so busy counting his money that he forgot the precious treasures hidden inside his heart. The little prince talked to people who did not want to waste time on invisible things such as beauty,friendship,love,or wisdom. They wanted fast,ready-made substitutes. They bought expensive things,and thought that they had found beauty. They surrounded themselves with admirers,and believed that they had friends. They talked about their love for others,but thought only about themselves. They boasted about their wisdom,but acted like fools. They valued only what they could see. Sadly,they did not know that the most beautiful things in life are invisible.
【2007駿台 英語構文S 12回】 I spent Saturday night in a small hotel not many miles distant from Oxford. It was a peaceful little hotel that fell quietly asleep in the darkness as soon as the voices. Weary as a result of unaccustomed exposure to the air, I fell under the soporific influence of the place, went early to bed, and was asleep before midnight. Suddenly, between twelve and one, I was awakened by a crash. The house shook as though a football team were tumbling over the furniture in the room below. A gramophone began to whine ryhthmically about love. Whether it was dancing or fighting that was going on to the music I did not know, but whatever it was, the violence was such that I was surprised that the house did not come falling about my ears.
Like many big cities, Mexico City has a problem with crime in its subways. But it has found an unusual way to fight back-not with more police or bigger prisons but with books! The city is trying to make its underground stations big libraries. Javier Gonzales Garza, the head of the subway, says, ''when people read, people change.'' The city has given free books to subway riders since 2004 and wants to give away millions more in the future, The city hopes that readers will return the books when they finish, but no one is checking. The books contain very short stories, so people can read them during a quick subway ride. Passengers love the idea. ''The books just fly out of our hands,'' says one book volunteer. The city is also putting art in some subway stations. Will books and art make the city safer and keep people out of prison? Not everyone is sure. ''Maybe we'll just get more educated criminals,'' says one rider.
(The democracies had triumphed in spite of an uncertain beginning and the gloomy predictions of commentators like Walter Lippmann about their ineffectiveness.)
Among the agencies among which this wish was to be realized were the United Nations, the forces of occupation, and, at a different but still more important level, education.
(The situation was, in fact, vastly different from that foreseen even by shrewd political scientists.) To be sure, before the war several major powers had been able to maintain an uneasy peace.
(The democracies had triumphed in spite of an uncertain beginning and the gloomy predictions of commentators like Walter Lippmann about their ineffectiveness.) Among the agencies through which this wish was to be realized were the United Nations, the forces of occupation, and, at a different but still more important level, education. (The situation was, in fact, vastly different from that foreseen even by shrewd political scientists.) To be sure, before the war several major powers had been able to maintain an uneasy peace.
Medical doctors have also recognized the healing effects of laughther. An American doctor, for example, has beenusing laughter as a cure for his patients for more than thirty years. Believe it or not, he often wears a clown costume, incruding a big red nose, to try to make his patients laugh. A movie was even made about him, which drew the attention of many people in the world. His method may seem unuseal. but it has been widely adopted and proved successful.
An Indian doctor also uses laughter in his therapy. In his case, the therapy consists of laughter and yoga techniques. In this therapy, people take a deep breath and start with "Ho-Ho-Ha-Ha-" with their mouth closed and then "Ho-Ho-Ha-Ha-" with their mouth open. This doctor started an organization called Laughter Clubs International and has been visiting many countryies to talkabout the advantages of his Laughter therapy.
Ebbesmeyer first began following the movements of the toys after hundreds were wash up in Alaska in 1992 and 1993. He uses his knowledge of ocean currents and an international network of hundreds of beachcombers. He keeps in touch with what is washed ashore through a Website called www.beachcombers.org. "I'm an ocean detective," he says, "Beachcombers tell me about something they're found, and I work backward in time to see where it came from." Ebbesmeyer reports that there are alot of sneakers floating around out there, along with hockey gloves and Japanese glass fishing floats. Most recntly, a one-meter safe washed up in Texas! "You name it, it's out there," says the oceanographer.
Ebbesmeyer explains that every year there are 100 million containers shipped overseas. Of those, 10,000 fall overboard.(A roll of 35 degrees during a storm can send a container into the sea.) To help him with his research, the scientist has placed an advertisement on his Website. "Wanted: One rubber duck, slightly battered by ocean currents and Arctic ice, made of hard plastic faded from yellow to white. Written across its chest: 'The First Years.' Reward $ 100." The reward is yours if you send a photo of the duck to Mr. Ebbesmeyer at Beachcomber Alert, 6306 31st Avenue, Seattle, Washington, 98115.
The poor are not only those who are starving from lack of food. The poor are also those who have been abandoned by society: the old, the drunk, the sick. The poor are also those who are lonely, those who have no one to love them, those who have been forgotten and those who are suffering spirit and who need help.
A really poor man is one who has been abandoned by others as being unnecessary. He tires to forget his sadness through alcohol.
お願いします。 The Showa preiod was one of the most turbulent in Japanese history. In its first decades an ultranationalist coalition of right-wing politicians and army officers seize control of the country, engaging in domestic political repression and setting Japan on a course of militarist expansionism in continental Asia that culminated in the Sino-Japanese War of 1937-45 and entry into World War U. Japan's defeat ushered in a period of Occupation by Allied military forces and sweeping democratic reforms that included a new Constitution of Japan. The postwar decades saw reentry into the international community and phenomenal economic growth that transformed Japan into the world's second largest economy by the end of the period
1. Yet as the economic collapse of many dot-comsin 2001 and 2002 shows, even this new type of work can experience a downtown.
2. One century ago,communities across the country became economically linked so that one town's prosperity depended on producing goods demanded by people elsewhere in the country.
3. Capitalism is changing and now operates with significant goverment revolution, partly to address the economic inequality generated by market systems.
4. First, the economic future of US and other nations will be played out in a global arena.
And just what was the joke here, anyway? Finally,the next morning,I decided I had to know the answer. Gathering all my courage,I dialed the number in the ad.
よろしくお願いします。 Hello. Hi, Bob! This is Ai. Hi, Ai! Hey, you are late. We have been waiting for you. I’m sorry, but I’m lost. You’re lost? OK, don’t worry. Where are you now? I started out walking from the Leopold Hotel, and now I’m in front of a convenience store. There are two convenience stores near here. Are you in front of a Shop-Safe or a 24-7? The sign says ”Shop-Safe.” OK. Now I know where you are. Can you see a church tower from there? Well… Oh, yes. There it is. OK. Now walk toward the church tower, go past the church, and turn left at the first intersection. Walk to the church, and after the church turn left at the first crossing. Right ? Yes, that’s right. Then walk two blocks, and you will see a florist on your right. Oh, good. Then I will be able to buy some flowers for your mother. No. Don’t buy any flowers there. Why not? Because that’s our family shop. Our house is right above it. I’ll be waiting for outsid
@ All too often general statements are worthless and even harmful. This is because we generalize too hastily without much evidence. The "hasty" generalization simply refers to the fact that we jump too quickly to conclusions concerning "all." For example, we see a woman driving carelessly, and generalize: "All women are poor drivers." We see a car being driven selfishly, and note that it has a California number plate: we say, "A California driver! That is the way all Californians drive." We learn that Napoleon got along on five hours of sleep. From this we may conclude that "five hours of sleep is all that anybody really needs." Our assumption is that anybody can do what Napoleon could do, until we find out that we are not Napoleons. The next example is probably the worst kind of generalizing: A man declared that all Indians walk in a single line. When asked to give his evidence, he replied, "How do I know that? I once saw some Indians walk that way."
A Hasty generalizing is perhaps the most important of popular vices in thinking. It is interesting to consider some of the reasons for this kind of bad thinking. One important factor is prejudice. A prejudice is a judgment that we make about people or groups of people before we have examined the evidence. If we already have a prejudice against teachers or businessmen or policemen or lawyers or doctors, then one or two instances of bad conduct by members of these groups will give us the strong belief that "they're all like that." It is very difficult for a prejudiced person to say, "Some are, and some aren't." A psychological reason for asserting such wild generalizations is the desire to attract attention. No one pays much attention to such undramatic statements as "Some women are mysterious," or " Some politicians are no better than they ought to be." But when one says that "All men are liars," this immediately attracts notice.
B Careless and hasty generalizing ought to be avoided. The fault of bad generalizing, however, need not make us take the opposite direction the refusal to generalize. There is an old story about the very cautious man whose friend pointed to a flock of sheep with the remark, "Those sheep seem to have been sheared recently." "Yes," said the cautious man " at least on this side." Generalizations can be dangerous, and people should be discouraged from making them with insufficient evidence. On the other hand, generalizations based on good evidence are essential for extending scientific knowledge. "Salt dissolves in water" is a generalization which is reasonable, given the evidence we have, even though nobody has tested all the salt in the world. Similar generalizations can help us to predict the future. We can assume that what has usually happened before in given circumstances will probably happen again. Without the general laws provided by this kind of scientific thinking, wemightallstillbelivingincaves.
One girl had been placed in the basement suite of a home under construction. Another girl had stayed in a house with no family. The family had asked her to dogsit while they went camping.
What will be the long-term effects of these changes?
The new postindustorial ecconomy in the USA is inseparable from the increasing industorial production of other nations. We must address the urgent challenges of global inequality and population increase. Whether the world economy reduces or enlarges the gap between rich and poor societies may end up steering our planet toward peace or war.
Success can be defined in many ways ,and there is no universal means by which we can measure it. What it means for one may not be the same for another?
今英語のUNICORNのLESSON6「THE GREAT JOURNEY」の予習をしているのですが、和訳がよくわからないので、どなたか訳していただけませんでしょうか?
When the villagers saw me,they asked with a friendly smile on their faces,"Which river do you come from?" "The Tamagawa," I answered. "Is the Tamagawa as big as this river? Can you catch many fish there?" At that time,the villagers didn't even have their own names. "Isn't it inconvenient that you don't have names?" "Not at all. But if you need them,give us names." I named them Tochan,Kachan,and so on.
The food sold in most fast food restaurants may not be all that good for us. most of those restaurants are franchises,and this means that everything has to look and taste the same way in all the restaurants of a franchise. a franchise controls this by having a main food distribution center, so that the food has to go through a long period before it gets to the consumer. in order for the food to still taste fresh after all this time, a lot of preservatives have to be put in. what is more,the main element that the fast food market competes for is not good or fresh food, but the lowest prices, and we all know what that means.
people who have the habit of eating fast food rarely even try to change their eating habits. instead,people tend to get more and more used to the convenience and taste of fast food. according to a survey in another magazine, out of every ten fast food consumers,only four will eat the same amount or less,the other six will eat twice as much fast food as before within four years; and out of every ten people that finally get to control their eating disorder,six will be eating fast food again within six years. they wiII still be damaging their own health. these figures seem to be in contradiction with today's convenient ways of cooking at home. easy-to-make dishes like those for microwaves, soups, etc. would appear to be the answer to the fast food problem,but obviously the real problem is not the trouble of cooking at home,but the addicting simplicity of the fast food market.
>>307>>308 ich, sie sind leicht, in der Nähe von ihr Gesicht einen Dorfbewohner zu bekommen; wann Lächeln, und sah, daß es, der gefragt wird, der Fluß kommen Sie davon?"," Tamagawa und ich, denen geantwortet werden. Ist Tamagawa fast "groß so gleich wie dieser Fluß?"Können Sie viel Fisch dort fangen?Ich siedete ", dann, und ein Dorfbewohner hatte keinen eigenen Namen.Weil "Sie keinen Namen haben, ist es nicht ungelegen?""," Sie sind willkommen.Das ..... wir nennen, daß es in ihnen notwendig ist, geben Sie Sie außer es das was-wenn.Genannter Tochan, Kachan, und daß sie haben, ", ich in diese es genannte Weise.
Penny was the nurse on duty, so she took the call. "Want some lungs?" It was the donor agency. They had lungs in Minnesota――and teenager named Andrew Croy was next up on the list to receive them. "Oh. of course I do!" said Penny. "There's a young man who will be excited to hear it." I'll page him right away and call you to make sure. "Okey. But you know how we do it――we need to hear from you in an hour, or we call the next recipient on the list." My girlfriend, Cathleen, and I walked hand-in-hand toward the hockey arena. We were excited about this game between the Chicago Wolves and the Manitoba Moose. I love hockey――and watching it live is the best. It's such a thrill to hear the loud voices of the fans as the players fight for a shot. Also, just being at a game was a big things for me. I've spent most of my life avoiding the places where many people gather, like Allstate Arena that night. I have cystic fibrosis, a genetic disease that fills my lungs with phlegm. I was on a waiting list for a double-lung transplant that could save my life. But I'd already been waiting two years, and my time was running out. I'd moved from my home in New Orleans to live with my aunt in Lake Villa, Illinois, where I'd be closer to Loyola University Medical Center, one of the biggest transplant centers in the country.
Now that I was 18, the disease had practically destroyed my lungs. I was so weak that a cold could make me seriously ill. My doctor didn't even want me to go to the grocery store――that's how easily I could get sick. So I stayed at home and spent most days on the computer, talking on the phone, playing video games; in fact, anything to pass the time. But tonight, I wasn't letting anything stop me from going to that hocley game. Not even if it meant risking getting really sick. It was the first time I'd seen Cathleen in months, and I wasn't going to waste our time together just sitting around at my aunt's house. I'd been feeling a lot better lately. In any case, I was armed with a pager, just in case my transplant came in. Penny was getting angry. "I've paged him five times! Why isn't he answering?" The other nurse, Michele, looked at her watch. "We only have 15 minutes left! You keep trying his pager, and I'll try calling his aunt's house. This kid may never get another chance." Cathleen and I were on our way through the outside gates of the arena when she held my hand and asked, "Got your pager with you?" "Yeah," I told to her. "But they're not going to call tonight." I was sure of it.
