前スレの990番の英文ですが、 993番さんが完訳です。 couldにsubjunctiveな意味合いが込められていることが理解できていますし、 またorders of magnitudeがfasterを修飾する副詞的対格であることも理解できています。 そして、日本語も滑らかで、すっきりしています。相当な実力の持ち主であるように思われます。
そして、whomの先行詞についてなんですが、意味的にはgenerationsでいいんですが、 each of whom could speak to his immediate neighbours in the chainにおいて、 whomにgenerationsを当てはめますと、each=each generationになり、後のhisと辻褄が合わなく なります(itsにならないといけない)。したがって、whomはEnglishmenということになります。 主文で言及されております「鎖のつながり」上にこれまでに存在した全英国人が、年齢別に(もっと言えば、 生年月日別に)、順番に並んでいる、ということです。 が、as以下で子と親の関係が描かれているので、日本語にするときは「世代」でいいと思います。
なお、his immediate neighbours in the chainに関しては、色のグラデーションを思い浮かべてもらうと、 想像がつきやすいように思います。
Some scientists refer to the body as a "project" or "subject," a system that can be divided and dissected down to the molecular level. Body parts are extracted like a mineral , harvested like a crop , or mined like a resource. Cells , embryos , and tissue are frozen , banked , marketed , bought , or sold. Umbilical cords , whose stem cells are useful for therapeutic purposes , are described as a "hot clinical property."
This emphasis has often led Western observers to misinterpret ritual behaviour in cultures other than their own. Nobody has ever had any difficulty in understanding, for example, the behaviour of a man who is hoeing a field and planting millet in it. This is a perfectly straightforward, practical thing to do; nothing is standing for anything else and there is nothing ritual or symbolic about it. But when, after he has planted his millet, the man goes off to a rain-maker, a ritual expert who, for payment, manipulates some special magical equipment and makes the appropriate incantations so that rain may fall, the Westerner is inclined to be puzzled. He sees that this is somehow a different kind of activity from the more ‘practical’ operations of digging, planting and weeding. ★But he finds it hard to see the point of it, to understand how anybody could possibly suppose that such childish ‘magic’ could possibly work. He tends to explain such behaviour by reference to a belief in some kind of supernatural forces, and often he imputes to the culture concerned a clearly-marked distinction between the ‘natural’ and the ‘supernatural’.★ But most peoples do not divide the universe into two distinct and mutually exclusive spheres labelled ‘natural’ and ‘supernatural’, as Westerners do.
>>30 @But he finds(V) it(仮O) hard(C) [to see the point of it](真O), [to understand how anybody could possibly suppose that ... ](真O) *to understand ... は、to see ... を具体的に言い換えたものです。 *the point of it→「それが持つ意味」。itは、直接的には前文のthisを受けます。 で、そのthisは、the man goes off to a rain-maker, ... rain may fallの内容を 受けます。つまり、itは、「(西洋人の考えでは、実用的行為と区別された)儀式的行為」 になります。
そして、imputeは、impute sth to sb/sthの形で、 to say, often unfairly, that sb/sth is responsible for sth or has a particular quality の意味です。つまり、attributeと近い語義を持つ単語であり、 ここでは、「sb/sthには、sthの性質がある」ということです。
そして、ここでは、直接目的語が長いので、impute to sb/sth sthという風に 要素の移動が起きています。つまり、空所化補充などではないのです。
Ours is an age when various elements try to plead with us to indulge ourselves. For example, the easiest emotions for an advertiser to stimulate are those related to our hunger for prestige and pleasure in outdoing somebody else. As often as not the individual is invited to see himself, not as equal with others, but as the focus of attention and envy. The perfect consumer for the advertiser is the individual who is so suggestible that he can be kept continuously engaged in indulging his own ego.
He was proud of a glass eye that had been made for him by the greatest artist in Paris. "You need $ 5000, " he quoted. "I'll give it to you if you can guess which of my eyes is the glass one." "It's the left one, of course," I snapped. "It's the only one with a glint of human kindness in it."
Unwritten languages , relying on such mnemonics(記憶術)allows people to accumulate and recall large bodies of everyday or esoteric(秘伝の) knowledge. Such knowledge tends , for efficiency , to be socially distributed. People who command restricted or privileged bodies of knowledge in such societies are not librarians or web-masters , but shamans and storytellers. Once societies make the transition to letters , writing may come to seem indispensable to them.
(*→)Like milk and bread , banana is said to be a key product that is regularly bought by consumers and one whose price they are thought to notice.(←*) Supermarkets compete with each other by offering low price in key products. The idea is that a customer who has entered store A because its bananas are cheaper than store B may stay there to buy other , not key , products , even if they are not cheaper than at store B.
* they の指示内容を取り違えないことでしょうか。 日本でも、ティッシュや玉子が目玉商品にされやすいですが、スーパー自体の商品 戦略は、毒ギョーザ以降ドラスティックに変わりそうですね。
Great artists' clear vision destroys the popular fashions that are the substitute for thinking in any era. Once safely dead and made holy by history and myth , their artistic and spiritual truths can be cautiously approached , digested and integrated. But significant , living artists are a threat to our aesthetic , psychological and financial situation. Who wants a Cezanne or van Gogh in their rough workmen's clothes pushing their way into an elegant auction house to question what is going on with multi-million dollar prices for paintings they could only sell in their lifetimes for a very small amount of money , if they could sell them at all?
(3)については、(A)multi-million dollar prices、(B)a very small amountということですが、 現実は(A)なのか、(B)なのか?(A)が現実だとするなら、in their life timesの間に数億円で売れている わけですから、(B)の意味がとれなくなるような気がしました。仮定法だとすると、「二束三文で売れること」 のほうにむしろ価値を置いているような場合で、「(本来なら)そんなに(アホみたいな)値段になるべきでないわしの絵」 ということ?
たしかに (B)のほうを現実だと考えると、(A)も(B)も現実で意味がとれるような気がします。(B)も仮定法ではなく、 単なる条件ということです。「ゴッホのように、生前では、売れたとしても二束三文にしかならなかった絵」ということです。 (A)のほうも実際の話です。ただ、その場合はa Cezanne or van Goghはgreat artistsの比喩だとしても、生存している芸術家は 含まないような気がします。
こう考えると、直前の文である「living artists are a threat to our aesthetic , psychological and financial situation.」を比ゆ的に説明している文だということで、 スッキリします。
また、「a Cezanne or van Gogh」が単数で、they, theirが複数であることも説明がつきます。
仮に「a Cezanne or van Gogh」自身が描いた「paitings」だと考えると矛盾が生じます。つまり、 自分たちの絵に何億円もの値段がついているのだから、文句を言う必要はないわけです。また、自分の絵に今 何億円もの値段がついているのですから、「生前中は二束三文にしかならない絵」という文句が意味不明ということ になってしまいます。
という風に考えると、a Cezanne or van Goghは、セザンヌやゴッホのような人、 つまり、significant, living artists(潜在的な意義を有する、現存する芸術家)、 ということになる。 そして、後ろのtheyは、couldという叙想法過去(つまり、内容は現在)が用いられていることを 斟酌すると、a Cezanne or van Goghを受ける。 よって、paintingsは、彼らが描いた絵画ということだから、本物のセザンヌやゴッホが 描いたものではなく、significant, living artistsが描いたもの、である。
後は、question what is going on with multi-million dollar prices for paintingsを どう処理するか。 forの根本義が『対応』にあることを考えれば、そんなに難しいことではない。 つまり、multi-million dollar pricesは、paintingsに、『対応』している、ということだ。 言い換えれば、将来大物になるであろう芸術家からすれば、『本来なら』、 自分たちが書いた絵画に、『割り当てられる』べき「何百万ドルという価格」ということ、 である。
今東進に登録して、立教の問題を読みました。 で、4文目は皮肉になっていますね。 同時代の人間の誰が、a Cezanne or van Gogh ... at allのような事態を、 欲しがるのか?(同時代の人間はそんなことは望まない)、 ということですね。 そして、筆者は、同時代の人間から評価されない将来の大家に、 肩入れをしている。
1)Despite the common humanity linking all people, artists are a different breed.
2)They spend a lifetime as representatives of mankind's search for meaning, truth and beauty, translating into art their feelings and observations of the world that non-artists barely notice.
5)In extreme cases , such separateness can result in isolation, conflict, and death.
