She is all affability, goodness, sweetness, and beauty. (The life and adventures of Nicholas Nickleby / Charles Dickens)
Yet, greeting Duncan and the thanes, she was all charm. (Macbeth: Second Edition / Bernice W. Kliman)
Dounia is all excitement at the joyful thought of seeing you; she said one day in joke that she would be ready to marry Pyotr Petrovitch for that alone. (Crime and Punishment / Fyodor Dostoyevsky)
No one can write a man's life but himself. The character of his inner being, his real life, is known only to himself, but in writing it he disguises it. Under the name of his life he makes an apology. He shows himself as he wishes to be seen, but not at all as he is. The sincerest persons are truthful at most in what they say, but they lie by their silences. Things of which they say nothing so change what they pretend to confess that in uttering only a part of the truth they say nothing. A man may show himself with his faults but he is certain to give himself none but amiable ones, and there is no man who has not odious ones. He may paint his likeness but it is a profile. Who knows whether some ugly scar on the cheek or an eye put out on the side which he conceals from us would not have totally changed the appearance of his face ?
>>9 Who knows whether S not V ⇒ SがVしないかどうかをだれが知っているだろうか? ⇒ SがVしないなんてだれにもわからない=SがVする可能性もある
S:some ugly scar on the cheek or an eye put out on the side which he conceals from us not V:would not have totally changed the appearance of his face ?
>>10 (1)No one can write 〜 not at all as he is. ⇒自分のことは自分にしか書くことができない。自分の内面、本当の姿はは自分にしかわからない。 しかし、それを書く段階で人はごまかしてしまう。自分のことだからということを言い訳にするわけである。 自分のありのままの姿ではなく、他人にどう見られたいのかという姿を書いてしまうのである。
(2)The sincerest persons 〜 but it is a profile. ⇒最も正直な人でさえ、せいぜい語る内容が嘘ではないということにすぎない。彼らも、語らない部分で嘘をつく。 見せ掛けの告白も、語らなかった内容によって変わってしまうのである。だから、真実の一部しか語らないのは、 何も言っていないということである。自分が失敗したことも書くかもしれないが、かならず好ましい失敗を書くのである。 どんな人も、憎まれるべき失敗をしているのに。自分のようなものを描きはするが、それはプロフィールにすぎない。
前科のある人が「俺には前科はない」と積極的に嘘をつかなくても、自分の人生を語るときに前科について 「沈黙」すれば、それも「嘘」だよ、ということ。たとえ、語っていることがすべて真実だとしても、語られなかった部分 (=前科あり)の部分が語られたとしたら、語ってきたことがひっくりかえるということ。 Who knows以下は、特に(2)の部分についてのたとえ。
ちなみにwould not have changedは仮定法。「もし、顔の醜い部分を隠していなかったら、」という部分が省略されている。
The best thing about a small town is the people who live in it. I say this boldly, knowing how often that element is seized upon as a subject for ridicule ― their dullness, narrow lives and interests. The point is that the charge is simply not true. There are such people and such conditions in small towns, just as there are in large cities, for the human race is plentifully supplied with all kinds; they average about the same everywhere. The inhabitants of the small town are no worse and no better than people everywhere, but in the small town you know them, as friends, neighbors, acquaintances, over a long span of years, life times often, and they know you for what you are ― a sobering but an inspiring thought. In the small town you do not need to pretend; you can be yourself. This may annoy some, who will prefer the impersonality of the big city, but to a normal person there is something heartening in being an integral part of a community. Be sure of this: if you find the small town dull, the lack is in you. You no doubt bore the people.
「en eye put out on the side」というのは「離れた目」ではなく、>>17さんが指摘しているように「光を失った目」 ということのようですね。「eyes」ではなく「an eye」である点がヒントになるような気がします。また、「put out 〜」の 「(火など)を消す」を覚えていれば、それもヒントになると思う。
>>阿修羅さん たしかに「whether A or B」ということだけど、それは「not changed (or changed)」と考えるのが素直だと思う。 最後の文は「訳」は難しいけど、「解釈」自体はそれほど難しくはないと思います。
>>18 some ugly scarとen eyeを先whichの行詞にしようと思ったんだけど、 この解釈だとon the side(on one sideなら分かるが)が浮いてしまうから、やめた。
それで、 @whichの先行詞をthe cheekとthe sideにするか、 A [some ugly scar on the cheek] or [an eye put out] の両方に、on the side which he conceals from usがかかっているか、 のどちらかで迷ったんだけど、Aの方が意味が通り易いように感じたから、 Aにした。しかし、>>17で言ったように合っているかは分からない。
some ugly scarだけだと、何処の傷跡か分からないから、on the cheek のような語句を付け加えるのが望ましいように思われるのだけど、 en eye put outの場合、それだけで片側の目が偉いことになっているのが、 了解されるように感じられる。よって、わざわざon the sideを付ける必要が あるのか、と。付ける必要のない語句を付け加えたということは、そこには 何か別の意味が込められているのではないか、と。
>>Did you see more glass?さん 「on the cheek (×cheeks)」「on the side (×sides)」と単数形になっているので、それだけで ともに「片側」という意味になるはず。その「片側」が「隠されている方」であることを示すために which 〜があるのだと思う。
>>19で言ったように、 on the side which he conceals from usが、 〔some ugly scar on the cheek〕と〔an eye put out〕という2つの塊にかかる、という解釈です。 この考え方だと、some ugly scar on the cheek on the side which ...ということになり、 onが二つ続いて非常に不器用な英文のように見えますが、the cheekとthe sideはレベル の違う語なので、『・・・隠す側にある、頬の醜い傷跡』として、解釈できるのでは、と思いました。
so change what they pretend to confess that ... のところも、 動詞修飾のsoが何で程度の意味にしか解釈できないんだとずっと悩んでたんだけど、 原文と全然違うやんけ、糞。
詮索さんが問題とした箇所は次の通りです。 Who knows but that some gash on the cheek, or a cast in the eye, on the side concealed from us, would not have totally altered the expression of the countenance?
but that=that ... not ここではthat以下にnotが含まれているから、二重否定=肯定と考えても差し支えはないと思う。
Montaigne paints himself like, but only in profile.という具体例からも分かるように、 真実を語っているとは言え、それは一部分だけを強調した真実に過ぎなず、決して全体像ではない。 よって、語られていない真実が浮上すれば、その真実は当然、全体像を変えてしまう。 しかし、現実は、と言えば、その真実は語られずに終わるわけだから、『もし真実が語られていたら、 全体像が変わっていたのに』ということに気付く人なんて、普通いない、ということ。
(1)a small townのよいところを最初に述べて、 (2)次に(1)に対する反論を想定し、それに対する再反論という形で、 a small townの人間もa big cityの人間も同じだと主張。 (3)それから、a small townがa big cityと異なる点をいくつか述べ、 (4)結論として、a small townのほうが、normalな人ならいいと主張。
Before the era of street-lamps and jinrikishas, this neighborhood was very lonesome after dark: and belated pedestrians would go miles out of their way rather than mount the Kinokuni-zaka, alone, after sunset.
●If we investigate the origins of modern Constitutions, we find that, practically without exception, they were drawn up and adopted because people wished to make a fresh start, so far as the statement of their system of government was concerned. ●The desire or need for a fresh start arose either because, as in the United States, some neighbouring communities wished to unite together under a new government, or because, as in Austria or Hungary or Czechoslovakia after 1918, communities had been released from an Empire as the result of a war and were now free to govern themselves. ●The circumstances in which a break with the past and the need for a fresh start come about vary from country to country,● but in almost every case in modern times, countries have a Constitution for the very simple and elementary reason that they wanted, for some reason, to begin again and so they put down in writing their main outline, at least, of their proposed system of government. ◎This has been the practice certainly since 1781 when the American Constitution was drafted, and as the years passed no doubt imitation and the force of example have led all countries to think it necessary to have a Constitution.
On a bright September morning in the year 1899 Miss Evangeline Knightly was driving through the beautiful Nebraska land which lies between the Platte River and the Kansas line. She drove slowly, for she loved the country, and she held the reins loosely in her gloved hand. She drove about a great deal and always wore leather gauntlets. Her hands were small, well shaped and very white, but they freckled in hot sunlight.