We made our way down front to our seats. The game was one of the most exciting I'd ever seen. The Chicago Wolves were on fire. But Manitoba was just as hot, and by the end of the second period, the game was tied, 2-2. The stage was set for a knockout third period. It couldn't have been sweeter. "Andrew? He's at the Wolve's hockey game with his girlfriend. Do you have a transplant foe him?" "Yes, Mrs.croy," said Michele. "But we need to reach him immediately――or he'll lose out on getting the lungs." Michele hung up and dialed 911. The police! The police will find him at the game! she thought. But can they get to him in time? At the second break, I was heading out to get some drinks when I heard something strange over the speaker. It sounded like, "Andrew...information desk," but I couldn't hear the whole things. Andrew? It couldn't be me――right? I checked my pager. Such enough, it hadn't gone off. You're being too worried, I told myself. Still, I didn't have anything to lose by going to check it out. I could stop by on the way to the concession stand.
I walked over to the information desk, where a police officer was standing. "Did you just page Andrew Croy?" I asked. The officer gave me a strange look, and I started to get nervous. Did I do something wrong? Did I park in the wrong spot? Finally, he spoke. "Are you looking for a lung, son?" My mouth went dry. For a second, I didn't know whether to be excited or scared. Then I shouted. "Yes!" "Your nuese just called," he said. "You need to call her back." Then he gave me a phone. I called the hospital and got Michele. "Where are you?" she sounded very angry. I told her I was still at the arena. "Can I call you right back?" she asked quickly. "Sure," I told her, getting the phone number from the guy at the information desk. But it felt strange. Call me back? Why would she need to call me back? Maybe there's a problem with the lungs. Penny was dialing the phone when Michele ran over. "Penny! I got Andrew――he's on his way!" "One minute more and you would've been too late," said Penny. "I was just calling the donor agency to cancel." "Oh, thank God!" said Michele. "I'll call Andrew back and let him know." "And I'll get the transplant team up to Minnesota right away. They say the snow is getting pretty bad up there." It seemed like long hours before the phone rang again. This time, Michele sounded calmer. "We've got your organs," she told me. "How fast can you get here?"
"I'm on my way," I said, relieved. By now, several police officers had gathered at the desk. "When do you need to be there?" one asked. "Right now," I told him. "Well, let's go!" he said. Things started happening fast. The police led Cathleen and me to a police car, and Cathleen teased me the whole way. "They're not going to call you tonight, huh?" she said with a smile. "You can stay," I said, giving it right back to her. "Maybe you'll catch the third period?" "No way," she said quickly. "I'm coming with you." On the way to the hospital, I thought about how much i'd missed out on while waiting for this transplant. I had to leave school two years earlier because I didn't have the strength to walk around campus. I couldn't run, much less exercise. I could barely leave the house. A transplant wouldn't take away the cystic fibrosis, but it would give me my life back again. It'll be over soon, I told meself.
It was 9:45 when we arrived. Fifteen minutes later, I was lying in bed, waiting for my new lungs. My mom had been in town for the past nine months, and she arrived at the hospital in half an hour. My dad got in his car and left out home in Louisiana for Chicago as soon as my mom called him. By midnight, I was more tired than nervous, so I slept. "They should be back by now," said Michcle, looking at her watch. It was almost 2:00 a.m. "It's the storm," said Penny. The nurse knew that the transplant team had to get the lungs, keep them at a low temperture, and fly straight back again――there wasn't a minute to waste. If the lungs weren't transplanted within six hours after they were removed, the chances were small that the operation would be a success. "All we can do is wait――and pray," said Mychele.
When I woke up just after 2 in the morning, I thought I was dreaming. There in my room stood the announcer for the Chicago Wolves――holding a hockey stick that the entire team had signed for me! I barely had a chance to thank him before a nurse started to prepare me for surgery. "It's time," she said. The transplant took six hours, and when I woke up I was really tired. They'd given me medicine to kill the pain, so I was feeling okey――until the next day, when they stopped the medication. Then I was in major pain. I know it's possiable that my body could reject my new lungs. Even if that doesn't happen, nobody knows if they'll last more than five or ten years. But I'd like to think that no matter what happens, I'll be okey, Ten Months after the transplant, Andrew's new lungs show no signs of rejection. He's now a second year student at Nicholls State University in Louisiana, where he studies accouinting. When he's not busy with his studies, he works as a trainer for the university's football team and spends time at the local club teaching little lids how to play sports. And he still loves hockey――when he returns to Chicago for some medical tests in February, a Wolves game will be part of his trip!
“The brave warrior, Kocoum, has asked for your hand in marriage,” he said. “I will give you the necklace your mother wore at our wedding so that you may wear it at yours.”
Pocahontas wanted to obey her father's wishes but Kocoum was so…serious!She decided to go to the enchanted glade where she could talk to the ancient tree spirit, Grandmother Willow. Pocahontas told Grandmother Willow about Kocoum. She also told the wise spirit about a strange dream she kept having about a spinning arrow. “The arrow is pointing you down your path,” said Grandmother Willow. “Listen to the spirits of the earth, the water and the sky and they will guide you.” Just then, Pocahontas felt the wind blowing through her hair.
I got in Cairo several years ago. I moved around trying to find my way back to my hotel, but I could neither read the signs nor speak the language. I was upset, then angry, and then nervous. What if I walked into a dangerous place by accident? As I was thinking this, out of the blue came help: a sign in English announcing the Egyptian branch of a major Japanese trading company. I went in to ask for directions in Japanese. It so happened the branch manager spoke perfect English. After giving me directions, he offered me a seat and we began to talk about Tokyo. He grew nostalgic, and mentioned his favorite restaurant. As it turned out, I also was a frequent costomer of that restaurant. Hearing of this unexpected bond between us, the manager said in a very friendly way, "Small world, isn't it?" The expression itself is a familar one. When two strangers meet and find they have something in common――a friend, a restaurant, a relative an alma mater――they use the expression to show pleasant surprise at the unexpected. So there we were, an American and a Japanese meeting in Cairo, Egypt, and talking about a Tokyo restaurant. It was, indeed, a small world. The expression has taken on another meaning in recent years. This is what I call the "Disney" meaning, after the song "It's a Small World." The theme of the song is that "all people are brothers and sisters"; that we share an existence on a small planet, and so we should all try to get along together to make that that existence as carefree as possible. In other words, we have to make special efforts to live and work in harmony together.
This meaning has something similar to the Japanese idea of the shimaguni("island nation") way of thinking. However, the shimaguni concept of getting along is based on homogeneity. "We have to live and work together in harmony not only because we live on a small island, but because we are all the same." The "Disney" concept admits that we are all different, and stresses that we must overlook our national, racial and ethnic differences because we all live together in a tiny space. This concept of "It's a Small World" makes an appeal to our common sense and reason more than to our emotions. "If there is any chance for survival, we have to bury our differences and stress our similarities," is the whole idea. In a very real sense, the two "small worlds" are closely connected. Both are based on the fact that only similarities or having something in common will produce harmony. The Japanese branch manager and I got on well from the start because we had not only japan, but also something wonderful in Japan in common, that is, the Tokyo restaurant. The other small world is, in this dangerous age, based on the common need for survival. Weapons have become so powerful, pollution has become so widespread, overpopulation has become so serious, and national economies have become so interlinked that only by realizing how truly small the world is can people be saved. Conflict can only lead to disaster. A large view is necessary in a small world.
It was the Canadian educator, Marshall McLuhan, who have this new small world a new name, the "global village." The electronic media, especially television, created the global village, he said. The world had been reduced in size to a village thanks to television, which aired the same clear and lively scenes all over the world at the same time. What used to be world news, he said, was now village gossip. After all, the world is now a village. However, this was not the heart of McLuhan's message. He stated that in the global village "the medium is the message," meaning that the means of communication has more influence on people than the information itself. This is a controversial statement, and seems to be true today when computers and the Internet are becoming the chief communications media. In our present world, economic preblems in one region naturally have a global impact. Political problems in one nation can affect currency exchange rates, which affect international trade and banking, which affect employment in industry, which affects education, which affects...and so on, in faraway countries. Some countries delayed or stopped the introduction of the Internet in order to prevent the spread of foreign political ideas and culture. Yet there si now no country that is not experiencing to some degree the impact of the Internet.
On the other hand, the forces dividing races, ethnic groups, cultures and nations have not been reduced. To a certain extent they have become stronger, certainly in the case of nationalism. It is as if the villages within the world community have begun building walls around themselves. We are told that nations must work together despite their differences. This phrase only stresses the existence of differences. McLuhan's famous catch phrase has not come true. No medium is as close to putting us together into a village as TV was almost forty years ago. The forms of media have become so familiar that they have lost the power to move us. The Internet may be a true example of "the medium is the message," but it is not yet a force for bringing us together. For one thing, using a computer is a solitary way to spend time. Family members do not gather around the computer at dinnertime the way they once did for television. In fact, with so many kinds of interests available on the Internet, most people prefer to enjoy it by themselves. Only by using its potential for global education can the Internet play a unifying role.
The global community to which we all belong is a limited space containing a diversity of races, religions and cultures living in thousands of villages. If all we have in common is fear of mass destruction through war, pollution, overpopulation, or starvation, I am afraid our community is very much in danger. Furthermore, the urgent sense of economic competition that governments arouse is their citizens is also alarming. We are always told to "look over our shoulder" to see if other countries are overtaking us economically. Words such as "hostile" and "foreign" are frequently used together with "competition." They are also used to suggest war. If all nations, rich and poor, large and small, democratic and undemocratic, decide on the policy "we're all in the same boat, so let's all work together," I would feel more optimistic about the future. There has always been competition for resources and markets, but that competition has never involved the potential for mass destruction that it does today. History cannot be changed, but it can be seen as a starting point for a new outlook. I do hope that nations and individuals will stress their similarities and common interests, and find to their pleasant surprise that it's a "small world, isn't it?" Diversity would still be diversity, but it would no longer matter.
1.Australia is home to many kinds of dangerous wildlife: poisonous snakers and spiders, man-eating sharks and-most fanous of all-the saltwater crocodile. The “salty," which lives in rivers, estuaries and swamps, is the largest crocodile on earth. It can grow up to six meters in length if it lives long enough -and it can live for up to 75 years. After almost being wiped out by hunters in the last century, saltwater crocodiles became a protected species in 1971. As a result of this protection, the number of salties has grown to over 150,000. 2.Saltwater crocs have very large heads with exceptionally powerful jaws lined with lethal teeth. They are highly efficient killers. Although they usually eat birds and other wildlife, attacks on humans are a fairly regular occurrence. Fatal attacks are usually caused by careless behavior: camping near crocodile-infested rivers and swamps or standing in rivers where crocodiles are in full sight on the opposite bank. Sometimes, however, people are just unlucky. 3. In December 2003, one crocodile attack in particular caught the world's attention. Three young men had gone quadbiking beside the Finniss River, the first large river south of Darwin, the capital of Australia's Northern Territory. December is the wet season in that part of Australia, and heavy rain had produced a fast-flowing river. One of the men, 22-year-old Brett Mann, was swept into the river while washing mud off his clothes. His two friends, Shaun Blowers and Ashley McGough, both 19, tried to help him.
4.“We jumped in and swam after Brett. We had almost reached him when Ashley screamed out, 'Croc! Croc!' We swam to a tree sticking out of the water and climbed straight up it.' 5.But Brett did notmake it to the tree. The crocodile took him and disappeared. “We saw the croc grab Brett, but there was no scream, no splashing or anything," Shaun said. “Two minutes later the croc brought Brett to the surface. He was dead. It was like the croc wanted to show off his victim to us. Then he swam off. Five minutes later he was back at the tree. He circled around us all night and most of the next morning," explained Shaun. 6.The abandoned quadbikes led a local farmer to realize that something was wrong. A search was launched and the two men were found the next morning. They were lifted out of the tree by a police helicopter. The pair had a narrow escape. If the river water had risen a little higher, the croc would have been able to reach them. A few days later, a search team found and shot four-meter-long crocodile, but Brett's body was never found.
●10● 死 @Everything in the world dies,but we only know about it as a kind of abstraction. If you stand in a meadow,at the edge of a hillside and look around carefu11y.almost everything you can catch sight of is in the process of dying,and most things will be dead long before you are. If it were not for the constant renewal and replacement going on before your eyes,the whole place Would turn to stone and sand under your feet.
AThere are some creatures that do not seem to die at all;they simply vanish totally into their own descendants. Single cells do this. The cell becomes two,then four and so on, and after a while the last trace is gone.It cannot be seen as death;excepting mutation, the descendants are simply the first cell, living all over agaln.
There are said to be a billion billion insects on the earth at any moment, most of them with very short like expectancies by our standards. Someone has estimated thatthere are 25 million assorted insects handing in the air over every temperate square mile, in a column extending upward fbr thousands of feet, drifting through the layers of the atmosphere like plankton. They are dying steadily,Some by being eaten,Some just dropping in their tracks,tons of them around the earth,breaking up as they die,invisibly.