6)In a more pleasant scenario, artists may be elevated to culture heroes if fortunate and their work supports the positive or negative beliefs of the leaders of society.
このように解するからこそ、「they」を「今生きている芸術家」と考えることはできないのでは? 「paintings they could only sell in their lifetimes for a very small amount of money」の部分を 「they=今生きている芸術家」として訳してみます。couldはアトラスさんの言うように「仮定法」にします。
13) The "reasoning" behind this absurd statement was that the dealer already had too many artists -the common excuse for not taking on serious artists.
147の「To which」は関係代名詞の継続用法の一種です。先行詞は前の文の内容(理由の部分)です。 本来なら、「 〜 on serious artists, to which 〜」と前の文に「,」で続けるべきですが、このように ピリオドで切る場合もあります。これは知らないと、やや戸惑ったかもしれません。
15)The dealer's other reason was that Rembrandt was too"hot", expressing intense feelings in his work, while the dealer only echibited-and could only accept psychologically-the "cold" art of simple popular painting.
17)The irony and horror, of course, is that, with amazing regularity, thise bringers of truth are condemned or ignored by their contemporaries out of fear or ignorance-fear of the insights and changes the artist is bearer of, and ignorance of their timeless significance.
(1)は先行詞the insights and changesで、the artist is bearer ofが接触節です。 changesを動詞と考えても上手くつながらないこと、is bearer ofの目的語がないことから 気がつきたいところです。「be bearer of 〜」の意味は、やはりほとんどの受験生は知らないのでは ないでしょうか。私も今知りました。それでも「芸術家が〜な洞察や変化」という構造がわかれば、 90%以上わかったようなものでしょう。
20)Artists who happen to be poor, like van Gogh, produce in spite of the terrible strain of not knowing where the next dollar is coming from, not because of it.
They spend a lifetime as representatives of mankind's search for meaning,【truth】 and beauty, translating into art their feelings and observations of the world that non-artists barely notice.
「multi-million dollar prices for paintings they could only sell in their lifetimes for a very small amount of money」 の部分を 「they=今生きている芸術家」として訳してみます。couldはアトラスさんの言うように「仮定法」にします。
>>162 そもそも、paintingsがオークションに出品されている、 という前提がおかしい。 what is going on with multi-million dollar prices for paintings they could sell ... において、中心となっているのは、what is going on with multi-million dollar prices。 withは『対象』を表す。 つまり、「multi-million dollar pricesに関して[を巡って]、何が起こっているのか」、ということ。
for以下は、multi-million dollar pricesを 具体的に説明するために、付け足されたようなもの。
それと、 they=a Cezanne or van Goghであり、 そして、a Cezanne or van Gogh=significant, living artistsです。 よって、「今生きている芸術家」ではなく、 「本物の(=genuine=significant)、今生きている芸術家」です。
21)Think of all ill, homesick, 55-year-old Gauguin dying on a tropical island, the last painting on his easel, a snow-covered cottage last turned upside down at a sale of studio contents and sold as a waterfall by a clever art dealer.
22) Was Gauguin better off as an artist and human being because of his suffering? Not likely. ゴーギャンはその病をしたからといって、芸術家として、あるいは、人 として裕福であったか? そんなはずはない。(* be better off 裕福・幸せである)
23) Would any comfortable middle to upper-middle to upper class individual or family want to trade places with him? Not likely. 快適に暮らしている中流から上流の個人・家族で、彼の立場に代わって みたいというひとがいるだろうか? あるはずはなかろう。
24) Such a question can just as well be asked of the men and women throughout history who devote their lives to the search for, and expression of, the timeless truth by which humanity must live if we are to remain and humane. 25) In a world concerned with financial issues, power, prestige, keeping up with appearances and the conversations of life, what kind of people are these artists? 26) They are willing to go off in a completely different direction in order to express the poetry in their souls that echoes the poetry they see in the common things of daily life and the endless spaces between the stars. 27) These magnificent artists do not, cannot―could not― live by bread alone. 28) They seek a clue, a link , a unity with the greatness of life, of nature and of man through forms and images in paint and stone as true as the world itself. 29) What an attractive, rewarding and dangerous task this is.
Such a question can just as well be asked of the men and women throughout history who devote their lives to the search for, and expression of, the timeless truth by which humanity must live if we are to remain and humane.
「just as well」は副詞ですから、とりあえず後回しにすると、「Such a question can (just as well) be asked of 〜」 の部分は「そのような質問は〜に対してされうる」という意味です。「ask 人 O ⇒ ask O of 人」を受動態にしているわけです。
「of 〜」以下の意味は、「時代を超えた真実の探求・表現に人生をささげた人たち」ということです。
「by which humanity must live if we are to remain sane and humane」は「the timeless truth」を説明しています。 「もし正気で人間的であるつもりがあるなら、人間はそれによって生きる必要がある(そういう真実)」ということです。
ところが、やはり一般の人はそんな探求をする人に対して傍観者だったりします。だから、探求者に対して「Such a question」をするわけです。 この「Such a question」は「22)のような質問」です。「そんな探求をして楽しいの?」 ということです。
「just as well」ですが、これは「may as well」と同じことで「同等比較」でしょう。比較の対象は「as of great artists」ということ。 22)23)で、artistsに対するquestionについて述べてきたわけですが、「そのような質問は、(ちょうど同じくらいwellに)〜にもされるのだ」 ということでしょう。「well」はこの場合「頻繁に」ということでよかろうと思います。
I turned and found young man hungrily listening to my words. He was leaning on the rail with his chin on his arms and the brim of his Panama hat drawn down to conceal his eyes.
When I removed into the country, it was to occupy an old-fashioned farm-house, which had no piazza ― a deficiency the more regretted, because not only did I like piazzas, as somehow combining the coziness of in-doors with the freedom of out-doors, and it is so pleasant to inspect your thermometer there, but the country round about was such a picture, that in berry time no boy climbs hill or crosses vale without coming upon easels planted in every nook, and sun-burnt painters painting there. A very paradise of painters.
(H.Melville , The Piazza)
* remove 転居する、occupy 住む・陣取る、piazza;テラス・ベランダ、 regret;〜を残念におもう the more〜because・・・;・・・だから尚のこと〜だ。 coziness;快適さ、round about 四方八方、berry;イチゴ類、 come upon〜;〜に出会う、nook; 隅
Now much of the concern of the modern physical scientist , atoms , electrons, atomic nuclei, electron-waves, etc., is essentially not of a nature to be directly known to sight , touch or hearing.
These 'things' are as far from being objects of direct sense-perception as anything imaged by the most fantastic of artists.
If the latter justifies himself by the coherence of the communicated ideas to which his patterns give rise , where is he resembling and where is he differing from the physicist whose view of the universe is a deliberately woven structure of ideas which also radically diverges from sense-perception?
( Cecil Day Lewis : The Poet's Way of Knowledge )
* coherence=co + here (いっしょに・ここに・いること) * give rise to〜を引き起こす * physics物理学:physicist物理学者 / physical身体の:physician内科の医者 * deliberately 慎重に・良く考えて・入念に * weave-wove-woven : ハタを織る、小説を編み上げる、ボクシングで頭を振る(sway)
1)It is no time for dreaming. 2)I lost no time in going. 3)(There is) No time like the present. 4)(There is) No time to lose. 5)What may be done at any time is done at no time.
Yesterday , we split the atom. We assaulted the colossal citadel of power , the tiny unit of the substance of the universe. And because of this , the great dream and the great nightmare of centuries of human thought have taken flesh and walk beside us all, day and night. Artists are the traditional interpreters of dreams and nightmares, and this is no time to turn our backs on our chosen responsibilities, which is what we should be doing if we refused to stare in the deep anxieties , terrors and hopes of human beings everywhere.
I(難)However, nowhere has a ban been taken as far as in the country of Bhutan : in late 2004 , the sale of all tobacco products became illegal , and in early 2005 , smoking was banned entirely. Time will only tell if other nations follow this path.