Miss Knightly was a charming person to meet --- and an unusual type in a new country: oval face, small head delicately set (the oval chin tilting inward instead of the square chin thrust out), hazel eyes, a little blue, a little green, tiny dots of brown … Somehow these splashes of colour made light --- and warmth. When she laughed, her eyes positively glowed with humour, and in each oval cheek a roguish dimple came magically to the surface. Her laugh was delightful because it was intelligent, not the physical spasm which seizes children when they are tickled, and growing boys and girls when they are embarrassed.
@● When Miss Knightly laughed, it was apt to be because of some happy coincidence or funny mistake. The farmers along the road always felt flattered if they could make Miss Knightly laugh.● Her voice had as many colours as her eyes --- nearly always on the bright side, though it had a beautiful gravity for people who were in trouble. It is only fair to say that in the community where she lived Miss Knightly was considered an intelligent young woman, but plain --- distinctly plain. The standard of female beauty seems to be the same in all newly settled countries: Australia, New Zealand, the farming country along the Platte. A●It is, and was, the glowing, smiling calendar girl sent out to advertise agricultural implements.● Colour was everything, modelling was nothing. A nose was a nose --- any shape would do; a forehead was the place where the hair stopped, B●chin utterly negligible unless it happened to be more than two inches long.●
Right and left are not easy concepts for children to master. It is not until they are nine and a half to ten that they begin to have a proper understanding of the nature of the terms.
************************************************************** When we say that a colleague is difficult, this is at least partly a primitive response generated by our own prejudices. **************************************************************
「this is at least partly 〜」も同じことで、「this is (at least)(partly)」ということ。つまり、 補語はこの後の「a primitive response」であり、「これはprimitiveな反応である」というのが、文の骨格。 (partly)は(部分的には)(一部は)と言った意味の副詞であり、(at least)はそれを修飾する副詞。
*************************************************************************** Although there have been serious attempts by some countries to resist these forces of 'cultural imperialism' ― for example, a ban on satellite dishes in Iran, and the French imposition of tariffs and quotas on imported film and television ― the spread of American popular culture seem to be unstoppable. American social theorist Francis Fukuyama explicitly welcomes the global spread of Anglo-American values and lifestyles , equating the Americanization of the world with the expansion of democracy and free markets. ***********************************************************************
@a ban ... と、the French imposition ... がserious attemptsの具体例となっていること、 Athe ... imposition of ... on ... がnominalization構文であること、 Bequate A with Bが、「AとBを同一視する」の意味であること、
I want to talk about memory - memory and the loss of memory - about remembering and forgetting. My own memory was never a good one , but such as it is ,or was , I am beginning to lose it, and I find this both a worrying and an interesting process . What do I forget ? I won't say everything :of course ,that would be going too far.
What do I forget ? I won't say everything: of course ,that would be going too far. の部分の訳が不味いです。
@「忘れた」と過去形になってしまっている。 AI won't say [I forget] everythingが理解出来ていない。 Bthat=saying [I forget] everythingであること、 また、wouldがsubjunctive moodであること、が見抜けていない。
that=S be=V going=C(理解されてるとは思いますが、念のため。)
前半は問題無いと思います。
因みに、such as it is / they areは、 used to say that there is not much of sth or that it is of poor qualityとなっています。 ex)The food, such as it was, was served at nine o’clock.
さて、次すすめますぅ。 How, our customers and the press often ask me, did we turn the ship around so fast? First, we were never so unaware of the Internet as we might have seemed to outside observers. It wasn't as if somebody said 'Internet' and we didn't know how to spell it. We had served Internet technologies on our list of things to do. ▼But let's also be clear.▼ In 1993 we were not concentrating on the Internet. It was a fifth or sixth priority. At this time, we didn't have an overall Internet plan for the company. We didn't see that the Internet, a network for scientists and engineers, would grow into the worldwide commercial network it is today. ▼The Internet had such a limited capacity to carry digital information then that we saw it as a minor stop along the way.▼
Helen's father, Mr. Alderson, was a vague little man who had withdrawn into himself to a great extent since his wife's death a few years ago. He was an expert stocksman and his farm could compare with the best, but a good part of his mind often seemed to be elsewhere. And he had acquired some little peculiarities: when things weren't going well he carried on long muttered conversations with himself, but when he was particularly pleased about something he was inclined to break into a loud, tuneless humming. It was a penetrating sound and on my visits I could often locate him by tracking down this characteristic droning among the farm buildings</U>. At first when I came to see Helen I'm sure he never even noticed me --- I was just one of the crowd of young men who hung around his daughter; but as time went on and my visits became more frequent he suddenly seemed to become conscious of me, and began to regard me with an interest which deepened rapidly into alarm. I couldn't blame him, really.
He was devoted to Helen and it was natural that he should desire a grand match for her. And there was at least one such --- young Richard Edmundson, whose father was an old friend of the Aldersons and farmed nearly a thousand acres. They were rich, powerful people and Richard was very keen indeed. Compared with him, an unknown penniless young teacher was a poor bargain. When Mr. Alderson was around, my visits were uncomfortable affairs. We always seemed to be looking at each other out of the corners of our eyes; whenever I glanced his way he was invariably in the act of averting his gaze, and I must admit that if he looked over at me suddenly I couldn't help switching my eyes away. It was a pity because I instinctively liked him. He had an amiable, completely inoffensive nature which was very appealing and under other conditions we would have got along very well. But there was no getting round the fact that he resented me. And it wasn't because he wanted to hang on to Helen --- he was an unselfish man and anyway, he had an excellent housekeeper in his sister who had been recently widowed and had come to live with the Aldersons. It was just that he had got used to the comfortable assumption that one day his daughter would marry the son of his old friend and have a life of untroubled affluence; and he had a stubborn streak which rebelled fiercely against any prospect of change.
Minnie Mouse and Hello Kitty represent what 'kawaii' is all about. They are characters that never resist or oppose. They barely show their emotions or opinions , but they are acceptable and desirable because they are lovable packages like the models today.
Miss Scarlet, in a tight crimson dress, reaching for a book in the bookcase. At the sound of the opening door she turns suddenly, the book drops to the floor. "Oh, I didn't ― " she says, crouching swiftly to pick up the book and with her other hand sweeping a lock of pale hair from her eye. Her crouching knees, one higher than the other, press through the clinging crimson, which seems stretched to the breaking point.
Miehina has barely taken a dozen steps along a Kyoto street before the audio backdrop to her every public move comes to life. In the fading light of an early summer evening, the metronomic clip-clop of her platform okobo sandals is accompanied by the clicking of shutters, as a gaggle of amateur photographers seeks the perfect snapshot of one of Japan's most venerated women. (*)They stay with her until she retreats down a backstreet and slips through the sliding wooden door of her teahouse, her emerald green kimono, worth tens of thousands of pounds, now no more than a photogenic imprint.(*)
I was wondering how on earth I was going to get through the evening. Saturday. Saturday night and I was left alone with my grandmother.
The others had gone ― my mother and my sister, both dating. Of course, I would have gone, too, if I had been able to get away first. Then I would not have had to think about the old woman, going through the routines that she would fill her evening with. I would have slipped away and left my mother and my sister to argue, not with each other but with my grandmother, each separately conducting a running battle as they prepared for the night out. One of them would lose and the loser would stay at home, angry and frustrated at being in on a Saturday night, the one night of all the week for pleasure. Well, some chance of pleasure. There was hardly ever any real fulfillment of hopes but at least the act of going out brought with it a possibility and that was something to fight for.
"Where are you going?" my grandmother would demand of her daughter, forty-six and a widow for fifteen years.
"I'm going out" My mother's reply would be calm and she would look determined as I imagine she had done at sixteen, and always would do.
6は「leave O to do」かな?いずれにせよ、「each other」は「my mother」と「my sister」のことだろう。 その二人が議論するのではなく、それぞれが(separately)おばあちゃんと議論するということ。「私のほうが、 今日は出かけるわ」というのをおばあちゃんに対して言うのでしょう。my sisterは「姉」のような気がする。
この問題を難しくしているのは時制ですが I was wondering how on earth I was going to get through the evening この文以降の文章は、このwonderingの内容を具体的に書いてるんですよ。 だから視点はwonderingしている時点にあります。
It is said of the British that, when two people meet, their opening exchange is about the weather. This can be interpreted as a result of Britain's changeable climate. After all, it would be meaningless for two Egyptians meeting in July to say "Another sunny day, then," while in Britain it is at least reasonable to express some surprise. Such opening remarks may also reflect a certain self-restraint or even politeness since they allow either party to depart after a sentence or two if they are in a hurry.
