すみません。続きです。 FThe conflict between the islanders and the ecologists has not received much response from the government of Ecuador, to whom the Galapagos Islands belong. It says it is concerned about over-migration and the effect of economic activity on the islands, but it is doing nothing to help the situation. It seems that, given Ecuador's severe financial problems, the country's politicians may decide to put money from tourists and economic growth before the happiness of the Galapagos'animals.
GBut the problem with development , explains Linda Cayot, who is in charge of protecting the islands' wildlife, is that it will drive away the tourists. “It's fine to talk about the economic development,” she says. “But the visitors only come here for one thing――the wildlife. The beaches and the scuba-diving here are all okay, but it's much cheaper to head for the Caribbean if that's what you're after.”
HFor humankind, preserving the natural environment of the Galapagos Islands should be a priority. It was on these remote islands over 160 years ago that the evolution of life was discovered. In 1835, during a visit to the Galapagos, the British naturalist Charles Darwin made a study of the unique plants and animals of these islands. What he saw and studied helped him to understand the theory of evolution. His book On the Origin of Species, published in 1859, draws greatly on the plants and the animals of these islands to illustrate the process of evolution by natural selection.
IIt is fitting indeed that one of nature's last refuges on earth happens to be the place where humankind finally got the idea of evolution. Let's hope it survives.
ヴォイジャー・リーディング・レッスン12 @Culture shock can be a very good lesson in relative values and in understanding human differences. The reason culture shock occurs is that we are not prepared for these differences. Because of the way we are taught our culture, we are all ethnocentric. This term is made up of the Greek root “ethnos,” meaning a people or group, and “centric” meaning the center or middle of something. Thus, it refers to the fact that our outlook or world view is centered on our own way of life. Ethnocentrism is the belief that one's own patterns of behavior are the best: the most natural, beautiful, right, or important. Therefore, other people, to the extent that they live differently, live by standards that are inhuman, unnatural, or wrong.
A前半 Ethnocentrism is the view that one's own culture's better than all others: it is the way all people feel about themselves as compared to those from other cultures. There is no one in our society who is not ethnocentric to some degree, no matter how open-minded he or she might claim to be. People will always find some aspect of another culture unnatural, be it religious practices, a way of treating friends or relatives, or simply a food that they cannot manage to get down with a smile.
A後半 This is not something we should be ashamed of, since it is a natural result of growing up in any society. However, it is something we should constantly keep in mind when we study other cultures, so that when we try to make value juagments about another way of life, we can look at the situation objectively and take our bias into account.
BEthnocentrism can be seen in many aspects of culture――myths, folktales, proverbs, and even language. For example, in many languages, especially those of non-Weatern societies, the word used to refer to one's own tribe or ethnic group literally means “humankind” or “human beings.” This suggests that members of other groups are less than humans. For example, the term Eskimo, once used to refer to groups that live in the arctic and sub-arctic regions, is said to be a Native American word used by neighbors of the Eskimos. The once popular explanation of this is that the neighbors gave them the name “Eskimo” when they observed the Eskimos' particular ways of eating meat. The word “Eskimo” was thought to mean “eater of raw meat” in the neighbors' language. This meaning is based on an ethnocentric observation about culture prectices that were usual to one group and unusual to another.
On the other hand, if we took at one subgroup among the Alaskan natives, we find them calling themselves Inuit, which means “real people” (they obviously did not think eating raw meat was anything out of the ordinary). So here is a contrast between one's own group, which is real, and the rest of the world, which is not so “real.” Both terms, Eskimo and Inuit, are ethnocentric――one as an observation about differences, the other as a self-evaluation. Now the term Inuit is more widely used――especially among people living in Canada――perhaps because of its origin, though in some areas there are people who prefer to be called Eskimo.
CAnother example of ethnocentrism in language can be found in the origin of the English word barbarian. Originally a Greek word, it was used to refer to tribes that lived around the edge of ancient Greek society. The Greeks referred to these people as “barbars” because they could not understand their speech. “Bar-bar” was the Greek word for the sound a dog makes, like the word bow-wow. This is an ancient example of ethnocentrism. The Greeks considerd those people to be on the same level as dogs, because their speech, just like dogs', could not be understood. They did not consider such people as human beings; this is similar to the way the word Eskimo gives those people subhuman status.
DFood preferences are perhaps the most familiar aspect of ethnocentrism. Every culture has developed preferences for certain kinds of food and drink, and equally strong negative attitudes toward others. It is intersting to note that much of this ethnocentrism is in our minds and not in our tongues, for something can taste good until we are told what it is. We have all heard stories about people who were given a meal of snake or horse meat and said how nice it tasted――but when they were told what they had just eaten, they turned green and hurriedly asked to be excused from the table.
E前半 Certain food preferences seem natural to us. We usually do not know that they are natural only because we have grown up with them; they are quite likely to be unnatural to someone from a different culture. In South-east Asia, for example, the majorlty of adults do not drink milk. To many Westerners it is inconceivable that people in other parts of the world do not drink milk, since to people in the West it is a “basic” food. In some parts of China, dog meat is something especially good to eat; but the thought of eating a dog is enough to make most Westerners feel sick. Yet we can see how this is part of a cultural pattern. Many people in the West keep dogs as pets and tend to think of dogs as almost human. Therefore, they would not dream of eating dog meat. Horses, too, sometimes become pets, and horse meat is also rejected by most Westerners, although not because of its taste.
E後半 They may have eaten it without knowing it, and they probably would not recognize it if someone didn't tell them what they were eating. On the other hand, Westerners generally do not feel affection for cows or pigs, and they eat their meat without any feeling of regret. But in India a cow receives the kind of care that a horse or even a dog receives in the West, and the attitude of Indians toward eating beef is similar to Westerners' feeling about eating dog meat. Food preferences, therefore, seem to be determined according to whether the animals in question are treated as special in a particular culture.
Snoopy's world of Englishi 和訳よろしくおねがいします。 @ Good morning doctor. I heard that your surgery for today has been canceled. May I ask you why? I couldn't find a box to stand on! A yes, sir. I'd like to buy a dozen golf balls for my dad. It's his birthday. He always yells at the ball. Go! Stop! Run! Bite! Come back! Do you have any that listen? B Yes, maam. I know the answer. The answer is.. uh.. is.. uh.. is.. Why don't we just keep it our little secret? C In the year 1607 a small group of british colonists arrived on the east coast of North America. They named the place where they landed Jamestown - the first British town in North America. The new arrivals set up farms, roads and schools, and it was hard work to build a new colony. In such a tough place the colonists developed a strong sense of individual freedom. By the 1700s thirteen British colonies had been established in Noeth America. Each colony was still under the British flag, though for a few years the colonists had a lot of freedom to make their own goverment. The British government decided to impose new laws and taxes on the colonists, which the colonists refused to pay. This marked the beginning of the Revolutionary War. On July 4th 1776 the American Independence Day has been celebrated on the fourth of July with picnics, parades and fireworks.
Historically,the most visible and best-organized part of the hacker culture has been both very zealos and very anticommercial. The Frii Software Foundation founded by Richard M. Stallman(RMS) supported a great deal of open-source development from the early 1980s forward, including tools like Emacs and GCC,which are still basic to the Internet open-source world,and seem likely to remain so for the forseeabel future.
For many years the FSF was the single most important focus of open-source hacking,producing a huge number of tools still critical to the culture. The FSF was also long the only sponsor of open source with an institutional identity visible to outside observers of the hacker culture. they effectively difined the term 'free software',deliberately giving it a confrontational weight (which the newer label'open source'{http://www.opensource.org} just as deliberately avoids).
thus,perceptions of the hacker culture from both within and without it tended to identify the culture with the FSF's zealous attitude and perceived anticommercial aims. RMS himself denies he is anticommercial,but his program has been so read by most people,including many of his most vocal partisans. The FSF's vigorous and explicit drive to ''Stamp Out Software Hoarding!'' became the cosest thing to a hacker ideology,and RMS the closest thing to a leader of the hacker culture.
The FSF's license terms,the''General Public License''(GPL),expresses the FSF's attitudes. It is very widely used in the opensoure world. North Carolina's Metalab(http://metalab.unc.edu/pub/Linux/welcome.html;formerly Sunsite) is the largest and most popular software archive in the Linux world. In July 1997 about half the Sunsite software packages with explicit license terms used GPL.
But the FSF was never the only game in town There was always a quieter,less confrontational and more market-friendly strain in the hacker culture. The pragmamatists were loyal not so much to an ideology as to a group of engineering traditions founded on early open-source efforts that predated the FSF. These traditions inluded,most importantly,the intertwined technical cultures of Unix and the pre-commercial Internet.
Chemical Reaction - A chemical reaction refers to any process in which at least one bond is either broken or formed. The outcome of a chemical reaction is a rearrangement of atoms and bonding patterns. Chemical Reaction - A chemical reaction refers to any process in which at least one bond is either broken or formed. The outcome of a chemical reaction is a rearrangement of atoms and bonding patterns.
Laws of Thermodynamics A)First Law of Thermodynamics-in any process,the sum of all energy changes must be zero.
B)Second Law of Thermodynamics-Any system tends toward astate of greater stability-stability meaning randomness, disorder and probability.
c)The Third Law of Thermodynamics-A perfect crystal which is a completely ordered system, at absolute zero (0^0 Kelvin)would have perfect order,and therefore its entropy would be zero.
Student at a high school near Milan were coming to class in old blue jeans with holes in the knees. Some of them had wild pink hair and nose rings. The principal, Mr. Magon, was not at all happy. He did not want students to wear uniforms, but he wanted to bring some order to the school. He sent a letter home to all parents. ''We are going to punish students,'' he wrote, ''who do not dress suitably.'' The parents met and discussed the school's letter. They were angry-not at their children, but at the principal! They warned Magon that they would take him to court. ''Our children must be free to wear what they want at school,'' they argued. Magon was very surprised. ''Some clothes are not right for school. I really thought that the parents would agree with me.''
Embraced by virtually every goverment in the world along with the business and media elites since it was pioneerd by Ronald Reagan and Margaret Thatcher in the 1980's ,neoliberalism seeks to subject every aspect of social life to the logic of the market, and to make everything into a commodity that can be privately owned and bought and sold for a profit.
@ All right, Gang, It’s time to start our spring training! Where is everybody?! Let’s get those arms in shape! You’ll all have weak arms if you don’t start throwing the ball around. Snowballs work pretty good, too, I suppose… A This is my report on the life and times of George Washington. When was he born? He was born in 1732. What was his early education like? I’m sorry…. We have no hard data on that…. B It says here that the world revolves around the sun once a year… The world revolves around the sun? Are you sure? I thought it revolved around me!
When words are spoken, they leave no permanent record. Most people don't think about words when they speak. They're,however,more careful when they write. They'll probably reread what they've written,just"to be on the safe side." Putting words in writing makes the message more permanent. It makes us think about the consequences.
Thomas Adams, an American inventor, is the father of modern bubble gum. During the 1870s, Adams discovered by accident a new way to make chewing gum, while he was trying to find a use for chicle. Chicle is a Spanish word for the sap that comes from one kind of Mexican tree. Mr.Adams wanted to make rubber from chicle. Mr.Adams worked for a long time trying to make rubber from chicle. His oldest son, Thomas Jr., also helped him now and then. But they never discovered a way to make it work. One day, Thomas Adams Sr. was in a store when he heard a young girl ask for some chewing gum.
Apple pie is thought to be a typically American dessert or snack. In fact, there is even a phrase that goes “as American as apple pie.” Some people think that this means that apple pie is a typically American invention. Others believe that the phrase indicates that apple pie is wholesome and simple, like Americans themselves. The latter is probably more accurate, as millions of people around the world love apple pie. There is a long history of apple pie in both England and the Netherlands. The Dutch and British had been eating apple pie for hundreds of years before the discovery of the Americas. There have been changes in the recipe over the centuries. In the 1600s, sugar was very expensive in Europe so it was not added to the pie. Future generations around the world will enjoy apple pie as long as there are apples.
If he wanted to draw a person,he had to know what a person's muscles were like under the skin, and what the bones were like under the muscles. お願いします、難しくて訳せませんでした。
Leonardo aiso left a great many notebooks filled with drawings and notes. Strangely ,however,the notes were written in a language that no one could read, and his sketchbooks contained strange drawings that no one could make out. Then one day,an Italian scholar made a sensational discovery about Leonardo's curious notes. They had not been written in a strange language after all. Instead the writing was backward! They had to be read with the help of a mirror. 和訳お願いします。題名「レオナルド・ダ・ビンチ」の一部です。
The use of “hunting” as the metaphor chosen to describe the process of finding a job is interesting.
The skill required and competition encountered increases rapidly as the prey becomes more valuable.
While graduates of some schools or departments still have their choice of job, for most graduates it is difficult to find a job. Just as a hunter will try to have the best equipment and the best technique for the best chances of success, the job-seeker must also do everything to get an advantage.
Ten people are standing in a circle. Some of them are playing Brazilian musical instruments, and others are singing and clapping their hands. In the middle of the circle are two men. They are dansing to the music. Suddenly one kicks at the other's head,but he bends low, then jumps up high and kicks back. Are they dancing or fighting?
Adams and his son had been chewing chicle while they were working on the rubber, so he decided to give up trying to make rubber from the chicle and make gum instead. At that time, chewing gum was made from sap from spruce trees. This chewing gum had a strong taste. Adams thought chewing gum from chicle tasted better. He and his son wrapped small pieces of chicle in colored paper and sold it. In no time, people everywhere began chewing his gum. People could blow bubbles with chicle chewing gum, but the bubbles were very sticky. It was not until 1928 that Walter Diemer found a way to improve chewing gum by making bubbles that were not sticky.
Trouble brings experience and experience brings wisdom. -proverb(16th century)-
In 1972 UNESCO adopted the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. Emi knows about World Heritage sites because Kinkaku-ji Temple is near her home in Kyoto. She decided to do some research on other World Heritage sites. She found this information on the Internet.
@ The Nile is the longest river in the world. It is about 6,695 kilometers long and runs through nine countries to the Mediterranean Sea. For thousands of years the Nile has been important to Egyptians who need it for faming and for transportation. Along the Nile are the most famous monuments of Egypt: the Pyramids, the Sphinx, the great temples of Abu Simbel. Abu Simbel was built in 1250 B.C. by Ramses U, the king of Egypt. The main temple is built about 60 meters into the cliffs. In front, there are four statues of the king; each one is about 20 meters tall. The king is looking out over the Nile and his vast kingdom. Next to the king’s statues, there are smaller statues of his queen and their sons and daughters. The temple faces the east. Twice every year, the morning sun reaches all the way to the sanctuary in the back of the temple. It lights up statues of the sun gods and the king himself.
A In the middle of the twentieth century, the Egyptian government thought about building a new dam. What they wanted to do was to control floods and provide electricity and water for farming. However, there were problems. They knew that the water would rise and flood the valley for several hundred kilometers, and that many farmers living there would have to be moved. Another problem was that the rising water would cover some of Egypt’s greatest monuments. The most important of these were the temples of Abu Simbel. Which is more important, people or monuments? The Egyptian government and UNESCO tried to solve the problem. Could the build a dam and save Abu Simbel at the same time? After much thought and many meetings, it was decided to build the new dam. The work on the dam began on January 9, 1960. The water began to rise. There was little time left.
B More than fifty countries gave money or made plans to save Abu Simble. A Polish scientist suggested building domes over the temples. An American had a plan to build flatboats supporting the temples so that when the water rose, the temples would also rise. A British scientist suggested leaving the temples under the water so that we could see them as in an aquarium. In November 1963 the Egyptian government made a decision. The plan which they finally decided on was to move the temples to a cliff 64 meters above. This was very difficult to do. The temples were cut into more than 16,000 blocks, and then they were put back together on the present location. The work on Audible took Four and a half years. It was all finished by the fall of 1968, just before the rising water could reach the temples. In 1979, Abu Simbel was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site.
C At first, no one could think of a way to solve the problem of Abu Simbel. Should they sacrifice a monument in order to improve the lives of the people? Or should they sacrifice the well-being of the people to save a monument? In fact, there was a third way. Human ingenuity and international cooperation found a third way. The new dam, the High Dam at Aswan, has greatly improved the lives of millions of people, and the great temples of Abu Simbel are still there. Ramses U is still watching over his kingdom on the Nile. What kind of human history do you think he will see in the next 3,000 years?
A lot of people have hobbies, but who spends eight hours a day on a hobby? Meet Shi-tung Chuang. He plays online computer games eight hours a day! Shi-tung, 19, is a college student at De Lin Institute. He does well in school, so his parents do not mindether that he spends so much time on the computer. Does he have time for friends? ''Sure, I do,'' he says. ''All my friends have the same hobby, so we play together online. Sometimes we even see each other in real life! Many online players spend too much time on their games, says Stephen Kline of Simon Fraser University in Canada, and this can lead to family fights. Some players are addicted, he adds. I'm not addicted,'' says Shi-tung, ''although it is a bit hard to stop. It's crazy and so much fun to play. I want to succeed! I want to win!
>>95の文についてですが、 How does Shi-tung spend his day? How do his parents feel about his hobby? Why is it hard for Shi-tung to stop playing? Do you think he spends too much time playing? Why or why not?
On top of demeaning work and low pay, working wives and mothers come home to families where the men still except them to do the housework and child care.
There have been considerable changes in expectation in this area but not much change in actual behavior.
When women are more dissatisfied with marrige than man, there is good reason.
If woman do more than their share of caring for others, it may not be because they enjoy it, but because custom and power within the family make them have to.
The best news of the year came when scientists announced that body fat could be produced by genes. This was counter to all the conventional wisdom that over weight people are no good. I received the news while eating a dandelion salad sandwich and drinking a diet cola at the lunch counter. J.David Emge was he one who gave me the information. "The latest research says that if you get fatyou have no one but your grandparents to blame," he said. "It's all in your body make-up. One person can eat an apple pie and not put on weight. Others can put four poppy in seeds in their mouths and balloon. It's not food but your chromosomes that make all the decisions." "I knew that science would finally find a cure for large suit sizes." Emge was pleased that hecould bring me such glad tidings. "Sometime back in antiquity, possibly even before man invented French-fried potatoes, it was decreed that people like yourself would have a slightly pudgy, though not unattractive, girth. Our mistake was to believe that being heavy was a character flaw, when in fact it was Darwin's choice all along."
The struggle of British women for equality can be traced back at least two hundred years , to Mary Wollstonecraft's book A Vindication of the Rights of Women (1972) . The most famous struggle for women's rights came in the years after World War T , as women demanded the right to vote . The Suffragettes , as they were known , had to use strong tactics , including chaining themselves to railings outside Parliament . One woman even threw herself under the king's racehorce at the Derby (she died) . In prison , women went on hunger strikes , and the authorities responded with rather brutal force-feeding . Women finally obtained the right to vote in 1926 . Men have never given up power voluntarily or gracefully .
Today women have achieved a higher degree of equality with men than ever before . Women are protected by laws against sexual discrimination . They are economically better off than before . They are increasingly prominent in public life ; there has been a woman Prime Minister (Margaret Thatcher) ; there are women in the present cabinet ; a woman was head of M15 ; there is a woman high court judge ; the BBC has had a woman war reporter ; a woman started The Body Shop ; and so on . Women are in control of their own fertility , and can delay having children until they have established a career . Women are able to become priests in the Church of England . Oxford and Cambridge University colleges no longer exclude women , and girls are doing better than boys in almost all subjects at school . Most clubs may no longer exclude women .
The fact that the government has taken over an increasing number of responsibilities, which were previously those of the parents alone, is not so much evidence of parental irresponsibility as an indication that parents are increasingly yielding to economic and social pressures which are outside their control.
続きです。 In so far as these pressures are tending to break up the home and weaken the parent-child relationship, they must be regarded as a substantial price to pay for improved psysical health and material well-being.
サンシャインUのレッスン2,P.14〜P.15 です。 “I see teachers in the Project films. They look very happy when they are teaching children and I find it a very inportant job. That is why I want to become a teacher," adds Amponsah. “I see girls can become whatever they want to be: teachers, police officers and doctors." Amponsah is lucky. Her family chose tomake a commitment to her education ahile many families choose to educate onry their sons because they cannot buy the uniforms for all of their children. よろしくお願いします。
続きです。 In Petepom, parents have also been empowered by the village chief, Nana Ameyour IV, to educate their girls. Ameyour has been trying to change his village communuty's attitude to the point where they have worked together to build a new school. “Girls' education was not important to me befor, but now it is so important to me that I wear a girls' education T-shirt in the village," says Ameyour.“We want to educate all our children, both boys and girls, so they can work to improve their community." “An educated woman gets a good husband, makes sure her children will attend school and they will all be happy," adds Ameyour.
和訳お願いします。 文の途中からですが… Then I turned to her and said,"Amy,can't you be quiet for a while?" She said nothing,but picked up a piece of bread and began to butter it with a knife. "Am I buttering too loud for you?" she asked. It was easy to change this amusing experience into a comic strip.
It is a well-known fact that Japan’s population is aging. In other words, the average age of people in Japan is rising. Fewer and fewer people are having children, and when they do have children, they tend to have only one or two. The problems associated with an aging population have long been discussed. In coming years there will be fewer workers, and more people leaving the economy, social services will be squeezed. Who will support all of these retired workers?
There are several places in the world that are famous for people who live a very long time. These places are usually in mountainous areas, far way from modern cities. Even so, doctors, scientists, and public health experts often travel to these regions to solve the mystery of a long time, healthy life. In this way, the experts hope to bring to the modern world the secrets of longevity.