As ▼ this was a time when everybody had his own life to think of , nobody minded me , or what was become of me ;▼ but another man stepped up to the pump , and thrusting me aside with his foot , let me lie , thinking I had been dead ; and ▼it was a great while before I came to myself. ▼
訳の方は、問題箇所はそれでOKです。 thrust me , let me lie が難しい。 クルーソーは、多分、その場で失神してへたり込んだ。 壁に背をもたれて足を延ばして座る格好。 ここで、クルーソーの上体を、男が足で蹴った。 ドサッっとクルーソーは床に横臥させられた。 ・・・・だと、思います。
In a situation of simple distribution such as occurs when an animal is killed in a hunt , do the hunters fall on the carcass and cut it to pieces , the largest piece to the strongest man? This is hardly ever the case. The beast is normally divided according to recognized principles , and the worst parts may even be kept by the hunters.
As this was a time when everybody had his own life to think of , nobody minded me , or what was become of me (みんな自分の命を守るために精一杯だったので、だれも私のことも、 私がどうなったかも気にしなかった)
>>283 everybody のとった行動も、another man のとった行動も、他覚的には 「同じ」です。「おい、お前大丈夫か?しっかりしろ。」と体を揺すぶって 私の安否を心配してくれたわけではないです。ですから、彼らの間には 「but」は成立しないでしょう? つまり、自分も「含めて」誰もが、自分のことしか眼中にない。そこは並立。
>>280 で指摘されている「but」が面白い意見だと申し上げた理由は、 a great while を「蹴られてから正気に戻るまでの時間」だと 思い込んでいたんですが、「失神してから蹴られて覚醒するまで」 という貴殿の判断に、ハッとしたからですよ。 その判断だと、「意図せざる結果として」another man は、自分を 助けてくれたことになるので、最後の文節で初めて「but」が生きてくる。 そういう意味で申し上げたわけです。
>>285 前半はうまく訳しましたね。 この場合のwhen は「仮想された場合」。仮定法に近いですね。 , the largest piece to the strongest man は、以前にも出てきた パターンで、 @ , with the largest piece going to の、with やgoingの省略か、 Athe largest piece going to の独立分詞構文のgoing 省略か です。 日本語で言えば、2chのレス文に良く見られる文体ですよね。
may even be 難しいでしょ。貴君はmay は織り込み済みだけど、 「even」の訳が飛んでまっせw
>>197 >Such a question can just as well be asked of the men and women throughout >history who devote their lives to the search for, and expression of, >the timeless truth by which humanity must live if we are to remain sane and humane.
>「just as well」ですが、これは「may as well」と同じことで「同等比較」でしょう。比較の対象は「as of great artists」ということ。 >22)23)で、artistsに対するquestionについて述べてきたわけですが、「そのような質問は、(ちょうど同じくらいwellに)〜にもされるのだ」 >ということでしょう。「well」はこの場合「頻繁に」ということでよかろうと思います。
>>197で言いたかったのは、24)について「can just as well」を熟語のように解説されているの見たからです。 ここは(just as well)が(副詞)の「同等比較」であることが理解できていれば、さほど悩むことなく読めます。 全体の意味を取った上で、「では、何との比較だろうか?」「wellの意味は?」と考えていけはよいわけです。
If the civilization is stable and tradition bound , the variety of choices presenting themselves are limited and the range of possible individual conflicts narrow. Even then they are not lacking.
Her father was suffering from an attack of gout. She knocked at her father's chamber-door. "Come in ." was always answered in a hearty voice from the inside. "Papa , will you not come downstairs this evening?" She spoke distinctly.
"Piph-ph-ph. ★ I can't bear even a handkerchief upon this deuced toe of mine , much less a stocking or slipper. I shan't get up till tomorrow. ★"
( Thomas Hardy , A Pair Of Blue Eyes )
* attack of gout : 痛風(つうふう)発作。足の親指の関節炎で激痛。 heart attack 狭心症、brain attack 脳卒中、 Mars attack 火星人襲来
Each generation will look into the future for compensation for the present ― into the past , too. For even the past can become a compensatory Utopia , indistinguishable from the earthly paradises of the future , except by the fact that the heroes have historical names and flourished between known dates.
>>333 前後の文脈は不明です。出典も不明ですので、掲示された4行英文の中だけで 「意味」を想像して頂くしかないです。で、そのハンデをものともせずに、 大変出来の良い訳文です。look (into the future) for compensation は、 look for 〜「補うものを探す(未来の中に)」「未来に償いを求める」など の方が良いかも知れません。
Mr Obama's aides yesterday suggested that Wisconsin ― which contains few of the black voters who have boosted him elsewhere and was not a caucus contest of the type he has usually won― should have been natural Clinton territory. ★ One described it as a "no excuses primary " for her. She sought to shift voter's attention away from the excitement and euphoria surrounding Mr Obama ★, saying : "This election is not about me or my opponent. It's about you. Your lives , your dreams , your future."
The Caterpillar remarked, "One side will make you grow taller, and the other side will make you grow shorter."
"One side of what? The other side of what?" thought Alice to herself.
"Of the mushroom," said the Caterpillar , just as if she had asked it aloud.
Alice remained looking thoughtfully at the mushroom for a minute , trying to make out which were the two sides of it ; and as it was perfectly round , she found this a very difficult question. However , at last she stretched her arms round it as far as they would go , and broke off a bit of the edge with each hand.
"And now which is which?"
ご存知、アリスと芋虫のシーンです。 4行目の、「said the Caterpillar , just as if she had asked it aloud」 を、どうするか?
すみません。原典は、 「片方を食べると大きくなり、片方を食べると小さくなるよ。」 「片方って何の?もう片方って?」アリスは自問した。 芋虫は、そう言ったきり、草の中に消えた。(・・・に、続いて、) 「マッシュルームのさ。」said the Caterpillar, just as if she had asked・・・ ですね。 はしょると、だめですね(汗
例えば、now what?に至ってはイディオム化しておりまして、 1.used when you are annoyed because sb is always asking questions or interrupting you 2.used to say that you do not know what to do next in a particular situation となっております。
The next moment a hideous, grinding screech, as of some monstrous machine running without oil, burst from the big telescreen at the end of the room. It was a noise that set one's teeth on edge and bristled the hair at the back of one's neck. The Hate had started.
*the Hate: the Two Minutes Hate 「二分間憎悪」 特定の人物や国家を憎悪の対象とすることで、党員の結束力を強化することを目的とした 2分間のイベント。人物は、Emmanuel Goldsteinで固定されているが、国家は、その時々の 同盟関係に応じて、Eurasiaの場合と、Eastasiaの場合とがある。
「様態」のasは、前置詞の前につけられることがよくあります。 前出の名詞が省略されていると考えても、或いは名詞と前置詞の間に挿入されたと考えても、 どちらでもいいでしょう。 (ここでは、screechとas of some monstrous machineとの間に、カンマが入っているので、 省略のように感じられます。)
There was only one alternative. I shoved the cartridges into the magazine and lay down on the road to get a better aim. The crowd grew very still, and a deep, low, happy sigh, as of people who see the theatre curtain go up at last, breathed from innumerable throats. They were going to have their bit of fun after all. The rifle was a beautiful German thing with cross-hair sights. I did not then know that in shooting an elephant one would shoot to cut an imaginary bar running from ear-hole to ear-hole. I ought, therefore, as the elephant was sideways on, to have aimed straight at his ear-hole; actually I aimed several inches in front of this, thinking the brain would be further forward. [Shooting an Elephant]
>>374 *their bit of fun: 「彼らに割り当てられた楽しみ」 bitは、ここでは、a part of sth largerの意味で、 an amount of sth that is thought to be normal or acceptable for one person という意味のshareに近いです。 ex) I’ve had my share of luck in the past. I’ve done my share of worrying for one day!
*after allは、ここでは、used when you are explaining sth, or giving a reason の意味です。They were going to have their bit of funが、群衆が静かに興奮している 様子の理由であることを示しています。 ex)He should have paid. He suggested it, after all.
*one would shoot to cut ... :ここでのwillはused for stating what is generally true の意味です。be supposed toに近いです。 ex) If it’s made of wood it will float. Engines won’t run without lubricants.