時制について言うと「I was wondering 〜」が「過去」の事実を述べていて 「The others had gone 〜」が「過去完了」だから、「wondering」より「さらに過去」 の事実を述べています。
「Of course, I would have gone, 〜 for pleasure.」の部分が「仮定法」だから、事実ではなく「仮定」の話。 つまり、私が「wondering」していた「特定の夜」の時点より以前に、「出かけることもできた(仮定法過去完了)」 だろうし、そうすれば、「今頃(=私がwonderingしているとき)、どちらから祖母とすごしているのに(仮定法過去)」 ということ。
「Well, some chance of pleasure. There was 〜」は、過去の助動詞がないので、仮定法が終了して、 過去の事実を述べているだろうと判断できます。ちなみにbring with it a possibilityは「bring A with B」で 「it=any real fulfillment of hopes」でしょう。
事実を語っている後の「my grandmother would demand 〜」ですから、再び仮定法に戻ると考えるよりも、 当時の習慣だと考えるほうが素直な読みだという気がします。 内容的には、「46歳」の女性を娘扱いして「Where are you going?」と尋ねる祖母と、「16歳」の娘のように 「I'm going out.」と答える母親が対比されています。
「as I imagine she had done」の部分は、直前の「would look 〜」を修飾する「様態」のasでしょう。 問題は「she always would do」ですが、河合は様態のasの節に含めています。鉄緑会は、その点もあいまいだと思う。 as I imagin
「also」の部分は、「This can be interpreted as a result of Britain's changeable climate.」を受けています。 つまり、そういった「口火」は(1)イギリスの変わりやすい天候の結果でもあり、(2) 「ある種の自重、あるいは礼儀」の 反映でもある、ということ。
(1)複文を訳す場合、主語と述語の間に従節を挟む人が多い。英文の順番に引きずられるのでしょう。 思い切って、従節の後に主節を言うとわかりやすくなることが多い。 例)I think Tom loves his wife very much. ⇒私は【トムが妻をとても愛している】と思う<【トムは妻をとても愛している】と私は思う。
>>151 bring with it a possibilityのitは主語のthe act of going out。 この場合のwithは「場所」を示しているので、itはreflexiveにならない。 (現代英文法講義、443−444。)
DOUBLETHINK means the power of holding two contradictory beliefs in one’s mind simultaneously, and accepting both of them. The Party intellectual knows in which direction his memories must be altered; he therefore knows that he is playing tricks with reality; but by the exercise of DOUBLETHINK he also satisfies himself that reality is not violated. The process has to be conscious, or it would not be carried out with sufficient precision, but it also has to be unconscious, or it would bring with it a feeling of falsity and hence of guilt. (Nineteen Eighty-Four / George Orwell)
The consequences of this dislocation of economic life became world-wide. A general contraction of trade in the face of unemployment and declining production followed. Tariff restrictions were imposed to protect the home markets. The general crisis brought with it acute monetary difficulties, and paralysed internal credit. (The Second World War Volume 1: The Gathering Storm / Winston Churchill)
>>151 Neither Hitler nor Mussolini desired a quarrel between the Balkan countries. They hoped to get control of them all at the same time. For this reason they had imposed a settlement upon Hungary and Roumania about Transylvania. Mussolini’s attack on Greece, which Hitler did not favour, brought with it the prospect of British intervention in South-Eastern Europe. Pressure was therefore brought upon Yugoslavia to follow the example of Hungary and Roumania in joining the Axis bloc. (The Second World War Volume 3: The Grand Alliance / Winston Churchill)
The decline of the Roman Empire brought with it a disturbance of the social system of Western Europe. (English Penitential Discipline and Anglo-Saxon Law in their Joint Influence / Thomas Pollock Oakley)
The last decades have brought with them an amalgamation of two sciences―physics and chemistry―which have no doubt always had mutual relations, although formerly these were not so intimate or extensive as they are now. (Physical Chemistry / Wolfgang Pauli)
また、「描出話法が混じっている」という主旨の解説が上の方のレスで見られたが、 しかし、I was wonderingの内容は、how on earth I was going to get through the eveningである。 一方、Of course以下で述べられているのは、「自分がどのように切り抜けるか」ではなく、 「自分が先に抜けていたら、その後どんな風になっただろうか」であり、how以下で示された方向性とは異なる。
I shall always be a flower girl to Professor Higgins, because he always treats me as a flower girl, and always will; but I know I can be a lady to you, because you always treat me as a lady, and always will. (Pygmalion / Bernard Shaw)
“I love you devotedly, Anne,” said Diana stanchly, “and I always will, you may be sure of that.” (Anne of Green Gables: Lucy Maud Montgomery)
And so he had. He did as men have always done, and probably always will do, to the end of time―held the needle still, and tried to thrust the thread through the eye, which is the opposite of a woman’s way. (The Prince and the Pauper / Mark Twain)
That man has survived at all in spite of his physical inferiority to lions, for instance, is not the result of the fraud or trickery of a few individuals. Though there always have been, and always will be, many evil men, man owes his survival through nearly half a million years, and the civilizations he has shaped in the last six thousand, to something inherent in his nature. (THE PRINCE / MACHIAVELLI)
Among the gods there is a clear hierarchy: Zeus may have had struggles in the past, and he may continue to suffer challenges, but he is the strongest god and always will be, so there is no lasting good to be gained by resisting him. (ILIAD / HOMER / Translated by Stanley Lombardo)
もっとも、僕が和訳したような、always would doをimagineの節に入れてしまう解釈は、 時制を考えると、明らかな間違いであるが。
>>178 途中でwould have p.p.からwould 原形に変わっているのは、 恐らく『if I had been able to get away first』を基準時として、 その基準時と同時の出来事か、それともその基準気よりも後の出来事か、 で出来事時を判断した結果なんだと思います。 (出来事時と言っても、叙想法なので、あくまで想念の世界での出来事に過ぎないですが。)
とすると、 "I'm going out" My mother's reply would be calm and she would look determined as I imagine she had done at sixteen, and always would do.のところは、 would be calm ... would look determined ... は想念の世界での現在、 had done ... は現実世界での過去(全体が過去なので大過去)、 そして、would doは現実世界での未来(全体が過去なので後方転移) と、「現在・過去・未来」が揃い踏みするのではないか(世界は違えど)、と 思うんですが、よく分からないです。
「My mother's reply would be calm and she would look determined as I imagine she had done at sixteen, and always would do. の部分を直説話法で書くと I thought ,"My mother's reply would be calm and she would look determined , and always will do. " 前の2つのwouldは仮定法の用法であるから、時制の一致の影響を受けずwouldのままであるが、 最後のwouldは直説法であるから時制の一致を受け、willとなる。」
"John ,now in his second year at college ,was home for the spring vacation,and his mother took the opportunity of having a serious talk with him .
Did he know where he waHe was equally nted to live?
John was not sure.
Did he know what he wanted to do ?
He was equally uncertain,but when pressed remarked that he should prefer to be quite free of any profession.
She was not shocked ,but went on sewing for a few minutes."
He was equally uncertain,but when pressed remarked that he should prefer to be quite free of any profession. この英文の和訳を東大で問われました。省略に気が付くとすっきりします。 ここの人たちには簡単かもしれませんが、内容が面白いので^^
Susan:You haven't been crying,Mary? Mary:Yes , I couldn't help it . S:What on earth for? M:My dear ,it's not unnatural. S:Well,I don't want to say anything against her now that she's dead and gone, poor thing, but Miss Freeman was the most disgusting old woman I ever met. M:I was her nurse for ten years . I don't suppose one can live all that time with anyone and not be a little sorry to part with them for ever . S:How you stood it ! Exacting ,domineering ,disagreeable . M:Yes , I suppose she was . I never saw anyone with such a bitter tongue. At first I used to cry every night when I went to bed because of the things she said to me.