Who ever sees dead birds,in anything like the huge numbers required by the certainty of the death of all birds? A dead bird is an irregularity,more startling than an unexpected live bird,sure evidence to the human mind that something has gone wrong. Birds do their dying off somewhere behind things, underthings,never on the wing.
BAnimals seem to have an instinct for performing death alone,hidden. Even the largest,most remarkable ones find ways to conceal themselves in time. If an elephant missteps and dies in an open place,the herd will not leave him there;the others will pick him up and carry the body from place to place, finally putting it down in some mysteriously suitable location.When elephants encounter the skeleton of an elephant out in the open,they methodically take up each of the bones and distribute them,in a heavy ceremony,over neighboring acers.
It is a natural marvel. All the life of the earth dies,all the time,in the same volime as the new lift that dazzles us each moning,each sprlng. All we see of this is the Odd stump,the fly struggling on the porch floor of the summer house in October,the fragment on the highway. I have lived all my life with an embarrassment of squirrels in my backyard;they are all over the place, all year long,and I have never seen,anywhere,a dead squirrel.
I suppose it is Just as well. If the earth were otherwise,and all the dying were done in the open,with the dead there to be looked at,We would never have it out of our minds. We can forget about it much of the time, or think of it as an accident to be avoided somehow,But it does make the process of dying seem more exceptional than it really is,and harder to engage in at the times when we must ourselves engage.
●11● 植物の生 @Water,Soil, and the earth's green mantle of plants make up the world that supports the animal life of the earth.Although modern man seldom remembers the fact, he could not exist without the plants that use the sun's energy and manufacture the basic fbodstuffs he depends upon for life.Our attitude towards plants is a slngularly narrow one. If we see any immediate utility in a plant we help it to grow. If for any reason we find its presence undesirable or merely a matter ofindifftrence, we may Condemn it to destruction straightaway.
Besides the various plants that are poisonous to man or crowd out food plants, many are marked for destruction merely because, according to our narrow view, they happen to be in the wrong place at the wrong time. Many others are destroyed merely because they happen to be associates of the unwanted plants.
AThe earth's vegetation is part of a web of life in which there are intimate and essential relations between plants and the earth,between plants and other plants, between plants and animals. Sometimes we have no choice but to disturb these relationships, but we should do so thoughtfully, with full awareness that what we do may have consequences remote in time and place. But no such humility marks the boomlng "weed killer" business of the present day, in which rapidly increasing sales and expanding uses mark the production of plant-killing chemicals.
One of the most tragic exanples of our unthinking destruction of the landscape is to be seen in the sagebrush lands of the West,where a vast campaign is on to destroy the sage and to substitute grasslands.If ever an enterprise needed to be illuminated with a sense of the history and meanlng of the landscape,it is thjs. For here the natural landscape is eloquent of the interplay of forces that have created it. It is spread before us like the pages of an open book in which we can read why the land is what it is,and why we should preserve its wholeness. But the pages lie unread.
●12● リズムと人間 @Within a few days of birth,babies will flex their limbs and move their heads in rhythm with the human speech they hear around them.
William S.Condon and Louis W.Sander reported in 1974 that when a difftrent language is spoken(it was first tried with English and Chinese), the movements of the babies will alter very slightly.
Their rhythms will switch to match the rhythm of thatlanguage.
At what age the rhythms of the native language are locked in we do not yet know. But it is apparent that human beings begin learning language―and with it, culture―immediately at birth,and we do so principally through rhythm. One of the primary ways,perhaps the primary way,that one's culture suggests rhythms to the human body is through language. Babies do not respond in the same way to music or to tapplng,either random or regular. Their primary response is onIy to the human voice.
AInterestlngly enough,the babies also have to "1earn" the cosmic beat of the world.From birth,infants exhibit cycIes of quietness and movement that are 50 to 60 minutes long. The heart beat has been regular since before birth, but unlike the adult heartbeat,its rate does not vary between day and night. The rhythm of breathing is established at birth. But many of the natural rhythms in older children's and adults 'bodies have not yet been definitely established. By the time a child is between six weeks and three months old,he has“taken the rhythm" of the cosmos, as he perceives it. The rhythms he lives with have become the pacemakers for his bodily existence.
Physiologists understand that such pacemakers are necessary to keep our bodies synchronized. They call these external rhythms Zeitgeber, meanlng "time giver" in German. It would seem that without those external pace- makers,a sort of rhythmical entropy occurs. Our response to the Zeigeber rebuilds our rhythmic synchronism and defeats the entropy.
BSome of the external pacemakers in our lives come from the physical environment―day and night, lunar phases,seasons―but other pacemakers derive ftom our social environment.It was physiologists, not social scien- tists, who discovered that patterns of family living, particularly habits of activity and rest,establish a child's social rhythms.
Obviously,from our earliest days we take the rhythms of our personal universe. It is our senses that perceive the cosmos,our family,our society,and our language and culture. We continue,as we grow older,to take the rhythm of people around us.We are all one another's Zeitgeber.Other animals do the same thing: Schools of fish have no leaders in the strict sense of the word, yet the entire school can turn suddenly,in formation as it were,because the intricate communication among the individuals allows each to take the rhythm of the neighboring fish. A flock of birds is made a fIock by such entrain- ment. Each animal,through delicate sensperceptions,adjusts its rhythms by cues from the outside.
●13● フロー感覚 @When we are invoIved in a creative type of activity that is seIf-rewarding, a feeling overcomes us―a feeling that we can call "flow." When we are flowing we lose all sense of time and awareness of what is happening around us;instead,we feel that everything is going just right.
A rock dancer describes his feeling of now like this:"If I have enough Space,I feel I can pour out an energy into the atmosphere. I can dance for wa11s. I dance for floors. I become one with the atmosphere." "You are in a state of such extreme joy that you don't exist:" says a composer,describing how he feels when he flows.Players of any sport throughout the world are familiar with the feeling of flow;they enjoy their activity very much,even though they can expect little reward apart from the pleasure of the activity. The same holds true for surgeons,cave explorers,and mountain climbers.
AFlow provides a sort of physical sensation along with an altered state of being. One man put it this way:"Your body feels good and awake all over. Your energy is flowlng." People who flow feel part of this energy;that is, they are so involved in what they are doing that they do not think of themselves as being separate from their activity. They are flowing along with their enjoyment.Moreover,they concentrate intensely on their activity. They do not try to concentrate harder,however;the concentration comes automati- cally.A chess player compares this concentration to breathing.As they concentrate, these people feel immersed in the action,lost in the action. Their sense of time is altered and they skip meals and sleep without nothing their loss.Sizes and spaces also seem altered:successful baseball players see and hit the ball so much better because it seems larger to them.They can even distinguish the seams on a ball approaching them at 165 kilometers per hour.
BIt seems then that flowis a‘floating action’in which the individual is aware of his actions but not aware of his awareness. A good reader is so absorbed in his book that he knows he is turning the pages to go on reading,but he does not notice he is turning these pages. The moment people think about it, flow is destroyed,so they never ask themselves questions such as "Am I doing well?" or "Did every one see my jump?"
CFinally to flow successfully depends a great deal on the activity itself: not so difficult that it produces anxiety, not so easy that it brings about boredom; challenging,interesing.fun. Some good examples off flow activities are games and sports,reading,learnlng,working on what you enjoy,and even daydreaming.
●14● 言 語 論 @Why study language? There are many possible answers, and by focus- ing on some we do not,of course,mean to make little of others or question their justification. One may,for example,simply be fascinated by the elements of language in themSelves and want to discover their order and arrangement, their origin in history or in the individual,or the ways in which they are used in thought,in science or in art,or in normal social intercourse. One reason for studying language is that it is attractive to regard language,in the traditional phrase, as "a mirror of mind." We do not mean by this simply that the ideas expressed and distinctions developed in normal language use give us lnsight into the patterns of thought and the world of common sense constructed by the human mind.
AMore interesting is the possibility that by studying language we may discover abstract principles that govern its structure and use, principles that are universal by biological necessity and not mere historical accident,that derive from mental characteristics of the species. A human languages is a system of remarkable complexity.To come to know a human language would be an extraordinary intellectual achievement for a creature not specifically designed to accomplish this task. A normal child acqulres this knowledge on relatively slight exposure and without Specific tralnlng. He can then qulte effortlessly make use of a complicated structure of specific rules and guiding principles to convey his t mirror of mind in a deep and significant sense. It is a product of human intelligence,created anew in each individual by functions that lie far beyond the reach of will or consciousness.
BBy studying the properties of natural languages,their structure,organiza- tion, and use, we may hope to gain some understanding of the specific characteristics of human intelligence.
Far more important to men and women than the pleasuers of television or the motorcar is the fact that thet can get the food and shelter and the medical care needed to keep themselves and their families in health and reasonable comfort. What happend to our health during the first half of the twentieth century is stirkingly evident from our increased life expectancy. Not so striking, but of equal significance, is the fact that during this period of time our standard of living has continued to increase while the population of our nation doubled. It is this demonstrated ability to maintain a rising standard of life within a population that is confined to a limited area that a famous historain described as the great historic event of our time. Never before has such a thing occured. It has given new hope to men the world over that the specters of hunger, destitution, disease, and degrading ignorance may be banished forever.
[Some History] England has been a monarchy ever since it was first united as a country over 1,000 years ago . At first the king or , occasionally , the queen , was all powerful , though there were conflicts with powerful nobles . The enactment of Magna Carta in 1215 is still regarded by most Americans as the begnning of Anglo-Saxon democracy , though in fact this document merely imposed some minor limits on the king's power over the nobles .
In 1485 Henry Tudor , from Wales , become Henry Z , and England has not had an English monarch since then , as Welsh kings were followed by Scots , Dutch and Germans . The present house of Windsor changed its name from Saxe-Coburg-Gotha when the First World War broke out . The queen's husband , Prince Philip , is a fluent German speaker .
English political history is generally presented in schools as the gradual reduction of power of the Monarchy and the increase of that of Parliament , leading eventually to democracy . There is certainly much truth in this , and the British Parliamentary system is based on the Glorious Revolution of 1688 , when James U was deposed and William V became king , on the understanding that Parliament was supreme , able to raise taxes and declare war without consulting the king . Kings in the past have frequently been highly unpopular , and have often indulged in scandalous behaviour , particularly in the eighteenth century , but since the time of Queen Victoria (reigned 1837-1901) have generally been well-behaved and respected .
[The Monarchy Today] Today the monarch is the symbol of the nation . This sounds simple , but is in fact rather complex . What is the nation ? In some ways Queen Elizabeth is queen of England (she is Queen Elizabeth U , but is the first Elizabeth to be queen of Scotland) ; in others queen of Britain (including Nothern Ireland , in theory) . In 1969 there was an elaborate and invented‘traditional’ceremony to make Prince Charles Prince of Wales . The queen is also queen of Canada , Australia and New Zealand , as well as head of the Commonwealth . It seems likely that the links with the former dominions will end with Elizabeth , and that this will cause few problems ; certainly Charles seems comfortable about the ending of such links . More difficult is the monarchy's unpopularity in areas of Britain far from London .
Connected with this is the fact that the monarch is also head of the Church of England . The queen or king has therefore to be an Anglican and be seen to be a practising Christian . The monarch or heir to the throne may not marry a Catholic (the Catholic Church insists that in a mixed marriage the children must become Catholics) , and it would be unthinkable to marry a Jew , Muslim , Hindu or Sikh . This narrowness , where the monarch represents white English Anglicans , is increasingly regarded as outdated in a multiethnic , multi-religious society (as Charles himself has noted) .
"But Henrietta's parents disagreed. She was seventeen at the time, so they felt she was much too young to start dating seriously. In the fall, to get her away from me, they sent her to stay with an aunt in Europe. She remained in France for several years. While she was in Paris,she met another man whom she later married. Heartbroken, I too eventually married someone else. I loved my wife, but I never forgot Henrietta. Since my wife passed away three years ago, I have been very lonely. Lately, I've started to think more about Henrietta. I began wondering whether she's still alive, whether she's still married, whether we could begin again. Maybe I'm just a foolish old man, but I was just hoping against hope that somehow Henrietta might see my message in the newspaper."
The consequence is, that in comparison of what then was, there are remaining only the bones of the wasted body, as they may be called, as in the case of small islands, all the richer and softer parts of the soil having fallen away, and the mere skeleton of the land being left. But in the primitive state of the country, its mountains were high hills covered with soil, and the plains, as they are termed by us, of Phelleus were full of rich earth, and there was abundance of wood in the mountains. Of this last the traces still remain, for although some of the mountains now only afford sustenance to bees, not so very long ago there were still to be seen roofs of timber cut from trees growing there, which were of a size sufficient to cover the largest houses; and there were many other high trees, cultivated by man and bearing abundance of food for cattle. Moreover, the land reaped the benefit of the annual rainfall, not as now losing the water which flows off the bare earth into the sea, but, having an abundant supply in all places, and receiving it into herself and treasuring it up in the close clay soil, it let off into the hollows the streams which it absorbed from the heights, providing everywhere abundant fountains and rivers, of which there may still be observed sacred memorials in places where fountains once existed; and this proves the truth of what I am saying.
Such was the natural state of the country, which was cultivated, as we may well believe, by true husbandmen, who made husbandry their business, and were lovers of honour, and of a noble nature, and had a soil the best in the world, and abundance of water, and in the heaven above an excellently attempered climate.