>>374 *the elephant was sideways on: ここでのonは、used to show that sth continues の意味で、このonがあるおかげで、象がsideways(=with one side facing forwards) の姿勢を保っていることが分かります。(つまり、動作ではありません。)
>>382 亀であろうがウサギであろうが、 訳例がいっぱい出てくるのは、私には楽しみであります。 >認識しておいたほうが良いだろう should have been は「〜であるハズだ」「〜だったハズだ」が 英文法的なルーティンです。もちろん、文脈的にも、貴殿の訳 で全く良いのですが、「ハズだから負けられない」という強い 根拠、という点も、含みに入っておるべきかと感じました。
アリス。 just as は「タッチの差で同時」ですね。 as if は「まるで〜かのような」という仮定。 この2個の合成。 >>354腹詮索君の判断と同じく、「声に出してそれをいま尋ねようとした瞬間」は、 just を表現されたものと思います。その事はきのうからよく理解 しているつもりなのですが、アリスが声に出して聞こうとしたのか どうかが、英文の字面だけから出てくるのかどうか、そこが疑問です。 アリスに意思があったかどうかを確定する要素の有無というのでしょうか。
A little man who was bent as some trees are by a gale on one side of them had slipped in. He shook hands with Helen. "You are still rheumatic?" asked Helen. "Once rheumatic , always rheumatic , I fear ," he replied. "To some extent it depends on the weather , though not so much as people are apt to think."
Sometime in Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End , perhaps at the moment when the entire principal cast has been pointlessly drenched in water for the millionth time , you may feel the need for a consoling thought. Dou you think Depp plans it all out , or just makes it up as he goes along? If you asked this question of the screenwriters , the answer would be different. ★ For their film is not so much thought out as strung together― colorful incident upon colorful incident , but without logic , gathering suspense or any attempt to establish emotional connections between audience and actors.★ Maybe they should have called it Pirates of the Caribbean: At Wit's End.
(タイム、2007年5月号)
* drenched 水浸しになって、* console 慰める * plan out 立案する、* go along 賛成してついて行く
>>426 正解です。関西ローカルになちゃいましたねw ところで、about as far as のabout は「〜迄」という意味では なかったでしょうか?「およそ、だいたい」の方ですか? ずっと、あいまいなままで来ているのですが、距離のas far as には 前に良くこのabout がくっついていますよね。
I think the essence of wisdom is emancipation , as far as possible , from the tyranny of the here and the now. We cannot help the egoism of our senses. But it is possible to make a continual approach towards impartiality, on the one hand , by knowing things somewhat remote in time and space, and, on the other hand , by giving to such things their due weight in our feelings.
(B.Russell)
* emancipation from〜と far from〜がひとつのfrom で兼用されていて、 このfrom 起点から、towards〜を目指す形で照応している。 emancipation解放、impartiality部分的でないこと=偏りのなさ・普遍・公平
>>433 日本語として自然で、大変説得力のある訳文です。感心。 推敲として考えてみて頂きたい箇所。 @tyranny of the here and the now>今ここにある支配。 今ココに何か別の実体支配が存在する、という風に読めるのだけど、 「今ココ」が支配そのものである、という訳の可能性はどうでしょう。 今ココという縛りによって支配される事、=ego. of our senses で言い換え。 というような・・・。 あと、ウィズダムは「知恵」でOK。「思慮分別」でもOK。
Agiving (to such things) their due weight(in our feelings) >物事を我々の感情の重石にする事によって →(そんな物事に)適正な重さを配分する(感情の中で)
their はsuch things' ですね。物事一個一個に適正と判断される重さを、ギブする。 such things は、ご指摘のとおり俯瞰して眺めた時に見えてくる物事という含意が such にありますね。
ありがとうございました 客観視することにより己の立ち居地を確認し普遍または真理に近づくことが エゴイズムに陥らない方法というのは理解できるのですが感覚の配分の意味が 理解できません。 >>437なるほどhere and now自体が専制の正体ですか、だからそのあとのremote in time and space が効いてくるのですね、しかしラッセルちゃんはなるほどと思わせる内容もあれば なにいってんだろということもありますねえ、もちろん自分の能力不足なのですが。
該当部分である「by giving to such things their due weight in our feelings」の「such things」は 「things somewhat remote in time and space」のことです。
我々は「the tyranny of the here and the now」に支配されているというのが著者の考えですが、それを 言い換えると、「time andspace」について「the here and the now」に「weight」を過剰に与えすぎている ということ。
そこで、「time and space」について、「things somewhat remote in time and space」に対しても 「due wight」を与えよ、と言っているわけです。
「the tyranny of the here and the now」を言い換えたのが「the egoism of our【senses】」です。 「in our【feelings】」の意味もその点を考えればわかると思います。 つまり「独裁」と言っても、現実の政治形態のことを言っているのではもちろんなく、あくまで 私たちの考え方、志向性、気の持ちようについて言っているわけです。
The artist must himself be sincere. Only so long as he obeys an impulse to express the thing he sees , reaching into the unconquered spaces of life , is he protected against falsehood.
But there were several points that escaped general notice. To begin with, Franco was not strictly comparable with Hitler or Mussolini. His rising was a military mutiny backed up by the aristocracy and the Church, and in the main, especially at the beginning, it was an attempt not so much to impose Fascism as to restore feudalism. This meant that Franco had against him not only the working class but also various sections of the liberal bourgeoisie ― the very people who are the supporters of Fascism when it appears in a more modern form.
>>457 しかし、前置詞句が「場所」を表し、動詞が「静止動詞」(verbs of rest)である場合は、 人称代名詞の単一形が用いられます。
Have you any money on you?(お金の持ち合わせがありますか) She had her fiancé beside her.(彼女はそばに婚約者をはべらせていた) I placed the book in front of me.(私はその本を自分の前に置いた) John saw a snake near him.(ジョンはそばにヘビがいるのを見た) We have the whole day before us.(これからまる一日ある)
*when it appears in a more modern formは、 「ファシズムがより現代的な形態で現れる際には」ということです。 ここでの「現代的な」というのは「洗練された」という意味に近いです。 in a more modern formというのは、 具体的には、イタリアやドイツのファシズムのことです。 (ドイツのナチズムはファシズムではないとする人たちもいますが。)
*general: affecting all or most people, places or things ex) books of general interest (= of interest to most people) The bad weather has been fairly general (= has affected most areas).
*notice: the fact of sb paying attention to sb/sth or knowing about sth ex) It will not have escaped your notice that there have been some major changes in the company. (会社に主要な変化が幾つかあったということに、あなたが気付かなかったわけがない) 【ここでのwill+完了形は、発話時までに出来事が完了しているだろうという主語の「確信」 を表している。未来指示性はない。通常の未来完了形と見分けるポイントとしては、「基準時」 があるかないか。】
*escape: to be forgotten or not noticed ex)Her name escapes me (= I can’t remember it).
I pulled the covers over me/myself.(カバーを体の上に引き寄せた) Draw it away from you/yourself.(それを自分から引き離しなさい) I tied the rope around me/myself.(ロープを体に結わえ付けた) I drove the flies away from me/myself.(蠅を自分から追い払った)
He followed irresolutely for a little distance, half a pace behind her. They did not speak again. She did not actually try to shake him off, but walked at just such a speed as to prevent his keeping abreast of her. He had made up his mind that he would accompany her as far as the Tube station, but suddenly this process of trailing along in the cold seemed pointless and unbearable. He was overwhelmed by a desire not so much to get away from Julia as to get back to the Chestnut Tree Café, which had never seemed so attractive as at this moment. He had a nostalgic vision of his corner table, with the newspaper and the chessboard and the everflowing gin. Above all, it would be warm in there.
*everflowing gin: the Chestnut Tree Caféでは、グラスのジンが空になると、 店員が何の注文も呼びかけも無しにグラスに「勝利ジン(victory gin)」 を注いでくれる。(小説のこの段階では。)everflowingは それを比喩的に表したもの。
>>469 *a desire not so much to V1 as to V2 →『V2したいほどには、V1したくない気持ち』 →『V1したいというよりは、V2したいという気持ち』 to V2とto V1を比較して、to V1はto V2ほどではない(to V1<to V2)、ということです。
*この時がくるまでは、カフェのほうが良い which had never seemed so attractive as at this momentにおいて、 比較されているのは、at this momentとneverです。 カフェの違う時期(或いは、その時々・瞬間)を比較しています。 同一物内の比較であり、カフェと他のものとを比較しているわけではないです。
*Above all, it would be warm in there 『カフェがこの瞬間ほど魅力的に思えたことがなかった』ことの理由として、 いつもテーブルやら何やらが挙げられ、そしてそういった安堵をもたらしてくれるアイテムが 存在することに加えて、何よりも『そこは暖かいだろう』ということです。
つまり、先ず精神的な面での理由を挙げ、その後にin the coldに引っ掛けて、 物理的な面での理由を挙げています。こうすることで、少し落ちがあるように 感じられます。(高尚な理由を挙げた後に、低俗な理由を挙げた、ということです。)
Historically , Chinese society was relaxed about male homosexuality , which was tolerated so long as it didn't interfere with the Confucian duty to raise a family. Although an imperial decree was issued (likely under the influence of Christian missionaries) banning homosexuality in 1740 , it was not until the advent of the communists that gays and lesbians were driven underground. But as China's economy opened to the world , a law banning sodomy was dropped in 1997 , and in 2001 homosexuality was removed from the country's official list of mental illnesses.