Hunza is at very high altitude in the Himalayan Mountains of Asia. There, many people over 100 years of age are still in good physical health. Additionally, men of 90 are new fathers, and women of 50 still have babies. What are the reasons for this good health? Scientists believe that the people of Hunza have there three main advantages or benefits: (1) a healthful unpolluted environment with clean air and water; (2) a simple diet high in vitamins, fiber, and nutrition but low in fat, cholesterol, sugar, and unnatural chemicals; and (3) physical work and other activities, usually in the fields or with animals.
People in the Caucasus Mountains in Russia are also famous for their longevity. Official birth records were not available, but the community says a woman called Shirali probably lived until 168; moreover, his widow was 120 years old. In general, the people not only live a long time, but they also live well. In other words, they are almost never sick. Furthermore, when they die, they not only have their own teeth but also a full head of hair, and good eyesight too. Vilcabamba, Ecuador, is another area famous for the longevity of its inhabitants. This mountain region – like Hunza and the Caucasus – is also at a very high altitude, far away from cities. In Vilcabamba, too, there is very little serious disease. One reason for the good health of the people might be the clean, beautiful environment; another advantage is the moderate climate. The temperature is about 70° Fahrenheit all year long; furthermore, the wind always comes from the same direction. In addition, the water comers from mountain streams and is high in minerals: perhaps as a result of this valuable resource, the region is rich in flowers, fruits, vegetables, and wildlife.
1 What? Where? Hey! What’re you doing? Come back! I was wrong… We did pass a souvenir stand!
2 I’m going over to the bakery in a few minutes… If there’s any thing you’d like, let me know… How about an hour’s worth of doughnuts?
3 Maam? I was wondering if you’d let us make some paper chains for our Christmas tree… You know, as sort of a class project… We could start with my math paper…
The system uses rooftop cameras that monitor traffic entering a restaurant`s parking lot and drive-through. Currently, the system is all about volume; if a minivan pulls in,there is apt to be more than one mouth to feed.
By this time next year, HyperActive Technologies expects to have in place software that keys on the type of vehicle entering the parking lot to determine whether the customers they bear are inclined to order, say, a burger over a chicken sandwich.
As it is, the current technology -the predictive system is only running simulations for now- has wowed some seasoned veterans.
"I`ve been a manager for 28 years," said Pat Currie, a manager at a McDonald`s in Chippewa Township. "It`s the most impressive thing I`ve ever seen."
HyperActive Bob is now at seven area McDonald`s, a Burger King and a TacoBell. It was installed at Currie`s restaurant two years ago. Since then, waste has been cut in half and wait times at the drive-through have been reduced 25 to 40 seconds per consumer, Currie said-an eternity in the fast-food industly.
Why does the Leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy lean? It leans because of a mistake. The tower has leaned almost since the day it was built. In1173,the people of Pisa,Italy,wanted to build a bell tower. They wanted the tower to be the most beautiful bell tower in all of Italy. The city also needed a bell tower because th church did not have one. However,there was a problem. As soon as the first floor of the building was finished,the tower started to lean. Builders tried to make the building straight again as they added more floors,but they couldn't figure out how to make it stop leaning. It took almost 180 years to finish the tower. Since then,the tower has leaned by another millimeter every year. Today, the Leaning Tower has eight floors and is 54.5 meters tall. By 1990,it was leaning by about 4 meters to one side. It was also slowly sinking into the ground. Many people became worried that it would soon fall apart. In 1998,repair works began on the tower,and by the end of 2001,it had been moved back by 45 centimeters. The tower will still lean,however,so it will need to be repaired again-in another 200 years.
lt was the Stuart country who first spread among the English that love of gardening which has survived so vigorously among all classes, even into the present space-starved age.
There is , however , a long way to go . Women still number less than 25% of members of Parliament , still have great difficulty reaching senior positions in business and , notoriously , the police force , and still earn less than men . Women are 42% of the workforce , and 60% of married women work outside the home , but , on average , a woman earns about 81% of what a man earns , mainly because women often work part-time and do not belong to a trade union . It is still felt that certain jobs are suitable for women , such as nursing or elementary school teaching , while others are suitable for men , such as engineering . It is still felt that certain school subjects are suitable for girls , such as foreign languages , while others are suitable for boys , such as mathematics or physics . There remain some questions of great sensitivity and importance . One concerns male violence towards women . In the past , the police thought that marital viplence was a private matter , and would rarely take action . In cases of rape , the police and judges often blame the victim , suggesting she was immoral or had worn sexy clothes . Within marriage , it is only recently that the crime of marital rape has been recognised . Before that , the wife was the property of the husband , and she could not refuse sex . The police have greatly improved their attitude , and are much more sensitive , but it remains very difficult for battered wives and rape victims to speak out . The police believe that only 10% of rapists are caught , and many women continue to be beaten by their partners . On the other hand , a few women have killed the men who abused them . Sometimes they have been severely punished for it , while at others it has been regarded as a form of self-defence : there seems to be no consensus on this .
Another question is pornography . Some feminists say this is degrading to women and should be forbidden . Others say that if a woman wants to pose nude , that is her business , and anyway , some women enjoy pornography―pornographic novels for women are widely available―is that degrading to men ?
A different question involves women's use of their increased freedom . Women are smoking abd drinking more ; they are more frank about wanting sex ; they are using more bad language ; and there is some evidence that they are becoming more violent . Feminists from the older generation say that it is not freedom to imitate all the bad things men do . But perhaps freedom must include the freedom to behave badly .
この英文の和訳どうかよろしくお願いします。 Do you know how many languages are spoken in the world? About 6,000! But experts says about half of them will probably die out this centry. One of the reasons is that the world is getting smaller in terms of communication. There is a clear need for language that many people can understand. Aa a result, minor language are being forgotten. When a language dies out,what happens? Its culture is lost. This is because culture is the whole body of human in which language plays an important part. What can we do about this? In many parts of the world ,people are trying to save their native tongues.
この英文の和訳どうかよろしくお願いします。(すいません。単語書き忘れしてました!) Do you know how many languages are spoken in the world? About 6,000! But experts says about half of them will probably die out this centry. One of the reasons is that the world is getting smaller in terms of communication. There is a clear need for language that many people can understand. Aa a result, minor language are being forgotten. When a language dies out,what happens? Its culture is lost. This is because culture is the whole body of human actvities in which language plays an important part. What can we do about this? In many parts of the world ,people are trying to save their native tongues.
Men Women will never reach equality unless men change . In the past there was a clear division of social roles : men went to work and women took care of the house and children . Now most women work , but find they still have to take care of the house and children . In one way this is of benefit to women : in divorce cases , women are usually given custody of the children , because it is seen as‘natural’that children should be with their mother . Generally , though , women are expected to put childcare first , while men are not . Unmarried mothers are blamed , while nobody asks where the father went . If the house is untidy , or the children are dirty , the mother will be blamed .
Men who earn less than their wives are regarded as rather unmanly , and any man who stays at home taking care of the children while his wife works will be regarded as pitiable by many other men .
お願いします。 Men have been reluctant to do low status work that women have done , such as working at a supermarket checkout (though this has changed considerably in recent years) .
>>181 お願いしますの位置をミスしましたw Men Women will never reach equality unless men change . In the past there was a clear division of social roles : men went to work and women took care of the house and children . Now most women work , but find they still have to take care of the house and children . In one way this is of benefit to women : in divorce cases , women are usually given custody of the children , because it is seen as‘natural’that children should be with their mother . Generally , though , women are expected to put childcare first , while men are not . Unmarried mothers are blamed , while nobody asks where the father went . If the house is untidy , or the children are dirty , the mother will be blamed .
Men who earn less than their wives are regarded as rather unmanly , and any man who stays at home taking care of the children while his wife works will be regarded as pitiable by many other men .
Men have been reluctant to do low status work that women have done , such as working at a supermarket checkout (though this has changed considerably in recent years) .
この英文もよろしくお願いします。 The children at the Freedom School in Rooseveltown,New York,learn their ancestors' language,Mohawk. The school is on the St.Regis Mohawk Reservation. A reservation ia land that has been set aside for Native Americans. There are about 300 reservations in the United States now. Until the 1960s,Native Americans children were pusished if they spoke their naitive tongue at school. In the 1970s,people on the St.Regis Mohawk Reservation began to worry that their children were not learning their native tongue and culture.
Male attitudes have changed for the better , but many men feel worried by the rising status of women . In a sense , they are right : if women gain higher status , men will have less power and status . Men are also unsure how to change . What is a fair share of housework and childcare ? How should a man talk to a woman ? Are women naturally different from men , or are the differences created by upbringing and education ? Should men talk about sport , or tell dirty jokes , in front of women ? How much emotion should men express ? And so on . This confusion is reflected on television , where many men in comedy programmes are fools , or selfish , or just generally behave badly . The loss of jobs in manufacturing seems to have created an identity crisis in males , and boys now do worse than girls at school in every subject at every age .
There has been a backlash against feminism by some men , a kind of new‘laddishness’. There are new men's magazines , FHM (For Him Magazine) and Loaded , which celebrate rock music , sport , beer drinking , and have a lot of pictures of topless women . This is rather self-conscious : Loaded has the slogan“For men who should know better”. In other words , the men who buy these magazines know that women don't like such behaviour , but they do it anyway . In one sense this is a hopeful sign , but in another , not .
Some feminists have encouraged this backlash . Some have insisted that women are naturally better than men : men are aggressive and competitive and start wars , while women are co-operative (sisters) and gentle and in harmony with nature . Others have said that feminists should have no contact with men at all , and that the only true feminist is a lesbian .
[Commercials] Two contrasting TV commercials , one from the 1970s and one from the 1990s , demonstrate the progress made in recent years . The first commercial , for a breakfast cereal , had this little song :
“There are two men in my life To one I am a mother , to the other I'm a wife And I give them both the best With natural Shredded Wheat”
In other words , the woman is defined by her relationships with males ; she is not a person in her own right . She lives to serve males , and feels happy doing so .
The second commercial was for washing-up liquid . It shows a young man washing a mountain of dishes after Sunday lunch (cooked by his mother) , while his father sleeps on the sofa in front of the television . The young man uses young masculine language , saying the liquid is‘a serious piece of kit’and that it‘does the business’, while doing a task that women traditionally do ; his father would not wash the dishes . There are a number of ideas here : younger men are more willing to do housework ; older men will not change ; women will not buy products if the commercial shows them as happy housewives (as so many japanese commercials do) . There is also some confusion : the young man says at one point that the liquid‘is kind to hands , erm ,mum says’, as if concern with one's skin condition is unmanly . It seems that the advertisers are still not quite sure how to sell the liquid , and still believe that women will choose which product to buy . But the contrast with the commercial for Shredded Wheat is enormous , and encouraging .
The world "herb" refers to a large variety of plants whose leaves, flowers, seeds, and other parts we use for flavor, fragrance, medicine, and so on. Most herb plants have soft rather than hard stems. The name "herb" comes from the latin herba, which means grass or green crops. People have had a great interest in the study of plants since the earliest times in history. In fact, much of our present knowledge of herbs wes already known in Greece as early as the fifth century B.C. Herbs have always been used in cooking, but in past times they were mainly used as medicine, as the old proverb "No herb will cure love" shows. Herbs remain popular as medicine in Asia, but in the West the practice of treating illness with herbs mostly disappeared with the progess of modern science. However, the present-day interest in ecology has encouraged scientific study about the medical effects of herbs. More than ever, we have become conscious of natural foods and creative cooking with herbs. We are experienicng a renaissance of interest in herbs.
上の続きです。 Every herbs has its own history. Sweet violets, for instance, were used by the Greeks centuries ago as a cure for headaches. Paracelsus, a famous Swiss doctor, is said to have sold an expensive medicine made from sweet violets to rivh people, promising that it would increase their energy. Another herbs, woad, wsa used to dye fabrics in Britain until the discovery of artificial dyes. Laurel was through to inspire creativity, and poets and writers pillow. The title "Poet Laureate" comes from this custom. Rosemary was burned in the streets of London to keep a plague from spreading. Whenever a plague broke out in the city, the price of rosemary increased by up to thirty times. Today, the effects of herbs have come to be widely accepted. Aloe, for example, is used to treat burns. Parasley, which is often served with a western dish, is rich in carotene and also contains B vitamins. Thyme is another plant that can be used as a medicine. Its essential oil is used in a number of modern medicines like those for cleaning wounds, and in products for washing the mouth, or brushing the teeth.
これまた上の続きです We should also remember the importance of fragrance in the history of herbs and their uses. Western herb gradens developed in the Middle Ages, and they were celebrants as an ideal form of beauty. A garden sur-rounded by high walls and filled with beautiful streams and fragrant herbs looked like a paradise on earth. Ladies in the Middle Ages grew fragrant flowers and herbs for many uses. Fresh and dried herbs, as well as oils and lotions made from them, were used to sweeten their breath, freshen their skin, and to perfume their clothes. Pillows would be filled with fragrant herbs. Little bottles containing rosemary or lavender were some-times pinned to ladis' dresses or hung like a pendant, and dried herbs were burned slowly to fill rooms with thier fragrance. The strong fragrances of sweet-smelling herbs have lost none of their power over the centuries: we still love to fill our houses and scent our clothes with lavender, roses, and other herbs and flowers. Their lovely fragrance combine present pleasure with gentle nostalgia, letting us dream and sending us back through time.
DickBruna was born in Utrecht,the Netherlands,in1927. from a young age he liked reading,drawing and making things by himself. However,his father wanted him to take over his publishing company in the future. So after world war U Dick started to learn the business in Paris, where he spent his free time practicing drawing and visiting art galleries. He was deeply impressed by the works of Picasso and Matisse. Above all,Matisse's works had a great influence on him. They were simple and vivid and appealed directly to him. Before long,Dick discovered that he was not cut out for dusiness and really felt like himself only when drawing or painting. He told his father he wanted to be an artist instead of succeeding to his company.
生物系列のコオロギの論文の中の要旨です。 和訳お願いします。 Lifetime mating success of individually marked, male sagebrush crickets, Cyphoderris strepitans, was studied in a field enclosure over 2 years. Male mating was inferred on the basis of damage to the hind wings upon which females feed during copulation. There was a virgin male mating advantage in both years. Male mating success was correlated with adult longevity and nights during the season spent singing, but not with male mass. The opportunity for sexual selection differed between years and appeared to be constrained by the observed virgin male mating advantage. The spatial distribution of males was variable within seasons, and changed over the course of both seasons. Mating in sagebrush crickets resembles that of some frog species where chorus tenure is the best predictor of male lifetime mating success.
People will likely be healthy for a longer time than before. Then there will be more economic activity and tax revenues currently projected.
In addition, with a smaller population there will be more room for everyone. As mentioned above, technological advances such as videoconferencing will do away with much of the crush of rush hour commuting. Thus, the future is not entirely bleak as regards the aging population. We just have to be ready to take advantage of the many opportunities that will present themselves.
Disneyland is one of the most visited sites the world. More than 500 million kids of all ages have been visiting this theme park since its grand opening in 1955. Million more have visited other Disney theme parks that have been opening in more recent years in Florida, Paris, Hong Kong and Tokyo. Did you know that Walt Disney had been running Disney Studios in Hollywood long before the first Disneyland opened? Disney created one of the most popular programs to ever have appeared on television, The Mickey Mouse Club. Walt Disney’s original concept for Disneyland was simple. Mickey Mouse Park was what Walt considered calling the park at first. Adding more and more attractions to the plan, the park was not only going to be about Mickey Mouse any more. Tomorrowland, Frontierland and Adventureland, along with many Disney characters, were added to the plan. Even today, the numbers of visitors are continuing to grow at Disney’s theme parks worldwide.
Dick loves children and this shows not only in his picture books but in his socially-oriented work. Hi has designed posters, cards, and other items for hospitals, charity organizations and so on. Some of his works show the sorrow of children suffering from hunger, disease, and forced labor through their simple designs. They communicate their messages directly to the world. Now many people have seen his works and there are a lot of fans of his work all over the world. If Dick had not established this special style of design, his message would not have been so widely understood. He still continues to make new works. He says, "As long as my creativity lasts,I will continue to create designs that are simple and understandable to everybody, and that make them happy."
It is from outside the field of traditional psychology that we find a new perspective on the inner possibilities of old age. A compelling philosophy has recently emerged from the European tradition of adult education that provides a simple yet visionary orientation to this issue. Referred to as the third age, this point of view proposes that there are three "ages" of human life, each with its own special focus, challenge, and opportunity.
In the first age, from birth to approximately 25 years of age, the primary tasks for life center around biological development, learning, and survival. During the early years of history, the average life expectancy of most men and women wasn't much higher than the end of the first age. As a result the entire thrust of society itself was oriented toward these most basic drives.
In the second age, from about 26 to 60, the concerns of adult life focus on issues concerning the formation of family, parenting, and productive work. The years taken by the second age are very busy and are filled with social activity. The lessons gathered during the first age are applied to the social and professional responsibilities of the second. Until several decades ago, most people couldn't except to live much beyond the second age, and society at that was thus contered on the cencerns of this age.
However, with the coming of the Age Wave, a new era of human evolution is unfolding, the third age of human life. The third age has two purposes. First, with the children grown and many of life's basic adult tasks either well under way or already development of the interior life of the intellect, memory, imagination, of emotional maturity, and of one's own personal sense of spiritual identify.
The third age is also a period fo giving back to society the lessons, resources, and experiences built up over a lifetime. From this perspective, the elderly are seen not as social outcasts but as a living bridge between yesterday, today, and tomorrow - an important role that no other age group can perform.
Of course, this is not a new or novel perspective, just one that years of youth-focus have obscured. In other cultures and at other times, the elderly have been highly respected for their wisdom, power, and spiritual force. In ancient China, for example, the highest life achievement in mystical *Taoism was long life and the wisdom that come with the passing of years.
One winter day, Mike Hill was hunting for birds near a lake. The ground was wet, and his boots got stuck in the mud. He could not get out. Hill quickly became cold and scared, and he phoned for help. First, three fire fighters came to save Hill but had no success. They tried to get to him by boat, but their engine got stuck in the mud. So they tried to walk to Hill, but their boots got stuck. Now no one was able to move! Then a policeman and a dog came in a special car with large wheels. It got stuck, too. Finally, a helicopter arrived to save the day. It pulled everyone up from the mud safely. One by one, Hill, the fire fighters, the policeman, and the dog went up through the trees in a muddy basket. ''It was a pretty big mess,'' said the helicopter pilot.
>>175は"that is her business"を「それは仕事である」と訳しているが、 ここのbusinessは、"something that concerns a particular person or organization"の 意味じゃないのか?つまり、「それは、本人の問題である」とか「それは、本人が決めることだ」 という風に、解釈する方が適切なのでは?
Since the first vitamin(now called vitamin B1) was discovered in 1910 by Dr. Umetaro Suzuki, thirteen substances have been recognized and designated as vitamins. Of these, the latest to be found was vitamin B12, discovered in 1948. Now, a fourteenth has been added to the list. Japanese researcheres recently discovered the first genuinely "new" vitamin in 55 years and published their findings in the April 24,2003 issue of the joutnal Nature.
The substance,Pyrroloquinoline quinone(ピロロキノリンキノン), or PQQ, was already known as far back as 1979, when it was first isolated from bacteria in the United States. Although it was considered to be important to mammals, scientists weren`t sure what it was or how it worked. But then, in the process of studying manic-depressive disease, researchers from japan`s Institute of Physical and Chemical Research accidentally identified it as a kind of vitamin.
How did they determine it was a vitamin? Vitamins - organic substances needed in small quantities for health and growth - link up with certain enzymes and help them work properly when taken into the body. The researchers at the Institute of Physical and Chemical Research succeeded in dicovering the gene for a PQQ-linked enzyme, and so confirmed that PQQ acts as a vitamin.
The study also demonstrated that mice deprived of PQQ suffer reduced fertility and roughened fur. This suggests that PQQ plays an important role in improving reproductive performance and growth in mice. The research team leader, Tadafumi Kato, says that PQQ is likely to belong to the vitamin B group.
The best source of PQQ known so far is "natto," a pungent Japanese dish of fermented soybeans. Other foods rich in PQQ are parsley, green tea,green peppers, kiwi fruit and papaya. Researchers say that aren`t sure if PQQ functions as a fertility enhancer in humans. Nevertheless, couples hoping to get pregnant may well benefit from eating more of these PQQ-rich foods.
Related research has demonstrated that PQQ may also act as an antioxidant, and yet another study concluded that is it may protect against strokes. Based on these results, experts expect the brand-new vitamin to make an important contribution to health care and medicine. However, further studies are needed to determine its full potential.
In Japan there is a kind of undeclared language war between British and American English. Of course I'm British myself and I feel there is only ONE kind of English and that MUST come from England! Naturally American teachers think differently.
The two versions of the English language must be very difficult for Japanese students. British and Americans may have quite different words for the same object.
Many students of English think that learning a new language is very difficult. Now think how difficult it is to learn English when your brain is only the size of a bird's brain! That is what some birds can do. Many different kinds of birds can copy the sounds of language. African gray parrots are the birds best known for this. Every December in London,the National Cage and Aviary Bird Show tries to find the best"talking" bird in the world. One bird named Prudle stood out among the "talking birds" by winning this prize every year from 1965 to 1976. Prudle was taken from his nest in Uganda in 1958. He was sold to Iris Frost,who took care of him at her home in Seaford,England. Before he died in 1994,aged thirty-five,Prudle knew almost 800 words in English. Prudle was also the oldest bird in the world that lived in a cage. Another intelligent bird, a budgerigar named Puck, was tested in 1993. It turned out that Puck knew even more works than Prudle. Puck knew more than 1,700 English words. In the 2003 Guinness Book of World Records, Puck was listed as knowing more words than any other bird in the world.