I was born in 1948,one of the "baby booms" - a very large generation born right after World War U. Twenty years later,some of us became"The '60s Generation,"protesting the U.S. war in Vietnam,fighting fir civil rights, creating a new women's movement and experimenting with different music and loifestyles,with hits by the Beatles and the Rolling Stones playing on our stereos. Involvement in the anti-war movement was the rial beginning of my life as an organizer,but my interest in social justice came from the experiences of my own family. My mother was only thirteen when the Nazis prepared to round up and kill the German Jews,and the parents in her village made a plan to save their children by sending them away to England. "My father took me to the train station,"my mother told us,"and on the platform,he put his hands on my head and he cried and he kissed me goodbye and he put me on the train.And that was the last I ever saw of him. And there was a train full of children.And there was a platform full of parents,all weeping." My father's mother was my only grandparent to survive the Holocaust. The big red "J" on the cover of her old passport marked my grandmother as a person of minimal rights,and the immigration control stamps chronicled her dangerous flight across Eastern Europe.
和訳よろしくお願いします。 @ A well-known scientist (some say it was Bertrand Russell) once gave a public lecture on astronomy. He described how the earth orbits around the sun and how the sun, in turn, orbits around the center of a vast collection of stars called our galaxy. At the end of the lecture, a little old lady at the back of the room got up and said: "What you have told us is rubbish. The world is really a flat plate supported on the back of a giant tortoise." The scientist gave a superior smile before replying, "What is the tortoise standing on?" "You are very clever, young man, very clever," said the old lady. "But it's turtles all the way down!" Most people would find the picture of our universe as an infinite tower of tortoises ridiculous, but why do we think we know better? What do we know about the universe, and how do we know it? Where did the universe come from, and where is it going? Did the universe have a beginning, and if so, what happened before then? What is the nature of time? Will it ever come to an end? Recent breakthroughs in physics, made possible in part by fantastic new technologies, suggest answers to some of these longstanding questions. Someday these answers may seem as obvious to us as the earth orbiting the sun―――or perhaps as ridiculous as a tower of tortoises. Only time (whatever that may be) will tell.
A As long ago as 340 B.C. the Greek philosopher Aristotle, in his book 0n the Heavens, was able to put forward two good arguments for believing that the earth was a round sphere rather than a flat plate. First, he realized that eclipses of the moon were caused by the earth coming between the sun and the moon. The earth's shadow on the moon was always round, which would be true only if the earth was spherical. If the earth had been a flat disk the shadow would have been elongated and elliptical, unless the eclipse always occurred at a time when the sun was directly under the center of the disk. Second, the Greeks knew from their travels that the North Star appeared lower in the sky when viewed in the south than it did in more northerly regions. (Since the North Star lies over the North Pole, it appears to be directly above an observer at the North Pole, but to someone looking from the equator, it appears to lie just at the horizon.) From the difference in the apparent position of the North Star in Egypt and Greece, Aristotle even quoted an estimate that the distance around the earth was 400,000 stadia. It is not known exactly what length a stadium was, but it may have been about 200 yards, which would make Aristotle's estimate about twice the currently accepted figure. The Greeks even'had a third argument that the earth must be round, for why else does one first see the sails of a ship coming over the horizon, and only later see the hull?
She climbed high into Grandmother Willow's branches to hear what it was telling her. As she looked out to sea, Pocahontas saw what seemed to be strange clouds in the distance ─they were the sails of a ship.
Pocahontas leapt down ran over to a rocky ledge to get a closer look. She saw that the ship had dropped anchor and that men were coming ashore. One was tall and handsome ─and he was heading straight towards her! It was John Smith. As Pocahontas watched, the stranger climbed onto the rocky ledge and looked out across the beautiful landscape. Before Pocahontas could stop Meeko he had scampered over to meet the stranger.
The Australian National Flag is a blue flag with the Union Jack of the United Kingdom in the upper quarter on the left side. Below this is a large seven-pointed white star, the federation star (representing the six states of Australia and the territories). On the right side of the flag are five smaller white stars (four with seven points and one with five points), representing the Southern Cross constellation. The flag was officially adopted in 1953. (Source: Adapted from The Australian Modern Oxford Dictionary)
“Hello, little fellow,” Smith said, kindly, handing a biscuit to the raccoon.
Just then, someone called Smith's name and he climbed down from the ledge. Pocahontas was left wondering about the mysterious stranger. She decided to fellow him to find out more…
Later that day, as Smith explored the New World, he came to a sparkling waterfall. On the other side of the cascading water he saw a young Indian girl ─Pocahontas. For a long moment neither he nor Pocahontas moved. They stared at each other and knew they were falling in love. That afternoon, Pocahontas taught Smith a few words of her language. Smith had thought that the Indians would be savages but meeting Pocahontas changed his mind. He learnt that her people loved the land and lived in hermony with it. While they talked, Meeko nuzzled through Smith's bag looking for another biscuit.
Instead, he found Smith's compass, which he carried off nearby tree. He would find a hiding place for this little treasure! Meanwhile, Governor Ratcliffe had ordered his men to begin digging for gold. “It's got to be here somewhere!” he roared as the settlers ripped up trees and dug up the ground. Kocoum and another warrior, Namontack, were hiding in some nearby bushes. They watched in horror as their land was torn apart. When the settlers discovered them there a fierce fight broke out and Namontack was badly wounded. Terrified, Kocoum carried his friend back to their village.
Later, when Pocahontas returned to the village, she found her people preparing for battle with the settlers. Their land was being destroyed by these invaders and now Namontack had been wounded. They had to be stopped.
“Please,”Pocahontas begged her father, “try talking to the settlers instead of fighting them.” “They do not want to talk!”Chief Powhatan replied, sternly. At that same moment, Smith was trying to convince Ratcliffe not to fight the Indians. But Ratcliffe was only interested in finding gold. “This is my land now!”he cried. “And the Indians must be killed in order to get the gold!” That night, Pocahontas and Smith met in the enchanted glade, where she begged him to talk to her father. It was the only way to prevent a Smith agreed Pocahontas was delighted and the two of them kissed. But they didn't realise that they were not alone. Kocoum had followed Pocahontas, and Thomas, a young settler, had followed Smith.
Suddenly, Kocoum sprang from the bushes. Thomas, realising the warrior was about to attack Smith, fired his gun. As Kocoum fell he pulled Pocahontas'necklace from her neck.
To make matters worse , the Royal Family has been involved in a series of scandals . Three of the queen's four children have divorced , including Charles , future head of the Church ; they have been photographed embracing lovers ; their private telephone conversations have been published ; former lovers have told all to the press ; and Charles and Diana . among others , have used the media to attack each other . This has raised the question of whether Charles is fit to become king . It has been suggested that Britain should skip a generation and make Charles' son William king after Elizabeth . However , now that the excitement over Diana's death is over , Charles seems more popular than he was , although most people oppose making Camilla Parker-Bowles , Charles' wife , queen . Queen Elizabeth , now 80 , remains popular , and given that her mother lived to be 101 , she may be queen for another twenty years or more .
Politically the monarchy stands at the head of a remarkably old-fashioned system . The monarchy is , naturally , not democratic but hereditary . But this is also the case for the House of Lords , the upper house of Parliament . It has limited powers , but can block new laws . Its members are largely drawn from the aristocracy , who are not elected but inherit their seats as the oldest son of their father . The House of Lords is therefore both socially conservative and politically Conservative . The problem is that any attempt to reform the House of Lords can be seen as an attack on the monarchy . So the monarchy can be seen as something that makes Britain backward . Proposals for change have included suggestions that Britain should have a‘bicycling’monarchy as in Holland and Sweden , where there is a Royal Family , but they live simple lives , including cycling around town ; or that Britain should become a republic . There is limited support for either idea .
The monarchy remains fundamentally popular : the mass hysteria over Diana's death shows that . To receive an award from the queen , or to be invited to a garden party at Buckingham Palace , are honours that very few would refuse . Allowing the Royal Family to become less private , less mysterious , has caused great problems , but there remains the feeling that they are not ordinary human beings like the rest of us . People really do dream of meeting the queen , and a royal visit to one's town or school or company is very exciting . It seems likely that the monarchy will change to suit changing times , that people will come to like Charles more (as they did with his sister Anne) , and that it will recover from its current difficulties .
Perhaps the most startling theory to come out of kinesics, the study of body movement, was suggested by Professor Ray Birdwhistell. He believes that physical appearance is often culturally programmed. In other words, we learn our looks―we are not born with them. A baby has generally unformed facial features. A baby, according to Birdwhistell,learns where to set the eyebrows by looking at those around―family and friends. This helps explain why the people of some regions of the United States look so much alike. New Englanders or Southerners have certain common facial characteristics that cannot be explained by genetics. The exact shape of the mouth is not set at birth;it is learned afterwards. In fact, the final mouth shape is not formed until well after permanent teeth are set. For many, this can be well into adolescence. A husband and wife who have been together for a long time often come to look somewhat alike. We learn our looks from those around us. This is perhaps why in a single country there are areas where people smile more than those in other ares. In the United States, for example, the South is the part of the country where people smile most frequently. In New England they smile less, and in the western part of New York States still less. Many southerners find cities such as New York cold and unfriendly, partly because people on Madison Avenue smile less than people on Peachtree Street in Atlanta, Georgia. People in densely populated urban areas also tend to smile and greet each other in public less than do people in rural areas and small towns.
In particular, their analysis can guide the development of hypothesized learning trajectories by helping designers anticipate both criteria that should be established and the specific problems and issued that might arise as students discuss their invented ways of symbolizing motion.
It was early morning and Bethany Hamilton,a star surfer,was waiting for a wave off the coast of Hawaii. The water was clear,and the waves were gentle. Bethany,13,was lying on her surfboard with her arms in the water. Suddenly, a shark appeared out of nowhere and bit off her left arm just below the shoulder. The water around me was red with blood, Bethany said later. She remained calm while her friends got her to the beach. Although she was bleeding heavily and in pain, she never cried. Bethany is one of the best young surfers in the USA. Several weeks after she lost her arm, she was smiling on TV and telling her story. I'm lucky, she said. I'm alive! Amonth after the attack, Bethany returned to the water on her surfboard. Friends on the beach cried when Bethany stood up on her board and rode her first wave. Man, she's fantastic, said a friend. She gives people hope.
The United States is a huge country, and there are many differences among the people of different regions, but at the same time many Americans have certain similar characteristics. They share many of the same attitudes and values. Mass communication, especially TV, modern ( A ), and mass production have brought Americans of different regions together and made them more similar. Many Amer-icans live in similar houses, eat similarfood every day, wear similar clothes, shop at similar chain stores, eat out at the same chain restau-rants. Telephone calls can be ( B ) to any part of the country, and phone ( C ) are relatively low. They hear about major news events almost immediately on TV or radio.
One attitude that many Americans ( D ) is the "frontier spirit." Except for slaves ( E ) form Africa, most of the original people came to the country in order to start new lives. They hoped for a better life than they had in their own countries. Americans also moved west, hoping to make a better life by settling the land, farming, or searching for gold. Americans like ( F ). They like to try new ways of doing things.
In the West , people have long believed that God made the world for humans and that humans are the masters of the world , a belief illustrated in the story of Adam and Eve giving names to the animals in the Garden of Eden . Interest in the environment , the understanding that the world is a complete system , and the idea of living in harmony with nature rather than simply exploiting it , all came quite recently . [Coal & Alternatives] Britain has been described as a country built on coal . In the past Britain had a huge coal industry employing hundreds of thousands of miners . People burnt coal at home to keep warm and power stations used coal to produce electricity . One result of this was the famous London fogs , in fact a mixture of fog and smoke . At times visibility would be almost zero . Following a particularly serious fog in 1952 , which probably caused 4000 deaths through breathing problems , and a train accident in 1957 caused by poor visibility , in which 87 people died , the Clean Air Act was passed . This prevented people from burning coal at home , and air quickly improved . he search for alternatives to coal led to the establishment of nuclear power stations , and to the discovery of gas and oil under the North Sea . These sources of energy present problems , too , however . Oil and gas will only last a few years , and nuclear power carries risks that many people find unacceptable . (Following the Chernobyl accident radioactive rain fell in parts of Britain ; many farmers could not sell their sheep because they became contaminated through eating radioactive grass .) Efforts are being made to use renewable resources . In particular , wind farms have been set up in remote areas ; though even these have their opponents , who say they are ugly and noisy .
[Food Safety and Genetic Engineering] British food has long been regarded as terrible , but in recent years it has become much better , and people have become much more careful about what they eat . Organic food can be found in any supermarket , although it is expensive . Indeed , Prince Charles farms organically on his land in Cornwall . In the 1990s , the discovery that BSE (mad cow disease) could spread to humans as CJD alarmed many people . The number of deaths from CJD remains below 100 so far , but it will certainly rise ; some projections predict tens of thousands of deaths . This has made people very worried about eating beef . And since the cause of the disease in cows was contaminated feed containing sheep's brains , people feel we are being punished for interfering with nature . Why , they wonder , did farmers feed meat to herbivores ? An important result of this is that people dislike the idea of genetically modified foods . They do not want to eat them . They do not believe the government when it says that GM foods are safe : it said the same about beef . Activists destroy fields with experimental GM crops , ruining companies' research data . The GM company Monsanto has had its reputation ruined . This anxiety extends to genetic engineering in general . Although Britain was home to Dolly , the first cloned sheep , genetic engineering is regarded as dangerous tampering with nature .