Most children do not like to hear stories about when they were younger. To them , their littleness , helplessness , and clumsiness is not cute, but humiliating , and they want to be reminded of it as little as possible. They don't mind , once in a while , if we don't overdo it , our telling them that they were very nice when they were little , but that is about as much about it as they want to hear.
* that is about [as](much about it)[as](they want to hear) that is about [as] (far) [as] (you can get)
>>500 As usual at that hour, the place was deserted. (その時間はいつもそうなのだが、そこは閑散としていた。) 上のasを接続詞と見做すか、それとも関係詞と捉えるかは、人によって異なりますが、 どちらにせよ、it(接続詞の場合はここではit is省略)、或いはasが後の節の内容を 受けていることに変わりはありません。
このことに基づいて考えると、 @He is , as he said , not a genius.においては、asの受ける内容が、 not a geniusとなり、 AHe is not , as he said , a genius.においては、asの受ける内容が、 a geniusとなります。
つまり、@のas he saidは、as he said (he was) not a geniusであり、 Aのas he saidは、as he said (he was) a geniusとなります。
The animals now also learned that Snowball had never - as many of them had believed hitherto - received the order of ‘Animal Hero, First Class.’ This was merely a legend which had been spread some time after the Battle of the Cowshed by Snowball himself. 【動物たちは今また―彼らの多くがこれまで信じていたのとは異なり―スノウボールが「動物英雄・第一等」 の勲位を受賞していなかったことを知った。これは、牛小屋の戦いの少し後、スノウボール自身によって 広められた伝説に過ぎなかったのだ。(軍の表彰体系を知らないので、Animal Hero, First Classの訳は 適当です。)】
And in rebuilding it they could not this time, as before, make use of the fallen stones. This time the stones had vanished too. 【それを(=風車)を再建するに当たって、今回は、この前とは異なり、崩れて落ちてしまった石を 利用することは不可能だった。今回は石も消し飛んでしまったのだ。】
Clearly any real body must have extension in four directions: it must have Length , Breadth , Thickness , and Duration. We incline to overlook this fact. There are really four dimensions , three which we call the three planes of Space , and a fourth , Time. There is no difference between Time and any of the three dimentions of Space except that our consciousness moves along it.
They seem to be as far from understanding me as ever. Still , even at the risk of upsetting these good people , I must question their assumption , because it is largely not true.
Almost all taxis in Tokyo have introduced a ban on smoking. One passenger says she is happy to be free from the smell of cigarettes in taxis. Meanwhile , a taxi driver says his company has advised him to pull over and ask passengers to get out of the car if they insist on smoking , while he waits.
Inever overhear any conversation between her and her mother in which I have any inclination to take part , and I feel my isolation even more painfully when I am with them than when I retire to my study.
I'm too nostalgic to make my movies digitally. I'm the last person in Hollywood who cuts his film on film. I still love cutting on film. I feel like I should call myself "handmade productions." For me , sadly , it's the inevitable medium. I think that certainly it's right around the corner.
Every housekeeper must be an economist. Wise shopping , in order to get one's money's worth , making the purchases go as far as possible , balancing the budget , and even saving something , are tasks that require managerial skill.
要は、家計を預かる主婦道を説いたものですが、 make 〜 go という言い回しが、let などと同じ用法になっていて 勉強ポイントと言えるでしょう。
Four score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate --- we can not consecrate --- we can not hallow --- this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us --- that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion --- that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain–that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom --- and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth.
The eagle-eyed worker was using a backhoe to dig up potting soil in central Ireland last week when he spotted the leather-bound book. Experts called to the site were amazed to find an ancient Psalter Book of Psalms lying in the mud. About 20 pages long and written in Latin , the book has been dated to between A.D. 800 and 1000. "It is not so much the fragments themselves but what they represent that is of such staggering importance," said Pat Wallace , director of the National Museum of Ireland in Dublin. (National Geographic, July, 2006)
"It is not so much the fragments themselves but what they represent that is of such staggering importance," said Pat Wallace , director of the National Museum of Ireland in Dublin.
I do not believe that fear , as an element in education , can be dispensed with ; but I am sure that it ought not to be the main element ; and when it predominates so much as to preclude love and confidence on the part of the child to those who should be the unreservedly trusted advisers of after years, and perhaps to seal up the fountains of frank and spontaneous communicativeness in the child's nature , it is an evil for which a large abatement must be made from the benefits , moral and intellectual , which may flow from any other part of the education. (J.S.Mill , Autobiography)
>>552 >>560 ありがとうございます 強調構文であるならばisの主語はどうなっちゃうのでしょうか 関係代名詞であるとおもうのですが >>554 ミルの自伝に関しては、よく分からない日本語になってしまったため 書くのはやめておきます。長くてしらない単語ばかりでしたので。 ちんぽさん乙です。 it is an evil for which のforがどこからひっぱられてきた前置詞か わかりませんでした
@The committee, while concluding that there is no "sound" way of making outright grants to individual, flood victims, specifically recommended that the state raise and disburse:
¶$2,280,000 of indirect aid to the victims of the flood, mostly by the abatement of taxes on property damaged 50% or more, also by providing about 300 temporary homes, low-interest mortgage and low-rental housing facilities. ...
AThe Housing (Rural Workers) Amendment Act, The Housing (Financial Provisions) Act and The Housing (Scotland) Act, offered State aid in the abatement of overcrowding, all designed to stimulate local and private initiative in a program of "Tory Socialism."
BThese include the reduction in the legal immunities and rights of trade unions, rejection of formal incomes policy, and the tripartite style of decisionmaking, according priority to the abatement of inflation, even with unemployment at over three million, privatization of state industries and services, changes in the framework in which many public services are carried out, interventions in local government structure and imposition of far-reaching controls over its finance, changes in the welfare state, and open hostility to the civil service and large parts of the public sector.
CLegal action seeking abatement of a public nuisance may be taken by the relevant local authority, or authorities if the odour spreads into several areas, in their own name(s), as is permitted by s.222 of the Local Government Act 1972, or via a relator action, with the consent of the Attorney General.
DIndeed the Department of the Environment issued in 1976 a code of practice aimed at the prevention and abatement of smells from animal wastes which states that 'in any proceedings brought because of an alleged odour nuisance it may be a relevant consideration if the company has adhered to the code of practice to the best of its ability'.
EIf polluters are required to hold tradable permits (allowing them to emit defined amounts of greenhouse gases), the market will, in theory, put a price on carbon. Over time, emissions trading may lead to an abatement in the level of greenhouse gases without large job losses or high costs to industry and consumers.
>>571 the abatement of taxes the abatement of overcrowding the abatement of inflation abatement of a public nuisance abatement of smells an abatement in the level of greenhouse gases
訂正 ×(the evil) must make a large abatement from the benefits ... ↓ 〇(for the evil) people [educators] must make a large abatement from the benefits ...
'in any proceedings brought because of an alleged odour nuisance it may be a relevant consideration if the company has adhered to the code of practice to the best of its ability'. この部分だけ簡単な訳いただけたらと思います
Simple-minded souls always want music to have a meaning , and the more concrete it is the better they like it. The more the music reminds them of a train , a storm , a funeral, or any other familiar conception the more expressive it appears to be to them. But, musicians often like to say that all music has only a purely musical meaning. (徳島大学)
There are few that will trouble themselves to examine minutely a blossom that they have seen and neglected from their childhood ; and yet , if they would but question such flowers , and converse with them , they would often be surprised to find extreme beauty where it had long been overlooked. (子供の頃から見慣れながらずっと無視してきた路傍の花を、わざわざ 足をとめてまで見守る人は少ない。もし、ちょっと問いかけて話をする気 になってみれば、長年見過ごしてきたところに究極の美を見つけて驚く ことだろう。) ★ A very common flower adds generosity to beauty. It gives joy to the poor , the rude , and to the multitudes who could have no flowers were Nature to charge a price for her blossoms. ★
Only the wisest know that fools they are, and this realization of unwisdom is the supreme sensation , for it puts one in one's place and displays the wonder of life as nothing else can.