Crime is always one of the main problems that British people worry about , and it has a strong influence on elections . Generally speaking , people think that the Conservatives are tough on criminals and Labour are not , and one reason Labour won the 1997 election was the success of their slogan‘Tough on crime , tough on the causes of crime’. In fact , Britain is a relatively safe country . There are few gangsters , for example .
The crime most likely to affect people is theft , particularly the theft of cars or theft from cars (car stereo , etc .) . People are forced to go to a great deal of trouble to guard their car , with locks on the steering wheel and car alarms , and may have to take their stereo out of their car at night . Cars may be stolen by professional thieves , but often they are stolen by teenagers who just want to go for a drive , a‘joy ride’. Violent crime is still rare . The murder rate is low , lower in England and Wales than in Japan , and has fallen recently , and random violence is very unusual . Gun control lows are very severe in Britain ; some people in the countryside have shotguns , for shooting birds and rabbits , and there are also gun clubs , but most people have never seen a gun . There was , however , a case in 1996 where a man with guns entered a school and killed 16 children and their teacher , and then himself . As a result , gun laws have been made still stricter .
Another case which caused people to worry about rising crime was that of James Bulger . In 1992 , two ten year-old boys kidnapped him from a shopping centre while his mother was shopping , took him away , and beat him to death . He was two years old . This was something difficult to understand , and people worried about education , horror movie videos , family breakdown and social indifference―many people saw the boys with James Bulger , but nobody did anything . It also raised the question of responsibility : under English law , children aged ten and above are thought to know right from wrong and to be responsible for their own actions . Now there is a feeling that parents should be responsible for their children's actions , so that if a child breaks something , the parents should be legally obliged to pay . There is also some support for a curfew for teenagers , forcing them to stay at home in the evenings . And , coming back to the Bulger case , the killers are now over 18 , and have been released , with new identities to protect them from media intrusion or even attack . Some people feel this is too lenient .
[Hooligans & Vandals] Most crime is committed by young males , between the ages of 15 and 25 . In contrast to Japan , there is in Britain a culture of violence among some young males , an idea that a real man can fight (and sometimes their girlfriends encourage them ; they want a tough boyfriend) .
There is often fighting in or outside pubs and nightclubs , generally fuelled by alcohol , but the most notorious fighter is the football hooligan . Unlike most peaceful fans , these people go to football games with the intention of fighting fans of the opposing team ; they are usually drunk and often racist . It is embarrassing that British hooligans are so often arrested at games in other European countries .
Vandals are people who enjoy breaking things , or else writing graffiti on them . Empty buildings have their windows broken , telephone are smashed , walls are sprayed with obscene words . There are few vending machines .
The reasons for such behaviour are largely class based . Poorly educated people , with few job prospects , do not feel part of general society , and see no reason why they should respect property , people or the law .
[Punishment] The British police have traditionally been admired and respected . They have been thought to be well trained , honest and gentle . They do not carry guns , their only weapon being their truncheon , a kind of stick . The legal system has been trusted as well . Trials are conducted by a judge , but the verdict of guilty or not guilty is given by a jury . This is composed of 12 ordinary adults , who are chosen at random . If chosen , you must serve on the jury and your employer must allow you to do so . The idea is that an ordinary person , suspected of a crime , should have their case heard and judged by other ordinary people .
Britain has a very large number of people in prison , and prison sentences are often very long . The number of people in prison continues to rise . This seems to be having no effect on the crime rate . On the other hand , Britain has not had the death penalty for murder since 1969 , and this seems to have had no effect on the murder rate ; in other words , it seems that people are not prevented from committing murder by a fear of being killed themselves . Most British people are in favour of the death penalty , but most politicians are against it . Every few years there is a proposal to restore the death penalty , and the proposal is always defeated .
In recent years confidence in the police and the legal system has been shaken . There have been cases of police corruption , brutality , racism and sexism . There have also been cases of people being convicted of crimes they did not commit . These cases involved false confessions made after the suspect had been beaten or threatened , or even of confessions written by the police . Many of the cases occurred in the 1970s and it does seem that the police now understand the need for correct proof , even if this sometimes means that guilty people are freed .
What do we mean by 'writing history'? What do historians really do, when they are writing up the results of their historical research? Most of us are accustomed to thinking of 'history' as an essentially objective account of important events. The facts of the past are 'there' and all a good historian does is to establish what 'really' happened, and then show why these events are 'inevitably' important.
Recently, however, scholars of historical method have begun to question this assumption. It has always been agreed that what constitutes 'an important event' must be the subject of serious debate. But only in the last few decades have historians had their attentions drawn to how such debates can be settled. What standards are used in deciding which events to take up and discuss, and which to ignore? Where do these standards come from? Increasingly, scholars of historical method have demonstrated that 'history' inevitably reflects the culture of the period in which the historian is writing.
For example, several major nineteenth-century historians produced accounts of the English Civil War, and their research was reliable and thorough. Why, then, were twentieth-century historians motivated to write fresh histories of that war? This can only have been because the nineteenth-century histories no longer satisfied later historians' and readers'basic demands of 'history,' which were for explanations that 'made sense' to them, in terms of their own culture. The choice of which events to describe and how to interpret them can be made only according to needs dictated by the culture that has shaped the mind of the historian.
'History' is one of the ways in which we re-present the past in the present, and, to be successful, it requires a way of thinking shared by historians and their readers. It becomes meaningful only within this context. For example, from the eighteenth century onwards there was a widespread belief that progress was invitable. And many nineteenth-century historians stressed the ways in which the past had been improved upon, or could be learned from. For them, history 'naturally' demonstrated the onward march of civilization. Yet this writing of 'history' as an account of continual progress was itself a characteristic of nineteenth-century culture. And this overly simple view of history was not so much history as it was an interpretation of history. In the twentieth century, two world wars, the threat of nuclear war and the continuing existence of poverty, starvation and cruel oppression have exposed the myth of continual progress. Contemporary accounts of the past are less likely to emphasize history as a continuing triumph of 'civilization' over 'the primitive'.
The past can be represented as a catalogue of random, arbitrary events, unconnected with each other or with the present, but this is rarely the case. On one hand, 'history' is a way of creating order out of the mass of evidence that is the past's legacy to the present. On the other, we all want to believe that the world is getting better and better, and can become a more humane place. And this is why the belief that history must surely be a story of gradual yet sustained progress often still underlies discussions of the past.
Finally, the hippocampus grows with practice. There is an interesting discovery about the hippocampus sizes of London taxi drivers. Many of them have in their memory a detailed map of about 24000 city streets. A scientist measured the hippocampus sizes of 16 drivers. It was found that the drivers had more memory cells than ordinary people. Of particular interest was the fact that the hippocampus of one driver with 30 years of experience had grown 3%. Some of you may think that you have a poor memory. But don't worry:it is all right to learn by trial and error or to make mistakes. That is the way we usually learn new things. Just use your brain a lot, and your hippocampus will be working as long as you live.
Jim:Japanese people often say, "sumimasen,"but do they really think they've done something wrong when they say it? Many times, as soon as they've apologized,they will do exactly the same thing again. They behave as if they didn't feel sorry about what they've done. It's often said that Japanese people don't express themselves frankly. I really feel the truth of that. Don't you agree, Kenji? Kenji:well, not completely,Jim.From our viwpoint, Americans seem far too unwilling to apologize.Sometimes all it needs is a simple apology and the matter is finished.But all Americans seem to do is make excuses. I don't understand why they try to justify themselves even when nobody is trying to blame them. We are at a loss for words when confronted with such rude,irresponsible behavior.
unicorn reading Lesson8 Generally speaking, people who exercise regularly stay healthier than those who don't. They don't gain too much weight as they get older, and they often tend to look younger. Even their minds are sometimes quicker and more active than those who don't exercise. Some researchers have proved that middle-age and older people who exercise regularly often look and feel twenty years younger than those who don't exercise. On the other hand, some people stay quite healthy with little exercise and may actually live longer than people who push their bodies to the extreme. Indeed, for a healthy life everyone needs to choose the right amount and method of exercise that suits them best. おねがいします
In the study of communication, the word context refers to the setting and situation in which the communication takes place. In other words, context is the where, when, who and why of communication. Cultures are often labeled by using the word context as well. Some cultures are called low context, while others are called high context. In low-context cultures, people communicate their ideas and feelings to others clearly and concretely in most situations. On the other hand, in high-context cultures less needs to be said directly, since much of the message is assumed to be understood according to the situation or through shared experience. In other words, compared to a low-context cultures, the setting and situation are more important in a high-context culture. 上の続きです。お願いします。
Think of the difference this way. When you meet a stranger, your verbal communication with that person is very clear and simple or low context because you have no shared experiences. On the contrary, when you communication with your sister or brother, you don't feel the need to say everything clearly and directly because you make use of your shared experiences. For example, the mention of a certain person's name can lead to laughter. With a stranger you have to explain in words the funny story about that person. Also, with your sister or brother a certain facial expression can have a shared meaning, such as Mother did it again! A stranger, on the other hand, will have no idea what your facial expression means. The same as before, you'll have to explain in words that your mother's specific behavior is characteristic. 上の続きです。お願いします
Generally, in low-context cultures peple greatly admire verbal communication that is delivered in a logical and unambiguous style. In contrast to this, is high-context cultures people feel less need to express everything verbally. More nonverbal communication takes place. It has been said that language separates people. When understood from the viewpoint of high and low context, that statement makes sense. For instance, I have often shown films of the Japanese tea ceremony to students in the United states. The tea ceremony is an excellent example of a high-context experience. Nothing is spoken; the tea house, the flower arrangement, the calligraphy scroll, the ceramics. A typical response from a low-context observer is "Hurry up and drink the tea!" Conversely, social experiences over coffee take little meaning from the context and more from the conversation the words. 上の続きです。お願いします
The Earth's species are dying out at an alarming rate, up to 1,000 times faster than their natural rate of extinction. Some scientists estimate that as many as 137 species disappear from the Earth each day, which adds up to 50,000 species disappearing every year. Tropical rainforests contain at least half of the Earth's species. In Panama, scientists discovered fully 80% of the world's currently known beetle species on only 19 trees. The unbelievable diversity of the rainforests means that most species have evolved to inhabit very specialized places in their environment. When humans disrupt that environment, many species cannot survive. Because species depend on each other in a complicated web of relationships, changing just one part of that web harms the entire ecosystem. As people destroy or significantly change the rainforests, certain species die out. And as they go extinct, other species die out, which in turn leads to further breakdown of the ecosystem.
This breakdown of rainforest ecosystems will likely lead to the disappearance of up to 10% of the world's species within the next 25 years unless we act to stop it. Species extinction is a natural part of evolution. Why, then, should growing extinction rates concern us? The human species depends on the rainforest's millions of life forms for its own existence. We, too, are a dependent part of the delicate balance. Why are species vanishing at such an alarming rate? Habitat destruction ranks as the leading cause - especially logging, mining, and building dams and highways where rainforests once existed. As the ecosystem shrinks, more and more species lose the resources that they need to survive. Introduced species also wipe out many native species. Nearly 20% of known endangered animals, birds and fish are threatened by introduced species. When humans bring an alien species into an ecosystem, that species may take over places that other species had occupied. They also might change the ecosystem enough to indirectly force out native species or bring with them diseases to which the natives have no immunity. Especially on islands, where species have evolved in isolation and have not dealt with adapting to newcomers, the original inhabitants may be unable to adapt and survive.
Part2の途中です A child can form a relationship with an animal when it cannot do so with an adult. Some homes for children who have difficulties in behavior have started to keep animals because it has been found that they have a good effect on the children. And this could also be true of having pets in a family.
Voyager English Course UのLesson3の追加和訳お願いします Part3です。
We have not fully realized the special relationship that can develop between humans and animals. We are becoming aware of the special help that animals can be to the elderly, the sick and the handicapped, and as a result a number of organizations have sprung up to make use of this fact. PAT is a charity registered in 1983. It sends volunteers with their dogs to visit the elderly and the sick. PAT dogs must be calm as well as friendly. They are medically checked before being ready for duty as therapy dogs. Today there are around 4000 PAT dogs at work in the UK, and PAT is always looking for more volunteers. The PAT project is playing an important part in linking volunteers with hospitals, homes, and hospices.
Stella had been prepared for her husband's death. Since the doctor had told them that he had cancer, they had boti faced the inevitable, trying to make the most of their remaining time together. And now,before her first Christmas without Dave, Stella was all too aware she was on her own. With shaking fingers, she turened down her radio so that the Christmas music changed to a low background. To her surprise,she saw that the mail had arrived. She bent to retrieve the white envelopes from the floor. She opened them while sitting on the piano bench. They were mostly Christmas cards, and her sad eyes smiled at the traditional scenes and at the loving messages inside. She arranged them among the others on the piano top. In her entire house, they were the only seasonal decorations. The holiday was less than a week away, but she just did not have the heart to put up a silly tree, or even set up the stable that Dave had built with his own hands. Suddenly caught by the loneliness, Stella covered her face with her hands and let the tears come. How would she possibly get through Christmas and the winter?
続きです The ring of the doorbell was so unexpected that Stella had to stifle a small scream of surprise. Now who could possibly be calling on her? She opened the wooden door and stared through the window of the storm door. On her frong porch stood a strange young man, whose head was almost hidden by the large box in his arms. The elderly woman opened the door a little, and he stepped sideways to speak into the space. "Mrs.Thornhope?" She nodded. He continued, "I have a package for you." She pushed the door open, and he entered. Smiling,he placed his burden carefully on the floor and stood to retrieve an envelope from his pocket. As he handed it to her, a sound came from the box. Stella jumped. The man laughed in apology and bent to straighten up the cardboard flaps, holding them open in an invitation for her to look inside.
A British person, living in America, was once visited by some friends from Britain. He took them to various places to see the sights. Wherever they went, his friends kept asking him anxiously, “Is this the real America?" The puzzled man could only reply,“Yes, this is America." This story nicely illustrates what we could call “the paradox of tourism. "When we visit foreign countries as tourists, we tend to be determined to see the real or authentic aspects of that country; the “Japaneseness" of Japan or the “Indianness" of India. However, with increasing globalization, what represents the “real" aspects of a particular culture has become harder to identify. For example, karaoke bar in the Philippines has become just as much a part of that country as, say, a McDonald's has become a part of the culture of Japan. Nevertheless, tourists often go to great lengths to seek out the “real" in the countries they visit. However, sometimes the “real" proves to be unsatisfactory and tourists have to re-create the country to match their own expectations. For example, when visiting Thailand tourists might feel rather uncomfortable in the polluted urban sprawl that is present-day Bangkok.
They might feel much happier when they visit the beautiful island, resorts to the south. They might feel that they had discovered the real Thailand. Soon though, they might start to notice that the island is full of foreigners and that the only Thai people to be seen are either serving food or selling something. This is because the resort is actually “Thailand" as foreigners would like to have it. Some complain that tourists by their very presence change or even ruin the countries they visit. This helps to explain the endless quest of tourists to find more remote and unspoilt places; an ultimately hopeless endeavour in a finite world. This is a self, defeating, but understandable, desire to escape from one's own culture. We can recently find in Japan a possible alternative to the problem of tourism. This involves the creation of theme parks with names like “Spain village." At such places people can enjoy the simulation of a foreign country while avoiding some of the unpleasant realities of foreign travel. Unfortunately though, we also lose what seems to be the greatest benefit of foreign travel; the way it forces us to question our assumptions and stereotypes.
The brothers often have concerts with other ethnic musicians. This does not mean that are against traditional tsugaru-jamisen style. They practiced the tsugaru-jamisen in a very traditional way. After they learned the basis of traditional tsugaru-jamisen with their teacher,their individualities were born. The Yoshida Brothers have a dream to introduce the tsugaru-jamisen to the world. Their shamisen concerts will be held in many places outside Japan in the near future. Something truly Japanese can be something 'international'. This will be proved by the brothers soon.
What is ypur idea of a cool job? Would you like to spend the day on in-line skates in the lovely streets of Paris? That is what a group of French police officers do. In their blue uniforms, they speed through Paris traffic on in uniforms, they speed through Paris traffic on in-line skates. Look out! They chase thieves and try to catch up with them. They give tickets to drivers who are talking on cell phones. It is a very good job. The rest of the time they go to the gym because they have to stay in shape for this job. But it can be dangerous-the streets are not always flat. No officer has seriously hurt himself yet, but some have officer has seriously hurt himself yet, but some have taken a bad fall. Young French women like the cops on wheels, and tourists love them, too. I'm in thousands of Japanese photos! says one cop.
The first public television broadcast in the United States took place in 1928. The broadcast didn't reach many people---at that time there were only four television sets. Today,98 percent of American houses have at least one television, and 41percent have three or more. The average American house has the TV on for 7 hours and 40 min-utes every day. Many people are concerned with the effect that so much television has on American people---especially children. The average child watches 28 hours of TV a week. The average youth spends 1,023 hours a year watching TV (they spend only 900 hours a year in school). By the time they finish high school, average American teenagers will have seen 16,000 murders on TV. One group trying to get people to watch less TV is the TV-Turnoff Network, which celebrates TV-Turnoff Week every year. In 2002, the group got 6.5 million people to stop watching TV for a week. "Turn off TV,turn on life,"the group says. Watching less TV is also taking off with some Hollywood celebrities. Tom Cruise, the actor, only allows his children to watch 3.5 hours of TV a week. Director Stephoen Spielberg only lets his five children watch an hour a day. One Australian actress, Naomi watts, lets her children watch only the soccer World Cup on TV---once every four years!
Two small kindnessという題の文章です。 ちょっと長いんですがお願いします。3つにわけました。
In the movies, America is often depicted as a very violent country, and there is doubt that,with its very lax gun laws and its drug problem, there are many places where to go out by yourself at night is to take your life in your hands. There is, however, another side to America, and that is the kindness of ordinary people.
I have only been to the continental United States once, but I would like to tell you of two small experiences which I had there. You may say that I was lucky, and you may be right;but I think it is worth relating these incidents to show that America is not entirely the frightening place that it is frequently said to be.
プロミネンス・リーディング(Lesson7-3) p.95〜 Clothing is important because many people are trapped by other people's ideas about good fashion. Often, their ideas are not meant to make your life better or finer or more graceful or more gracious. Many times these notions come from greed, insensitivity, and the need for control. I have been at parties where a fashion expert will look at someone who enters a room and will say with a sneer, “That was last year's jacket.” Upon hearing this, I leave as quickly as possible, keeping the cruel remark in mind. This comment has nothing to do with the beauty of the wearer's jacket and everything to do with the ugliness of the speaker's mind. とくに2段落目の 現在完了とwillの併用がよくわかりません。willに「未来」以外の意味があるのでしょうか。 よろしくお願いします。
I must confess that I was slightly apprehensive when I took my wife and two children, who were quite young at the time, to stay with friends in Chicago. After two or three days in their suburban house, we all decided to take a trip through Illinois to a small town called Gelena on the Mississippi.
We took two cars and stopped on the way at a roadside self-service restaurant for lunch. I paid at the cash register and we carried our trays to a table. While we were eating, the young man who had taken my money at the register came over to me and said,"Excuse me,sir.Would you please check your wallet? I think you gave me a twenty instead of a ten."I checked my wallet and found that, sure enough, I had given him a twenty-dollar bill by mistake. He handed me ten dollars and refused my offer of a tip.
When we arrived beside the Mississippi, we decided to have a picnic. When my friend's wife came to open a can of tuna to make a salad, however, she found that she had forgotten to bring a can-opener. A little way off there was a group of young men eating. My wife suggested that I go and ask them if they had a can-opener. The men appeared to be Hispanic and, having that morning driven through the barrio, the Hispanic quarter of Chicago, and found it a rather forbidding place,I was a little reluctant to approach them. Nevertheless, I summoned up my courage, walked across to them and asked if they had a can-opener we could borrow. They were charmining. They lent us a can-opener with pleasure. And later, when they saw me about to take a photograph of my young son with the river in the background, they insisted on giving him a fish to hold. They had caught the fish in the river. It was enormous. Two small acts of kindness, but ones which made a great impression on me.
Jerusalem is the capital of Israel. It is a fascinating city. There are many roads approaching it from several directions, but if you come from Tel Aviv on the coast to the west, you will pass through the modern suburbs of the city, where you will find such places as the university.
The Old City, however, is walled and is a holy place for Jews, Moslems and Christians. Within the walls are the Dome of the Rock, marking the spot where Mohammed is said to have ascended to heaven, the Wailing Wall, which is part of the wall which surrounded the Jewish Temple about 2,000 years ago, and the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, which marks the spot where Christ is supposed to have been crucified.
I went to Jerusalem just after the 1967 war,when the city, which had been divided into independent Arab and Jewish sections since 1948, had been reunited in an uneasy truce under the Israelis. I travelled from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem by bus. As I left my hotel, I passed a man in an ordinary business suit with a sub-machine-gun slung from his shoulder. I supposed he was a soldier on leave. The road from Tel Aviv to Jerusalem was littered with burnt-out wrecks of tanks and army trucks. The whole road was a graveyard of vehicles and showed just how fierce the fighting had been. The bus driver said that in the war of the previous year and that of 1948 he had driven a tank. He had been born in Czechoslovakia, he said, and had come to Israel after the Second World war, having survived the holocaust. He had been just in time to fight in the 1948 war, he said ironically.