和訳をお願いします。もうイミフで・・・ William Harley, 21, and Arthur Davidson, 20, don’t know it yet, but they have just created an American icon. The first American motorcycle—really, a bicycle with a motor—was noisy and uncomfortable. When it roared around the Milwaukee streets, it seemed that its only purpose was to frighten horses and children. But both Harley and Davidson had faith that their motor-cycle would appeal to those who had an eye for a machine that offered fun, speed and adventure. Business was slow in the beginning. In its first two years of opera-tion, the Harley-Davidson Company sold just 11 handmade machines. But in 1906, their first production motorcycle went on the market. It was a four horsepower, one-cylinder machine that they named the “Silent Gray Fellow.” By the time the first one was finished model. Motorcycles quickly became popular. By 1909, more than 150 factories were turning out similar products. One year later, the number of motorcycle manufacturers had risen to 230. But William Harley and Arthur Davidson wanted to be number one. In 1920 the duo introduced a powerful new product, “The American Motorcycle.” This model quickly sold like hotcakes. In just one year, Harley-Davidson—once at two-person project worked on in a shed-became the largest motorcycle manufacturer in the world, with dealerships in 67 countries.
1.Whiskey means Scotch whisky. Or does it? Japanese manufacturers are trying very hard to change that perception. In common with Scottish whiskey, Japanese whiskey is distilled from barley malt, and is prepared with the same methods. However, Japan does not have the same peaty soil as Scotland. As a result the water tastes difference. This is very important becausethe taste of whiskey depends greatly on the water used in the distillation process. Yet some of the best-known whiskey companies in Japan are turning this to their advantage. Suntory's single-malt Hakushu, for example, is a distinctly Japanese whiskey that is gaining recognition among whiskey lovers worldwide precisely because its whiskey does taste different. 2. Built Kobuchizawa in the 1970s, the Hakushu distillery is the world's biggest malt distillery. Unlike any Scottish distillery, it is three hours from the sea. And in contrast to its Scottish counterparts it is 700 meters above sea level. That is twice as high as any distillery in Scotland. And while the water for Scottish distilleries has flowed over peat, this is not the case in Japan. Instead, the success of Hakushu lies in its attention to detail. Although many Scottish distilleries have switched to stainless steel equipment, Hakushu insists on using traditional copper equipment. Whereas the barley malt used for most Scottish whiskey is fermented in stainless steel barrels, for Hakushu, it is fermented in wooden vats of Douglas fir. And even though most distilleries use a modern steam method to heat the whiskey, Hakushu has stuck to the traditional direct-fire method.
1.Whiskey means Scotch whisky. Or does it? Japanese manufacturers are trying very hard to change that perception. In common with Scottish whiskey, Japanese whiskey is distilled from barley malt, and is prepared with the same methods. However, Japan does not have the same peaty soil as Scotland. As a result the water tastes difference. This is very important becausethe taste of whiskey depends greatly on the water used in the distillation process. Yet some of the best-known whiskey companies in Japan are turning this to their advantage. Suntory's single-malt Hakushu, for example, is a distinctly Japanese whiskey that is gaining recognition among whiskey lovers worldwide precisely because its whiskey does taste different. 2. Built Kobuchizawa in the 1970s, the Hakushu distillery is the world's biggest malt distillery. Unlike any Scottish distillery, it is three hours from the sea. And in contrast to its Scottish counterparts it is 700 meters above sea level. That is twice as high as any distillery in Scotland. And while the water for Scottish distilleries has flowed over peat, this is not the case in Japan. Instead, the success of Hakushu lies in its attention to detail. Although many Scottish distilleries have switched to stainless steel equipment, Hakushu insists on using traditional copper equipment. Whereas the barley malt used for most Scottish whiskey is fermented in stainless steel barrels, for Hakushu, it is fermented in wooden vats of Douglas fir. And even though most distilleries use a modern steam method to heat the whiskey, Hakushu has stuck to the traditional direct-fire method.
続き 3.After distilling, Japanese and Scottish whiskey mature in the same way as each other. Both are left for a minimum of three years in wooden barrels. However, the wood used for the casks is a topic of much debate for connoisseurs because it subtly changes the taste of the whiskey. Scottish whiskey is matured in casks of Scottish oak. Oak is considered ideal because it "breathes" during the maturation process. In the summer, warm weather causes the pores of the oak to expand, allowing whiskey to enter. In winter the wood contracts, forcing the whisky out of the pores and back into the barrel. This process carries various flavoring elements from the wood into the maturing whisky. Hakushu whisky, on the other hand, is matured in barrels made of American white oak. Aficionados are pleasantly surprised by the subtle difference this makes in the whisky. 4. One other important factor contribute to theflavor of a whisky: the air. Suntory is keenly aware of this. It has not touched the 800,000 square meters of original woodland around the Hakushu distillery. The technicians claim that the trees provide a clean, unpolluted atmosphere that is "breathed" in by the casks. This, they say, gives the maturing whisky a distinctly Japanese flavor. 5.Taste some Hakushu for yourself.What do you think? Perhaps a small cup of creamy, smoky Hakushu is the perfect way to end a meal of sushi.
A: What do you think shocks the woman in this picture? She says, "Gasp!" B: She has just found out that the U.S. Postal Service might be ending Saturday deliveries. A: But, behind her, she has a computer, an answering machine and a fax machine. Besides, a newspaper in front of her. She's just surrounded with information gathering devices! B: Well, I understand why she's shocked, Brian. There's nothing better than getting a letter in the mail. I think it's wonderful when someone actually sits down and writes you a letter. They take the time to write the letter, to put it in the envelope, to put a stamp on it and send it! A: You're right! There's a real personal feeling about a letter. And I guess there's also a more private feeling because people cannot read your mail. It's OK if they read your e-mail. B: I can't believe it! I never want people to read my e-mail!
よろしくお願いします。 To all our members: We are going to hold a joint practice at the Sunshine Tennis Club next Sunday. It is not difficult to get there by train. Just follow these directions: First, take a train from Central Station bound for City Center and go five stations to Arlington. Then transfer to a train bound for Hartford, leaving from Track 2. Get off at Stanford Circle, which is the eighth station. From there, you can go either on foot or by bus. If you want to walk, go to the right in front of the station and walk along the street for about ten minutes until you come to the Sunshine Tennis Club on the left, next to a big bank building. If you prefer going by bus, take Bus No. 203 from the station and get off at the third stop. The bus runs every 15 minutes. We’ll meet at the Sunshine Tennis Club at 10:00 a.m. Don’t be late.
In an instant, he lay dead. Indian war cries sounded in the distance. “You must go, Thomas!”Smith cried. The frightened young settler fled back to his camp.
Moments later, Indian warriors arrived and captured Smith. They took him and Kocoum's body back to their village. Chief Powhatan, believing Smith was responsible for Kocoum's death, ordered that Smith be killed at sunrise. Later,Pocahontas managed to sneak into the hat where Smith was being held prisoner. “I'm so sorry,”she wept. “If we had never met none of this would have happened. But I can't leave you now.”
“You never will,”Smith assured her. “No matter what happens to me I'll always be with you in my heart forever.”
Heartbroken, Pocahontas went to see Grandmother Willow. Suddenly, Meeko handed Pocahontas Smith's compass, which he had recovered from its hiding place. As Pocahontas gazed at the needle of compass she felt her heart leap. Now she understood ─this was the spinning arrow from her dream! Pocahontas knew what she must do…
At the Indian village, Chief Powhatan held his club above Smith's head. The settlers, led by Ratcliffe, were approaching. “Stop!”cried Pocahontas, racing forward and throwing herself across Smith's body to protect him. “If you kill him, you will have to kill me too! Look where hatred has brought us,”she said.
Chief Powhatan suddenly realised his ordered Smith's release.
As the Indians lowered their weapons Ratcliffe saw his chance.“Fire!”he cried. But the settlers were tried his greed and cruelty. They also lowered their weapons. Enraged, Ratcliffe grabbed a gun, aimed it at Chief Powhatan and fired. Smiths bravely flung himself in front of the Chief and the bullet hit him instead. The angry settlers surrounded Ratcliffe. They bound him in chains and marched him back to the Susan Constant.
A few days later, the Susan Constant was ready to set sail. The wounded Smith lay on a stretcher while Pocahontas knelt beside him.
She was wearing her mother's necklace that Percy and Meeko had found in the wood. Smith had to return to England if he was to surviue. “I can't leave you here,”he said. “You never will,”Pocahontas replied, reminding him of his own words. “I will always be with you in my heart forever.”
Pocahontas and John Smith had shown that different peoples could live together in peace but she knew that she must stay to try and keep this new found friendship and understanding alive. At last, Pocahontas had found her one true path.
In 1945, at the end of Wrold War U, Czechoslovakia was liberated from Germany after many years of Nazi occupation. But the peace in the country lasted only a short time. It became a communist country and people lost their freedom of speech. In January of 1968, a firward-thinking leader came to power, and the people began to enjoy freedom again. This period was called the "Prague Spring," but it only lasted until August, when Soviet tanks suddenly crossed the Czechoslovakian border. Many citizens were killed. The radio was broadcasting the last message to people of Czechoslovakia. "Everyone, we will be shut down very soon. But this country is ours. We shall surely win back our country in the end." Then, the sound of machine guns of the Soviet army could be heard on the radio.
In the past, many people believed that infants developed attachments or bonds with only those who took care of the infant's physical needs, for example, the need to be fed. This led to a number of debates such as whether mothers should go out to work. As a result of these debates, psychologists began to study the development of the relationship in great detail, and found that things weren't nearly so simple. For one thing, many babies develop special attachments to more than one person, and sometimes they will develop a special relationship with someone that they see only for a relatively short period each day. A pioneering study by Shaffer and Emerson, conducted in 1964, found that many of the infants they were studying had special attachments with their fathers who were out at work all day, as well as with their mothers who were at home. Some other babies, however, didn't form attachments with their fathers. Furthermore, some formed attachments with the fathers, but not with their mothers, even though it was the mother who was with them most of the time.
What made the difference? The above study found that it was the quality of social interaction between parent and child which affected the infant's response. Babies become especially fond of parents (and others) who are sensitive to the signals they are giving out − smiling and other facial expressions, movements and so on − and who are prepared to interact with them in their playing. They don't develop attachments to people who care for them physically − unless they also talk and play with them. Even though parents become attached to their infants very quickly, it takes longer for the infant to develop its own attachment. Although infants often prefer to be with one person, in the first few months they are rarely upset if that special person is not present. Psychologists found that the full attachment would appear at about seven months. This attachment forms the basis of the loving relationship between parent and child, which persists throughout life (if it is not purposefully damaged). And that attachment, in its turn, has been based on the quality of the interactions between the parent and the baby. A natural ability to interact with people and to form relationships with the people who respond to you sensitively is common among human infants all over the world. It is, quite literally, part of our heritage as human beings.
新しくなった、Voyager Reading Course New Edition という教科書です。 宜しくお願いします。
Lesson1 Who Speaks English?
Part1 In the middle of the world's fastest growing city, a group of young businesspeople and students push their way into a circle. In the center is a young man looking at the crowd. People get together to listen to his speech. He has only one quality that would attract so much attention from the audience he speaks in English. This is not a scene from Speakers' Corner in Hyde Park in London, but one of the English corners in Shanghai, China. English corners are very popular among the young people in some big cities in China, such as Beijing, Dalian, and Shanghai. "I come here every week to talk about anything in English," says one engineering student studying in Shanghai.
Part 2 English is now spoken all over the world and studied very hard in various kinds of places by large numbers of people. In South Korea, children can get the chance to use English in real situations. Here, the local government has founded English Village. It's an all-English immersion community where young guests carry out various everyday activities completely in English. In large Chinese cities like Beijing and Shanghai, there is also a big market for English learning. As the number of foreign businesses coming into China continues to increase, English is considered to be not just useful, but even necessary for a good future career. In Southeast Asia, national officials of Cambodia, Lao PDR, Vietnam and East Timor are sent to Singapore in order to take part in English language training programs. In Tunisia, a former French-ruled country in North Africa, English has begun to spread in schools and in businesses. The need for English has been increased by a desire to access the latest information around the world more directly through English, rather than through French.
Part 3 According to a recent study, the number of non-native speakers of English is now three times as large as that of native speakers. In Asia alone, the number of English-users has topped 350 million, which more or less equals the populations of the United States, Britain and Canada together. In fact, the number of Chinese children studying English about 100 million is greater than British people as a whole. One specialist says, 'There's never been a language before that is spoken by more people as a second than as a first." The new English speakers aren't just studying English as a second language, but are also changing and even creating it in their own way. While British or American English has been a model for learners of English in the classroom, new varieties of English are being born in every corner of the world. For example,a Tagalog-English hybrid is now spoken in the Philippines, and Hinglish, a mix of Hindi and English, can be seen and heard everywhere in South Asia from fast-food shops to universities. In South Africa, many people consider their own kind of English, with many words of their native language mixed in, as a sign of freedom. One African actor says, "We speak English with our own accent and view." Challenging the power of British or American English in Europe, some people in the European Union are looking for another kind called Euro English. They are expecting it to possibly become the standard language for the EU some time in the future, because they feel it would be more familiar to non-native speakers of English. English once belonged to only native speakers in Britain or the U.S., but now, it seems to be owned by everyone who speaks and uses it.