In his evening speech, George W. Bush said yesterday was a day we would never forget. (NYT: The War Against America; An Unfathomable Attack / Published: September 12, 2001)
寝ようと目を閉じていたら、突然脳裏に浮かんだ。こんな簡単なことに気付かなかったなんて・・・。
I was wondering how on earth I was going to get through the evening. この一文が、上記のNYTのセンテンスと同じ構造であることに気付かなかったとは・・・。
この一文とThe others had goneで、 was wonderingの時制が、延いては問題文全体の時制が、明確に規定されている。 この一文が分かれば、後の叙想法も全て説明がつく。 別に不適切な出題でも何でもない。普通の問題に過ぎないのに・・・。
「I was wondering how on earth I was going to get through【the】evening. Saturday.」 ⇒この過去は、ある【特定の】夜についてのものだろうし、その後の仮定法過去完了も、その【特定の】夜について 「was wondering」しているよりも過去についての仮定だということだろう。
One of them would lose and the loser would stay at home, angry and frustrated at being in on【a】Saturday night, ⇒これを仮定法と考えると、【a】はおかしいような気がする。そこまで【特定の】土曜日の仮定だったのだから。 would+原形だとしても、「was wondering」していると同時期についての仮定になるはずで、【the】になる気がする。
過去の習慣をあらわすwouldって過去の特定の時点を示す語と一緒には使うことできませんよね。 "Where are you going?" my grandmother would demand of her daughter, forty-six and a widow for fifteen years ここで特定の時点を示す語が出てきてるので、wouldを過去の習慣ととるのは抵抗がある。
これを「現在の習慣」と考えても、""の中だから、「現在」というのは「thought」を基準に考えるはず。 たとえば、「I thought, "she IS his wife."」の「IS」は「現在」だが、それは「thought」を基準にしているから、 間接話法にすると「I thought she WAS his wife.」になる。
>>190 >One of them would lose and the loser would stay at home, angry and frustrated at being in on【a】Saturday night, >⇒これを仮定法と考えると、【a】はおかしいような気がする。そこまで【特定の】土曜日の仮定だったのだから。 >would+原形だとしても、「was wondering」していると同時期についての仮定になるはずで、【the】になる気がする。
Let’s begin with an example from a parent to keep in the background as this discussion unfolds. We’ll come back to it at the conclusion of the chapter. ------------------------------------------------------------------------ Saturday afternoon, Sheila (a junior in high school) was moping around the house. I asked her if anything was wrong and got the usual indecipherable grunt. I let it go; I’ve learned over the last two years that pursuit in these kinds of situations often ends in conflict. Anyway, she got a bunch of phone calls that afternoon that seemed to worsen her mood. A bit later, when I was putting the cars in the garage, I asked her if she needed the car tonight (I wanted to know whether to leave it out or not).
She turned on me and said harshly, “Dad, I don’t know, just leave me alone!” Hmm, what line had I crossed this time? But, knowing my request was truly innocent, I got indignant and asked again, adding a snide comment about her first reaction. This time she simply screamed, “I don’t know yet! Why should I have to know yet anyway? My life doesn’t have to be planned down to the minute just so I don’t inconvenience you! Just leave me alone!”
Needless to say, dinner was rather tense. After about five minutes Sheila declared she wasn’t hungry and was going to her room. Unfortunately my wife reacted before I could catch her. “You have to eat something. You can’t just live on air!” Of course my daughter turned on my wife and launched into a tirade for several minutes―mostly incoherent stuff, but centered around our trying to run her life. Anyway, it wasn’t a pleasant interaction.
Later that night my wife looked in on Shelia and she was in tears―curled up on the bed crying to herself. My wife got her to talk for a little while, but after a few minutes Sheila became quite frustrated and asked to be alone. Later, we invited her to watch TV with us, which she eventually did. But she never did tell us what was going on.
The next day she woke up early and went to volleyball practice, and when she returned she was in great spirits. She was like a different kid! When we asked her about the previous night, she looked confused for a second and then dismissed it with a wave of her hand. ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- What is going on here? How can we possibly understand this kind of behavior, let alone react to it? We’ll come back to this at the end of the chapter, but just keep it in mind as you read on.
中略
Let’s ground all this in concrete terms by returning to the example at the outset of this chapter. What could have made Shelia, the moody adolescent, act the way she did from Saturday afternoon to Sunday morning? Several explanations may apply. From a social perspective, … 中略
From a romantic perspective, perhaps Sheila had said no to her friends in order to leave the door open to say yes to a guy she hoped would call and ask her out. Or, maybe she left the door open to phone the guy herself and ask him out, or at least talk on the phone for a while. Thus, her angry responses to her parents might stem from her doubt and the tenuousness of her plans. She could end up empty-handed―home with her parents on a Saturday night. ... 後略
(Uncommon Sense for Parents with Teenagers / Michael Riera)
原文はコレらしい。I stood at the back door and looked up at the moon. Its brightness from over the dark hump of the hillside made clear the pale drifting smoke from somebody's garden. The woodsmoke and the moon made me restless , eager to be moving in the sharp October night. I had been standing on the door-step for several minutes , staring wondering how on earth I was going to get through the evening. Saturday. Saturday night and I was stuck with my grandmother. The others had gone ― my mother and my sister , both courting. Neither of them seemed to care about my grandmother. Nothing much was ever said , they just went out , leaving her alone, or most often with me to sit at home because I just could not see that she should be left on her own on a Saturday night , with no one to talk to and everybody else out at the pictures or dancing. Of course , I would have gone if I had been able to get away first. Then I would not have had to think about the old woman , plodding about the routines that she would fill her evening with. I would have slipped away and left my mother and Ena to argue, not with each other but with my grandmother , each separately conducting a running battle as they prepared for the night out. One of them would lose and the loser would stay at home , angry and frustrated at being in on a Saturday night , the one night of all the week for pleasure. Well , anticipation of pleasure. There was hardly ever any real fulfilment of hopes but at least the ritual of going out to the Queen's Ballroom or the Plaza or the Regal brought with it a possibility and that was something to fight for.(以下同) 「出かけるわ。」母は抑揚もなく反抗的に答えるのだった。多分、16の時と同じ態度で。 そして、これからもずっとそうであるように。
たしかに、阿修羅氏が探してくれた、 >>212 >most often with me to sit at home because 〜 の部分から判断すると、むしろ著者が祖母を面倒見ることが多かったみたいですね。 したがって、「One of them would lose 〜」の部分は「習慣」というより、「仮定法」と 考えたほうがいいと思う。私の勘違いでした。
「Where are you going?" my grandmother would demand 〜 would be calm and she would look 〜」 この部分については、「仮定法」と考えると、「母親」が「loser」になったことを仮定していることになる(?)。
But if, during the next month or so, she is heard to say "ball" on seeing a balloon, an Easter egg, a small round stone, and so on, doubts must begin to arise; and it may then seem wiser to replace the first conclusion by the more guarded one that word "ball" has now entered her word-stock and that her knowledge of its meaning has begun to grow.
赤ん坊か狼少女がいて、言葉をなかなか覚えないので「この子は言葉の意味を理解できない」 というのがthe first conclusionだった。しかし、丸いものを見て「ボール」と言いはじめると、 (丸い=ボールという意味を理解しているということだから)、the first conclusionが間違いに違いない、 ということで、「意味を理解し始めている」という、より固いconclusionを抱くようになった。
It may seem at first sight easy to tell when a child knows what a word means. When a little girls of thirteen months sees a ball, says "ball", and then at once goes to pick it up ,the obvious conclusion may appear to be that the meaning of the word is now known to her. But if, during the next month or so, she is heard to say "ball" on seeing a balloon, an Easter egg, a small round stone, and so on, doubts must begin to arise; and it may then seem wiser to replace the first conclusion by the more guarded one that word "ball" has now entered her word-stock and that her knowledge of its meaning has begun to grow. The above example is not invented . It is provided by Bowerman from a study of her daughter ,Eva. And many similar instances have been recorded by Bowerman and others. So it is clear that , even in the case of "simple" words like "ball", the acquisition of word meaning is not an all-or-none affair . Word meaning grows and change -a fact central to an understanding of the development of thought and language. Thus it is by no means so easy as one might suppose to give a straightforward answer to the question :how large is a child's vocabulary ,on average , at different ages?