I got off the bus in front of the wall of the Old City and passed through a gateway into a maze of covered alleyways and shops. The shopkeepers, in traditional dress, called their wares as they had done for thousands of years. Down by the Wailing Wall, Orthodox Jews were praying, rocking to and fro, lamenting the fate of the Temple and of the Jewish people. Later I walked the Via Dolorosa, the route along which Christ is supposed to have carried his cross to his crucifixion. As I walked through the narrow streets, the present receded. It could have been nearly two thousand years ago.
With its ancient religious associations, the Old City of Jerusalem seems, at first sight, to be far removed from the troubles of the everyday world. Yet it is a place over which men have fought for centuries. As such, it is a prime example of the fact that religion and the quest for power, and , therefore, religion and war, are not, unfortunately, mutually exclusive.
Part1 少し長いですけど、よろしくお願いします。 A teacher from Western country visited an elementary school in an Asian country. In a class,she watched sixty young children as they learned to drew a cat. The teacher drew a big cercle on the blackboard,and sixty children copied it on their papers. The teacher drew a smaller cercle on the top of the first and then put two triangles on top of it. The children drew the same thing. The lesson continued until there were sixty-one identical cats in the classroom. Each student's cat looked just like the one on the board. The visiting teacher was started by the classroom. She was surprised because the teaching methods were very different from the way of teaching in her own country. A children's art lesson in her own country produced a room full of unique pictures,each one completely different from the others. Why? What causes this difference in educational methods? In a classroom in any country, the instrutor teachs more than art or history or language. He or she also teachs cuture the ideas and beliefa of that society. Each educationalsystem is mirror that reflects the culture of the society.
Part1 少し長いですけど、よろしくお願いします。 A teacher from Western country visited an elementary school in an Asian country. In a class,she watched sixty young children as they learned to drew a cat. The teacher drew a big cercle on the blackboard,and sixty children copied it on their papers. The teacher drew a smaller cercle on the top of the first and then put two triangles on top of it. The children drew the same thing. The lesson continued until there were sixty-one identical cats in the classroom. Each student's cat looked just like the one on the board. The visiting teacher was started by the classroom. She was surprised because the teaching methods were very different from the way of teaching in her own country. A children's art lesson in her own country produced a room full of unique pictures,each one completely different from the others. Why? What causes this difference in educational methods? In a classroom in any country, the instrutor teachs more than art or history or language. He or she also teachs cuture the ideas and beliefa of that society. Each educationalsystem is mirror that reflects the culture of the society.
Part2 これもお願いします。 In Western society such as the United States or Canada,there are many national,religious,and cultural differences. So people highly value indvidualism-the differences among peaple-and independent thining. Teachers place a lot of importance on the qualities that make each student special. The educational systems in these countries show these values. Students do not often memorize information. Instead,they work individueally and find answers themselves,and they express their own ideas. In most Asian societies,by contrast the people have the same language,history,and culture. Maybe for this reason,the educational systems in much of Asia reflect society's belief in group goals and traditions rathert than individualism. Children in China,Japan and Korea often work together and help one another on assignments. The teacher talks and the students listen. There is not much discussion. Instead,the students recite or information that they have memorized.
訳をどうかお願いします Short-Team Memory @ Memory is the ability to remember something that has been learned. Memory also refers to the brain's ability to store information. Memory is a vital part of the learning process. If our brain recorded nothing,we would be unable to learn anything new.
Psychologists divide a persoo's memory system into three types, each of which has a different time span. These are called sensory memory, short-team memory and long-term memory. Sensory memory holds information for only a second or two. Suppose you look at a picture of a mountain. A nearly exact image of the mountain is stored briefly in your visual sensory memory. つづきます
@のつづき However, the image quickly fades and disappears unless you make an active effort to think about it. Short-term memory holds information for as long as you think about it. However,the information will fade after about 20 to 30 seconds unless you sepeat it to yourself. For example, you use short-term memory when you look up telephone number in the telephone book, and before you dial, you repeat the number over and over. If someone interrupts you, you will probably forget the number. つづきます
@のつづき2 In laboratory studies, subjects are unable to remember three letters after eighteen seconds if they are not allowed to repeat the letters to themselves. In contrast, long-term memory can store facts, ideas, and experiences long after you stop thinking about them. Information in long-term memory can be recalled at a later time when it is needed. つづきます
@のつづき3 The information can be kept for days, weeks, months or years. It may even be kept for a lifetime. Experts believe that by the time a person dies, the long-term memory has stored hundreds of times the amount of information in an encyclopedia. But sometimes information in lond-term memory is hard to remember. Students taking exams often have such experiences.
A Psychologists study memory andlearning with both animal and human subjects. The following two eyperiments reviewed here show how short-term memory has been studied. Let's study some findings that have been made in the past.
Aのつづき Hunter studied short-term memory in rats. He used a special apparatuns as shown in Figure 1. The apparatus had a cage for the rat and three doors. There was a light in each door. First the rat was turned on and then off. There was food for the rat only at this door. After the light was turned off, the rat had to wait a short time before it was released from its cage. Then, if it went to the correct door, it was rewarded with the food that was there. Hunter did this experiment many times. He always turned on the lights in a random order. The rat had to wait different intervals before it was released from the cage. Hunter found that if the rat had to wait more than ten seconds, it could not remember the correct door. Hunter's results show that rats have a short-term memory of about ten seconds.
B Another psychnlogist suudied how students who are learning English as a second language remember vocabulary. The subjects in the experment were 75 students at the University of California in Los Angeles. They represented all leaves of ability in English: beginning, intermediate, advanced, and natiue-speaking students. To begin with, the subjects listened to a recording of a mative sqeaker reading aloud a paragraph written in English, and them, the subjects took a 15-question test to see which words they remembered. Each question had four choices. The subjects were instructed to circle the word they had heard in the recording.
Bのつづき Some of the questions had four choices that sound alike. For example, weather, whether,wither, and wetter are four words that sound alike. Some of the quertions had four choices that have the same meaning. Method, way, manner, and system would be four such words. Some of the quertions had four unrelated choices. For instance,weather, method,love,result could be used as four unrelated words. Finally the subjects took a language proficiency test. It was found that students with a lower proficiency in English made more mistakes on words that sound alike; students with a higher proficiency made more of their mistakes on words that have the samd meaning. The results suggest that beginning students hold the sound of words in their short-term memory, and advanced students hold the meaning of words in their short-team memory. おわりです 全くわからなくて困っています お願いします
In the spring of 1983,Margaret Patrick arrived at the rehabilitation center to begin her physiotherapy. As Millie McHugh,a long-time staff member,introduced Margaret to people at the center,she noticed a look of sorrow in Margaret's eyes when she gazed at the piano. "Is anything wrong?" asked Millie."No,"Margaret said softly. "It's just that seeing a piano brings back memories. Before,"If my stoke, music was everything to me." She thought, "If my hand worked as I wanted,I would be able to pray the piano for the rest of my life." Millie glanced at Margaret's useless right hand as the black woman quietly described some of her long career in music. Suddenly Millie said,"Wait right here.I"ll be back in a minute."
We all have a great emotional attachment to our own native language. This is because it is the medium through which we learned about the world around us and because, perhaps more than anything else, it is symbolic of the culture of our country. Even within one country, the generations are devided by language. We know that language is a living thing and, as such, must change continuously or die. Yet there is always a tendency for the older generation in Japan, England and, I suspect, every other country to say that the younger generation cannot speak the language properly.
The French have a reputation for wishing to keep their language pure and they try and weed out English words which creep in from time to time. However, they are prepared to listen to foreigners speak far-from-pure French rather than converse with them in English. I should say that, in my experience, this is particularly true in the case of native English speakers. Let me tell you a story to illustrate this point.
Some years ago, I took my wife, who is Japanese, on a week's trip to Paris. We passed through the customs in Calais, where the customs officer insisted on speaking to me in French, but handed my wife's passport back to her with an "Arigatogozaimasu." We then took a train into Paris, changed to the metro and finally arrived at our hotel.
It was a small hotel. We crossed the lobby in three or four paces and rang the bell on the reception desk. The proprietress appeared and, in French, I told her our name and said that I had booked a room for the week. She was charming and,having consulted her list of reservations, confirmed that there was a room in our name. She then looked at my wife and asked me if she spoke French. I replied that she did not, but that she spoke English. At this, the proprietress turned to my wife and, in excellent English, welcomed her to Paris. She asked if it was her first visit to France and launched into a friendly conversation.
Partway through, I wanted to say something and, since the lady and my wife were speaking in English, I said what I wanted to say in that language. The lady stopped speaking abruptly, turned to me and said coldly, "En Francais, monsieur! En Francais!" ("In French, sir! In French!"). She spoke English far better than I spoke French, yet she insisted on speaking to me in her own language.
和訳をお願いします。 @ I imaging the life of a surgeon can be very rewarding. Obviously, you have saved the lives of many people. Is that what led you to become a surgeon? No, I just liked the little green booties! A Here’s the world famous surgeon on his way to have lunch in the hospital cafeteria. Some of he doctors don’t like to eat in the cafeteria. I think it’s exciting. It’s exciting because I’m too short to see what I’ve ordered. B See that squirrel? He’s been storing up food for the winter. I’ll bet you never think about that, do you? Come on, tell me. What have you done to prepare for winter?
The word 'internationalization' is on everybody's lips at the moment, but it seems to me that there is more resentment now at having to speak English than there was when I first came to Japan twenty-eight years ago. Only a few months ago, a Japanese man who had held a very senior position in an American company came to see me. He told me that his brother had worked for the Foreign Ministry and had spent many years in America. His brother, he continued, had said that he would never again speak English to foreigners now that he had retired and returned to Japan. He felt, he said, that foreigners who live in Japan should learn to speak Japanese. The gentleman talking to me said that he agreed with his brother.
It takes a great deal of time and effort to learn enough to be able to hold a serious conversation in any language and, while I agree that it is desirable for people from other countries to learn Japanese, this is not always practicable. Many people are sent to work in Japan for only two or three years and, since they know that at the end of that time they will be posted to another country and probably never come back to Japan again, they feel that it is not worth learning more than a few phrases of the language.
I know that to many Japanese the word 'internationalization' means having foreigners learn about Japan and its culture. They feel that for many years 'internationalization' was a one-way street. Japan studied Western languages and cultures in considerable depth, while only a handful of Westerners bothered to study anything about Japan. For such people, it is a matter of national pride to have the richness of Japanese culture appreciated abroad.
As one who has spent all his adult life studying the language and literature of Japan, I am all in favour of spreading knowledge about Japan throughout the world. There is, however, a difficulty. Although the Japanese wish to be understood by others, they seem to feel threatened when outsiders come too close. Put simply , they are happy if a foreigner speaks a little Jaanese, since this shows that he has taken the trouble to learn something about their country.
However, if he speaks Japanese well, and especially if he can read it, they feel that their privacy has been invaded. This is something with which they will have to come to terms if internationalization is to have any real meaning. Perhaps you resent having to learn English as you sit at your desk reading this book. I hope not. Just because a language is widely spoken does not mean that it is superior in any way. Think of English as a tool which will help you get closer to people from many other countries.
今、教科書代わりで O.ヘンリーのThe Last Leaf(最後の一葉)をやっているのですが、 自分で調べたりしているのですが、 どうも上手くいかず凄く困っています。 長いのですが、和訳、お願い致します。
いくつかに分けて書かせて頂きます。
West of Washington Square there are little streets that do not run straight . This is Greenwich Village , where people interested in art come to look for studios and places that are not expensive to live in . At the top of a three-story brick house Sue and Johnsy had their studio . Johnsy's real name was Joanna , and she came from California . Sue was from Maine . They had met at a restaurant and found that they had the same ideas about art , food and clothes , and so they decided to share a studio . That was in May . In November the weather was bitterly cold , and many people got pneumonia . One of them was Johnsy , who lay , scarcely moving , in bed , looking through the small window at the side of the next house . One morning the busy doctor invited Sue into the hall and quietly told her , " She has only a small change of getting better , and she will only get better if she wants to live . There is not much we can do , even with medicine , if one wants to die. Is she worried about anything?" "She she wanted to paint the Bay of Naples someday , " said Sue . "Paint ? What nonsense!"replied the doctor . " Is she worried about anything really important ?" " No , nothing important ." " Well , then , I will do my best , but if she doesn't want to live , I can't help her . " Sue went upstairs and cried .
Then she went into Johnsy's room whistling a cheerful tune . Johnsy lay in bed with her face turned towards the window . Sue stopped whistling , thinking that she must be asleep . Then she started doing a drawing for a magazine . As she was doing so , she heard something from the bed . Johnsy's eyes were open , and she was looking out of the window and counting - counting backwards. " Twelve , " she said , and a little later , "eleven" ; and then , "ten" and , "nine" ; and then "eight" and "seven," almost together . Sue looked worriedly out of the window . What was there to count ? There was only the wall of the next house . An old , old ivy vine climbed half way up the wall , but there were very few leaves left . " What is it , dear ? " asked Sue . "Six," said Johnsy very quietly . "They're falling faster now . Three days ago there were almost three hundred , so that they were difficult to count . But now it's easy . There are only five left now ." "Five what , dear ? " "Leaves. Ivy leaves.
続きです。 When the last one falls , I must go , too. I've known that for three days . Didn't the doctor tell you?" "Oh,what nonsense,"said Sue. "What have old ivy leaves to do with your getting well ? And you used to like that old ivy so much . Don't be so silly. The doctor told me this morning that your chances of getting better were not so bad. Try and have some soup now , and then let me do some more wine with." "You needn't get any more wine ,"said Johnsy,looking out of the window all the time. "And I don't want any soup . There are just four leaves left . I want to see the last one fall before it gets dark . Then I'll go , too." "Johnsy , dear , "said Sue. "Will you promise me not to look out of the window until I have finished my drawing? I must finish it by tomorrow , and I can't draw the curtains as I need the light." "Couldn't you draw in the other room?"asked Johnsy. "I want to be here with you ,and I don't want you to keep on looking at those silly ivy leaves." "Tell me when you have finished ,"Johnsy replied,lying white and still in bed. "I want to see the last leaf fall . I don't want to wait anymore. I don't want to think anymore. I lustwant to leave everything and go down like those poor , tried leaves."
"Tyr to sleep ," said Sue. "I must ask old Behrman to come up and be my model for the old miner. I'll be back in a minute . Don't tyy to move until I come back." Old Behrman was a painter who lived beneath them . He was past sixty , but but he was not successful as an artist . He started painting forty yeras ago . He was always about to paint a masterpiece , but had never yet begun it . Sometimes he painted pictures for advertisements . He earned a little money by working as a model . He drank too much , and always talked of the masterpiece that one day he was going to paint. He was an angry little man , but he was always kind to the two young artists in the studio above him. Sue went downstairs to see him . He was drinking again . In once corner of the room was a blank canvas - still waiting perhaps for the masterpiece . She told him about Johnsy's strange idea that she herself was as light and weak as a leaf , and that she would die when the last leaf fell.
375の最後の一文が I『lustwant』to leave everything and go down like those poor , tried leaves." になっていますが、 I『just want』to leave everything and go down like those poor , tried leaves." の打ち間違いです。
John Lennon is often referred to as a musician who influenced his generation. His thought and music still appeal to people around the world. Even those who are not familiar with his name may have heard his song,"Imagine". John wrote the song at the age of 30, and it made him famous as a man who wanted the world to have 'love and peace'. Before he found this ideal, he had experienced the struggle and anguish of growing up He had always been looking for himself. If we describe him in those days, he was a 'nowhere man' just like many other teenagers:he was a mirror of youth. When he was a member of the Beatles, he expressed in his songs the mixed-up feelings of youth. This is why his songs touched the hearts of many young people.
John Lennon was born in 1940 in Liverpool, England. From early childhood, he was a sensitive child who preferred to be alone. He hated studying, but loved writing poems and painting pictures. He dreamed of becoming an artist. He didn't want to conform to adult rules. So, to some teachers he was a difficult boy. When John turned 15, his dream changed and he wanted to become a rock'n'roll star. Influenced by Elvis Presley, he was absorbed in playing the guitar. Mimi, his aunt and foster mother, often said to him, "If I were you, John, I wouldn't be so crazy about music. The guitar is all right for a hobby, but you'll never make a living at it." He was not sure about the future and he did not know what to say to her. As a junior high school student, he was already trying to find himself.
Moments later,Millie returned with a small, white-haired woman wearing thick glasses. "Margaret Patrick,"said Millie,"meet Ruth Eisenberg."Then she smiled. At first,Margaret didn't understand what Millie was planning. But she soon realized."She too played the piano, but like you, she's not been able to play since her stroke. Mrs.Eisenberg has a good right hand,and you have a good left. I have a feeling that together you two could do something wonderful." "Do you know Chopin's Waltz in D flat?" Ruth asked. Margaret nodded.Soon the two ladies were sitting side by side on the piano bench. Two healthy hands---one with ones---moved rhythmically across the ebony and ivory keys. Millie and the people there were pleasantly surprised at the beautiful tone of their music.
Moments later,Millie returned with a small, white-haired woman wearing thick glasses. "Margaret Patrick,"said Millie,"meet Ruth Eisenberg."Then she smiled. At first,Margaret didn't understand what Millie was planning. But she soon realized."She too played the piano, but like you, she's not been able to play since her stroke. Mrs.Eisenberg has a good right hand,and you have a good left. I have a feeling that together you two could do something wonderful." "Do you know Chopin's Waltz in D flat?" Ruth asked. Margaret nodded.Soon the two ladies were sitting side by side on the piano bench. Two healthy hands---one with long,graceful black fingers, the other with short, plump white ones--- moved rhythmically across the ebony and ivory keys.
すみません!お願いします! Millie and the people there were pleasantly surprised at the beautiful tone of their music.
Moments later,Millie returned with a small, white-haired woman wearing thick glasses. "Margaret Patrick,"said Millie,"meet Ruth Eisenberg."Then she smiled. At first,Margaret didn't understand what Millie was planning. But she soon realized."She too played the piano, but like you, she's not been able to play since her stroke. Mrs.Eisenberg has a good right hand,and you have a good left. I have a feeling that together you two could do something wonderful." "Do you know Chopin's Waltz in D flat?" Ruth asked. Margaret nodded.Soon the two ladies were sitting side by side on the piano bench. Two healthy hands---one with long,graceful black fingers, the other with short, plump white ones--- moved rhythmically across the ebony and ivory keys. Millie and the people there were pleasantly surprised at the beautiful tone of their music. お願いします!
To tell the truth, I enjoy reading Graham Greene's short stories more than his novels, by and large. I should, perhaps, make an exception of The Power and the Glory, which I still find an extremely moving book, even after having read it several times over the past thirty years.
Many of Greene's short stories give the impression of having been carefully crafted. Some, however, appear to be the result of immediate description. One such story is The Invisible Japanese Gentlemen. This story is set in a restaurant. It is an excellent piece of writing. On the surface it seems to have been sketched from life―the writer holding his fork in one hand and his pen in the other. It also, however, shows levels of observation which are clearly the result of digestion and careful thought.
The story describes a conversation between a young man and a young woman. The writer is sitting at one table, and the young man and the young woman are sitting at another. At a third table, there is a group of Japanese men. Simply speaking, the point of the story is that the woman is extremely selfcentred and scarcely takes any notice of the young man's opinions. Moreover, she is so wrapped up in herself that she notices nothing around her. As the couple are leaving the restaurant, the young man turns to the young woman and says, "I wonder what all those Japanese are doing?" To which she replies, "Japanese? What Japanese , darling?" There is an added irony in the fact that the young woman is a budding novelist and takes great pride in her powers of observation.
Although this is an extremely well-written story, I think that, nowadays, it fails to make its point. The story was written in 1967, over twenty years ago, when there were still comparatively few Japanese in London. In those days, a Japanese would have stood out, just as a foreigner was more conspicuous in Tokyo then than now. The fact that a whole group of Japanese, whom nobody could fail to notice, are 'invisible' to the young woman is meant to show us how egotistical she is and how lacking in observation. Today, however, her punchline of "What Japanese, darling?" lacks punch, because there are so many Japanese people in London, both tourists and those working there, that a group of them in a restaurant would not necessarily attract any attention.
It was a dog! To be more exact, a golden Labrador retriever puppy. As the young man lifted its body up into his arms, he explained. "This is for you, ma'am." The young puppy jumped in happiness at being freed from the box and made happy wet kisses in the direction of the young man's face. "We were supporsed to deliver him on Christmas Eve," he continued with some difficulty, as he tried to keep his face away from the wet little tongue, "but the staff at the kennels start their holidays tomorrow. Hope you don't mind an early present." Shock had stolen Stella's ability to think clearly. Unable to form complete sentences, she could only say, "But… I don't… I mean… who…?" The young man set the animal down on the porch between them and then reached out a finger to touch the envelope she was still holding. "There's a letter in there that explains everything, pretty much. The dog was bought while his mother was still pregnant. Itwas meant to be a Christmas present."
The stranger turned to go. But Stella could not stop herself from asking. "But who… who bought it?" Pausing in the open doorway, he answered, "your husband, ma'am." And then he was gone. It was all in the letter. Forgetting the puppy entirely at the sight of the familiar writing, Stella walked like a sleepwalker to her chair by the window. She forced her tear-filled eyes to read her husband's words. He had written the letter three weeks before his death and had left it with the kennel owners, to be delivered along with the puppy as his last Christmas gift to her. It was full of love and encouragement to be strong. He promised that he would be waiting for the day when she would join him. And he had sent her this young animal to keep her company until then.