A sense of crowding can appear under highly varied conditions and at different scales. Two persons in one room can constitute a crowd. Imagine a shy person practicing the piano in the corner of a large room. Someone enters to watch. Immediately the pianist feels spatial constraint. Even one more person can seem one too many. From being the sole subject in command of space , the pianist , under the gaze of another , becomes one object among many in the room. The pianist stops playing and leaves.
(2003 , 関西学院大学)
* 文意を掴むのが難しい文です。 subject が object になる、というところが、論旨のキモです。 Even one more person が、その転換点となることを考慮して 読んで見てください。
From being the sole subject in command of space , the pianist , under the gaze of another , becomes one object among many in the room. おもいのままに空間を使っている主観的な状態から、他人に見つめられる状況下 のピアニストはその部屋のあまたある客観的な存在になるのだ。
I have a dream that one day , down in Alabama , with its vicious racists , with its governor having his lips dripping with the words of 'interposition' and 'nullification' ― one day right there in Alabama little black boys and black girls will be able to join hands with little white boys and white girls as sisters and brothers.
one object among many は sole subject と対照的に使われているのだろうが、 人が大勢いるという感覚を論じる文脈のなかでで many を使っているのだから、 単に数多くの「もの」のうちの一つというよりは、「大勢の人たち」のなかで 注目をあびる客体という意味だと思う。そもそもその広い部屋のなかにそれほどたくさんの「もの」があるのかな? 普通だったら among others でいいのではないか。そうしないで among many にしたのは やはり大勢の人たちの中で注目をあびなながらピアノを弾く者という意味だと思う。
having his lips の主語は州知事だけですね。 わたしには夢がある。悪意にみちた人種差別主義者がおり、 口をひらけばやれ「州権優位説」だの「連邦法無効」だのといった言説を言いつのる 州知事のいるこのアラバマにおいてさえ、いつの日にか、 幼い黒人の少年と黒人の少女が白人の少年と白人の少女とともに 兄弟姉妹のように手に手をとりあえる日が来るという夢が。
Therefore the peculiar soft assurance of a girl like Constance Reid fascinated him. She was so much more mistress of herself in that outer world of chaos than he was master of himself. Nevertheless he too was a rebel : rebelling even against his class. Or perhaps rebel is too strong a word ; far too strong. He was only caught in the general , popular recoil of the young against convention and against any sort of real authority.
>>657 腹詮索 is a third-year high school student, which indicates that he has enough intelligence to decide whether the present thread is beneficial or harmful to the improvement of his linguistic skills. Participation in this thread is neither compulsory nor mandatory, and no one who has left a message or messages here is prevented from getting away from this thread, never to return again: that is, 腹詮索 is given the liberty to simply ignore this thread whenever he likes to.
The issue of the usefulness of the present thread to 腹詮索, therefore, is irrelevant to the subject of 阿修羅's knowledge of English, which in my conjecture you crave to condemn for its alleged insufficiency.
If you want to point out mistakes and errors 阿修羅 makes, you should do so every time they occur. And on those occasions, you are strongly advised to fill in the blank of 名前 with a string of characters which manifestly identifies you.
The Olympic flame wasn't part of the ancient games , and the torch relay didn't become a fixture in the modern Olympics until the 1936 Berlin Games, when it was part of the Nazi pageantry that promoted Hitler's beliefs of Aryan supremacy in the world of sports.
In a showdown that has been building for a decade , Toyota and GM began this year nearly neck and neck as the world's biggest carmakers by global sales. Against expectations , GM just about clung to the top spot by a margin of only a few thousand cars. Most people in the industry believe that Toyota will nose ahead in 2008, but without much fanfare : Japanese companies don't mind being No 1 but, for cultural reasons , are bashful about broadcasting it to the world.
Brain Gym is an educational kinesiology programme designed to improve kiddywink performance. It's essentially a series of simple exercises lumbered with names that make you want to steer a barbed wire bus into its creator's face. One manoeuvre , in which you massage the muscles round the jaw , is called the "energy yawn." Another involves activating your "brain buttons" by forming a "C" shape with one hand and pressing it either side of the collarbone while simultaneously touching your stomach with the other hand.
American Airlines grounded hundreds more flights Friday as the inspection-related mess frustrated passengers and hurt an industry already bleeding cash thanks to high fuel costs. Lawmakers were asking questions and some fed-up air travelers headed for trains. Others gave the airlines a pass , saying the companies were doing the best they could. "If somebody's got a choice between being in a plane crash and being late , is there a choice ?"
(TIME , Apr. 11 , 2008)
* mess 混乱、しっちゃかめっちゃか * lawmaker 国会議員 * fed-up 業を煮やした * head for 〜に向かって進む
”While many are worrying about filling their gas tanks , many others around the world are struggling to fill their stomachs. In just two months , rice prices have skyrocketed to near historical levels.” The issue is also fueling a rising debate over how much the rising prices can be blamed on ethanol production. The basic argument is that because ethanol comes from corn , the push to replace some traditional fuels with ethanol has created a new demand for corn that has thrown off world food prices. Jean Ziegler , the U.N. reporter , has called using food crops to create ethanol "a crime against humanity."
The basic argument is that because ethanol comes from corn , the push to replace some traditional fuels with ethanol has created a new demand for corn that has thrown off world food prices.
Denmark was awash with cartoons this week , as 17 newspapers republished controversial caricatures of the Prophet Mohammed to protest an alleged plot to murder a cartoonist. With the arrests and the renewed printing of the caricatures , particularly the most controversial one , Westergaard's depiction of the Prophet Mohammed with a bomb in his turban , the question also rose whether new anti-Danish protests would sweep the Middle East and Pakistan.
>>562 で言ったことは、例えば、 Tom and I were playing in the field when the incident occurred. のwereがIに引きずられてwasになることがある(もちろん正しくはないですが)、 ということであり、 It is not so much the fragments themselves but what they represent that is of such staggering importance, ... がisなのもwhat they representに引きずられたものだと説明したんですが、 間違っていました。
ある文法書のcleft sentenceの項を読んでおりますと、 「that(which/who)はitを受けていると、英語の母語話者には 感じられているだ。その証拠として、it is you who is ... のように、 数が一致しない例が多々ある」というような記述がありました。
学校でit is ... that ... を強調構文として習う時、 it is ... that ... を取り除くと文が成立するため、 it is ... that ... がまるで実体が無いかのように取り扱われるのですが、 実際にはそうではないようです。次の例を見てください。
1. No, it's a car that Mary wants. 2. No, it's a car.
この例のようにitは先行情報を受けており、 that以下はその先行情報を改めて明示しています。
pseudo-cleft sentenceで書き直しますと、 What Mary wants is a car.になりますが、 このこともitには実体があることの証明になっています。
よって、National Geographicの分裂文もthatがitを 受けているためにisになっているものと思われます。 擬似分裂文を用いますと、 What is of such staggering importance is not so much the fragments themselves but what they represent. となります。
On August 8 , the organizers of the Beijin Olympics will attempt to shrug off human rights controversies and dazzle the world a spectacular opening ceremony at "bird's nest" stadium in Beijin. But on the same day 500 miles to the east , an even more astonishing extravaganza will be taking place inside an even bigger stadium for the fourth day running. This one , however , will be watched by only a handful of foreigners. ▼ North Korea's so-called "mass games", also known as the Arirang festival, is perhaps the world's most jaw dropping human-created attraction. For understandable reasons ― not least the country's appalling human rights record― it is also one of the least visited by western tourists. ▼
それと、以前に、 last but not least 「大事な事を言い忘れていたが」 という挿入慣用句が出たことがありましたが、 本文のnot least も、「特に」というような断りの修辞で 良いと思います。
human rights record むずいな。あのマスゲームが人権を訴える記録か、 というと、なあ・・・?? 俺は、人権の歴史、と取ったんだけど・・・。 北朝鮮の所謂マス・ゲームはアリラン祭としても知られるが、たぶん 世界一仰天の人柱アトラクションだ。特に彼の国家の恐ろしい人権の 歴史からと思しく、西洋人旅行者が世界一少ない祭典の一つでもある のだ。ところで、地震なんてあったかい??興福寺は揺れてなかったが・・。
She had consented to go away , to leave her home. Was that wise? She tried to weigh each side of the question. In her home anyway she had shelter and food ; she had those whom she had known all her life about her. Of course she had to work hard , both in the house and at business. What would they say of her in the Stores when they found out that she had run away with a fellow? Say she was a fool , perhaps.