In his evening speech, George W. Bush said yesterday was a day we would never forget. は、 In his evening speech, George W. Bush said, "Today is a day we will never forget."であって、 叙想法は絶えず(一部の場合を除く)"Today is a day we will never forget."という『直接話法』であって、 yesterday was a day we would never forget.という『間接話法』にはならない。
Once the customer feels prepared, they will be presented with beast of their choice. In the lawyer’s case, it was a sow.
@□“I’d been told what to expect, but when I actually saw what was happening, it was as shocking as you’d imagine it to be,” M tells Jitsuwa Knuckles. “Later, the lawyer told me the appeal of the place just came about because when people have got money and done everything else, they turn toward bestiality.”□
A□Once the lawyer had finished porking the pig, the couple returned to the first floor and sat at a table to dine. M says she was totally shocked when staff members carried in roast pork ― made of the same sow the lawyer had earlier been with.□
B□“I was about to vomit,” M says. “It was the same pig that had been squealing just moments before. Now, it had been roasted whole. I managed to avoid eating it by only having salad.”□
Incidentally, prices range from 200,000 yen to 500,000 yen for a chicken, dogs cost somewhere between 300,000 yen and 800,000 yen, while pigs and goats start at around 800,000 yen. Charges are higher depending on whether the creature is female and how active it is.
【出典:毎日(変態)新聞 / Ryann Connell】
*bestiality: sexual relations between a human and an animal; sodomy
At first glance, the first floor restaurant appears fairly nondescript. When a customer goes in, they give their name to a receptionist. When they are approved, they pass through a wooden door to be greeted by another door, this one made of metal. Passing a membership card over a scanner outside the door will automatically open it. Inside is an eatery that resembles just about any other Italian restaurant.
役場の人;Do you have any documents that prove you can stay in Japan for more than a year?
留学生;Yes.
役;Then you may apply for the National Health Insurance.
留;But I am a member of my American company's health insurance. If I join here , don't you think that would be useless?
役;It's not a matter of uselessness. It's a law that those foreigners who are capable of staying in Japan must join the Japanese public insurance called the National Health Insurance.
留;Really?
役;Yes. Some examples that are not covered by your American company's insurance are when your expenses go over the upper limit of your coverage. But, if you are a member of the NHI , you will pay only 30% of the total expenses.
留;So, if I am a member of this insurance, I can pay only 30% of the total amount whatever sickness occured?
>留;Ah, the health insurance card has no holder's picture. > So, do you think anybody could use it? > >役;Yes. There's no picture of the holder b>ut if you allow anybody > to use your card , you are committing a crime. > Please be careful.
この役人の「Yes」は「Do you think 〜?」に対する答えだから「はい、使うことはできると思います」 という意味。もし「本人確認の顔写真が付いてませんねえ。」に対して「そうです」なら、 英語としては「No.」になる。
A man who appeared to be a laborer in his 60s allegedly pulled a knife and demanded money 【*1】a 30-year old housewife as she was walking in a hallway at a downtown Tokyo apartment building. The woman told her assailant(襲撃者)that 【*2】 but he followed her and forced his way into her apartment. But rather than screaming, the woman served the man a cup of tea in hopes of calming him down. The man put his knife away and began telling the woman about his financial hardship and asked her to lend him 10,000yen. The woman put a 10.000yen bill on the table. When the man was looking the other way, she grabbed(掴んだ)her daughter and ran out the door to call police from a nearby public phone. When she returned with the police to her apartment, the man and the 【*4】were gone.
(7月9日の3面記事より)
《設問》 一、【*1】に適当な前置詞を入れよ。 二、【*2】に「お金は持っていないわ。」の文意となるよう英作文せよ。 三、彼女が強盗にお茶を出した目的は何であったか。(10字前後で。) 四、【*3】に入れる適切な単語1語を、文中より抜き出せ。 五、「a laborer in his 60s」を、日本語になおせ。
In an English pub you can buy virtually any kind of alcoholic drink , as well as soft drinks ,(1→) but there can be no argument against the statement that the great pub drink is beer (←), and the great English beer is 'bitter' , although there has during the past few years been some controversy concerning the quality of bitter. There is also a drink called 'cider' , and the Japanese must be very careful when he drinks it , for it is not a non-alcoholic fizzy lemon drink like the drink called cider in Japan. (2→)Rather, it is a drink made from apples , with a pleasant , deceptively mild flavour , since it is as strong as , or stronger than , most beers.
>>263 ratherは否定表現と相関している場合、 more properly or correctly speaking; more truly / more exactly; more accurately / more correctly speaking ではなくて、 on the contrary / to the contrary; instead です。
In 1913 Mascara was created by a chemist ,TL.Williams , for his sister whose boyfriend was in love with another woman. To help Mabel get her man , TL.Williams blended vaseline jelly with coal dust and concocted a lash-darkener. It was the first mascara. In 1915, TL.Williams founded the company , Maybelline , named after his sister...Mabel and Vaseline.
When you consider it from a human perspective, and clearly it would be difficult for us to do otherwise, life is an odd thing. It couldn’t wait to get going, but then, having gotten going, it seemed in very little hurry to move on. Consider the lichen. Lichens are just about the hardiest visible organisms of Earth, but among the least ambitious. They will grow happily enough in a sunny churchyard, but they particularly thrive in environments where no other organism would go – on blowy mountaintops and arctic wastes, wherever there is little but rock and rain and cold, and almost no competition. In areas of Antarctica where virtually nothing else will grow, you can find vast expanses of lichen – four hundred types of them – adhering devotedly to every wind-whipped rock. For a long time people couldn’t understand how they did it. Because lichens grew on bare rock without evident nourishment or the production of seeds, many people – educated people – believed they were stones caught in the process of becoming plants. “Spontaneously, inorganic stone becomes living plant!” rejoiced one observer, a Dr. Homschuch, in 1819. Closer inspection showed that lichens were more interesting than magical. They are in fact a partnership between fungi and algae. The fungi excrete acids that dissolve the surface of the rock, freeing minerals that the algae convert into food sufficient to sustain both. It is not a very exciting arrangement, but it is a conspicuously successful one. The world has more than twenty thousand species of lichens.
Like most things that thrive in harsh environments, lichens are slow-growing. It may take a lichen more than half a century to attain the dimensions of a shirt button. Those the size of dinner plates, writes David Attenborough, are therefore “likely to be hundreds if not thousands of years old.” It would be hard to imagine a less fulfilling existence. “They simply exist,” Attenborough adds, “testifying to the moving fact that life even at its simplest level occurs, apparently, just for its own sake." It is easy to overlook this thought that life just is. As humans we are inclined to feel that life must have a point. We have plans and aspirations and desires. We want to take constant advantage of all the intoxicating existence we’ve been endowed with. But what’s life to a lichen? Yet its impulse to exist, to be, is every bit as strong as ours – arguably even stronger.
It could not wait to get going それ(生命)は進みだすことを待てないだろう but then ところが一方では having gotten going 進みだしてしまいながら it seemed to move on 動いているように思われる in very little hurry 非常にゆっくり
Like other objects remembered from childhood, a book is alive, absolute, vague and partial. Dreamlike memory reassembles (and resembles) the past, a scene or a moment, and always in pieces: a sound, smell, color, shape. The script I write and cast as Memory is almost intangible and unfailingly incomplete. I turn and look at my bookshelves. There's a snapshot of my mother, my sister and me; I'm the infant in the baby carriage. I keep a memory: I'm little, with my mother, walking over a footbridge; there's another woman and a baby carriage. Something disturbing happens. My mother doesn't remember the scene. She thinks l dreamed it. Is the picture what I remember? When I was about five I read a seemingly simple tale that was impossible for me to grasp. A little girl has a blanket. The blanket gets a hole. The little girl wants to get rid of the hole so she cuts it out. The hole gets bigger, and she cuts that out. She cuts and cuts and finally the blanket disappears. I read the story over and again, as if it might change, and at its new end explanation would erupt from its pages.