Language studies traditionally emphasized verbal and written communication. Since the 1060s, however, researchers have seriously begun to consider what else besides the words takes place in conversations. In some instances, more nonverbal than verbal communication occurs. For example, If you ask a clearly angry person, "What's wrong?" and she answers, "Nothing, I'm fine," you don't believe her. If she says, "I don't want to talk about it!" she hasn't stopped communicating. Her silence still conveys emotional meaning. One study done in the United States showed that 93 percent of a message was conveyed by the speaker's tone of voice and facial expressions, and only 7 percent by words. Apparently, we express our emotions and attitudes more nonverbally than verbally.
Nonverbal communication expresses meaning or feeling without words. Basic emotions, such as happiness, fear, and sadness, are expressed in a similar nonverbal way all over the world. There are, however, nonverbal differences across cultures that foreigners may not understand.
I love to travel.Over the years, I have visited many different countries, some of them more than once. I enjoy meeting people and listening to their ideas on various subjects. One thing that I always find very interesting is the fact that people's ideas of what is common sense vary greatly from country to country.
Each of us grows up in his or her own culture and comes to feel that certain things are 'logical' as a result of the training we receive at home and at school. When we go abroad, however, we are often shocked to find that what we think is reasonable does not always seem so to other people. Their attitudes and ways of thinking are different. It is very important to remember that ours is not the only way of looking at things. If we forget this, we will become the victims of culture shock. Although I know this, I must confess that I have been surprised on more than one occasion.
One of my favourite countries is Spain. What I enjoy about being in this country is the very relaxed attitude of the people. There have been times, however, when I have found this attitude almost too relaxed.
I can remember one occasion when I was staying with my wife and children in a small pension in the province of Almeria in the south-east corner of Spain. This is a very hot area in summer and, indeed, parts of it are so dry that they have been used as the location for several 'spaghetti' westerns.
The first morning there I decided to take a shower. At first I only turned on the cold tap, but the water was so cold that I tried to mix in some hot water by opening the hot tap a little. There was no change whatsoever. I dried my self, went to the manager and told him that the hot tap was not working.
"I know, sir," he replied. "We don't need hot water in such a hot climate as this."
"If you don't have hot water, why do you have a hot and a cold tap?" I asked with English logic.
"Have you ever seen a bath without two taps, sir?" he asked with unanswerable Spanish logic.
Then he added, obviously trying to humour this strange Englishman, "If you would like a warm shower, sir, you should take one at three or four in the afternoon." "Why is the water warmer then?" I asked. "Because the water pipes are not buried deep in the ground, and the water in the pipes is warmed by the sun."
I don't know why, but I always find myself coming to this bakery. Isn't it because of the smell of the bread? Well, no, I think it's because the man working here is so good-looking. oh, he is my brother. He will be very glad to hear that. 以上です
Mary is a romantic. Candlelight dinners, flowers and thoughtful gifts represent love and affection to her. She loved Francis, and could think of no better way to show her affection than to send him flowers and buy him gifts. She spent hours shopping for him, and could not understand why he doubted her love. The problem was that Francis was so overwhelmed with his new business that he did not have the time or energy to focus on Mary's flowers and gifts. They weren't important to him. What he really needed and wanted from Mary was for her to help him handle some of the demands of his business. He would ask her to nln an errand or make a phone call, and she would “forget," or say “I thought it could wait" or “I just didn't get to it. "As the days, weeks and months passed, Francis became more and more direct about his needs. The more he complained about Mary's lack of attention, the more flowers and gifts he received.
If Mary had just listened to what Francis equated with caring and concern, and had spent a fraction of the time helping relieve his work-related stress that she did shopping for flowers and gifts, Francis would have been overwhelmed by her thoughtfulness. Mary never did tune into the messages that Francis broadcast; and never appreciated that her view of how to show sympathy and attentiveness, no matter how well intended, was not shared by him. Eventually Francis became convinced that Mary didn't really care about him, and never would, and ended the relationship. If you want to be perceived as caring by people who are overwhelmed by a pressing deadline at work, bring them dinner to eat at their desks. Don't tell them what they really need is to take a break and go out to dinner with you. That's not what they want. It's what you want. If you force them to go along with your program, chances are they won't see you as caring at all, but rather as insensitive and unsympathetic. Your effort to be perceived as a kind and compassionate person will fail because that is really not how you have behaved. Kind, compassionate and sensitive people learn to detect what others value, and to deliver it. This requires attention to others' needs, and disregard for what you believe will make you appear caring. Ask questions. Listen carefully. Provide others what they want. When you show someone that you listen, and respond, your caring actions will carry twice the weight.
Why does the Leaning Tower of Pisa in Italy lean? It leans because of a mistake. The tower has leaned almost since the day it was built. In 1173, the people of Pisa, italy, wanted to build a bell tower. They wanted the tower to be the most beautiful bell tower in all of Italy. The city also needed a bell tower because the church did not have one. However, there was a problem. As soon as the first floor of the building was finished, the tower started to lean. Builders tried to make the building straight again as they added more floors, but they could'nt figure out how to make it stop leaning. It took almost 180 years to finish the tower. Since then, the tower has leaned by another millimeter every year. Today, the Leaning Tower has eight floors and is 54.5 meters tall. By 1990, it was leaning by about 4 meters to one side. It was also slowly sinking into the ground. Many people became worried that it would soon fall apart. In 1998, repair works began on the tower, and by the end of 2001, it had been moved back by 45 centimeters. The tower will still lean, however, so it will need to be repaired again-in another 200 years.
You might have heard the phrase ‘work sharing.’ How about ‘job sharing’? Some researchers distinguish between the two concepts, giving a positive connotation to job sharing and a negative connotation to work sharing. But what exactly is the difference?
With work sharing, work is shared between two or more people, usually because of a Company’s financial situation. The system is often used in a company that is experiencing serious problems. Instead of paying full salaries to all employees, or letting Some workers go, the employees share the work, and share reduced salaries as well. The system is most often accepted in non-professional areas of employment. In times of economic recession in particular, it is better for employees to have reduced hours and reduced salaries than to be fired altogether. The term ‘work sharing’ sounds better and more positive than ‘wage cut’
Job sharing is generally used in the more highly skilled and professional areas of employment, where levels of responsibility are higher. The word ‘job’ sounds more professional than ‘work.’ Professional women with children to raise often choose this type of employment. They regard it as a transition period before returning to full-time employment. Some people -both men and women- choose this type of employment because they have other pursuits. They want more free time to do another job, or to devote to their hobby or family, for example. Companies don’t want their skilled employees to retire completely. When the demands of employees and employers correspond, this type of employment is a good option.
Full-time employment may not be the standard anymore. Employment styles vary according to a company’s financial condition and employee needs and demands. When choosing a job or career, or when hiring new employees, we should think about what is best for ourselves.
Then what does 'Everest' mean? 'Everest' comes from the name of a Briton,George Everest. He was the head of the Survey Department in India from 1830 to 1843. At that time Britain was a great power in the world. In 11852 the Department found that the mountain was the highest in the world. They named it Mt Everest in honor of George Everest. Thus the name Everest has spread all over the world. There is another example like this. A huge rock in the central part of Australia is called 'Ayers Rock'. It was named after Henry Ayes. He was a public official from Britain and became the premier of South Australia. Aboriginal people in Australia have called the rock 'Uluru', the Great Pebble'. Now, more Australians have started calling the rock 'Uliru'.
When you compare new world maps with old ones, you notice that some of the place names were changed. Look at the maps on the next page. The map above is an old map, and the one below is a new one. The new map was printed in1998. You see the name of 'Bomday' on the old map. The map makers had used that name until 1997. But since 1998 they have used 'Mumdai' too. Also they have used both 'Chennai' and 'Madras'. 'Mumdai' and 'Chennai' sound like the original names, so they are now used on new maps. About 4,000 names on the world map are going to be changed into the original names. Why d people want to go back to original names? Because original names are important to them. Original names reflect their way of life-their culture.
In the case of personal names things may be different from place names, but, in one way they are the same. Both of them reflect the identity of the people and their culture. Let's take the case of the order of Japanese family and given names when we speak or write English. We can call ourselves, for example, either Suzuki Taro or Taro Suzuki. Until some years ago many Japanese people had called themselves in the latter way, that is, in the English order. They thought they should keep the English order when they used English. But now more and more people think we should adopt the Japanese order to show our identity. Koreans and Chinese have long used their original order. Which would you prefer, Japanese order or English order.
Since the day when Millie introduced Margaret to Ruth, the two old ladies have sat together over the keyboard hundreds of times. Their music has pleased audiences on TV, at churches and schools,and at rehabilitation and senior citizen centers. On the piano bench,more than music has been shared by these two. They have found out that they have more in common than they ever dreamed--both are grandmothers and windows,and both have lost sons. More importantly,each has much to give but neither can give it without the other. One day,sharing that piano bench, Ruth heard Margaret say,"My music was taken away,but God gave me Ruth." And clearly some of Magaret's faith has rubbed off on Ruth as they've sat side by side these past five years, because Ruth is now saying,"It was a miracle that brought us together." They now call themselves Ebony and Ivory.
Shah Jahan built the Taj Mahal in Agra, India, in the 1600s. He wanted to make a beautiful place where he could bury his wife. Mumtaz Mahal was one of Shah Jahan's wives, but he loved her the most. After Mumtaz Mahal died, the Shah built for her the Taj Mahal, a beautiful building made of white marble and covered by a round white roof. It took twenty-two years to complete all of the work on the Taj Mahal. Today, it is one of the most famous things to see in India. The Jumna River runs beside the north wall of the Taj Mahal, and a smaller river runs through a beautiful garden that grows inside the building. People who study history have found out that Shah Jahan was also a cruel man. After the Taj Mahal was completed, Shah Jahan killed the man who made the Taj Mahal because he did not want him to ever build anything more beautiful than the Taj Mahal. The Shah also cut off the hands of all of the artists who took part in building the Taj Mahal. As for Shah Jahan, when he died he was also buried in the Taj Mahal, next to his wife.
The ages of 16 and 17 were the turning point of his life. Two important things happened to him. The first was that he met Paul McCartney at a concert. John had already formed a band and played locally, but the meeting with Paul led the two young men to create a new band, the Beatles. Second, his mother was killed in a car accident. At that time, they lived separately but were planning to live together again. His mother's death left him starving for love. A few years after John and Paul formed the Beatles in 1960, everything started to go all right. In 1964, the Beatles became a very successful rock group internationally. John was busy traveling around the world. He thought he had finally found what he really wanted to do. But he gradually became dissatisfied with his success. He said to himself, "Something important is lacking. I wish I were different from what I am."
Although always surrounded by screaming fans, John Lennon felt insecure. He even said to his friends, "I feel as if I were a lost child." He needed someone's help. He expressed this feeling in his song, "Help!". In another song, " Nowhere Man", he described himself as a man who didn't know how to fit into society. For him, the ages from 16 to 29 were hard times. Later he said, "I was a rebel when I was young, but I wanted to be loved and accepted. I wanted to belong to something, but I couldn't. Many teenagers go through the same struggle to grow up." In "Nowhere Man" he sang, "Knows not where he's going to.Isn't he a bit like you and me?", the message of which was " Don't worry. We all have the same problems.Let's keep hope alive."
It is very hard to feel sorry for tobacco companies, but I felt a bit of sympathy when Brown and Williamson, a subsidiary of British American Tobacco, was held responsible by a Florida jury for the lung cancer contracted by a 65-year-old man named Grady Carter, who used to smoke Lucky Strike until he finally admitted that they had not been so lucky for him.
Mr Carter and I have something in common. According to the Wall Street Journal, he told the court: "I liked to smoke. I liked the taste, and I didn't like how I felt when I was not smoking." Carter's counsel found an internal memorandum from a lawyer employed by Brown and Williamson which explained why we both felt the way we did: "Nicotine is addictive,"he wrote as long ago as 1963. "We are, then, in the business of selling nicotine, an addictive drug effective for the relief of stress."
I started smoking in the Boy Scouts in the mists of time, starting with Woodbines and graduating to Capstan Full Sterngth before settling down to cigarettes with filter tips to relieve my own stress, and I vividly remember the day in 1984 when I quit for the second and last time. I bought a walkman and a tape of an Italian opera to try to take my mind off tobacco.
"Stankard at the University of Pennsylevania worked with twins, He found that environment and diet had little impact compared with that of their genes. He concluded that that since genes are so important, those lacking in willpower are blaming themselvess needlessly for not being able to see their toes when they bend over." "How does Stunkerd feel about buttered garlic bread?" "I'm sure he's not against it. It's quite possible a person's gens tell him when he should or should not eat bread. Bouchard of Laval University in Quebec worked with twins as well and came to the some same conclution." "Which is?" "When you're fat, relax and enjoy it." "Overeaters owe a lot to Stunkard and Bouchard." I said. "I wonder what it would mean to them if I ate this piece of chocolate layer cake instead of these string beans with lemon juice on them" "They'd probubly have a hard time telling you what it meant, unless you had a twin brother in a diner across town." "I think it would be wonderfull if everyone in the world had genes that could burn up all their caloriesinstead of turning them into fat."
どなたかお願いいたします。 Jarred into action by the Asian tunami catastrophe, the health ministry plans to loosen regulations to allow medical staff from overseas to receive hands-on emergency training at medical institutions nationwide. Under the Ministry of Health,Labor and Welfare plan,licensed nurses and certified paramedics from overseas will be able to gain on-the-job training in addition to classroom studies. At present,students from abroad can only observe procedures at medical institutions,but not participate.
The Dec.26 quake-induced tsunami off Sumatora spotlighted the need for greater emergency-response training throughout the region. Initial calls for deregulation came following the Great Hanshin Earthquake that left more than 6400 people dead in 1995. The Hyougo prefectural government urged the central government to ease restrictions on foreign students to allow the prefecture to offer them more practical training.
The reason I quit was that I knew, no matter what the propaganda put out by the tobacco companies said, that cigarettes were killing me. I had friends who had died of lung cancer to prove it.
I began to smoke, and I gave it up, entirely of my own free will. So did Mr Carter, and the reason why I felt a moment of sympathy for Brown and Willamson was that he was being awarded $750,000 damages even though he had known that smoking was harmful to his health.
But I didn't feel sorry for long. Apparently, the jury found against Brown and Williamson because of convincing evidence that, for years after their own research had proved conclusively that smoking causes cancer, they - like all other tobacco companies - went on denying the link.
Team sports are highly popular in Britain , both to play and to watch . By far the most popular is football , which is played from August to May . The famous teams such as Chelsea Manchester United , Liverpool and Arsenal in England , and Rangers and Celtic in Scotland , attract tens of thousands of spectators every Saturday and draw huge television audiences . Top footballers , such as Michael Owen and David Beckham are wealthy men . Football is also influential : the presence of so many black players in the game will , it is hoped , help to reduce racism , and the presence of so many foreign players and coaches , most notably in recent years the enigmatic Frenchman Eric Cantona , is part of Britain's growing links with Europe . The English national sport is cricket , a game which to some extent resembles baseball , and which is played from April to September . It is avery slow game : amateur games take a whole day , professional games require four days , and international matches can last five days . Most people have strong feelings about cricket , either loving it or hating it . Few people from non-cricketing countries ever learn to like it . The image of cricket players , dressed in white , playing cricket on the grass of a village green in the sun of a summer afternoon , has a powerful nostalgic effect on many English people , however .
Many other sports are popular , notably rugby , golf and tennis , though the most popular sport , if it is a aport , is walking . Many people , particularly men , join sports club and play every Saturday and Sunday during the season . This creates‘grass widows’, women who do not see their husbands much in the week because they are working , and also do not see them much at weekends because they go out to play sport and then go drinking with their team-mates . Many men also spend Saturday afternoon watching sport on television : from noon to five , the BBC shows sport continuously .
[Sport in Schools] Sport in schools has long been regarded as essential , part of the development of mens sana in corpore sano , a healthy mind in a healthy body . The hope was that physical exercise would lead to physical fitness , and encourage physical toughness and endurance . All schools have PE lessons . Many schools also encourage team sports in the hope of developing teamwork , encouraging competitiveness and a sense of fair play , and building the ability to be a gracious winner and a good loser , all qualities necessary in life . This hope has suffered some setbacks recently . First the large amount of money at stake in professional sports means that fair play and good losers are rarely seen among professionals , a poor role model for young people (though Gary Lineker , now a TV sports announcer , was a famous exception) . Second , many schools in the cities can no longer afford to have sports fields , so team games are played less often . Third , a few people object to competitive sports , saying that we should encourage cooperation , not competition . For these and no doubt other reasons , young people are becoming less fit and more overweight year by year .
[Sport , Class and Regions] Class is everywhere in sport . Let us look at some examples . Football is a working class sport , both among players and spectators ; it is also very male (unlike in Brazil or Italy) , and some feminists mistrust any man who likes football , thinking he must be a vulgar sexist beer drinker . Certainly football does attract hooligans , and British football hooligans are the most notorious in Europe , but they are a small minority . There is a feeling that educated , intelligent people should not like football . Regional differences are reinforced by the fact that England and Scotland have separate football leagues , and by the existence of five national teams in the British Isles : England , Scotland , Wales , Northern Ireland and Ireland (England qualified for the 2006 World Cup) .
Cricket is a very English sport , played mostly in the south , where it is very middle class , but also in the north , where it is much more working class as well ; it is not popular in Scotland . Powerful people are very interested in cricket and will often listen to the radio at work to hear the latest score . Cricket remains a link with many former colonies , being popular in Australia , New Zealand , Pakistan , Sri Lanka , Bangladesh , The West Indies , Zimbabwe and South Africa . Indeed , cricket in England is controlled by conservative older men , who remain convinced that the British empire was beneficial for the world .
There are two forms of rugby . Rugby Union , played by teams of 15 players , was until recently amateur and there was great stress on gentlemanly behaviour . In England it is mostly played in the south and is middle class . In Wales and Scotland it is popular with all classes , with the Welsh , in particular , being passionate about it , especially when Wales play England . Rugby is also popular in Ireland , which interestingly has one team for the whole of Ireland , north and south . Rugby League , played by teams of 13 players , has long been professional , is played in the north of England and is working class .
Horse racing is loved by many of the upper class , including the queen , who owns many racehorses , and by the working class , who enjoy going to the races and betting on the results . Golf is rather expensive in England , but often remarkably cheap in its home country , Scotland , where there are often municipal courses and a round of golf may only cost a few pounds (to the delight of visiting Japanese businessmen) .
[Hunting and Fishing] Hunting is a popular sport in the countryside . Some people have a shotgun and shoot birds and rabbits for food . This can be cheap , but it can also be extremely expensive : some landowners have moors , high treeless ground covered in heather , where they raise a species of bird called grouse . To shoot these can cost £1,000 per day . Another form of hunting is hare coursing , using beagles to chase and kill hares . But the most controversial form of hunting is foxhunting . This involves people on horses and a large pack of hounds chasing and killing a fox . Many people , mostly middle class city dwellers , say that this is extremely cruel , as the terrified fox is chased for miles across the countryside and finally torn to pieces by the dogs . Hunters , mainly upper class country dwellers , say that it is a traditional sport , that it is necessary to control the fox population , and that the fox is killed instantly once it is caught . Hunting to hounds is now illegal , but it seems that it will be very difficult , if not impossible , to enforce the law .
Some people say that fishing , a highly popular sport , is also cruel and should be banned . This idea has attracted less support , perhaps because most people either like fishing or have friends who do ; and because fishing is not associated just with the upper class , as hunting is . Many working people in the cities enjoy fishing . これで全部です。よろしくお願いいたします。
In some ways, the dies of the inhabitants in the 3 regions are quite different. Hunzukuts eat mainly raw vegetables, fruits (especially apricots), and chapattis – a kind of pancake; they eat meat only a few times a year. In contrast, the Caucasian diet consists mainly of milk, cheese, vegetables, fruit, and meat; also, most people there drink the local red wine daily. In Vilcabamba, people eat only a small amount of meat each people eat only a small amount of meat each week; Their diet consists mostly of grain, corn, beans, potatoes, and fruit. Even so, experts found one surprising fact in the mountains of Ecuador: most people there, even the very old, consume a lot of coffee, drink large amounts of alcohol, and smoke 40 to 60 cigarettes daily! However, the typical diets of the 3 areas similar in 3 general ways: (1)The fruits and vegetables natural; that is, they contain no preservatives or other chemicals. (2)Furthermore, the population uses traditional herbs and medicines to prevent and cure disease. (3)The inhabitants consume fewer calories than people do in other parts of the world. (4)A typical North American eats and drinks an average of 3,300 calories every day, while typical inhabitant of these mountainous areas takes in between 1,700 and 2,000 calories.
Inhabitants in the 3 regions have more in common than their mountain environment, their distance from modern cities, and their low-calorie natural diets. Because they live in the countryside and are mostly farmers, their lives are physically hard and extremely active. Therefore, they do not need to try to exercise. In addition, the population does not seem to have the stress of fact city work and recreation. As a result, people’s lives are relatively free from worry – and therefore, illness or other health problems. Thus, some experts believe that physical movement and a stress-free environment might be the 2 most important secrets of longevity. An additional health advantage of life in these long-lived communities may be the extended family structure: the group takes care of its members from birth to death. Nevertheless, some doctors theorize that members of especially long-lived populations have only one thing in common: they don’t have valid official government birth records. These health scientists think there is a natural limit to the length of human life; in their theories, it is impossible to reach an age of more than 110 years or so. Therefore, they say, claims of unusual longevity in certain groups are probably false.