It used to strike me sometimes that old Lenman was just like one of his own melons ― the pale-fleshed English kind. His life , apathetic and motionless , hung in a net of gold , in an equable warm ventilated atmosphere , high above sordid earthly worries. The cardinal rule of his existence was not to let himself be 'worried'. Well , I tried to see if I couldn't reach him through his vanity. I flattered him , feigned a passionate interest in his melons. And he was taken in , and used to discourse on them by the hour.
The Academy is too large and too vulgar. Whenever I have gone there , there have been either so many people that I have not been able to see the pictures , which was dreadful, or so many pictures that I have not been able to see the people , which was worse.
彼は悩んだ挙句、彼女からもらったお金を 封筒に入れて彼女に返そうとしていた。 She fixed him a moment , and he thought she was going to break out tormentedly , pleadingly : " For God's sake , tell me what is in it!" But she checked this impulse ― another was stronger. She pocketed the money ― the crudity of the alternative was comical ― and swept out of the room with the desperate concession : "You may tell him any horror you like !"
(H.James , The Pupil)
ヘンリー・ジェイムスは日本の夏目漱石と同時代の文豪で、 彼の兄も有名な哲学者であり、漱石とは親密な仲であった由です。 「― another was stronger」の部分が、ディスコース・マーカーです。
At one time I was collecting coincidence stories, and a friend of mine remarked: 'So,after all,you do believe in mysteries?' But I do not. Coincidences are sometimes amazing, but there is nothing mysterious about them: they are bound to happen according to the very logical and unmysterious laws of probability. Some of these must coincide with other, unforeseen, events, whereupon they create a good story but no mystery. A simple example which has happened to all of us. We have not thought of Matthew Brown for thirty-two years―not since we left school. Then, walking along Regent Street, suddenly and inexplicably we think of this half-forgotten figure of our childhood. And a minute later who do we meet face to face? Matthew Brown. I dismiss the rationalizing explanation, which is that we may have caught a glimpse of him before we became consciously aware of his presence. I accept that it was pure coincidence. ▼ But we think of so many people in the course of a day that once in a blue moon such curious coincidences are bound to happen. ▼
She let out a strange, piercing laugh―a laugh that was so bitter, so triumphant, so full of smoldering, contradictory impulses, that I scarcely knew what to make of it.
Miss Smith, Clorinda Smith, desired not to die on a wet day. Her speculations on the possibilities of one's demise were quite ingenuous and had their mirth, but she shrunk from that figure of her dim little soul ― and it was only dimly that she could figure it at all ― approaching the pathways of the boundless in a damp, bedraggled condition. "But the rain couldn't harm your spirit," declared her comforting friends. "Why not ?" asked Clorinda. "If there is a ghost of me , why not a ghost of the rain ?"
「解釈考」の方なんですが、P60にオーウェルの【Shooting an Elephant】 からの引用があるんですけど、それが原文では一人称なのが「解釈考」では 三人称になってたり、単語が少し違うものになってたりしてるんですね。
〔原文〕 I shoved the cartridges into the magazine and lay down on the road to get a better aim. The crowd grew very still, and a deep, low, happy sigh, as of people who see the theatre curtain go up at last, breathed from innumerable throats.
〔解釈考〕 When he shoved the cartridges into the magazine and lay down on the road to get a better aim [at the elephant], the spectators behind him grew very still, and a deep, low, happy sigh, as of people who see the theatre curtain go up at last, escaped from innumerable throats.
これらの書き換えに加えて、「解釈考」の出典の表記が 【Shooting the Elephant】となっており、theとanが間違ってしまってます。
これだけならただの偶然かも知れないんですが、 「思考訓練2」の同じP211で「不定冠詞のas」の更なる補足として、 多田は、He shivered, as with cold, in spite of himself.という Theodore Dreiserの【An American Tragedy】からの引用を 出しているんですが、これが「解釈考」のP62に載っているのと全く 同じなんです。
Minnie bakes oaten cakes , Minnie brews ale , all because her Johnny's coming home from sea. And she glows like a rose , who was so pale. And " Are you sure the church clock goes? " says she.
Sometimes I catch myself envying intensely those monolinguals who were born, grew up, have lived all their adult life in one language. ★I miss the feeling of comfort, of certainity, of control I imagine they have, unaware as they usually are that it could be otherwise.★
In neutral cultures , working relationships are usually business-like and all about achieving goals. The brain checks emotions because these are believed to confuse the issues. The assumption is that people should resemble machines in order to operate more efficiently. But in other cultures , business is a human affair and all kinds of emotions are considered appropriate. ▼ Loud laughter , banging your fist on the table or leaving a conference room in anger during negotiation is all part of business. ▼
Fictional humor is slowly giving way to factual absurdities in popular culture, experts say. One needs to look no further than the Ig Nobel Prizes awarded every year for scientific research. This year's Ig Nobel Prize for medicine went to researchers who published an article on sword swallowing and its side effects, no less.
For the moment, what we can see in Reagan is a vision of America, of America's future, at once so simple and deep as to incur every motion from elation to terror.
All his years in America, Bonasera had trusted in law and order. And he had prospered thereby. Now, though his brain smoked with hatred, though wild vision of buying a gun and killing the two young men jangled the very bones of his skull, Bonasera turned to his wife and explained to her, " They have made fools of us. For justice we must go on our knees to Don Corleone."
Carlo took off his glasses and looked sinister. Dean made a profile shot and looked coyly around. I took a straight picture that made me look like a thirty-year-old Italian who'd kill anybody who said anything against his mother. This picture Carlo and Dean neatly cut down the middle with a razor and saved a half each in their wallets.
He, mon cher petit papa, took me out boating and biking , taught me to swim and dive and water-ski, read to me Don Quixote and Les Miserables, and I adored and respected him and felt glad for him whenever I overheared the servants discuss his various lady-friends, beautiful and kind beings who made much of me and cooed and shed precious tears over my cheerful motherlessness.
(Vladimir Nabokov , Lolita) mon cher petit papa 親愛なる小さなパパ
▼ At home he often took her into his confidence. ▼ This was what she liked the most, when, after supper, while her parents watched TV in the parlor, he would come into her room, where she was doing her homework, and lie down on her bed and start talking, telling her who among his friends was a good first sacker(一塁手), or which one of the girls in his class tried to get him to dance with her at the school party, just talking and ▼ sometimes even asking her opinion on something like if she thought he should let his hair grow long like that idiot Peter Noskin, who couldn't even make the team as a right fielder(右翼手). ▼
Sleep debt is defined as the difference between the amount of sleep you need and the amount you actually get. So if you need 8 hours of sleep per night and get 7, you acquire 1 hour of sleep dept for that night. Casually speaking, say experts, if you feel tired during the day, you probably have some sleep dept.
We avoid classification. We do not deny it. But when a man is classified something is lost. The majority of mankind live on paper currency: they use terms which are merely good for so much reality, they never see actual coinage. The majority not only have no language to express anything save generalized man: they are for the most part unaware of themselves as anything but generalized men. They are first of all government officials, or pillars of the church, or trade uniosists, or poets, or unemployed: this cataloguing is not only satisfactory to other people for practical purposes, it is sufficient to themselves for their 'life of the spirit.'
The girl's suicide was part of an expanding string of similar deaths that experts say have been encouraged by Internet suicide sites since last summer.
And there are creative or constructive impulses , which aim at bring into the world or making available for use the kind of goods in which there is no privacy and no possesion
>>886 >And there are creative or constructive impulses, >which aim at [bringing <φ> into the world] or [making <φ> available for use] >the kind of goods in which there is no privacy and no possession.