But the story's dire conclusion - the blanket disappears - left me trying to understand why it made sense and didn't make sense. Why couldn't she cut out the hole? The mysterious effect of reading, the immense undecidability of meaning, all this was contained in a book whose title, author and illustrator I can't remember. And no one's ever heard of it. The book is like a memory whose status as an object is in question. But I remember reading it on my bed, and on the floor of the bedroom I shared with one of my sisters, and sitting in a big chair, in a room whose walls were papered brown, with little blue and yellow flowers. I didn't like brown. Was the radio on? Was I aware of girls and holes? What am I making up? Years later I wrote a novel in which a character reads the blanket story. By incorporating the lost book into 'my' book I found a way to restore it to some kind of existence outside, and yet within, 'me'. Now as I write about it again the blanket story gains significance and structure, becomes a private myth in my scripted childhood, overwhelming everything else, much as the hole consumed the blanket. 京大・1996
Dostum didn't search his prisoners ― a little mistake but one he would bitterly regret. ゛ If we had searched them, there would have been a fight," he said Wednesday, surveying hundreds of dismembered, blackened and crushed bodies. ゛But perhaps it wouldn't have been as bad as this."
Former NASA astronaut and moon-walker Dr Edgar Mitchell ―a veterant of the Apollo 14 mission― has stunningly claimed aliens exist. He said supposedly real-life ET's were similar to the traditional image of a small frame, large eyes and head. Chillingly, he claimed our technology is "not nearly as sophisticated" as theirs → and "had they been hostile," he warned "we would be been gone by now." ←
(ヒント:had や were で始まる倒置文にwould 節が組み合わさっている場合 には、○○の省略を見抜くべし。)
正解です。if の省略でした。 会話文で、条件と帰結が分断されている点で、気づかれにくいか と思われます。 would be been gone が、我々の習っている英文法で正しいのかどうか 疑問ですが、不思議と文意は通るかと思います。 敵意を持っていたら今頃人類はやられちまってるよ、という意味ですね。 出典は本日の時事ニュース、文章はヘラルド・サンという豪州のメディア です。 ひょっとすると、オーストラリアではwould have beenはwould be beenで 通っているのかもしれません。 ご存知の方いらっしゃれば加筆ヨロ。
Despite all of the myths surrounding the alcoholism of so many American writers and its relation to their literary talent, the facts remain that any list of American Nobel prize-winning artists would include more than a few heavy drinkers. (→) Critics, and even the writers themselves, have observed, however, that alcohol, rather than inspiring creativity seems to anesthetize the poetic spirit as it deadens the senses. (←)
あなたの出題した問題文そのものからは、以下のような部分を見たいのではないかと考えた。 「麻痺」と「死滅」のメタファー(比喩)の意味するところが全体の文章にどうかかってくるかを試したいのではなく、 1) the writers themselves や、 2) alcohol, rather than inspiring creativity の部分の処理、 3) as it deadens the senses での it の訳や the senses をどう訳すのかを問うていると考えた。
I think it was Conrad Hilton who first had the idea that travel would be greatly improved if as much of it as possible were spent in familiar surroundings. 東大過去問
Daguerreotypes are an early form of photographs. Paris street scenes, as they appear in those daguerreotypes, have an unreal quality about them. There are no people. Did the photographer wait until everybody was out of the way? Did he or she snap the picture at dawn before anyone was up? ▲ It took many minutes for these early cameras to take a picture, and during that time people would have come and gone, leaving not even a trace in the final print. What remained was only the solid, motionless part of the city. ▲
I think it was Conrad Hilton who first had the idea that travel would be greatly improved if as much of it as possible were spent in familiar surroundings.
I think it was Conrad Hilton who first had the idea that travel would be greatly improved if as much of it as possible were spent in familiar surroundings. Faraway places with strange-sounding names are all very well, ( 1 ). What the weary traveler needs after being up to his neck in foreigners all day is a drink with plenty of ice, a straightforward dinner menu that doesn’t require an interpreter, a decent bathroom and a king-sized bed. Just like home. The Hilton theory was, as everyone knows, a worldwide success. And this was for one very simple reason : even if you didn’t always know where you were, you always knew what to expect. There were no surprises. A few touches of local color would creep in from time to time ― mangoes instead of orange juice, waitresses in sarongs instead of skirts ― ( 2 ). There was a certain standardization about the board and lodging that provided comfort and reassurance and familiarity even in the heart of the most exotic locations.
If the idea had stopped there ― as one among many travel options ― it would have been fine. Unfortunately, it proved to be so popular that it was adopted by one hotel chain after another, with varying degrees of local camouflage designed to add personality to a multi-national formula. With loud protestations that they were preserving the special character of each hotel they bought up, the new owners standardized everything that could be standardized, from bathroom fittings to color schemes, ( 3 ). (a) but for the most part it didn’t really matter whether you fell asleep in Tokyo or Mexico City (b) while a traveler feels it difficult to walk around a new city, unless he has made beforehand a special study of its history and geography (c) until the only sure way of knowing which city you were waking up in was to consult the phone directory as soon as you got out of bed (d) provided there are scrambled eggs for breakfast, air-conditioning, toilets that work, and people who speak English, even if they speak it with a curious accent
It would be a disaster if the current globalization were to be a one-way process, with 'universal transmitters' on one side and 'receivers' on the other, with the 'norm' set against the 'exceptions' ; with on the one hand those who think they have nothing to learn from the rest of the world, and on the other those who believe that the rest of the world will never listen to them. I am thinking here not only of the danger of hegemony but also of its opposite or negative image ― the equally grave danger of resentment that may be observed in various part of the world.
(北大の入試英文)
【問題1】 文中の{hegemony}に該当する立場を表している文中の他の語を抜書きせよ。
【問題2】 the equally grave danger について、「勝谷誠彦対2ch」, 「派遣社員と無差別殺傷事件」などの身近な例を用いて説明せよ。
Before the sun was full up I went out into the yard and I was shocked to see Ritchie still squatting there reading in the flowerbed; I walked over and spoke to him. (→) But he didn't so much as take his eyes off the book to look at me ; you'd have thought he didn't hear me. (←)
If you want to be perceived as caring by someone who is overwhelmed by a pressing deadline at work, bring her dinner to eat at her desk. Don't tell her what she really needs is to take a break and go out to dinner with you. That's not what she wants. It's what you want.
It is now recognized that a strong contributing factor to the German 'Economic Miracle' after World War U was the return to Germany of millions of Germans who had been living in Eastern Europe.
Five years ago ,barbershops near the Yale campus had their share of regular students customers. Today long hair and jeans have come upon hard times. "At one time you'd see a good-looking ,well-dressed boy on the street and you'd say "There's a Yale man." Now you recognize them by the opposite appearance ,' says Joe LoPresti, at Phil's barbershop near the campus . As the hair of Yale students grows long , business at campus barbershops grows short . The sight of empty chairs and idle barbers has replaced the striped pole as symblol of the profession. Mr. LoPresti has very few regular student customers now . He says ,however , that some Yale students submit to barbering for special occasions like job interviews and meeting their parents . According to him ,business begins to pick up ,too,as graduation time nears."Boys change when they get out of school . These Yale boys have got too much brains to try and get on in life ,you know, with their hair down to the shoulders." Today it is not the customer who waits in the barbershop. As long-haired Yale students pass by barbershop windows , barber pass the time sitting idly in their chairs, reading magazines,talking , or giving each other haircuts. "What can we do ?" asks Mr.LoPrestti "It's just one of those things . You know , you can lead a horse to water , you can't force it to drink."
(a)had their share of regular students customers.の意味を表すのにもっとも適切なものを 次のうちから選べ。 イequally profited from their trades with regular Yale students ロhad agreed upon dividing students customers into equal numbers ハhad each a certain number of students constantly coming for a haircut ニtook part in the custom of barbering Yale students regularly
(c)business at campus barbershops grows short を日本語で言うと? イ忙しい時間が少なくなる ロ営業時間が短くなる ハ商売が振るわなくなる ニ散髪の手間がかからなくなる
(d)replacedの言い換えは? イexchanged ロgiven place to ハsubstituted ニtaken the placed of
(e)pick upの意味は?
(f)have got too much brains toをare too ( )toに言い換えると( )は? イlearned ロsmart ハsuperior ニwitty
(g)It's just one of those things の意味は? イ世間にゃざらにあることのひとつでさあ。 ロ学生さんのはやりの1つみたいなもんでね。 ハなにせ数ある店のひとつに過ぎませんや。 ニできることって言やあ、てめえの頭を刈るくらいなもんでさあ。
(h)本文と一致するものを1つ選べ。 イJoe LoPresti ,a baldheaded barber ,is vigorously against the current hair style of Yale students. ロAmong Yale students long hairis regarded as an adventage in getting a job, and that is why the campus barbers do little bussiness today. ハLong-haired Yale students pass the time idly barbershop windows without ever entering the shop. ニNear the Yale campus it is not rare today to see a barber,having nothing better to do, cut another barber'hair in the shop.