How Can I Get to the Post Office? I have a special rule for travel: Never carry a map. I prefer to ask for directions. Sometimes I get lost, but I usually have a good time. And there are some other advantages: I can practice a new language, meet new people, learn new customs, and the like. I l earn about different “styles” of directions every time I ask, “ How can I get to the post the office?” Here are some illustrations of those differences. Tourists are often confused in Japan. That’s because most streets there don’t have names. Outside big cities, people most often use landmarks in their directions. For example, the Japanese might tell travelers something like this: “Go straight down to the corner. Turn left at the big hotel with the sushi bar and go past the fruit market. The post office is across from the bus stop – next fast food fried chicken place.”
In the U.S.A, people might give directions in different ways according to their region or community. In the countryside of the American Midwest, for example, there are not usually many landmarks. There are no mountains, so the land is very flat; in many places there are no towns or buildings for miles. Instead of landmarks, residents of the flatlands will tell you directions (like north, south, east, and west) and distances, like 2 miles. In the states of Kansas or Iowa, for instance, people will say things such as, “Take this road here. Go straight north for 2 miles. Make a right turn, and then go another mile in a northeast direction. Keep to the left around the curve. The merge with Local Route 12.” In most cities, however, people will name the streets, number of blocks, even the number of stoplights or stop signs. People in towns or cities might say, “Go straight for 5 blocks. Turn left at Main Street. Go to the 3rd stoplight and turn right. That’s Sixth Street. The post office is 2 blocks up on your left.”
Many people around the world can get street directions on the Internet. People in Canada, the U.S.A, and many European countries can go to a website to get directions. They enter (type in) a start point and an end point for their trip. Then they get instructions like these: “Take I-40 (the Interstate Highway) 26 miles. “Go straight (East).” “Enter Texas.” “Keep left (Northwest) 8.7 miles” “Turn right.” “Merge onto Turner Turnpike.” “At Exit 5B, take Ramp (RIGHT) towards Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.” They print out these directions and carry the papers with them, sometimes with a map. Without a computer printout, on the other hand, some people in L.A, California, may have no idea of distance on the map. Residents of this Pacific coast area re almost always in their cars, so they measure distance in time. “How far away is the post office?” you ask. “Oh,” they measure might answer, ”I guess it’s about 5 minutes from her.” You say, “Yes, but how many miles away is it – or how many kilometers or blocks?” They rarely know – or they can seldom say. Sometimes, people in the Greek do not even try to give directions; That’s because tourists seldom understand the Greek language. Instead, a Greek person may motion or gesture or say, “Follow me.” Then that parson will lead you through the streets of a city to the post office.
What if a person doesn’t know the answer to your question about the location of a place? A N.Y might say, “Sorry, I have no idea” and walk away quickly. But in Yucatan, Mexico, not many residents answer, “I don’t know.” People in Yucatan may believe that a quick “I don’t know” is impolite. They might stay and talk to you – and usually they’ll try to give an answer, sometimes a wrong one. A tourist without a good sense of direction can get very, very lost in this southern region! One thing will help you everywhere – in Japan, the U.S, Greece, Mexico, or any other place. You might not understand a person’s words, but you can probably understand the body language – like facial expressions, gestures, movements, and so on. He or she will usually turn and then point his or her finger in a particular direction. Go in that direction and you’ll find the post office – maybe!
Lesson4 part2 11行目〜 p35〜p36 (1)If smell is so powerful, say store owners, then maybe it can also help sell. Therefore, businesses have begun spending thousands of dollars to scent entire stores. Fake scents are being used to lead customers by the nose. These scents help get people inside and put them in the mood to buy. They even make customers remember the store later, so they’ll come back. Some business people predict that,in 10 years,store scents will be as common as the soft music that stores often play to put shoppers in a good mood.
Lesson4 part3 1行目〜 p36 (2)Dr.Alan Hirsch, who designs scents for businesses, says that it doesn’t take a whole lot of smell to affect you. Store owners can lure you to the cake section ----even if you don’t realize you’re smelling cake.
Lesson4 part4 1行目〜 p37 One bank, for example, gives customers coupons advertising car loans. To get people to take out a loan, the bank hopes to scent these coupons with the fresh smell of a new car. What lies ahead of our noses? Scent scientists are working on some outrageous ideas. Would you believe computers that produce smells? Or how about smell-based diets? Certain food smells will fool your stomach into thinking it’s full. Doctors are thinking seriously about using smells to help cure patients. Scientists may even use smells to help students pay more attention in class.
Now what are the misunderstandings between them? In the case of "sumimasen,"usually when a Japanese hears this apology, he or she will respond by saying,"No,no,I should apologize to you." In order words,apologizing is a way for Japanese people to maintain good human relationships when there is a problem. On the other hand,Americans only apologize when it's obvious that the fault is theirs. They don't use "I'm sorry" just to smooth human relationships regardless of who is to blame. Some of us may feel irritated at their making excuses,but to them an apology is an admission of responsibility. Americans usually try to express themselves on the basis of how they judge the correctness of their individual behavior.
With an emphasis on convenient, healthy food, sushi has become a popular food for parties, events, and dining out. Everyone can choose their favorite, and everyone can eat as much, or as little, as they like. It took a while, but it seems now that sushi is an accepted English word. But “raw fish” still sounds unappetizing.
A growing number of people are deciding to change the way they look. In 1997, surgeons performed 2.1 million cosmetic operations in the USA. Seven years later, in 2004, that number jumped to 8.3 million. It seems that facelifts, double eyelid operations or nose fixes have become quite routine. Now people want to improve their bodies from head to toe.
Most of the new patients for cosmetic treatments and surgery are young professionals-people in their 20s and 30s appearance. They want to look like the models they see in magazines, or like the pop and movie stars on TV. A popular first step is a course of Botox injections. An injection in the forehead and around the eyes loosens the muscles for several weeks and magically “removes” wrinkles. Another popular treatment is to fill out lip and facial lines by injecting a substance called Restylane under the skin.
More serious reshaping is now available. “In recent years there have been great advances in body contouring,” says plastic surgeon Dr. Barry M. Jones. “We are able to use liposuction or liposculpture as we sometimes call it, to change people’s body shapes. This procedure removes fat from one part of the body and places it in another. For example, you can augment or decrease your bottom and breast sizes. We encourage our patients to combine more than one procedure in a single operation. This allows us to redistribute fat around the body in the best way.”
These are some of the popular body contouring procedures that Dr. Jones offers at his private clinic: Pectorals (men) Rather than work out in the gym, men can take a short cut and have a silicone implant to make the pectoral muscles look larger. Flabby pectorals can also be reduced by removing fat and excess tissue. Hands People often judge your age by your hands. A simple operation allows surgeons to take fat from your bottom and inject it into your hands to give them a more youthful look. You can also make your hands look better by having bulging veins removed. Buttocks Flat bottoms can be enhanced with a silicon implant to add volume and curves. The implants, specifically designed for this area of the body, are placed just above the sitting area so you never actually put weight on them. Belly button An operation can turn your bulging belly button into an inward-facing one, like Britney Spears. Toes Long second and third toes can be shortened, and crooked fourth and fifth toes can be straightened. Cosmetic surgery is not for everyone. Although Tina Cutler, an architect from Balitimore, Us, has tried Botox, she has no desire to have her body reshaped. “I would hate to have any surgery on my body. I think we should concentrate on our good points and not worry about changing anything. You start by hanging the shape of your nose. Next you change your toes. And then where do you stop?”
[move2] Lesson6 While the language barrier is relatively easy to define and therefore perhaps to deal .wlth, a.nother barrier in Japan's relationship with the outside world is more amorphous, subtle, and therefore probably more diflicult to overcome. The barrier I have in mind is the Japanese sense of being somehow a separate people of being unique. The line between the "we" of the Japanese as a national group and the "they" of the rest of mankind seems to be sharper for them than for most people who particilpate in international life. They appear to have a greater feeling of being together and a correspondingly stronger sense of their difference from others. These attitudes are not surprising. They are probably a natural product of Japan's distinctive language, its ,relative isolation geographically and throughout early history, and its unique position in modern times as the one major industrialized coul try.that is not of Western cultural background or the white race the country that does ngt quite fit into either the Western or Eastern worlds. It also probably ,derives from the elnphasis throughout Japanese society on group identificati6n. The line between those inside and outside any group has always been sharply drawn, and the biggest and most important group is the Japanese people themselves.
Nationalism is seen throughout the world and quite naturally is particularly strong among nevLT and developing nations not very sure of their own identity. Unconscious racial and cultural arrogance and contempt for others is notice- able throughout the West. Chinese feelings of cultural superiority are strong and deep-rooted, deriving from a three-thousand-year tradition. But the Japanese sense of distinctiveness not necessarily of superiority or even of nation- ' alism but ofjust being different is itself very distinct.
To improve the situation, Americans should realize that "sumimasen" is an expression whose meaning is not quite the same as "I'm sorry."It dose not necessarily mean the speaker is completely acknowledging his or her fault. Japanese, for their part, should not feel irritated when Americans do not apologize. Let them finish their explanations first. Then point out the problem with their arguments logically and suggest ways of solving the problem. If we take the time to understand the way people in another culture express their ideas, we can get a richer view of life. It dose not mean that we have to change our culture. It means that we need to think in different ways than we are used to when we deal with people from outside our culture. We need flexibility and patience. That's the secret to working with other cultures and the fruit is a greater understanding of people.
ジーニアスII P52 53 お願いします P52 I thought of the bank near the university campus. I went to the manager and suggested that he lend money to the poor people in the village that I met. He nearly fell out of his chair. ''You are crazy. It's impossible. How can you lend money to the poor people? They are not creditworthy''
P53
Finally,I offered myself as a guarantor. The bank gives me the money and I take the money and give it to the people I want to give to. The bankers warned me repeatedly that the poor people who received the money would never pay me back. I said ''I'll take a chance.'' The surprising thing was, the people who got the loans were paying every penny back. Every penny of the money was returned. I got very excited, and went to the bank manager, and said, ''Look, they pay the money back. There's no problem. Why shouldn't you give?'' He said, ''No, they're just fooling you. Soon they'll take more money and never give it back.'' The bank manager and his colleagues were trained to believe that poor people were not creditworthy.
Changes in the reproduction, transmission, storage, and reception of information in the last twenty-five years have created an Information Revolution during the last decade of the twentieth century. In certain ways, the Information Revolution holds out the same promises and hopes as did the Industrial Revolution in the nineteenth century and the various political revolutions which transformed Europe during the eighteen century. In each of these revolutions, more people had greater access to either information, manufactured products, or political leaders of their choice. In each revolution, the hope was that racial, class, and economic differences might be reduced or even entirely disappear.
The new informational technologies promise user participation. But this kind of participation by the general population is not welcomed in every country. Just as newspaper were banned and censored during the French Revolution, so many countries world seek to limit the access of the general public to information which might disturb social harmony or economic development.
In some countries, their governments have banned satellite broadcasts or prevented the people from owning satellite antennas for the reception of foreign news broadcasts. In these countries, governments wish to maintain control over all information because they prefer social stability to any new information which may cause political rebellion among the people.
And even in democratic countries, the Information Revolution is not entirely welcomed. Instead of bringing people together in communities with similar interests, the Information Revolution has benefited the solitary individual, alone in front of his computer's video screen. Whereas previously individuals had shared experiences like rock concerts, baseball games, year-end parties, and other forms of group experiences of information, the Information Revolution really reduces the need for social participation. The private individual in the solitude of his own home is able to shop, reserve an airline ticket, or seek a companion for the evening without ever meeting another person.
If the political revolutions of the eighteenth century produced the lonely terrorist in prison, and the Industrial Revolution produced the solitary worker at his weaving machine, the Information Revolution has produced the lonely viewer who spends hours alone in front of a computer's display screen. And, as was true of the other "revolutions," the Information Revolution may damage health: wrist pain and eye fatigue are two physical illnesses which have increased as a result of increased time spent by workers looking at video panels.
Thus the Information Revolution, though it initially held out the hope of greater public participation in and access to historical data, stored information, cultural achievement, or entertainment, may, like other economic and political revolutions, disappoint those who expected to benefit from its promised technological innovations. As with so many "revolutions" in history, what is delivered is considerably less than what was originally promised by its pioneers.
>>489 さて彼らの間の誤解は何だろう? 「すみません」の場合は、日本人はこの謝罪を聞くときにたいてい、「いやい や。私があなたに謝罪すべきです」と反応するだろう。 つまり謝罪は日本人にとって問題があるときに、良好な人間関係を維持する ための方法なのである。 他方、米国人は責任が自分にあるとはっきりしているときだけに謝罪する。 彼らは誰の責任か関係なく、人間関係を円滑にするためだけに「ごめんなさい」 とはいわない。 私たちの一部は彼らの言い訳を聞くとイライラするかもしれないが、彼らに とって謝罪は責任を認めたことなのである。 Americans usually try to express themselves on the basis of how they judge the correctness of their individual behavior. 米国人は彼らの個人的な行動の正しさをどう判断するかに基づいて、自分を 表現するのが普通である。
A dietary supplement is a product taken orally that contains a "nutritional ingredient" intended to make our overall diet healthier. The "nutritional ingredients" in these products may include: vitamins, minerals herbs or other botanicals, amino acids, as well as various other substances. Dietary supplements can also be extracts or concentrates, and may be found in many forms such as tablets, capsules, gelcaps, liquids, or powders. Whatever their form, dietary supplements are placed in a special category under the general umbrella of "foods," not drugs, which requires that every such product be labeled specifically as a supplement. The label "dietary supplement" means that a product is not offered for use as a conventional food or as the sole item of a meal or weight loss program.
The recent boom in health and preventive medicine has resulted in a large increase in the sale of dietary supplements. These products are sold in grocery, health food, drug, and discount stores, as well as through mail- order catalogs, on TV infomercials, and over the Internet. Supplements are taken by many people for a variety of reasons. Some take them fortheir health; some just as a vitamin or mineral "supplement" to prevent colds or osteoporosis; some as an immune system booster. Unfortunately, many people assume that they will stay healthy as long as they take enoughdietary supplements. Swallowing a vitamin C tablet for breakfast hasbecome a routine among the so-called health conscious. But as the market for supplements has increased, so have the risks.
Dietary supplements are important for improving a diet that lacks balance. And there is now overwhelming evidence that these vitamins and minerals do produce their desired effects, like strengthening theimmune system, or preventing cancer and various diseases. But ironically, health-minded people who take large doses of certain vitamins and minerals over a long period actually risk permanently damaging their health. According to Britain's Food Standards Agency, most vitamins and minerals are safe if they are taken in doses that don't exceed recommended limits. However, if taken in excess, they can cause side effects. For example, high levels of vitamin B6 in the body have been linked to nerve damage, memory loss and loss of balance. Consumption of more than 1,OOO milligrams of vitamin C a day could lead to kidney stones and stomach problems, including diarrhea and gas.
It is unwise to replace your regular meals with supplements, nor is it a good idea to take too many of them. After all, a balanced diet provides all the nutritional. requirements for a healthy person. Quite simply, dietarysupplements are not a whole food, but just "supplements." Just as the label says.
More than 90% of people want to keep the English countryside exactly the way it is; but this will not be possible, the Countryside Agency warned on Wednesday. There is a widespread lack of understanding of the huge forces, some of them global, that will inevitably cause the countryside to change, bringing in new houses, new crops, and new industries, the agency said.
The report outlines how the countryside might develop by 2020. What is not in doubt is that it will certainly change, said the agency's chief executive, Rechard Wakeford. The poll show that 91% of respondents, in urban and rural areas, want the countryside to stay as it is. Mr.Wakeford and the agency's chairperson, Sir Ewan Cameron, agreed the figure was remarkably high, and that it meant an old-fashioned view of the countryside was deeply rooted in people's minds. Yet both thought the view inappropriate; Sir Ewan saying that it showed naivety, and Mr.Wakeford, that people were deceiving themselves. The latter said: "The conclusion we draw from this figure is that people don't have a full understanding- and it's an understanding they need to have- about the impact of social forces on the countryside."
People feel the countryside has ot enough houses in it, and they don't want to see any more there; but what they have to come to terms with, Mr.Wakeford explained, are the factors in society which are creating the pressure for such houses to be built. Although future housing figures were theoretical, Mr.Wakeford said: "On a reasonable assumption, we're talking about something like a million new homes in towns and villages over 20 to 25 years. That's result of the way society is shaping itself, by the life decisions we take, by living longer, by living in smaller households, and so on." It was also driven, he said, by people's desires to live in the countryside as an environment perceived as healthier, a better place to bring up children, with more community spirit, and less crime.
If we don't build sufficient new homes, Mr.Wakeford warned, the result will be to push up house prices, make the countryside accessible only to wealthier people, and make community life much more challenging for those who are less well off in the countryside, creating a kind of divided society. Mr.Wakeford said there would also be changes in farming practice, with new crop such as those used for biomass energy production, and perhaps many more wind farms, as Britain moved towards renewable energy. Sir Ewan pointed out that not changing was not an option. We ought to have a vision, he said, that can accept that certain trends are going to happen.
We have all learned in school that the Edo era in Japan had a Rigid status system known as ‘shi-no-ko-sho (warrior, peasant, craftsman, merchant).’ However, in reality, the warrior (bushi) rank was also strictly stratified, and all kinds of troubles came from that reality. According to one historian, the warrior class was divided into three ranks: higher, middle and lower.
The higher rank was called ‘samurai.’ Their status was hereditary. Because their status and property were guaranteed, they married Young (in their early twenties), had many children, and lived long Lives. Their privileged position was hereditary, regardless of their Abilities.
The middle rank was called ‘kachi’ Their status was not hereditary, And any possible successor’s ability as a civil servant was taken into consideration. A son without the ability to read, write, and count could not succeed his father. Members of the kachi rank had to wait until they were at least thirty years old to get married. They were provided with a ‘uniform’ by the local or central government.
The lower rank was called ‘ashigaru’ Most of this rank lived in rural areas and were engaged in agriculture. It was possible for peasants and those from other ranks to be promoted to ‘ashigaru’ status, but it was almost impossible to be promoted above this. Ashigaru were also provided with a ‘uniform.’
According to the above-mentioned historian, the Meiji Restoration resulted from conflict within this warrior society. Europe’s civil wars, on the other hand, resulted from conflict between the ruling society and those ruled. Japanese society today, with its strict social and community classifications, can be seen as an outcome of the old warrior class system.
Everyone knows what biology is because we have all studied it in high school. Literally, it means the study of life. But if you were asked what biotechnology is, what answer would you give? Biotechnology is taking the knowledge that we have from our study of biology and adapting it to our own needs and to those of the earth around us. It means not merely understanding the forces of life, but using those same forces to improve our own surroundings. Such a statement sounds very vague. More specifically, biotechnology is applying industrial know-how to biological functions in order to achieve certain goals on a large scale. For example, we can use our knowledge to take vegetables and grow larger ones which have more nutrition and better flavor. In other words, we can improve on nature. Another aspect of biotechnology is called fermentation engineering. Fermentation is the process used in making bread, wine, and various types of whiskey. Through biotechnology we can learn to control this process carefully, so that we can learn to expect the same results every time. There is also medical engineering, which uses an understanding of biological functions to create new medicines.
An important new branch of biotechnology is called genetic engineering. By altering the structure of the DNA of a cell, we can control heredity itself. Theoretically, people could decide in advance what their children are going to look like. In other ways, it may be the solution to finding cures for cancer and for hereditary diseases such as hemophilia. Some people think this is good and others think it is tampering too much with nature. Certainly this knowledge must be used wisely and not foolishly. Perhaps you have heard the word ‘clone’. It is a word which is often heard these days and simply means a copy. One aspect of genetic engineering is called cloning and, theoretically at least, it means the ability to produce identical organisms in quantity. Perhaps it could be used to produce animals or vegetables for food, but some people are frightened of the idea. They think it could be used to produce unthinking and obedient armies of human robots. They also think it is playing with nature too much. What do you think of genetic engineering? Does it frighten you or amuse you? In what ways do you think it might be dangerous? Do you think it is playing with nature too much?
>>529 国民は田舎には十分な家がないと感じている。そして彼らはそこではもう 見たくないと思っている。 しかし国民が納得しなければならないことは、ワイクフォード氏の説明に よれば、そのような家を建てなければならないという圧力を作り出してい る社会の要因である。将来の住宅の数字は理論的なものであるが、ウェイ ク氏は言った。「合理的な仮定に基づいて、我々は20年から25年のう ちに町や村に100万の新しい家のようなことを話し合っている。それは 社会が我々が取る人生の決定、長生き、家が狭くなったことなどによる社 会の変化の結果である」 それは環境が健康によく、子育てにいい場所で地域意識が高く、犯罪が少 ないところとしての田舎に住みたいという国民の願望によって引き出され たものだと彼は言った。 もし我々がが十分新しい家を建てないならば、ウェイクフォード氏は警告する、 その結果は住宅価格を引き上げ、田舎に行けるのを金持ちだけにし、地域生活 を田舎に住んでいる裕福でない人たちにずっと困難にし、ある種の分断された 社会を生み出すだろう。ウェイクフォード氏が言うには、農業の習慣にも変化 があろうし、 それはバイオマスのエネルギー生産のために使用される新しい 穀物を伴い、そして恐らく英国が再生可能なエネルギーとして推進しているよ り多くの風力農家によってである。 Sir Ewan pointed out that not changing was not an option. サー・エワンは変えないことは選択肢ではないと指摘した。 We ought to have a vision, he said, that can accept that certain trends are going to happen. 我々はある傾向が起きようとしているということを受け入れる見識を持つべきだと言った。
よろしくお願いします。 The result was the disfigurement of huge areas of the north of England by rows and rows of crowded,badly built and unhealthy dwelings,not all of which have disappeared even yet. The second great consequence was the increased importance in economic life of the capitalist. The man with money to invest became far more than ever before the man most likely to achieve power and riches.