Part 4 It may seem to be a paradox, but with the spread of English, speakers of other languages could consider their own local languages more important for their own cultural traditions. In Germany, for example, people have been enjoying the benefits of using English to access global communication; as a recent study shows, most German teachers support using English as a common means of communication in Europe. But at the same time, they respect their national language to keep their own cultural identity. In the United States, the Census Bureau reported that nearly one American in five speaks a language other than English at home, with Spanish leading, and Chinese growing fast. As these cases show, there is no need to choose which to use, either one's mother tongue or English: there is a place for both. As more and more people learn English-as a foreign language, it may be the case in the future that the world will move toward becoming a bilingual society. We will meet more people who speak their native language and one more language for international access. Japan is perhaps not an exception. From now, each one of us may have more chances to think about his or her own purposes and goals for English language learning.
Part1 "Mr. President, before I left Tuvalu, my grandchildren asked me why I was coming to Kyoto and whether I would be bringing back any presents for their Christmas. I am more than sure that the whole world, including our children and grandchildren, is watching closely what will come out of the Kyoto meeting. Let me state again that the best Christmas present I can take back from Kyoto is not something nice to eat, of course; what I want for my grandchildren is the promise from the Parties here that they will cut down greenhouse gas emissions. I believe that their action will protect our grandchildren and the people of the world in the future." At the Kyoto Convention on Climate Change in December, 1997, Bikenibeu Paeniu, special speaker from Tuvalu, ended his address by making this strong appeal to the whole world.
Part 2 Tuvalu is a country made up of nine little islands in the Pacific Ocean midway between Australia" and Hawaii. Having only 11,000 people, it is the smallest of all nations, except for the Vatican. Tuvalu has no industry, burns little oil, and creates less carbon pollution than a small town in America. This small country, however, is on the front line of climate change. The increase in ocean temperatures and rising sea level are making serious trouble for Tuvalu. The highest point of Tuvalu is 4.6 meters above sea level, and most of its land is no more than a meter high. As sea levels have risen, Tuvalu is now facing lowland flooding. Saltwater invasion is damaging drinking water and food production. Not growing enough food would mean importing more food, needing more foreign money, and having more health problems. The leaders of Tuvalu feel that they are losing their fight with the rising sea. One such leader, Paani Laupepa, says, "Our whole culture will have to be transplanted, Our islands are not going to go under immediately, Yet the situation gets worse, year by year."
Part 3 Sea level rise has been affecting not only Tuvalu but also other parts of the world. Island nations facing danger include the Cook Islands, the Marshall Islands, and the Maldives in the Indian Ocean. The Marshall Islands, for example, has lost up to 20% of its beachfront since the early 1990s. Just as in Tuvalu, the rising sea level will affect underground drinking water for the people on the Marshall Islands. Tourists are wading across the Plaza San Marco in Venice, which is the European symbol of rising-seas. The city has been sinking for hundreds of years, but in the past 50 years, more of it has been swallowed by the sea than in all its centuries past. It is said that this has been caused, in part, by global warming. Low-lying countries in Asia are also in danger. A one meter rise in sea level would flood half of Bangladesh's rice land and more than one-third of Shanghai would be under water. Rice farming and the fishing industry in Southeast Asia would also be seriously damaged. Millions of people would have to leave their homes in the Philippines and Indonesia because of sea level rises.
Part 4 Scientists say that global sea level rise is caused by two factors. One is the increase of ocean water as land ice melts. Current evidence of global warming includes the widespread decrease of glaciers around the earth. The second factor is the expansion of water in the oceans. As the temperature of the ocean waters rises, they will spread and take up more space on the earth. Increased temperatures will make the speed of sea level rise faster. What can we do to slow this climate change? First, there are things to be done at the national level. A growing number of governments have been turning to new technologies to deal with global warming. One important development is the fuel cell, which has received much attention as a cheap and clean power-producing machine. The fuel cell is expected to be used in many ways, such as in cars, houses and hospitals. Its research and development have been carried out with a lot of energy in America, Europe, and Japan. Another example is the use of wind, which is the fastest growing energy technology in the world today. The use of solar energy is also growing and offers a wide range of applications, from small panels for houses to huge areas supplying electricity to cities and industries. In addition, there are things which each of us can do in our homes. As American experts in environmental policy recently suggested, if only one-third of the American people changed a few of their daily habits to save electricity, water, and oil, America would achieve its original level of greenhouse gas emissions under the Kyoto Protocol. By doing these little things at home everywhere, we can make a big difference and help save Tuvalu and our earth.
Part 1 A young lady clerk in a smart bright yellow suit smiles as she sits at the front desk of a university. She looks just like any other ordinary woman. She offers greetings of "May I help you?" When you say "Hello" to her, she looks up and begins to smile with a cheerful reply, "How do you do?" She is apparently a cute lady that everybody is really fond of. But if you watch he, r actions very carefully, you might feel something unnatural. The truth is, the lady isn't human; she is a robot. With voice recognition technology, she can understand about 300 words and makes around 700 answers along with an almost unlimited number of facial expressions. She may not be a true human being, but it's very hard to tell for sure whether she is or isn't. "I almost feel like she's a real person. She has a temper, and she sometimes makes mistakes," says her creator.
Part 2 There are already many new kinds of robots that play various roles in Japan. For example, Japanese leading companies have made surprisingly advanced entertainment robots in the past few years, from a small dog to a dancing trumpet player. These machines have been mainly used to develop positive images of the companies. A robotic baby seal, which scored a striking hit among elderly people, has a little different function. Just lying around all day, it opens its cute eyes if it is patted, and begins to wave its hands. In fact, it was found to be as good as real animals at making people happier, helping them manage stress and increasing the talking time among friends and caretakers. This type of robot will play unexpectedly important roles in the future Japan by saving a lot of medical costs and keeping sick people in better condition. Another type is a meal assistant robot, but its role is a little different from the baby seal. Rather than being with the elderly to heal their loneliness, it was developed to support those who need assistance with eating, the most basic part of social independence. Being able to eat by themselves with the help of this robot, patients who are unable to control their hands can get back their confidence and dignity as human beings. The Robotic Suit has a similar role as an assistant. Small computers in this 15 kilogram suit read the nerve signals from the brain on the skin, so that the suit can respond quickly. This machine will become a useful support for elderly or physically-challenged people to climb stairs and lift heavy things.
Part 3 Historically, industrial robots first appeared in 1954 in the United States, and modern robotics, along with artificial intelligence (AI), started at some leading American universities in the late 1960s. Japanese companies began to experiment with advanced robotic automation soon after, in preparation for an aging population and worker shortages in the future. By the late 1980s, Japan had become the world leader in the use of robots in factories, and has been leading the world in creating a new generation of consumer robots since then. Some scientists say that consumer robots will change human life more completely than the arrival of the computer or the cellphone. The Government is also making plans for robots to become one of the country's key industries, as important as cars and consumer electronics. In the near future, full-grown humanoid robots may be a common sight in many homes.
Part 4 While engineers in most of the western countries are trying to make robots that perform special and usually unpleasant jobs, Japanese engineers are trying to make robots more human. To some western robotic researchers, Japan's big push for humanoid robots is hard to understand, because in western culture, robots are viewed as slaves that may challenge and try to control their human masters. Karel Capek used a Czech word "robotnik" (meaning a working slave) to describe the robot for the first time. The robots in his popular play were artificial humans and were made to work by factory owners until they rose up against humans. Rather than something dangerous, robots in Japan are seen as gentle beings. Why do such different attitudes exist between the two cultures? The answer can be found in Japanese animation. Mighty Atom, the creation of Tezuka Osamu, appeared in 1951 and his stories ran in comic books for the next 18 years. Thanks to Mighty Atom, it might be easier for Japanese people to have very positive feelings toward humanoid robots; they think humanoid robots always help humans. The idea that robots may be a potential enemy just can't be found in Japan. Some scientists believe that the intelligence of robots will continue to grow, and that many of the stories in science fiction will become science facts sooner or later. In order to make our future robots good friends with us, perhaps robotic research needs to develop its area beyond just AI. It needs to deal more with such issues as their mental connections with humans. That will be the approach we really need to create our Mighty Atom in our future society.
A lot of people are saying that America is more dangerous now than it was before September 11th. But the reality is that we're much stronger, emotionally and practically, than we were before. I realized the reason for this an hour after the attack. I was out on the street trying to communicate with the people of New York, telling them to remain calm, that everything was being done that could be done, and to evacuate to the north. And as I was talking to the press, I kept looking around to see how people were reacting. What I saw was that they were doing exactly what I was asking them to do. They were fleeing, but they weren't panicking. They weren't running each other over or pushing each other aside. In fact, I could see people stopping and helping others, and being just as concerned for the safety of those around them as they were for their own.
I began to get a sense that something was happening that would overwhelm the viciousness of this attack. And later, as I thought about the enormous number of people we had lost-including close friends of mine, people I had loved and cared about and seen minutes before they died-as I was feeling the burden of that, I saw the photograph of the three firefighters who placed the American flag on top of six stories of the fallen building. That photograph said to me right there that there's nothing stronger than the spirit of a free people. It was the first time I felt optimism and strength. I remember one particular firefighter. He'd gotten hurt the day before September 11th, and that morning, just after the doctor informed him that he couldn't go back to duty for several weeks, he heard about the attack. And instead of going home, he raced to a nearby firehouse. All the firefighters had gone to the World Trade Center, so he put on some gear and wrote a note explaining why he had taken it. Then he wrote, "Please tell my mother and father that I love them very much and that I owe everything to them."
I try to recreate in my mind what he did. He drove across the Brooklyn Bridge-and to drive across the Brooklyn Bridge on the morning of September 11th, you had to feel that you were driving into hell. You saw an inferno unlike anything I could possibly describe to You. He had every reason not to go. He was injured; he had been told not to report for duty-but he drove there. He went into one of the buildings and-he saved people, twice, and then he went in again right before it collapsed, and he died.
Think of the courage that he had. It wasn't a lack of fear. Courage isn't a lack of fear. Courage is about being afraid, but being able to do what you have to do anyway. Courage is knowing you're going into the worst fire you'll ever face and that you may never return. But it's also understanding that you're a firefighter, that you can carry people down. Maybe I can't do that, maybe you can't do that, but he could do that. That's what his life was about; that's what he swore to do.
Courage is about managing your fears. You have to do that all your life. if you want to be happy, you need a belief, and you need courage. You need to know what you believe in and have the courage to act on those beliefs. If you have both those things, there's no way on earth you're not going to succeed.
The first thing you notice when you go into space is an absence of pressure on your body. You may feel light-headed or giddy. After a half hour or so, your face may feel flushed and you might feel a throbbing in your neck. As you move about, you will notice a strong sensation of spinning or tumbling every time you turn or nod your head. This makes some people uncomfortable or nauseated. You will also have a very "full feeling" or stuffiness in your head. You may get a bad headache after a few hours, and this too may make you feel sick to your stomach.
Most of these symptoms will go away in a few days. The head congestion or stuffiness may bother you off and on during your entire time in space. Throughout the space flight, you will feel a powerful sensation of tumbling or spinning every time you move your head too fast.
We had to bathe just about every day because we got very sweaty during exercise. On workdays, we took a sponge bath, using a washcloth, soap, and water; on our days off-once a week-we had about a half a gallon (two liters) of warm water for a shower.
To take a sponge bath, we started by gently squirting water on a washcloth from the water dispenser in the bathroom. The water stuck to the washcloth and looked like a thick layer of gelatin; we had to move it carefully over to our bodies. As the water touched the body, it would stick and spread over an area a bit larger than the washcloth. The entire body was wetted this way, then lathered with soap. Then as much soap lather as possible was removed with the washcloth which could be wrung out in a special cloth squeezer.
Next, water was again spread on the body and again mopped up, until the soap was removed. A towel was then used to dry. It took about thirty minutes to take a sponge bath.
A shower also took a long time-about half an hour. We had a zero-gravity shower stall, which, was a circular sleeve-about three feet in diameter-with a stationary bottom attached to the floor and a circular top mounted on the ceiling. The sleeve's wall surface was fastened to the top when ready to shower and fully enclosed the user. Once inside the shower stall, a spray nozzle was used to squirt water on the body and a vacuum-cleaner attachment was used to suck off the soapy water both from the skin and from the walls of the shower stall. It was important to save enough water for rinsing off the soap. One Skylab crew member refused to use it at all.
I really did not enjoy the shower. It took a lot of work to get the equipment set up and I got chilled after the shower. The air was so dry that when I opened the shower stall, the rapid evaporation caused uncontrollable shivering for about a minute.
The Shuttle doesn't have a shower, so the astronauts take sponge baths. The fully assembled Space Station is designed to have two showers available and the objective is to make it much easier to use than the Skylab shower.
重ね重ねすみませんが、CROWN PLUSという非常に難しい教科書も宜しくお願いいたします。 【CROWN PLUS Level3、P210〜214】 Human Communication
The human face is very flexible. Also humans have two limbs - their arms -that,they do not need for walking. So, from the earliest times, humans were probably communicating with each other by pulling faces and making signs with fingers and hands. Speech soon became important too. These methods of communication could only work when the people involved were fairly near each other. Also the information received could not be stored. However, both of these problems were solved by the development of writing. The first writing was probably a series of indentations in a clay tablet. With writing, messages could be sent from one place to another and then kept. Indeed, some of the messages made four or five thousand years ago are still with us today in museums. Before people can talk or write to each other, there has to be agreement on what the sounds or symbols mean. English-speaking people agree on what is meant by the word 'dog', but French-speaking people call the same thing 'chien'. All communication uses an agreed code, though it may be so familiar that we do not even recognize it as a code. Our alphabet is itself a code, as are all the other alphabets in the world. Any code can be used for communicating information, provided that the people who are meant to understand it know the secret of the code.