□All the 215 passengers aboard the Boeing 747, except one, was injured in the crash. □Of all the 215 passengers aboard the Boeing 747, only one emerged from the crash unscathed.
A fair number of verbs form a derived noun by the suffixation of "-ing". It is important to distinguish between an NP with such a deverbal noun as head, as in (37), and an ING complement clause with the corresponding verb as predicate head, as in (38):
(37) I admired Mary's singing of 'Salty Dog' in church (38) I admired Mary's singing 'Salty Dog' in church
There is a meaning difference -- (38) states that I admired the fact that she did it (Mary's temerity in giving voice to a bawdy song in a sacred place); (37) states that I admired the manner in which she sang (her syncopated style, etc.).
There are concomitant syntactic differences:
□The object (37) has the structure of an NP, with "Mary's" as determiner ("the" could be used instead) and with the preposition "of" introducing the post-head NP 'Salty Dog'. In (38) "Mary" is the subject of the predicate "singing" ("Mary's" here could not be replaced by "the"), with the object 'Salty Dog' immediately following the transitive verb.
□The noun "singing" in (37) could be modified by an adjective, e.g. "quiet singing", whereas the verb "singing" in (38) would be modified by as adverb, e,g, "singing quietly".
Of course a shorter version, "I admired Mary's singing", is ambiguous -- the NP-as-object reading implies that I admired the way she sang, and the complement-clause-as-object reading indicates that I admired the fact of her singing.
Where,as in the contemporary Western world,great numbers of the citizens own nothing, personal liberty and political and civil rights are to a more or less considerable extent dependent upon the grace of the capitalistic or national owners and managers of the means of production and distribution and upon their willingness to abide by the rules of the democratic game.
早大 The psychological importance of the skin is incalculable. It is how others see us. A skin disfigured by pimples undermines confidence and self-esteem. It affects relationship, both social and professional. Skin is not just a protective covering.
the grace (of) <the capitalistic or national> <owners and managers> (of) the means of production and distribution この部分の関係が見抜けるかどうかの問題だった 最初のofは所有格、2つ目は主格のof、まあ3つ目は言わずもがなで同格ね 書き換えるとthe grace of those who own and manage the means of production and distribution.
Equivocation means using words ambiguously. Often done with intent to deceive, it can even (*)deceive the person who is using the expression.(*) Equivocation occurs when words are used with more than one meaning, even though the soundness of the reasoning requires that the same use be kept throughout.
' Happiness is the end of life. The end of life is death; So happiness is death '
【2】音が同じ言葉は一貫して同じ意味を持たせて使わなくてはいけない。 最後の三行では、一文目のthe end of the life は人生の目的という意味で使っているのに対し、 二文目では人生の行き着く先という意味で使われている。 したがって意味が異なるのに同じ音で表現されてるため、 三文目では幸せとは死ぬことであるという意味不明な文となる。
Then the old woman took a mirror out of her apron and gave it to Peter, saying, 'Take this as a reward.'
'What do I need a mirror for?' asked Peter. 'That is no ordinary mirror ,' replied the old woman.
'It is a magic mirror. (→) Anyone who looks into it will see themselves not as they are , but as other people see them.(←)'
Simple Peter held the mirror up to his face and peered into it. 'Well, it may be a magic mirror , but it's no good to me. I can't see myself in it at all.'
A department is to those it employs a complex personality with ideas and even fads of its own. It depends on the loyal devotion of its servants, and the devoted loyalty of trusted servants is associated with a certain amount of affectionate contempt,which keeps it sweet,as it were.
(1) 配点:50点 "Rarely does a single country have enough leverage to make sanctions work because there are always alternative sources of supply," said Weiss. "And there are numerous ways for a country that is sanctioned to break the sanctions."
(2) 配点:50点 "The regime [in Iran] is clearly not keen to have these sanctions," he said. They clearly want to be a member of the international community of states and they spent a lot of diplomatic effort to make sure these sanctions did not come about. Not because it is going to have a real impact, in terms of day-to-day economics, but it is going to have a large, symbolic impact."
(東北大) The great culture of ancient Egypt was distinguished by one particularly attractive feature : @its kindly treatment of animals. The Egyptians did not make a sharp distinction between humans and other animals ; they cherished their pets and Aconsidered abuse of animals a sin.
(1) 配点:60点 Iran has become a key target of U.S. and international sanctions aimed at halting the development of its nuclear program. Still, repeated efforts have been unable to stop Tehran's nuclear ambitions, showing the limitations of sanctions as a foreign policy tool. Experts also point to sanctions against Burma and Cuba as other examples where the measures have failed to achieve their goal.
(2) 配点:40点 "There it has been less effective to this point," said Jacobson. "Iran has not completely backed down from its nuclear ambitions and that is the key question is whether or not that will happen."
● One need but read the depressing accounts of how people lived in London and other large British cities early in the 20th century to be grateful that the good old days are past. (国際基督教大)
* account 物語・話・記事、等。
【採点基準】 @ One need but read の誤訳−5点 A to be gratefulの誤読−10点 B depressing の誤訳−2点
Thinking is as unnatural and laborious an activity for human beings as walking on two legs is for monkey. We seldom do more of it than we have to ; and our disinclination to think is generally greatest at the times when we are feeling the most comfortable.
(早大)We have only to image how very different American civilization would have been had America been settled from the west instead of the east, from China or Japan rather than from Europe and Africa.
Hereafter , perhaps , some intellect may be found which will reduce my phantasm to the commonplace ―some intellect more calm, more logical, and far less excitable than my own, which will perceive , in the circumstances I detail with awe , nothing more than an ordinary succession of very natural causes and effects.
The question "Where are you from?" is a little like "How are you?" and often expects a one-word answer like "Germany" or "Kentucky". It is a simple question that most people can answer easily. For me, however, it always takes longer than anticipated to finish answering. Even while I try to explain my cultural identity, ★ I realize that the person who has just asked me this commonplace question is not interested in a complex answer. ★ Then I wonder why I put so much importance in this identity that I have had to work so hard at classifying and putting into words. I worry that I give myself too much importance by not giving a simple one-word answer.
Wife : Look at this. It's by Hokusai. It's one of his most famous prints. Husband : Really? ☆1) It doesn't do anything for me. What do you like about it? Wife : The design is so original. Why don't you like it then? Husband : It's just too famous. You see it everywhere― on posters, shopping bags, T-shirts, everywhere. ☆2) I'm sick of it.
A group of Japanese researchers ☆1) has managed to train a beluga whale to "speak" by using a range of sounds to identify different objects, it has been learned. The beluga whale was shown driving fins, a bucket, and goggles and was trained to produce different sounds to identify the items. It gave off short, high pitched sounds for the driving fins, a short, low-pitched sound for the bucket, and a long, high-pitched sound for the goggles.
問1) has managed to train を和訳せよ。 問2) このクジラが物体を見分けるために、検者があらかじめしておくべき ことは何であると思われるか?
A and B are two prisoners who have been arrested in a joint crime. The judge interviews each separately and says, "I have enough evidence on both of you to send you to jail for 3 years." "But if you alone will confess to the 20-year crime, I will ☆1) make a deal with you. You will get off with a 1-year sentence, while your partner will serve 20 years. But if you both confess, you will both serve 10 years."
問1)make a deal with you を和訳せよ。 問2)1-year sentence とはどういう意味か?
pretermitted heir: A child (or the child of a deceased child) who's either not named or (in some states) not provided for in a will. Most states presume that persons want their children to inherit. Accordingly, children, or the children of a child who has died before the person making the will (the "testator"), who aren't mentioned, or provided for in the will, are entitled to claim a share of the state.
children, or the children of a child←<who has died before the person making the will (the "testator")>, ↑ <who aren't mentioned, or provided for in the will>,
When he woke in the woods in the dark and the cold of the night he'd reach out to touch the child sleeping beside him. Nights dark beyond darkness and the days more gray each one than what had gone before. Like the onset of some cold glaucoma dimming away the world. His hand rose and fell softly with each precious breath. He pushed away the plastic tarpaulin and Braised himself in the stinking robes and blankets and looked toward the east (@)any light but there was none. In the dream from which he'd wakened he had wandered in a cave where the child led him(A)the hand. Their light playing over the wet flowstone walls. Like pilgrims in a fable swallowed up and lost among the inward parts of some granitic beast. Deep stone flues where the water dripped and sang. C Until they stood in a great stone room where lay a black and ancient lake.