1.Altough Japan is a relatively large county, much of the land is mountainous and the remaining arable land is traditionally given over the production of rice. This leaves little room for villages and towns. As a consequence, builodings are designed to take up as little space as possible. Today, Japanese houses and offices are still generally smaller than in the West. Indeed, Japanese homes were once famously compared to rabbit hutches.
2.As a result of the lack of space, the Japanese have become used to the idea of conserving space by folding things away and storing them, a concept that spreads to every part of life. A Westerner entering a traditional Japanese home is often surprised to see very little funiture aprat from tatami mats and closet doors. But inside the closets are stored surprising amounts of everyday items: such as futons, cushions and foldaway tables.
3.The Japanese have developed the skill of efficient storage over the centuries. Eating utensils like bowls and cups are stacked in diminishing sizes. The folding screens used to divide rooms are folded up when not in use. Kimonos are expertly folded into neat squares and put away in specially- designed kimono chests. Furniture, such as chabudai tables and kotatsu heater, are made with foldable legs so that they can be stored neathly. At the end of a festival, paper chochin lanterns can be pressed together from the ends and packed away until they are needed again. 4. Objects that fold are seen in many other areas of Japanese life. Furoshiki are squares of cloth that can be wrapped around an object and used as a bag for carrying the object away. The cloth is folded in different ways depending on the object being carried. When finished with, the handy cloth is folded up and stored. Folding fans(sensu) are another example of Japanese innovation. Long ago, the Japanese used only the rigid, screen fan, invented by the Chinese. In the nineth century, however, the Japanese created a fan that could be folded up and tucked into the kimono. It is said that the inspiration for the folding fan came from a bat's wing!
続き 5. The art of folding has been used to remarkable effect in high-tech applications, too, such as the radio astronomy satellite HALCA. In 1997, HALCA was launched on a rocket by Japan's Institute of Space and Astronautical Science. The radio telescope was designed with a huge parabolic antenna that had a diameter of 10 meters. It used a folding technology so that it would open up to its full size only after it had arrived in space. The antenna was made of a strong, ultra-fine metal netting that could be easily folded. Such a wonderful design truly refects the Japanese genius for folding up and putting away!
4. Objects that fold are seen in many other areas of Japanese life. Furoshiki are squares of cloth that can be wrapped around an object and used as a bag for carrying the object away. The cloth is folded in different ways depending on the object being carried. When finished with, the handy cloth is folded up and stored. Folding fans(sensu) are another example of Japanese innovation. Long ago, the Japanese used only the rigid, screen fan, invented by the Chinese. In the nineth century, however, the Japanese created a fan that could be folded up and tucked into the kimono. It is said that the inspiration for the folding fan came from a bat's wing!
The world's profligate burning of fossil fuels -coal,oil,and natural gas-is releasing so much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere that the resulting"greenhouse effect" could produce a dramatic and disastrous warming of the earth. Some scientists even warn that in the next century the polar ice cap could melt, with the oceans rising and coastal cities flood.
An Assistant secretary of State entered the State Department's kitchen and said, "Old Mother Hubberd, we need five billion bones for East Germany." Mother Hubberd replied, "My cupboard is bare. Hungary cleaned me out last weak." The assistant secratary sounded grim. "Nation after nation is achieving independence, but they can't do it without bones. Hvae you looked carefully?" Mother hubberd told him, "I know a bare shelf when I see one. If I were you, I'd inform the next country asking for bones that it is barking up the wrong tree." "We can't do that," assistant secretary said. "We've been telling the people of every enslaved country that if they break the chains that behind them, we will supply them with everything needed to become a democratic nation." "Look, I just store the bones. I don't make them. Before the White House tells Bulgaria to jump over to our side, they could at least to see how many bones are left in the cupboard."
Is our world becoming a colder and less friendly place? Maybe it is, but Singapore is trying hard to change that. The country has joined the World Kindness Movement. This movement started at a meeting in Tokyo in 1997. Now Japan, Korea, Australia, Canada, the USA, and several other countries belong to the group, which wants to spread kindness around the world. How can people like you and me make life more pleasant for everyone? The Singapore Kindness Movement has some excellent ideas. For example, the group says, wash someone's car as a surprise. At home, try to spend a little time every day with your parents and grandparents. And don't bother your neighbors with loud music turn down your stereo after 10 P.M . At school, invite a new student to share your lunch. Don't throw litter in the streets try to pick up papers and bottles! And finally, don't forget to smile, smile, smile!
【Vivid Reading,P97~98 Lesson 4 Movies―A World of Illusion】 ●Part3●
The use of stunt persons is not a true special effect but it helps in creating an illusion. Stunt persons are professional men and women who can drive fast cars, jump from high places, run into burning buildings, and so many dangerous things that most actors winn not or cannot do. Stunt persons look like and dress like the real actors. When we see the real actor before and after the "stunt," we have the illusion that that actor actually did it. One other basic technique that movie producers use to create illusions is to put into a single film scenes that were shot at different times. For example, you may see passengers enjoying themselves in a railroad car, then see the train hitting another train, then see the passengers crying out in pain in the damaged car. It all happens quickly, but in fact the director will shoot it as three separate scenes, perhaps on separate days. The accident itself may be photographed using models, or it may be real trains with stunt persons in them. The damaged railroan car is a separate set, built to look as nearly as possible like the car in the first scene.
和訳をお願いします。After a two-month recovery ,the pooch was adopted by Colombia's Judicial Police in Medellin and renamed Heroina,a play on the Spanish words for both the illegal narcotic and a heroic female
和訳をお願いします。After a two-month recovery ,the pooch was adopted by Colombia's Judicial Police in Medellin and renamed Heroina,a play on the Spanish words for both the illegal narcotic and a heroic female
こんばんは。先日はありがとうございました。 またお願いできますでしょうか。 宜しくお願い致します。 O・ヘンリー the last leaf後半です。 何回かに分けて投稿させていただきます。
Old Behrman had red eyes and was not very well , but when he heard what Sue had to say , he shouted , " What? Are there people in the world who are so foolish that they would die because leaves drop off an ivy vine? I have never heard of such a thing . No , I will not be a model for you if you are going to be silly . Why don't you stop her thinking like that? Poor little Miss Johnsy."
"She is very ill and weak" said Sue , "and fever has left her mind full of strange ideas . All right , Mr.Behrman , if you don't want to pose for me , you needn't . But I think you are a horrid old - old man."
"You are just like a woman! "shouted Behrman. "Who said I would not pose? Go on . I'll come with you . For half an hour I have been trying to tell you that I will pose. This is not the place for such a good person as Miss Johnsy to lie ill bed. Someday I will paint a masterpiece , and then we shall all go away."
Johnsy was sleeping when they went upstairs . They went into next room and Sue showed Behrman where the ivy was on the wall. Then they looked at each other for a moment without speaking . Cold rain mixed with snow was falling. Behrman , in his old blue shirt , sat down on a kettle,so as to look like a miner on a rock.
When Sue awoke after hour's sleep the next morning , she found Johnsy staring with dull eyes at the closed curtains.
"Open the curtains . I want to see , " she said quietly. Wearily Sue did so .
But ― even after a night of wind and rain ― there was still one ivy leaf on the brick wall! It was the last one. Partly green and partly yellow , since it was old , it hung bravely about twenty feet above the ground.
"It is the last one , " said Johnsy. "I was sure it wound fall during the night . I heard the wind . It will fall today , and I shall die at the same time .
"Dear , dear !" said Sue , "think of me , even if you won't think yourself . What would I do ?"
But Johnsy did not answer . Her mind seemed to be full of her strange idea , and she did not seem to hear her friend.
The hours passed , and they could still see the lone ivy leaf on the wall . And then , when night came , the wind started to blow hard again .
When it was light enough , Johnsy again told Sue to open the curtains.
The ivy leaf was still there . Johnsy lay for a long time looking at it . And then she called to Sue , who was making some soup for her .
"I've been a bad girl , Sue , " she said. "Something has made that leaf stay there to show me how wrong I was . It is a sin to want to die . Please bring me a little soup now , and some milk with a little port in it , and ― no ; bring me a hand-mirror first , and I will sit up and watch you cook."
An hour later she said , "Sue , someday I hope to paint the Bay of Naples."
The doctor came in the afternoon , and Sue was able to talk to him in the hall before he left . "She's better,"said the doctor . "If you look after her carefully , she will probably be all right . And now I must see someone else downstairs. Behrman , his name is ― some kind of artist, I believe . He is an old , weak man and very ill.
There is no hope for him ; but he is going to the hospital today , so that we can make him more comfortable . He's got pneumonia , too."
The next day the doctor said to Sue , "She's out of danger now. Look after her carefully and feed her well and she'll be all right."
That afternoon Sue came and said to Johnsy , "I have something to tell you , dear. Mr.Behrman died of pneumonia in the hospital today. He was ill for only two days . Someone found him in his room downstairs on the morning of the first day helpless with pain . His shoes and clothes were wet through and icy cold . They couldn't understand what he had been doing the night before. It was such a dreadful night . And then they found a lamp , and a ladder that was not in its usual place , and then some paint brushes and some green and yellow paint , and ― look out of the window , dear , at the last ivy leaf on the wall . Didn't you wonder why it never moved when the wind blew? Ah , darling , it's Behrman's masterpiece ― he painted it there the night that the last leaf fell."
It is commonly accepted that drug use has been rising in Japan, especially among young people. While that is not to say that drug use is common or that most young people are experimenting with or regularly using drugs, it is clear that more drugs are on the street than before. Hitomi Kanehara’s novel Snakes and Earrings recently joined Ryu Murakami’s Almost Transparent Blue as an Akutagawa Prize winner. Although nearly 30 years separate the works, both novels describe a bleak world populated with bored, aimless young people who use drugs to fill the emptiness of their lives. Has much changed in the past 30 years? In this case, globalization and technological innovation have combined to make drugs cheaper and more easily available. Smuggling has gotten more sophisticated; drugs are easier and cheaper to manufacture and as a result more drugs are entering Japan.
Planet Earth is 46 hundred million years old. If we scale this inconceivably vast timespan down to a more manageable 46 years, then modern human beings have been around for four hours, and the Industrial Revolution began a minute age. During those 60 seconds of biological time, humankind have multiplied their numbers to plague proportions, ransacked the planet for fuels and raw materials, and caused the extinction of countless species of animals and plants. However brief our life-time on Earth, it brings with it responsibilities, not just to other humans, but to the abundance of life forms with which we share this evolutionary moment. Since the late 1960s, it has become customary for sceptics to accuse environmentalists of permanently crying "Wolf!" Why, these sceptics ask, is it all so urgent now, given the relative ease with which the Earth seems to have withstood most of the damage inflicted on it over the last 20 years? What does the Earth need to be "saved" from?
It is often easier to deny the truth than to confront it. Let's be thankful that we have indeed got through the last 20 years with no more than a handful of appalling environmental disasters, but let's never forget that for millions of people, their environment has already collapsed, as witnessed by the huge increase in "environmental refugees"-all those who have been forced to leave their homelands by drought, deforestation, and other environmental crises. The fact that the last 20 years have been characterized more by progressive decline than by dizzy environmental collapse hardly seems a cause for rejoicing. At the same time, I do believe that the foundations for a more just, compassionate and sustainable future are now being laid.
Some of this foundation work has a very high profile, ringing resonantly in the fine speeches of world leaders, advocated passionately by the massed groups of environmental and development organizations, amplified with increasing authority by the world's media. Despite the media's tendency to leap from one fashionable cause to the next (from world hunger to AIDS to the environment), it would be narrow-minded to deny their part in increasing environmental awareness. It is easier to be "green" today than ever before.
But most of the foundation work is being painstakingly put together at the grass-roots, with no media attention-reflected in the concerns and lifestyle choices of millions of people who know what they owe to themselves and to the future. It is this grass-roots base that leads me to believe that the current level of environmental activity will not fade away, but will steadily strengthen. The signs of hope are multiplying, reinforcing the mounting pressure for new approaches and lasting change. よろしくおねがいします
It was a beautiful holiday morning. A rich man ? let’s call him Mr.R ? was busy in his garden when he heard a voice speaking to him from the other side of the garden wall. A stranger was watching him. “You seem to like plants,” the man said. “I do, indeed,” replied Mr.R. “Well, then, I have something here that may interest you.” “What do you have? Are you selling gardening tools?” “Something much better than gardening tools ? this super powder! After you plant your seeds, just sprinkle some of this powder over the ground. You’ll be amazed at how quickly the seeds will grow.” The man opened the gate and walked into the garden. He was holding a bottle filled with white powder. Mr.R laughed. “Sounds like something out of a fairy story! You don’t really think that I’m going to believe that, do you?” “Seeing is believing. Here, let me show you. I have some seeds here. These are watermelon. These are strawberry. These are tomato seeds.” “Well, then, while you’re planting seeds, please plant some of these morning glory seeds too.” “Very good!” The man took a shovel and began to turn over the earth. He planted some seeds. Then he sprinkled some powder over the ground. Mr.R watched all this. “Is this a joke?” “Now, just be patient for a minute.” “A minute! More like a week, probably!” “No, no. Look!”
He pointed to the ground. Mr.R could not believe what he saw. The shoots were already coming out of the earth. “This is amazing! It must be some kind of a trick.” “This is no trick. I have nothing up my sleeve. Those are exactly the same seeds I just planted. You can touch them if you like.” Mr.R touched them. They were the real thing. Even as he watched, the plants continued to shoot up. “This is really amazing.” “The seeds are ordinary seeds. What’s amazing is the powder. It took a lot of time and a lot of work but here it is: the world’s fastest food.” Within three hours the plants flowered and were beginning to bear fruit. The man picked some of the fruit and vegetables and handed them to Mr.R. “Please, taste them.” Mr.R placed a strawberry in his mouth. It was delicious. “Hmm. Not bad. What a great idea! Every day we can have fresh fruit and vegetables on our tables.” “Please have some more.” Mr.R tried them all ? strawberries, watermelon, tomatoes. At the same time, he was watching his morning glories opening one after another. “Whew! I’m full. Say, you wouldn’t want to sell that amazing powder, would you? I can make it in one of my factories. People all over the world will be happy. And I could make a little money on the side, of course.” “To tell you the truth, that is exactly why I’m here. You see, I spent a lot of money for my research and…” “Say no more!”
They agreed quickly. Mr.R handed over a large check. The man handed over the bottle of powder. They shook hands and said goodbye. Mr.R went back inside. He was very happy. “Let’s get to work. The faster I can get this amazing stuff on the market, the better. But first, I’d better have some lunch.” Mr.R suddenly looked puzzled. Why was he feeling hungry just a few minutes after he had eaten so much? “Wait a minute! Did I make a mistake? This fast food must be fast in every way. When it grows…When you eat it…When it…” He ran to the window. Outside in the garden, first the morning glories, then the watermelons, the strawberries, and the tomatoes were quickly dying.
和訳をお願いします。 Have you ever tasted a real Texas barbeque? Most people haven’t tried it, except for Texans of course. In fact, there are many types of barbeque, or BBQ as it is usually written. The Midwestern version, popular in places like Iowa and Wisconsin, consists of meats cooked over an open fire. This method is also very popular in Australia and called a “barbie.” The Southern version is usually thought of as the most authentic. Before cooking, meat will have been marinated in a sauce for many hours. This sauce usually contains vinegar, tomato sauce, spices and garlic. After soaking, the meats are cooked slowly in a pit for hours until they have become soft and tender. Yummy.
よろしくお願いします。 @ Marcie, do you think the teacher grades our papers on neatness? Absolutely. For instance, the way you remove a piece of paper from your binder. You should always open the rings. Not just tear it out. Another d-minus! A I can’t believe it here I am overseas fighting in the war, and what happens? My girlfriend writes and tells me she’s going to marry my cousin! I wonder how long it will take me to forget her. That wasn’t too bad. I forgot her in fourteen doughnuts! B No, I’ve never run with the hounds. My dad did, though. He said he fell in a hole, ran into a tree, was stepped on by a horse and bitten by a fox! I said to him, “That must have been a long day.” He said, “No, that all happened in the first five minutes!”
Police have congratulated two young Canadian girls for their quick thinking. Nine-year-old Stephanie Boddy and her friend Samantha Quinn were enjoying a calm afternoon outdoors. The girls were sitting on the grass near their apartment building and having a picnic on an old blanket. They looked up to see a four-year-old boy, Skyler Christou, who was falling from a fourth floor window. Without hesitating, Stephanie and Samantha pulled the blanket from under their picnic and ran to catch the child. As the child fell, he turned over and over. The two girls held their blanket open wide. We moved back and forth as he came down, Stephanie said. I was really scared. Skyler fell into the center of the blanket, bounced up, and then fell onto the ground. He was not seriously hurt. The blanket saved him. Samantha’s mother said that she was proud of the girls. And the Barrie police chief added, ‘’They’re wonderful!
「Seattle Museum Offers Tomorrow's Technology Today」
The director of the new science fiction museum in Seattle wants to get peo-ple thinking about "What if." ~ What if your best friend was an alien?" Donna Shirley asks. "What if you could erase things from your past? We want to get kids thinking about what could really happen."
One section of the Science Fiction Museum, "Not-so-weird Science," shows how technology~ has advanced to nearly fulfill concepts devised by SF writers. Frankenstein and Aldous Huxley's Brave New World are conceptual cousins of today's genetic engineering, the exhibits suggest, and 1984 seems more rele- vant as governments and businesses develop new ways to track their citizens and customers.
One of the coolest sections is the interactive, computer-animated display that mimics a space station. Ships float past, from the Enterprise of Star Trek to the Millennium Falcon of Star Wars. Visitors can see images of the ships from any angle, and learn about their dimensions and features.
The Science Fiction Museum was created with $20 million from Microsoft co-founder Paul Allen. "It gives people an ability to look at the future and think about the future," he said.
Indeed, Allen and buddy Bill Gates started building Microsoft in an era when regular people did not even dream of owning their own computers. The museum hopes to attract 100,000 visitors in its first year.
The law of supply and demand dictates that if more a product is available, the price goes down. Moreover, the more information consumers have about competing products, the more the price generally decreases. Sad to say, as one walks Shibuya or Roppongi in Tokyo, one can easily discover the price of illicit drugs: street touts will tell you the cost in ten, and the look of strung-out young people will tell you the cost in human terms.
Can dreams come ture? John Godley bet money that his dreams could come ture. During his life, Mr. Godley dreamed of horse races several times. He did not know much about horses or horse racing, but in his dreams he saw the names of the horses that won races. He rememberd these dreams after he woke up, and he put what he knew to good use. The first time Mr. Godley dreamed of horses was on a Friday night. Mr. Godley dreamed that he was reading the names of the horses that won Saturday's races. The next morning he found the names of the horses from his dream in the newspaper. The horses were racing that day. He et on the horses and won. These horse racing dreams came to Mr. Godley off and on for the next twelve years of his life. During that period, Mr. Godley had eight dreams about horses winning races. He always bet on his dreams, and he always won. Mr. Godley never knew why the dreams started or why they stopped. Was he lucky or did he have a special gift? The world may never know.
english is the language that about 350 million people in he world first speak as they grow up. Only one other language - Mandarin,the mainlanguage of China - is the naitve language of more people. However,Mandarin is not used in other countries the way English is. in Many countries , all children have to study English as a second language in school. English is the language most often used by people from diffrent countries who do not speak each other's language. For instance, pilots flying from one country to another speak English over the radio, no matter where they are or where they come from.
There is no such thing as an official language of the world that a person uses when he is talking to someone from another country. In the past ,it was not that important. Tere were no televisiones, radios,ore other modern forms of communicating with people over long distances, and travel to other countries was something very few people did. A person might live hi whole life without meeting someone from another country. Today,the world is very different,and there is a need for an official language of the world . if this ever happens, it is likely that that language will be english.
@The comprehensive change in the outward appearance of Japanese life is beyond dispute. In their dress, their leisure pursuits、and their consumptlon patterns,young people in Japan have come closely to resembIe those in the West. But it is much less clear how far this outward transformation of life-style has been accompanied by change in the inner life of young Japanese men and women. It may seem that such changes have been far from superficial;that the new consumption Style has been accompanied by the spread of new values which reflect this style. ln their attitudes to work, marrlage, politics and sexual morality.young Japanese are movlng closer to the views of young
AWesterners and away from those or the older Japanese ―so much so indeed that it is possible to speak of the existence of a generation gap. And yet it might be objected that this is a passing fashion; that as the young people mature they will rediscover the traditional values that they rejected in their youth; that, in short, the young will grow out of their fashionable Western attitudes. Equally it might be argued that the difftrences which still separate young Japanese from young Westeners are more striking than what they have in common. Young Japanese people, when they expect to secure liftlong employment,remain more in tune with the values of the older generation in Japan than with those of young people in the West. Though there is certainly some truth in both of these objections,there is some evidence that new values are not abandoned as the young mature―young student radicals, for example,remain committed to their fundamental political beliefs well into adulthood. Even more important than the strength with which the young hold on to their new attitudes are the social supports for traditional values. There has been a movement away from the extended to the nuclear family. New attitudes have appeared at work and in the marketplace. The changed economic and politicial circumstances of the post-card-war world have also weakened the social foundations of the traditional group-based sense of identity. The only certainly is that Japan and Japanese will continue to change and that the young will be at the very center of the process. The likelihood is, surely, that some (though certainly not all) of the new values will take root, either because of their desirability or because of their fitting in with older ones.