We may distinguish two sorts of goods, and two corresponding sorts of impulses. There are goods in regard to which individual possession is possible, and there are goods in which all can share alike. The food and clothing of one man is not the food and clothing of another; if the supply is insufficient, what one man has is obtained at the expense of some other man. This applies to material goods generally, and therefore to the greater part of the present economic life of the world. On the other hand, mental and spiritual goods do not belong to one man to the exclusion of another. If one man knows a science, that does not prevent others from knowing it; on the contrary, it helps them to acquire the knowledge. If one man is a great artist or poet, that does not prevent others from painting pictures or writing poems, but helps to create the atmosphere in which such things are possible. If one man is full of good-will toward others, that does not mean that there is less good-will to be shared among the rest; the more good-will one man has, the more he is likely to create among others. In such matters there is no possession, because there is not a definite amount to be shared; any increase anywhere tends to produce an increase everywhere.
There are two kinds of impulses, corresponding to the two kinds of goods. There are possessive impulses, which aim at acquiring or retaining private goods that cannot be shared; these center in the impulse of property. And there are creative or constructive impulses, which aim at bringing into the world or making available for use the kind of goods in which there is no privacy and no possession.
IF it suggests a savage ceremony or a rite of atonement it also suggests the futility od such gestures.For what possible atonement is the fight waged if it must shortly be waged again... if it must shortly be waged again...again? The boxing match is the very image,the more terrifying for being so stylized ,of mankind's collective aggression ;its ongoing historical madness.
There was practically no water. ★ We suffered so much from thirst that on one occasion I made a bad mistake, which might have had disastrous consequences. ★ Coming across a small pool, I threw myself down and without taking any precautions began to drink the water in mighty gulps. The results were awful. ★ It turned out that this was one of those pools in which water buffaloes are accustomed to wallow in the hot weather, and which contain more mire than water. ★ I had a violent attack of coughing followed by vomiting, and it was long before I recovered from my horrid refreshment.
He peers eagerly back into the twilight out of which he has come, in the hope that its faint beams will illuminate the obscurity into which he is going; and,conversely,his hopes and anxieties about the path that lies ahead quicken his insight into what lies behind.
All my life I'd been deciding that specific things had no intrinsic value―that things like money, honesty, strength, love, information, wisdom, even life, are not valuable in themselves, but only with reference to certain ends― and yet I'd never considered generalizing from those specific instances. But one instance was added to another, and another to that, and suddenly the total realization was effected―nothing is valuable in itself; the value of everything is attributed to it, assigned to it, from outside, by people.
the value is attributed to everythingはおかしい。 物事のvalueは何処から来るかについて語っているのに、 いきなりvalueとだけ文頭にポンと持ってこられても読者は面喰らうだけ。 「物事の価値は(人々によって)物事に与えられる」とするのが自然。というより、当然。
>>932 @"specific things had no intrinsic value"と決め付けていたが、 A個々の事例から"specific things had no intrinsic value"という 一般化(=過剰な普遍化)をしようとは考えなかった。 しかし、B事例が1つまた1つと重なってゆくにつれて、突如として全体の認識 (=個々の事例を貫く抽象則)が帰納的に浮かびあがった。 Cそれが、「物事は、何一つとして、本質的な(内在的な)価値を持たない」。 D物事の価値は内側から生じるのではなく、人々によって外側から与えられるのだ。
>>938 たとえば、瓶のフタについて語っている文脈だとして、 次のようにフタの付け方について言及したとする。そのような場合、 The lids of the metal jars can be attached to them by a machine, but the attachment of lids to the wooden jars requires manual labour. とした方が、The lids can be attached to the metal jars by a machine, ... とするよりも、情報の伝達がスムーズだと思う。
同様に問題文においても、物事に価値が有るか無いかが問題となっているのではなく、 物事に価値は有るということが前提になっていて(少なくともこのスレに書き込まれた範囲内では)、 その『物事に備わっている価値』が、果たして、内側から生じるものなのか、それとも外側から 生じるものなのか、が問題となっているのだから、the value is attributed to everythingとした のでは情報の流れがスムーズではない。情報の流れをスムーズにさせるためには、主語の位置 において(=文頭において)、the value of everythingというように、それまでの情報を話題化し、 意味を明確にするための代名詞を軽く置いた後で、次の情報につなげた方が、効果的だろう。
>>938 Nobody is respectable by nature. Respects are given to him or her by others. についてだが、この場合のnobodyのnoはisを否定する動詞句否定であり、bodyは否定されていない。 him or herはnobodyの否定されていない部分を受ける(或いは、発話の状況から人を指していること は明白である)。これは、No one is respectable ... とすると、より一層明白で、him or herは明らかに oneを受けている。よって、「him or her=nobody」という図式は成立しえない。
「him or her=nobody」という図式を成立させたいのなら、 nobodyはa person of no importance or influenceと解釈しなければならないが、 それでは文意が成立しない。nobodyはno person; not anyoneの意味。
同様に問題文においても、it=nothingと考えるのであれば、 そのnothingは@something that has no existenceAsomething that has no quantitative value; zero Bone that has no substance or importance; a nonentityなどの意味になり、それでは文脈は成立しない。 この問題文では、nothingは、not anything; no single thingの意味である。
Curiously, this has been a problem because it has denied to the envious the easy solution of attributing Japan's rise to brute force or to imperialism rather than to intelligent management.
You should note that <I>proverbs</I> are seldom used in ordinary speech or writing. Although the native speaker knows the meaning of most English proverbs, he will actually use one rarely, and only when he is wanting to be humorous, or by referring to the proverb in an indirect way (for example by quoting only half of it), or introducing it by saying like 'you know what they say,...' or 'As the old saying goes,...' The reason is this. English proverbs are phrases or sentences containing advice, warning or truth. Although they are expressed in striking language, in their meanings they are rather obvious remarks to make about human experience. They are thought of as the sort of remark that would be made by someone who is rather dull, someone who cannot express in his own words what he thinks or feels, but who has to borrow a proverb from the language to do this.A proverb, a cliche, and a hackneyed phrase are all the sort of expressions that someone who wants to express himself clearly,carefully and honestly will try to avoid.
注 cliche:expression that has been too much used hackneyed phrase:repeated too often
Two greyhounds, in running down the same hare, have sometimes the appearance of acting in some sort of concert. Each turns her towards his companion, or endeavours to intercept her when his companion turns her towards himself. This, however, is not the effect of any contract, but of the accidental concurrence of their passions in the same object at that particular time. Nobody ever saw a dog make a fair and deliberate exchange of one bone for another with another dog.
My local newspaper recently ran a feature article headlined, "The Great American Bag Race," which I found both interesting and amusing in ways that neither the author nor the editor probably intended. The subject was the relative merits of paper and plastic grocery bags; the discussion included the reasons why many customers and grocers vehemently prefer one or the other, and the fierce economic competition between manufacturers of both. Just a few years ago, practically all grocery stores in this country routinely stuffed a customer's groceries into paper bags. In the early Eighties, plastic bags began to replace them in some places. By the time I sat down to write this, the two competitors were running neck and neck, with roughly equal numbers of paper and plastic bags in use. The article I mentioned reached no clear conclusion about which kind of bag was better overall, but it made clear that both kinds of bags contribute to the problems of resource consumption and solid waste disposal. The difference between them in terms of environmental impact is one of degree---- and, when you come right down to it, pretty trivial. Ironically, neither the author nor anyone quoted in the article even hinted that there might be another option that offers much more significant advantages over either kind of bag.
『紙袋使おうが、ポリ袋つかおうが環境に対する影響は微々たるものだ』 この解釈は成立しません。前文のboth kinds of bags contribute to the problems of resource consumption and solid waste disposalと矛盾するからです。
>>971 The whole distinction of privacy and publicity, however, as long as we confine ourselves to sensations, is one of degree, not of kind. No two people, there is good empirical reason to think, ever have exactly similar sensations related to the same physical object at the same moment; on the other hand, even the most private sensation has correlations which would theoretically enable another observer to infer it. (The Analysis of Mind / Bertrand Russell)
>>975 Little, however, as people are accustomed to a doctrine like that of Von Humboldt, and surprising as it may be to them to find so high a value attached to individuality, the question, one must nevertheless think, can only be one of degree. (On Liberty / John Stuart Mill)
The women, then, according to Socrates, are to be trained and educated exactly like the men. For the woman is just as capable of music and gymnastic as the man; and like him, she displays marked ability for a variety of pursuits --- the only difference being one of degree, not of kind, caused by the fact that the woman is weaker than the man. (The Republic / Plato)