Books store information. Some of the biggest information stores of all are large national libraries like the British Library or the Library of Congress in the USA. But, of course, their information is no use unless you can get it out again. The index of a book is a help, but before you can use the index, you have to find the right book. In libraries, books are arranged according to a classification system. They are normally given a special code of numbers and letters. The code depends on the subject. Classifying a book is not always as easy as it sounds. For example , should a book about how birds sing be classified under 'Birds', 'Music', or 'Sound'? One of the big advantages of computer catalogs is that the same book can be listed under many headings. An old-style card index would be very large and unwieldy if every book had to appear many times. Classification does not solve all the problems. If a book has been put back in the wrong section of a library, it can still be almost impossible to find.
The Digital Revolution
Today, computers handle all sorts of information, ,including words and pictures, but they were originally developed so that calculations with numbers could be done very rapidly. Computers work with binary numbers rather than ordinary decimal numbers. In binary counting, there are only two digits, O and 1. For example, the numbers 1,2,3, 4, and 5 are written in binary as 1,10,11,100, and 101. In electronics, the advantage of binary is that Os or 1s can be represented by circuits that are either on or off. So, a microchip with millions of tiny circuits on it can store and handle lots of numbers. Using the binary system, numbers can be represented in other ways as well - as sections of cassette tape that are unmagnetized or magnetized, for instance, or as stripes on paper that are black or white.
Not all measurements and readings are in digital (number) form. For example, many clocks show the time by the position of two rotating hands. Displays like this are called analog displays. The measurement is represented, not by particular numbers, but by something whose setting can vary continuously. A speedometer reading is analog; so are the lines of a graph such as those for the sound waves shown in the diagram. Computers can deal with analog information provided it is first turned into digital signals. For example, sound waves carry analog information which can be stored digitally on compact disc (CD). In a CD player, a small computer called a processor takes the digital signals from the disc and changes them into the analog form needed for the loudspeakers. But why should digital signals be preferred to analog? A useful way of comparing the two is to think of a message being transmitted over a very poor telephone line with a lot of background noise. If the message is being sent as speech, it may be difficult to recognize the words. But if the message is sent in Morse code as dots and dashes, it is much more likely to get through. Speech is the equivalent of analog signals, Morse code is the equivalent of digital signals. Records (LPs) are analog recordings.
The groove on an LP has wavy sides which represent the sound waves. The main problem with a record is that any dust or scratch on the surface will make the stylus jump and produce unwanted background noise. If a recording is digital, as on a CD, then a speck of dust may still cause,a wrong number to be picked up, but the processor can be told to ignore any sudden changes like this. An additional advantage with CDs is that there is no stylus to cause wear. The information, in binary form, is stored on the disc as a series of microscopic steps and flats on the surface. These are read by a laser beam, rather like a bar-code reader. Most telephone systems now work digitally. Once the sound information has been changed into digital form, it can be sent as a series' of electrical pulses along a wire or light pulses along an optical fiber. Over longer distances, radio or microwave links can be used, sometimes via satellite as well. With a fax machine, pictures can be sent by telephone. The picture is scanned strip by strip and the information transmitted as a series of digital signals. The receiving fax turns these into a digital picture, made up of thousands of tiny dots. It was once said that seeing is believing, but this is no longer true. By digital processing, a picture can be changed completely. A frowning person can be given a smile, colors can be altered, and one person's face can be merged with another's or put onto a different body. All of these are possible without anyone noticing that there have been any changes.
Words and pictures from books can be stored in digital form on compact disc. Later they can be retrieved and displayed by a computer. You can even have moving pictures and sound as well. One advantage of the system is the huge amount of information that can be stored. For example, a single CD could hold all the words and pictures in a book like this one, and still have space to spare for another 20 books. Books are convenient and easy to use; you do not need expensive equipment before you can see what is in them. But the information that a computer takes from a CD can be searched, sorted, sifted, and presented in an endless variety of ways. The only limit is your imagination! Information technology has been advancing so fast that, by the time today's children are grown up, we will probably have solved any remaining technical problems. We will be communicating more freely than at any time in human history. The only question is whether we will really appreciate this blessing, and keep our hearts and minds as open as our lines of communication.
>>504 Should a person who is dying painfully be able to ask a doctor to end his or her life? 苦しみながら死にかけている人は医者に命を終わらせることを頼むことができる ようにすべきか? It is our duty to do our best ---using the latest medical technology ---to keep the patients alive until they pass away naturally? 最新の医療技術を使って患者が自然に亡くなるまで、彼らを生かしておくために、 全力を尽くすのは我々の義務か? This is a very complicated problem affecting our dignity at the end of life, and it is not easy to solve. これは、生命の終末の尊厳に影響する非常に複雑な問題で、解決するのは簡単 ではない。
About a year ago, Louann Brizendine, founder and director of the University of California, San Francisco's Women's Mood and Hormone Clinic, published The Female Brain. One of the most cited gems within its pages was a claim that women are chatterboxes, speaking an average of 20,000 words per day, nearly three times the mere 7,000 spoken by men. Seemed to make sense, given the rep of women as purveyors of gossip, not to mention creatures incapable of keeping their traps shut. Right? Wrong.
A new study published today in Science reports men and woman actually use roughly the same number of words daily. James Pennebaker, chair of the University of Texas at Austin's psychology department, says he was skeptical of the lopsided stats when he saw them quoted in an interview with Brizendine in The New York Times Magazine. "I read that and I knew it couldn't be true simply because we've run too many studies," he says, "it just didn't make sense." In fact, he had been collecting data over the past decade with colleagues at the University of Arizona in Tucson that specifically showed that the sexes are about equal when it comes to a war of words.
After working with posttraumatic stress disorder patients for years, Pennebaker had noticed a deficiency in people's self-reporting of their experiences. So, he devised "a measure that would capture people's real life," he says. His device, called EAR (for electronically activated recorder) is a digital recorder that subjects can store in a sheath similar to a case for glasses in their purses or pockets. The EAR samples 30 seconds of ambient noise (including conversations) every 12.5 minutes; carriers cannot tamper with recordings.
Researchers used this device to collect data on the chatter patterns of 396 university students (210 women and 186 men) at colleges in Texas, Arizona and Mexico. They estimated the total number of words that each volunteer spoke daily, assuming they were awake 17 of 24 hours. In most of the samples, the average number of words spoken by men and women were about the same. Men showed a slightly wider variability in words uttered, and boasted both the most economical speaker (roughly 500 words daily) and the most verbose yapping at a whopping 47,000 words a day. But in the end, the sexes came out just about even in the daily averages: women at 16,215 words and men at 15,669. In terms of statistical significance, Pennebaker says, "It's not even remotely close to different." He does point out that women tend to jaw more about other people, whereas men are apt to hold forth on more concrete objects?so the stereotypes of ladies as gossips and guys engaging in car talk can live on.
As far as the myth of women being more chatty than men, Pennebaker thanks Brizendine for bringing it to his attention. As for the legend's origins, University of Pennsylvania linguistics professor Mark Liberman speculated in a blog last year: "My current best guess is that a marriage counselor invented this particular meme about 15 years ago, as a sort of parable for couples with certain communication problems, and others have picked it up and spread it, while modulating the numbers to suit their tastes."
和訳よろしく御願い致します。 Many people have to work on the weekend. Some people do not mind. Other people think it is terrible. One man thinks that working on the weekend can be dangerous. He is Graham Coates. Mr. Coates worked in an office in Brighton, England. On Saturday, May 24, 1986, he went to the office to do some work. When he got in the elevator to go home, it stopped betw eenfloors.mr. Coates could not get out of the elevator. He was trapped! HE started to shout, but no one heard him. Then Mr.Coates rememvered that it was a hoilday in England. NO one was going to come to work untill Tuesday!
There was nothing for Mr. Coates to do. He had to wait untill one of his coworkers came to work and found him. With nothing to eat or drink, Mr Coates ended up sleeping for most of the time.
Early in Tueday morning, the vice president of the company came into work and found the elevator was mot working. When the elevator was opened, Mr. Coates came out cold, weak, and tired. He had been in the elevator for sixty-two hours!
Now Mr.Coates says, " I only use elevators of they have telephones in them"
At the University of Virginia in Charlottesville, psychology professor Bella DePaulo got 77 students and 70 townspeople to take part in an unusual project. All kept diaries for a week, recording the numbers and details of the lies they told. One student and six townspeople in Charlottesville professed to have told no lies. The other 140 participants told 1,535. The lies were often not what most of us would call shocking. Someone would pretend to be more supportive of a spouse or friend than he or she really was, or pretend to agree to a relative's opinion. According to the professor, women lied to other women mostly to spare the other's feelings. Men lied to other men generally for self-promoting reasons.
It is a common belief that humans are unique among all animals because of their ability to use language. However, the communication systems of various creatures have been studied in detail, and some of these are so complex that it is difficult to say what is unique about human language. One useful definition stated that only human language is capable of what is called “displacement”. This means the ability to talk about something other than the “here and now” − to talk about past, future, distant or imaginary events. For a long time this appeared to be one unique feature of human language, but then in the 1950’s a scientist named Karl von Frisch discovered a species whose communication showed displacement, and interestingly it was not the chimpanzee or dolphin, but the tiny European honeybee.
Scout honeybees search for sources of food, then come back to the hive to tell worker honeybees what they have found. They dance in a figure “eight,”and the longer the time used to finish one circuit of the figure, the farther the food source. The bee also shakes as it dances, and a higher level of energy in the shaking indicates a large source of food. Most interestingly, the bee uses the sun as a reference point, then positions the center line of the figure eight in the direction of the food source. Eighty degrees left of the sun, for example, indicates that the food is in this direction. This is dearly an example of displacement. The scout bee tells what he found in the past, far away, and the worker bees know what they must do in the future. Von Frisch discovered that this ability was highly developed. Different bee colonies had different dances or 'dialect,' and they could find food up to seven kilometers away. Just ask yourself if you could easily give or follow directions, without a map, to a particular tree several kilometers from your home! However, this is not to say that these bees have a human ability with language. Von Frisch did an experiment in which he put a food source high in the air on a pole. The scout bees found it, but they were unable to tell the worker bees that it was much higher up than their usual food supply. Their language was a closed system with no way of expressing something new or unexpected. It lacked another feature of human language called “open-endedness.”
UNICORN ENGLISH COURSE T LESSON 4 LIFE IS SO GOOD Part4
Every morning I get up and I feel grateful for this chance to learn many new things. I really enjoy going to school!
My son Junior drops by almost every day. I tell him about my classmates and scholl life. Junior always asks me, “Daddy, did you work hard at scholl?” And I always answer yes. Then he often says, “School is important. There is so mush to learn. I'm proud of you.”
In my living room, I have sacks full of birthday cards written mostly by schoolchildren. I save them. Some people like to read them when they come over.
Peole probably knew it was my birthday because they read about me in the newspapers or saw me on TV. I read all he cards. Being able to read them is the best part for me. After all, I couldn't do that on my other ninety-eight birthdays.
Break me in, Teach us to cheat And to lie, cover up What shouldn't be shared? All the truth unwinding Scraping away At my mind Please stop asking me to describe him
For one moment I wish you'd hold your stage With no feelings at all Open minded I'm sure I used to be so free
Self expressed, exhausting for all To see and to be What you want and what you need The truth unwinding Scraping away At my mind Please stop asking me to describe
Wash me away Clean your body of me Erase all the memories They will only bring us pain And I've seen all I'll ever need
There are many unique hotels around the world. In Greenland, there is a hotel made out of ice, open between December and April every year. In Turkey, there is a cave hotel with a television, furniture, and a bathroom in each room. And in Bolivia, there is the Salt Palace Hotel.
Thousands of years ago, the area around the Salt Palace Hotel was a large lake. But over time, all the water disappeared. Today, the area has only two small lakes and two salt deserts.
The larger of the two deserts, the Uyuni salt desert, is 12000 square kilometers. During the day, the desert is bright white because of the salt. There are no roads across the Uyuni desert, so local people must show guests the way to the hotel.
In the early 1990s, a man named Juan Quesada built the hotel. He cut big blocks of salt from the desert and used the blocks to build it. Everything in the hotel is made out of salt: the walls, the roof, the tables, the chairs, the beds, and the hotel’s bar.
The sun heats the walls and roof during the day. At night the desert is very cold, but the rooms stay warm. The hotel has twelve rooms. A single room costs $40 a night, and a double room costs $60.
A sign on the hotel’s wall tells guests, “Please don’t lick the walls.”
Marriage does not always work out. Or at least, some people think their marriage is not working out. One of these people was a Turkish man, Suleyman Guresci.
Mr. Guresci and his wife were married for twenty-one years, but he thought that his marriage was not working. He wanted to break up with his wife, Nesrin Caglasas. After six years in court, the couple finally got a divorce.
After the divorce, Mr. Guresci wanted to quickly find a new wife, so he went to a computer dating agency to help him look for one. He told the dating agency the kind of woman he wanted to marry, and the computer began looking for a good match for him.
After looking at 2000 woman, the computer found only one who matched well with the man. The computer’s program showed that Mr. Guresci and this woman were made for each other. The woman was Nesrin Caglasas-Mr.Guresci’s ex-wife.
When he heard who the computer had matched him with, Mr. Guresci asked his ex-wife to remarry him. Before their second marriage, Mr. Guresci told his friends that he would be more understanding this time.