For only a tiny fragment of human history has man been aware that he had a history. During nearly all the years since civilization began, he thought of his world in ways quite different from those familiar to us today. He tended to see the passage of time, not as a series of unique, irreversible moments of change, but rather as a recurrence of familiar moments. The cycle of the seasons ― spring, summer, fall, winter, spring ― was his host vivid signal of passing time. Religious rituals were recreations of ancient original events. Spring was a time not only of new crops, but of a re-created earth. Perhaps the greatest of all historical revolutions was man's discovery ― or his invention ― of the idea of history. Obviously it did not occur in Western Europe on any particular day or in any particular year. If we think for a moment, we will realize how difficult it must have been for people whose whole world had consisted of a universe of seasons and cycles to think in a way so different. This different way of thinking was nothing less than man's discovery of the new. Not of any particular sort of novelty, but of the possibility of novelty. when did this first crucial revolution in thought occur? In Western European civilization it seems to have come at the end of the Middle Ages, propably around the fourteenth century.
POLESTAR R・Lesson9 @ At the university of Virginia in Charlottesville,psychology professor Bella DePaulo got 77 students and 70 townspeople to take part in an unusual project. All kept diaries for a week,recording the numbers and details of the lies they told. One student and six townspeople in Charlottesville professed to have told no lies. The other 140 participants told 1535. The lies were often not what most of us would call shocking. Someone would pretend to be more supportive of a spouse or friend than he or she really was,or pretend to agree to a relative's opinion. According to the professor,women lied to other women mostly to spare the other's feelings. Men lied to other men generally for self-promoting reasons. Most strikingly,these tellers-of-a-thousand-lies reported that their deceptions caused them"little worry or regret." Might that,too,be a lie? Perhaps. But there is evidence that this attitude towards casual use of lying is common. In a previous study,for example, 20000 secondary-schoolers were surveyed by the Josephson Institute of Ethics. Ninety-two percent of the teenagers admitted having lied to their parents in the previous year,and 73 percent said they were"serial liars,"meaning they told lies often. Despite these admissions,91 percent said they were satisfied with their own ethics and character. Think how often we hear the expressions"I'll call you"or"I forgot it at home"or"I'm sorry,but he just stepped out."
A Little white lies have become very common,and the reasons for telling them are familiar. Consider,for example,Tom,who goes with his wife and son to his mother-in-law's home for a holiday dinner every year. Tom dislikes her"special"pumpkin pie. He always tells her how wonderful it is,to avoid hurting her feelings. "What's wrong with that?"Tom asked Michael Josephson,president of the Josephson Institute. It's a question we might all ask. Josephson replied by asking Tom to consider the lie from his mother-in-law's point of view. Suppose that one day Tom's child tells the truth,and she discovers Tom's deceit. Will she tell her son-in-law,"Thank you for caring so much"? Or is she more likely to feel hurt and say,"How could you have lied to me all these years? And what else have you lied about?" What might Tom's mother-in-law now suspect about her own daughter? And will Tom's boy lie to his parents and yet be satisfied with his own character? How often do we compliment people on how nice they look,or express our thanks for gifts,when we don't really mean it? Surely,these"nice lies"are harmless and well-intended,necessary for a smooth social relationship. But,like Tom,we should remember the words of Scottish novelist Sir Walter Scott,who wrote,"What a tangled web we weave,when first we practice to deceive!"
B Even seemingly harmless lies can have unexpected results. Philosopher Sissela Bok warns,"After the first lies,others can come more easily." And she writes that if our first small lies are successful,we may go on to try telling bigger ones. Who believes it anymore when they're told every time that the preson they want to reach by phone is"in a meeting"? By itself,that kind of lie is of on great importance. Still,these little deceits do matter when they continue endlessly. Once they've become common enough, even the small untruths that are not meant to hurt may cause a loss of trust. "When trust is damaged,"warns Bok,"the community as a whole suffers;and when it is destroyed,societies may even collapse."
C Are all white lies to be avoided at all costs? Not necessarily. The most understandable and forgivable lies are an exchange of the principle of trust for the principle of caring. Josephson gives the example of telling children about the tooth fairy,or deceiving someone to set them up for a surprise party. But he adds,"Still,we must ask ourselves if we are willing to give our friends and acquaintances the authority to lie to us whenever they think it is for our own good." Josephson suggests a simple test. If someone you lie to finds out the truth,will the person thank you for caring? Or will the person feel his or her long-term trust in you has been damaged? And if you're not sure,nineteenth-century American writer Mark Twain has given us a good rule of thumb. "When in doubt,tell the truth. It will confound your enemies and astound your friends."
Our interest in other people's lives is an innate one. The young may show particular interest in those who seem to represent people they might become, the older in those who seem to represent people they might have been, but this is merely part of concern for people whose many motives we think may one day affect us, and whose activities seem to probe possibilities of experience unexplored in our own lives. As participants we have only one life to live; as spectators, an infinite number of lives are open to us.
POLESTAR R・Lesson10 @ The people of Gandrung,Nepal,like to look at the photograph of a nameless young man. It shows a smiling,bearded young fellow with a backpack. The villagers think that he is the best tourist that ever came to visit. What do the Nepalese villagers mean by"best"? One villager explains:"He brought most of his own food. He helped people repair trails near the village. He was careful not to use too much wood for fuel. As far as the people of Gandrung are concerned,he was an ideal visitor.
A In the past,tourism often had a negative influence on the local communities. Tourists would enjoy the beaches and see the sights,but they did not interact with the people in the community. Locals saw tourists only as a source of money. In fact the two groups hardly interacted at all except when buying and selling souvenirs or food. The native people had no respect for tourists who showed no respect for them. Visitors caused a change in values and traditions. Young people saw the stylish sport shoes,flashy T-shirts,and trendy backpacks of the tourists. They got the wrong idea about the"wealthy"visitors and didn't want to live in the traditional way any more. After the tourists went home with souvenirs and happy memories,the local people were left with problems and a natural environment that was partially destroyed.
B Since the 1960's people have become more concerned about global issues like peace,cultural diversity,human rights,and the environment. Even tourists have started to think more about the people and the surroundings in the places they visit. A lot of concerned people have joined organizations to learn more about environmental problems and other peoples throughout the world. These same people have organized educational and friendship tours. Through these efforts,they have brought about a different kind of tourism. For example,when Lura Sherwood returned to Manchester,England,from a two-month stay in Kenya,she prepared traditional Kenyan dishes for her family. Although Lura brought home few souvenirs,she did bring home stories about the places she had visited. Her stories about elephants and lions on the broad grassy plains of Kenya made the country come alive for her family and friends. As Lura talked to them about the dying elephant herds,the term"endangered species"suddenly had more meaning. For Lura and her family,the word"tourist"took on a new meaning. Tourists who take trips like Lura's show more respect for the communities and environments they explore. They do not visit museums or buy local handicrafts. Instead ,for example,they might go on a"nature tour"where they learn more about the animals,the plants,and the natural surroundings. By being careful not to destroy anything or take"souvenirs,"they come to respect nature more.
C By the 1980's,responsible tourists began looking for ways to help conserve the environment. To do this,they joined special eco-tours. The first of these were to Latin America and Africa. Part of the fee charged for the trip was contributed to conservation efforts. Eco-tourists traveled along the Amazon River and up Mt.Kilimanjaro. later,eco-tourists organized groups to help communities in Brazil and Tanzania. In some areas,they helped build new trails in places where the rain was washing away the soil on mountainsides. In other areas,groups carried stones to strengthen steep hills and to build steps. When eco-tourists return home after such visits,they can influence family,friends,schoolmates,and colleagues with what they have learned. Because of their interest and enthusiasm, they bring serious environmental problems to the attention of others. Thanks to their efforts,international laws have been passed to protect endangered species and to conserve large areas of land. Nowadays,some eco-tourists plan their own travels,and others join organized tour groups. These trips may include hiking in the Andes,bird-watching on the island of Molokai,or whale-watching off the coast of Mexico.
The line between what is fact and what is opinion is not always easy to draw. In many countries,reporters are trained in making this distinction, finding and reporting news in journalism schools. Japanese journalists often are university graduates trained by large news organizations. The field of journalism stresses reporting news factually(accurately and truly), and objectively (without bias). The standards for deciding this,however,depend on the news organization and even the country.
You must have heard of the Gulf War, the Afghan War and the Iraqi War. But what about the Chocolate War? Probably not. The Chocolate War started in Europe three decades ago and Finally ended in 2003. It was called a ‘war,’ but of course there Was no killing or bombing involved.
The war ‘broke out’ in 1973 when Britain joined the EU along with Denmark and Ireland. These three countries campaigned for the right to sell their chocolate in Europe. But because their chocolate contained vegetable fats in place of cocoa butter, it was not regarded as real ‘chocolate’ by the EU. The EU countries, particularly France, are chocolate purists who believe that only chocolate made from cocoa butter deserves the name. However, big British chocolate companies such as Cadbury’s and Terry’s make chocolate which contains vegetable fats. Their chocolate is more resistant to extreme temperatures and so does not turn which in the fridge or melt in one’s hands. Vegetable fats are far cheaper than cocoa butter, although from a nutritional point of view, they leave much to be desired.
Until the year 2000, eight EU member states-Belgium, France Italy, Spain, Luxembourg, Germany and the Netherlands-banned Vegetable fats in domestic and imported chocolate. However, in that year, British-style mild chocolate (which contains 20% milk) was allowed to be exported to these eight countries, provided it was labeled ‘family milk chocolate.’
In 2001, France and Belgium agreed to accept ‘impure’ British chocolate, while Spain and Italy steadfastly refused to allow British chocolate to even be called chocolate.
After a compromise was reached in the European Parliament, British chocolate was finally accepted by the EU on August 3, 2003. The EU allowed Britain, Denmark and Ireland to add up To 5% vegetable fats to their chocolate, provided that the ingredients were fully listed on the wrappers There has been some opposition to the new regulations from traditional chocolate makers in Europe. And the world’s major cocoa producing countries also fear a drop in Demand for cocoa butter.
The so-called Chocolate War has its economic aspects, of course. It can be seen as a battle where British companies are pitted against European chocolate makers and the cocoa producing countries. However, the war can also be seen as a battle over national pride.
[Illegal drugs] Illegal drugs are in wide use in Britain today . They vary from soft drugs like marijuana , to psychedelic drugs like LSD , to hard and addictive drugs like heroin . Apparently , over half of all 18 year-old have tried at least one illegal drug . The two most widespread drugs are marijuana and ecstasy . It would be difficult for any university student to avoid some contact with marijuana : if they never smoked it , they would almost certainly see other people smoking it , at parties and in people's rooms . Since marijuana causes little social disruption , and since so many people use it , many people , including some senior police officers , have suggested making it legal . They argue that what people do to their own bodies is a private matter , and that attempting to stop them doing so wastes a great deal of police time and taxpayers' money .
Ecstasy , taken as a pill , is widely associated with dance music and the club scene . Again , those who take ecstasy cause little social disruption ; in fact , ecstasy usually makes them feel very happy and friendly . There have been a few highly publicized deaths from taking it , but in fact it seems relatively safe , at least in the short term (research is continuing on the long-term effects) . A survey of young people entering nightclubs suggested that 97% of them had taken illegal drugs , and 90% intended to do so that evening . This is probably an exaggeration , but young people obviously feel that drug-taking is normal behaviour . Attempting to prevent drug use has clearly failed : the government privately admits this , and is focussing more on treatment . Cocaine seems to be taken by wealthy people , by pop musicians such as Oasis , but also by actors , lawyers , bankers and so on . It is all done very discreetly , and does not need injections , and so cocaine is seen as a high class drug . Heroin , on the other hand , has very negative associations . People think of criminal and violent drug dealers , often attacking and killing each other ; of unemployed people forced into theft or prostitution to get money to buy drugs ; of junkies injecting themselves with dirty needles and dying of AIDS .
[Prescription Drugs] In Britain , people have long taken prescription drugs to make themselves fell better . In the past there was valium , and today there is Prozac . These drugs , tranquilizers , relieve stress and make the taker feel calm . As a result they have enjoyed huge success . The problem is that they have usually proved to be highly addictive , and when people stop taking them , they can suffer from terrible depression , even becoming suicidal . The typical image is of a lonely , bored housewife secretly addicted to valium , going to her doctor every week for more pills . [Tobacco & Alcohol] Tobacco is of course legal in Britain and smoking remains a popular habit , including among those under 16 , who are not allowed to smoke . On the other hand , everyone knows the risks , and cigarette packets carry strong warnings , such as‘Smoking causes lung cancer’or‘Smoking while pregnant harms your baby’and there is no use of modal verbs such as‘may’. Tobacco is heavily taxed and smoking is an expensive habit . Despite this , heart disease and lung cancer remain the biggest killers .
There has been a move against smoking in recent years , and smoking is banned in many public places and offices . Smoking among men , and among the middle classes , has declined considerably . On the other hand , smoking among women and teenage girls continues to rise . Alcohol remains the most popular way to relax and forget the pressures of life . The pub remains the focal point of many communities ; pubs are warm and friendly , a good place for a pint of beer and a friendly chat or a game of darts . Drinking at home is also popular , with an increasing tendency to drink wine with meals , once regarded as a foreign habit . As with tobacco , there has been growing knowledge of the health dangers of alcohol , and there is guidance on how much it is safe to drink . Another similarity with tobacco is that alcohol is heavily taxed―the‘sin tax’―and , in fact , Scotch whisky is cheaper in Japan than in Britain .
Alcohol is the drug that causes the most social disruption , by far . In many cities , the time when the pubs close on Saturday night , usually 11pm , is a dangerous time to be out . Many young men , and some young women , drink far too much , become aggressive , and take out their frustrations on the nearest person (men are far more likely to be attacked than women) . Alcohol is a facter in football hooliganism , in vandalism , and in many traffic accidents . Domestic violence is very often committed by heavy drinkers or alcoholics . And alcohol is a big killer of drinkers through liver damage . Despite all this , alcohol is widely advertised , whereas tobacco advertising is severely restricted . Indeed , in recent years , new products have appeared aimed at persuading the very young to drink . These include alcopops , drinks which taste mush like lemonade , but which contain up to 5% alcohol . Though the makers deny it , these are clearly aimed at teenagers , who are not allowed to buy drink until they are 18 . This has caused great arguments , and has at least made people think about the risks of alcohol .
Proposed mechanism for lethal toxicity exerted by oral coadministratiom of SRV and FT to rats and humans. BVU, (E)-5-(2-bromovinyl)-uracil, formed SRV by gut flora is absorbed through the intestinal membrance, reduced in liver by DPD (dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase) to H-BVU (dihydro-BUV) as a reactive intermediate with potential allyl brmide type of structure, and instantly inactivates hepatic DPD through covalent binding. The markedly decreased level of DPD markedly increases tissue 5-FU lvels, leading to death in rats and humans.
It would seem that Americans like the thrill of being scared, if only for a few minutes. Though people have been surfing and mountain climbing for years, many new types of extreme sports have become popular in recent years. In the last century, most Americans would have thought you were crazy to jump off a bridge with a rope or wire attached to your feet. Now, bungee jumping has become a big hit with more and more sites opening around the country every year. Skydiving and white water rafting have also become popular – thanks to the thrills and apparent danger. In fact, though, because of the danger of these activities, safety measures must be set higher than they are for traditional sports.
「To Take or Not to Take」 A dietary supplement is a product taken orally that contains a "nutritional ingredient" intended to make our overall diet healthier. The "nutritional ingredients" in these products may include: vitamins, minerals herbs or other botanicals, amino acids, as well as various other substances. Dietary supplements can also be extracts or concentrates, and may be found in many forms such as tablets, capsules, gelcaps, liquids, or powders. Whatever their form, dietary supplements are placed in a special category under the general umbrella of "foods," not drugs, which requires that every such product be labeled specifically as a supplement. The label "dietary supplement" means that a product is not offered for use as a conventional food or as the sole item of a meal or weight loss program.
The recent boom in health and preventive medicine has resulted in a large increase in the sale of dietary supplements. These products are sold in grocery, health food, drug, and discount stores, as well as through mail- order catalogs, on TV infomercials, and over the Internet. Supplements are taken by many people for a variety of reasons. Some take them fortheir health; some just as a vitamin or mineral "supplement" to preventcolds or osteoporosis; some as an immune system booster. Unfortunately, many people assume that they will stay healthy as long as they take enoughdietary supplements. Swallowing a vitamin C tablet for breakfast hasbecome a routine among the so-called health conscious. But as the market for supplements has increased, so have the risks.
続くになります。 Dietary supplements are important for improving a diet that lacks balance. And there is now overwhelming evidence that these vitamins and minerals do produce their desired effects, like strengthening theimmune system, or preventing cancer and various diseases. But ironically, health-minded people who take large doses of certain vitamins and minerals over a long period actually risk permanently damaging their health. According to Britain's Food Standards Agency, most vitamins and minerals are safe if they are taken in doses that don't exceed recommended limits. However, if taken in excess, they can cause side effects. For example, high levels of vitamin B6 in the body have beenlinked to nerve damage, memory loss and loss of balance. Consumption of more than 1,OOO milligrams of vitamin C a day could lead to kidney stones and stomach problems, including diarrhea and gas.
It is unwise to replace your regular meals with supplements, nor is it a good idea to take too many of them. After all, a balanced diet provides all the nutritional requirements for a healthy person. Quite simply, dietarysupplements are not a whole food, but just "supplements." Just as the label says.
長文ですがお願いします Tow men, both seriously ill, occupied the some hospital room. One nab was allowed to sit up in his bed for an hour each afternoon to help drain the fluid from his lungs. His bed was next to the room's only window. The other man had to spend all his time flat on his back. The men talked for hours on end. They spoke of their wives and families, their jobs, and what they had done throughout their lives. Every afternoon when the man in the bed by the window could see outside the window. The man in the other bed began to live for those one-hour periods when his world would be brightened by all the activity of the world outside. The window overlooked a park with a lovely lake. Ducks played on the water while children sailed their model boats. Young lovers walked arm among colorful flowers, and the city skyline could be seen in the distance. As the man by the window described all this in exquisite detail, the man on the other side of the room would close his eyes and imagine the scene. One warm afternoon the man by the window described a parade passing by.
Although the other man couldn't hear the band, he could see it in his mind's eye as the gentleman by he window described it beautifully. Time passed. One morning, the day nurse arrived to bring water for their baths only to find the lifeless body of the man by the window, who had died peacefully in his sleep. A few days later, the other man asked if he could be moved next to the window. The nurse was happy to do this. After making sure he was comfortable, she left him alone. Slowly, painfully, he sat up to take his first look at the real world outside. He strained and slowly turned to look out the window beside the bed. It faced a blank wall. The man asked the nurse what could have compelled hid deceased roommate to describe such wonderful things outside this window. The nurse responded that the man was blind and could not even see the wall. Perhaps he just wanted to deceive you. Sharing grief is half the sorrow, but happiness, when shared, is doubled.
Dan and Jennifer Wells were planning a May wedding. Before the big day, they bought a 50-year-old the big day, they bought a 50-year-old house with big trees all around and were busy repairing it-fixing the walls and cleaning the floors. There was a little workshop nearby. Jennifer hung her beautiful white wedding dress there to keep it her beautiful white wedding dress there to keep it clean. Three days before the wedding, while Dan and Jennifer were at his family's home, a wild tornado came out of nowhere. The tornado missed his family's home, but when Dan drove to his house, it was not there. The trees as well as the nighbors' houses were gone. The tornado destroyed almost everything in the neighborhood. Just one thing was still standing-the workshop. When Dan looked inside, he discovered the wedding dress, untouched. He called Jennifer. ''Your dress is here!'' he told her. ''I think our wedding is meant to be. The lucky couple cried at their wedding ''They're grateful to be here,'' explained a friend.
Scientists think that game like bowling was played in Egypt thousands of years ago. Toys that look a ball and bowling pins were found buried with a child who died around 5200 B.C. People who study history know that the game was popular among the Germans around 200-300 A.D. It was played by people in some churches in order to show that they were good Christians. When people bowled poorly, they had to go to church more often. The first bowling place built inside a building opened in Britain in 1455. Then the game was taken to the United States, where most people played it outside. During the 1800s, many people in the United States began to bowl for money, so sev-eral cities made the game illegal. Many people kept on bouling illegally. Agroup named the American Bowling Congress (ABC) began around 1900. The job of this group was to clean up bowling and make it a gentlemen's game again. At this time, the game was mostly pleyed by men. If women played, they hung a cur-tain up so that the men were not able to see them. then, in 1916, a woman's group named the Women's International Bowling Congress(WIBC) made a point of showing that the game was fine for both men and women.
I was born on October 18, 1965, my parents' first child. Probably because my mother and father became parents relatively late in life, they let me do everything I wanted. As her only grandchild, I was pampered by my grandmother as well. As a result, I became a very spoiled child. In July of 1978, we moved in with my grandmother. The next day Iwent to a new school. At first I enjoyed being spoken to by everyone in the class. They all seemed so nice. But some time later, I found myself bullied by everyone. No one would speak to me any more. I had to eat lunch alone. I came to hate the lunch break as I didn't know how to spend it all by myself. My missing pen case was found in the trash bin. And one day, during a break between classes, I went to the rest room and shut myself in one of the stalls. I heard voices whispering at the rest room door. Then a bucket of water was poured down on my head. I went over to the sink and looked in the mirror. I looked terrible. "Why do these things keep happening, over and over? Is it my fault?" Finally I couldn't bear to go to school.