Mr.McElmurray, a farmer, had a problem. His 300 cows were not giving him enough milk. He often complained about it to his ten-year-old son, Daniel. The boy had an idea. "Should we play music for the cows?" he wondered. "Perhaps then they will give us more milk," So Daniel did an experiment. For a week he played loud rock music for the cows. But it did not help at all. The next week the cows listened to country music. They gave only a little extra milk. The third week Daniel played classical music Beethoven, Mozart, and Bach for the cows. They gave much more milk than before 450kiograms more! Classical music was clearly their favorite. Daniel entered a school competition and won first placefor his experiment. "I guess slower, quieter music helps cows relax," he said afterward. Daniel is proud that he was able to solve his father's problem. But now there is another problem on the farm.His father does not like classical music!
We throw away enought iron and steel to supply all of our car makers. If we recycled more metal, our car makers would never need any new iron and steel. Every week, more than five hundred thousand trees are used to make newspapers. Imagine five hundred thousand trees. And two-thirds of those newspapers are thrown away. This year, we'll throw away enought office and writing paper to build a wall twelve feet high --- that's three and a half meters. And that wall would be so long it would go from Los Angeles to New York. Every year, we throw away twenty-four million tons of leaves and grass clippings. They could be composted, allowed to rot or decay so that they could become fertilizer for soil. We throw away enough glass bottles to fill two skyscrapers every two weeks. Think of it. Those bottles could be recycled.
@ The term"organizer"emerged in the mid-1800s to describe people who tried to unite factory workers into unions. Before the unions were formed,most individual workers were at the mercy of the company management that employed them;the company decided how much each worker got paid, and for how long each week they had to work,and under what conditions,and the boss could fire anyone for any reason. However,when the workers joined together to form unions,they often achieved enough power to stand up the management and negotiate better wages and working conditions.
Today,we might think of worker abuses as issues of the past,but they are still prevalent in many workplaces all over the world. Only recently,the New York Times reported that branches of Toys"R"Us,Wal-Mart and other large companies in the U.S.were altering workers' time sheets to avoid paying them for all the hours they had worked.
And similar abuses are found everywhere in the global economy,as safety violations kill Russian miners and young women are sexually harassed by managers in the clothing factories of Mexico. In a recent Human Rights Watch report on child labor in the silk factories of India,an eleven-year-old child named Yeramma describes her life.
続き At 4:00 a.m. I got up and did silk winding.... I only went home once a week. I slept in the factory with two or three other children. We prepared our food there and slept in the space between the machines. The owner provided the rice and cut it from our wages—he would deduct the price. We cooked the rice ourselves. We worked twelve hours a day with one hour for rest. If I made a mistake—if I cut the thread—he would beat me. Sometimes [the owner] used vulgar language. Then he would give me more work.
My own organizing life has included both union and community organizing.I worked in unions that represented government social workers,janitors and hospital workers. Later,I worked in unions of actors and writers.Many people think that all film and television actors are rich,and don't need unions,but that's not really true. Most actors work only rarely,so it is important that they get paid properly when they do work.The Screen Actors Guild(SAG) contract sets the minimum standards that apply when actors work, and insures that they get a fair share of the money from distribution via new technologies.
続き When I worked in Holly wood,the actors went on strike for thirteen weeks to get fair payment when their movies were shown on home video. No actors went to work,and all movie and television production was shut down.Hundres of actors marched on the picket lines−and hundres of spectators came to watch and collect autographs. One of the studios was right by the highway,and some of the striking stars stood by the side of the road and offered kisses to the passing motorists.The drivers stopped and got out of their cars,and there was a huge traffic jam! After thirteen weeks,the movie producers signed a new cotract,and the actors won their video compensation. 長文ですが何卒よろしくお願いします
The opening sequence of “Three Kings” is black humor of the blackest kind. The first Persian Gulf War has officially just ended. An American sergeant has his rifle aimed at an Iraqi soldier far off in the bone-dry desert. The Iraqi is waving a white flag but he is also grasping a weapon. “Are we shooting people what?” the sergeant asks his Army buddies. No one pays him any attention. The sergeant fires. The Iraqi falls to the ground, blood gushing from the wound in his neck. Close up of the confusion and terror in his eyes as death overtakes him. Pan to the American sergeant. On his face, a look of sheer disgust.
This is a movie that dares to criticize American's materialistic imperialism. This is a movie that also dares to suggest that war is not inevitable, not an essential aspect of human nature. Human beings, despite deep differences, can learn to respect and, yes, to love each other. In any war, there is no good side, no bad side. That is the movie's ultimate message. After seeing “Three Kings,” we can never see war in the same way again.
What makes “Three Kings” such great cinema, though, is that its ideas and message come by way of great characters and an action-packed story of adventure and combat. A cynical American army major and three of his underlings find a treasure map stuffed up the rear end of a captured Iraqi soldier. The map shows the location of a huge stash of gold bullion stolen from Kuwait by Saddam Hussein's troops. The four Americans decide to go after the gold. They set out in a stolen military vehicle, expecting to have a easy time of it. “We won't have to fire a shot,” the major tells his men. But things don't go as planned.
>>493 How’s Your Life in Space? What does it feel like in space? 宇宙に入ったとき最初に気づくことは体に圧力がかからないことである。頭のくらくらやめま いを感じるかもしれない。1時間かそこらしたら顔が紅潮するのを感じるかもしれないし、首の 中に脈拍を感じるかもしれない。動き回っている間、頭を左右上下に振るたびに回転したり宙 返りしたりするような強い感じがするのに気づくだろう。これによって不快になったり吐き気 を催したりする人もいる。また頭の中にはかなり血管の腫れる感覚や堅苦しさもあるだろう。 数時間後にはひどい頭痛に見舞われるかもしれないし、それでまた胃がむかむかするかもしれ ない。こうした症状のほとんどは数日のうちに消えるだろう。頭の充血や堅苦しさは宇宙にい る間じゅうずっと断続的に悩ませるかもしれない。宇宙飛行の間じゅう、頭を速く動かしすぎ るたびに宙返りしたり回転したりする強い感覚を覚えるだろう。
>>494 How did you bathe? 運動中はとても汗をかくのでほぼ毎日入浴しなければならなかった。平日は浴用タオル、石鹸、 水を使ってスポンジバスをとった。週に1回の休みの日はシャワー用に約半ガロン(2リットル) の水を使った。スポンジバスを取るにはバスルームのウォーターディスペンサーから浴用タオ ルに静かに水を噴きかけることから始めた。水は浴用タオルにくっつきゼラチンの厚い層のよ うに見えた。私たちはそれを体の表面上で注意深く動かさなければならなかった。体に触れる と水は浴用タオルより若干広い範囲にくっついて広がった。このようにして体全体がぬらされ、 それから石鹸で泡を立てた。それから特別な布絞り機で絞られる浴用タオルで泡はできるかぎ り取り除かれた。次に、石鹸が取り除かれるまで水が再び体に塗られてふき取られた。それか ら乾かすためにタオルが使われた。スポンジバスをとるのに約30分かかった。
A small chapter in this continuing struggle for equality and dignity occured on April 25,2004 ,as nearly one million women and men filled the National Mall in Washignton,D.C. to support women's health and reproductive rights. The preparations had involved hundres of NGOs,women's organizations,community and student groups.As my husband and I,along with family members and friends,got on the Metro that morning,the trains were already packed with people. They came from across the country−parents with their children in tow,lively grandmothers and teenagers with signs that proclaimed,"This is what a feminist looks like,"and"My body is not public property." お願いします
@He is, at such moments, like a mad mathematician who has found a solution which is not merely true, but demonstrable, by rules of such iron logic that nobody will ever reopen the question. What is this solution? Rousseau proceeds like a geometer, with two lines which intersect each other at one point and one only. He says to himself: 'Here is liberty and here is authority, and it is difficult - it is logically impossible - to arrange a compromise. How are we to reconcile them?‘ The answer has a kind of simplicity and a kind of lunacy which maniacal natures are often capable of. There is no question of compromise. The problem must be viewed in such a way that one suddenly perceives that, so far from being incompatible, the two opposed values are not opposed at all, not two at all, but one. Liberty and authority cannot conflict for they are one; they coincide; they are the reverse and obverse of the same medal. There is a liberty which is identical with authority; and it is possible to have a personal freedom which is the same as complete control by authority. The more free you are, the more authority you have, and also the more you obey; the more liberty, the more control.
AHow is this mysterious point of intersection to be achieved? Rousseau’s solution is that, after all, freedom simply consists in men wanting certain things and not being prevented from having them. What, then, do they want? What I necessarily want is that which is good for me ? that which alone will satisfy my nature. Of course, if I do not know what is good for me, then when I get what I want, I suffer, because it turns out not to be what I had really wanted at all. Therefore those alone are free who not merely want certain things but also know what, in fact, will alone satisfy them.
BIf a man knows what will satisfy him, then he is endowed with reason; and reason gives him the answer to the question: ‘What should I seek for in order that I may be - that my nature may be - fully satisfied?’ What is true for one rational man will be true for other rational men, just as, in the case of the sciences, what one scientist finds to be true will be accepted by other scientists; so that if you have reached your conclusion by a valid method from true premisses, using correct rules, you may be certain that other people, if they are rational, will arrive at the same solution; or alternatively, if you feel sure of the rationality of your thought, but they arrive at some different solution, this alone shows you that they cannot possibly be rational; and you may safely ignore their conclusions.
CRousseau knows that, since nature is a harmony (and this is the great premiss, the great and dubious premiss of almost all of eighteenth-century thought), it follows that what I truly want cannot collide with what somebody else truly wants.
For the good is what will truly satisfy anyone’s rational demands; and if it were the case that what I truly want dose not tally with what somebody else truly, in other words rationally, wants, then two true answers to two genuine questions will be incompatible with each other; and that is logically impossible.
For that would mean that nature is not a harmony, that tragedy is inevitable, that conflict cannot be avoided, that somewhere in the heart of things there is something irrational, that do what I may, be I never so wise, whatever weapons of reason I employ, however good I am, however upright, however clear-headed and reasonable and profound and wise, I may yet want something when an equally wise, equally good and virtuous man may wish the opposite of it.
There will be nothing to choose be noting to choose between us: no criterion of morality, no principle of justice, divine or human.
Therefore tragedy will turn out, after all, to be due not to human error, human stupidity and human mistakes, but to a flaw in the universe; and that conclusion neither Rousseau nor any other prominent eighteenth-century thinker, with the exception, perhaps, of the Marquis de Sade, accepts.
But Sade was a notoriously vicious madman, and when Voltaire and Hume hinted at something of the kind, this was put down to the cynicism of the one and the skepticism of the other, in neither case to be taken too seriously; indeed neither Voltaire nor Hume were any too anxious to stress this aspect of their thought.
In everyday life, too, having a pet is good for people of all ages. A dog is nonjudgmental, and its loyalty is constant. When children are scolded, they can always depend on their four-legged friends to lend a sympathetic ear. When children are in a quiet mood, the act of pett ing a dog is comforting and creates a bond of intimacy. When children are in high spirits, dogs are eager friends. They run after balls and sticks; they can learn tricks; they can pretend to fight and never us e their teeth. They are lots of fun. Recently the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animal s has begun a program to bring dogs to homes for the aged twice a wee k. This direct contact with animals has worked as therapy for these p eople. They look forward to holding and petting the dogs; it is an up lifting break in their routines. There is an exchange of love and int imacy between humans and animals. All too often the aged receive no s uch attention from other people, so these visits can really lift thei r spirits. In fact, this pet therapy is just what the doctor ordered − “medicine” that is much more effective than drugs.
Day in and day out, pets provide companionship and pleasurable activit y; are living, responsive beings to care for; are dependable and const antly “there”; stimulate play, laughter, and exercise; provide comfo rt through the sense of touch; offer unqualified love; and create a fe eling of safety. They are a great medical option. Although dogs were discussed here, all pets offer benefits. With healt h professionals opening up broader horizons in health care through pet therapy, it is a medical option that is increasingly being considered.
Migration is sometimes voluntary, as when people leave a dying town to move to a large city. In such case, "push-pull" factors are usually at work, as a lack of jobs "pushes" people to move from one area as they are "pulled" to another place with more opportunities.
To appreciate “Three Kings,” two things must be kept kept in mind. During the first Gulf War, the first President Bush encouraged Iraqi citizens to stand up and rebel against Saddam Hussein. He promised to support them in their rebellion. But when the war ended, he broke his word. The rebels were left behind on their own with no protection, only to be slaughtered by Saddam's troops. American's claim that the war was being fought “for the people” was exposed as a lie. The “people” had nothing to do with it. The American military is an all-volunteer army. The vast majority of GI's are from the poorest sections of American society. Many are also members of minority groups. These men join up because they are unemployed, under-educated, without any other means of making a living. When they are sent overseas and encounter other peoples and cultures, they bring their prejudices and ignorance−as well as their American arrogance−with them.
Back to “Three Kings.” In the village where the gold is hidden, a band of left-behind rebels are being terrorized and tortured by Hussein's soldiers. Seeing this, the four Americans−average GI's like those described above−experience a change of heart. They develop a conscience. They take up the rebel's cause and lead them to safety across the border in Iran. Along the way, they give up the gold. It no longer means anything to them. Knowing who these unremarkable men are and where they come from, makes their transformation all the more remarkable. And this movie all the more relevant.