The immediate consequence of Lehman Brother's bankruptcy and the sale of Merrill Lynch (* 1) will be thousands of bankers out on the street. (* 2) The question must be whether this will be enough to head off the inevitable panic once Wall Street opens. The omens are not good. This could be the second phase of a global crisis that started a year ago. (* 3) London will inevitably not be immune.
問: (* 1)を和訳せよ。 (* 2)の once 以下を和訳せよ。 (* 3)ロンドンの市場に対して何を云わんとしているか?
Besides, youth had its problems. Not only did she remember them from her own life, but she'd watched her children as they struggled through the angst of adolescence and the uncertainty and chaos of their early twenties. Even though two of them were now in their thirties and one was almost there, she sometimes wondered when motherhood would become less than a full-time job.
In the case of waste collection, private waste companies in Delhi are paid on a weight basis. This puts the private companies in direct conflict with the existing informal system , as one kilogram of waste colletcted by the informal collectors is ●one less kilogram ●for which the private companies would otherwise be paid.
one less kilogramのところなのですが、lessがどこに係るのか教えてください。 解答では、 一キロ減った分 となっていたのですが、文意からして 減った分の一キロ が正しいのではないかと疑問に思ったので質問させていただきました。
Miss Plimsoil,on being presented to me, said,"Well,dear,we are going tobe great friends,aren't we ? I was pleased at this,since by right Miss Plimsoll didn't belong to me at all. She belonged to my brothers,who were infinitely older.I myself had not yet reached the governess stage, but was in the charge of Anna,my dear Anna.
While,I was thinking of all this,I heard my name called.It was my turn to recite. What would I not have given to be able to say that terrible rule of participle all through, very loud and clear,and without one mistake?But,I got mixed up on the first words and stood there, holding on to my desk,my heart beating,and not daring to look up.
My comrades and I despised Western tourists who straggled through Japan confirming their own misconceptions, and we had a deep antipathy for Occidentals from other Asian lands, who tended to regard the Japanese as upstarts, arrogant in their monkeylike mimicry of Western technology and military power and lacking in appropriately servile respect for the white race.
He's left her "The List" : a letter for each of the ten months following his death , each signed " PS , I Love You. " The letters instruct Holly to perform a series of unexpected tasks. Some leave her laughing out loud , others shaking in her boots.
While,I was thinking of all this,I heard my name called.It was my turn to recite. What would I not have given to be able to say that terrible rule of participle all through, very loud and clear,and without one mistake?But,I got mixed up on the first words and stood there, holding on to my desk,my heart beating,and not daring to look up. この問題に挑戦してみませんか? ちなみに561と562に相関関係はございません
Few intellectual ventures are as risky as the attempt to locate the place of one's own time on the evolutionary scale of history. Scant information , conflicting experiences , hope , and fear are bound to blur understanding and to mislead judgement , as the record of historical prophecies shows only too clearly. Still , on rare occasions there is one indicator that can serve as a signpost ― when the present is widely taken as a radical break with the past. It is my contention that the second half of the twentieth century gives evidence of just such a break.
( "Has Freedom A Future?" Adolph Lowe , 1988 )
語句; scantわずかな、conflicting相反する・矛盾する、 signpost道しるべ、serve as 〜〜として機能する、 contention主張
コメント >>606 break with は、break off withと同等で「断絶」です。 as 以下の処理はそれで問題ないかとおもいます。
>>607 意欲的な解釈ですが、このfewはビー動詞に掛かっているのではあるまいか。 Few A are as B as C = CほどBなAは滅多にいない、滅多にない。 試験の答案では滅多にない・ほとんどない、と婉曲的にすべきですが、 実質的な文意では、「CほどBなAはない。Cは最もBなAである。」といいたいわけでしょう。
Japan is generally considered an expensive country in which to travel. Certainly , this is the case if you opt to stay in top-end hotels , take a lot of taxis and eat all meals in fancy restaurants. But Japan does not have to be expensive , indeed it can be cheaper than travelling in other parts of the world if you are careful with your spending. And in terms of what you get for your money , Japan is good value indeed.
Whatever the government tells you about the War on Drugs, one thing is true: Americans love to get high. (*1→)And it seems that the more the government tries to crack down on the users and the dealers, the more the drug trade flourishes.(←) Are drugs bad for you? Depends on your definition of "bad." Few people would argue that the harder stuff (crack, cocaine, heroin) isn't addictive. There's no doubt that extended marijuana use can kill brain cells and lower your sperm count. (*2→) And as for what you might be cooking up at home ― ecstasy, crystal meth, to name a few ― well, who knows what that stuff might do to you in the long term?
(The Street Law handbook, 2004)
語句:War on Drugs麻薬撲滅キャンペーン、get highハイになる・酔う crack down on 厳しく取り締まる、stuff<俗>麻薬、 addictive常習性のある ecstasy最近流行の覚せい剤の名前、crystal meth結晶化メト・アンフェタミン
>>618 (*1→)And it seems that the more the government tries to crack down on the users and the dealers, the more the drug trade flourishes.(←) 行政が麻薬常習者や売人を厳しく取り締まろうとすればするほど、 麻薬の取引というのは盛んになってしまうようである。
(*2→) And as for what you might be cooking up at home ― ecstasy, crystal meth, to name a few ― well, who knows what that stuff might do to you in the long term? 仮に家庭内で麻薬、例を挙げるならエクスタシーや結晶メタンフェタミンを吸引している人がいるとして、 彼らは長期にわたって麻薬が及ぼす影響を知っているのだろうか。
>>619 the 比較級の構文は、大変結構です。 *2)のmightは、御指摘どおり仮定の話です。 大麻と違って合成麻薬は街角で容易に手に入るので ひょっとして君ももうやっちゃってるかも、というわけです。 to name a few は、そのとおりで、2、3の例を挙げると、 という熟語ですね。 エクスタシーやメスなんかのように君も家で手軽にやっちゃってる かもしれないドラッグに関しては。
This rubble had not been disturbed, so when the investigatin team broke though they knew that they were the first people to enter the cave in 25,000 years. That meant that anything they found had to have been there for at least that long, and what they found were some 30 engravings of animals -incontrovertible proof that the artist who had done them was prehistoric man.
From the back of another drawer I take out a photo of me and my older sister when we were little , the two of us on a beach somewhere with grins plastered across our faces. Who took this, and where and when , I have no clue. And why did my father keep just that one photo? The whole thing is a total mystery. I must have been three , my sister nine. Did we ever really get along that well? I have no memory of ever going to the beach with my family. No memory of going anywhere with them. (*1→) No matter, though ― there is no way I'm going to leave that photo with my father , so I put it in my wallet.(←) I don't have any photos of my mother. My father threw them all away. (*2→) After giving it some thought I decide to take cell phone with me. (←) Once he finds out I've taken it , my father will probably get the phone company to cut off service. Still, I toss it into my backpack , along with the adapter. (*3→)Doesn't add much weight , so why not. (←) When it doesn't work anymore I'll just chuck it.
The school I'm going to is a private junior high for kids who are upper-class, or at least rich. It's the kind of school where , unless you really blow it , you're automatically promoted to the high school on the same campus. All the students dress neatly, have nice straight teeth, (*4→) and are boring as hell (←). Naturally I have zero friends. I've built a wall around me , never letting anybody inside and trying not to venture outside myself. Who could like somebody like that? They all keep an eye on me, from a distance. They might hate me, or even be afraid of me, but I'm just glad they didn't bother me. Because I had tons of things to take care of , including spending a lot of my free time devouring books in the school library.
Always on the hunt for more efficiency and lower costs , in 1913 Ford introduced the moving assembly belts into his plants , which enabled an enormous increase in production. Sale passed 250.000 in 1914. By 1916, as the price dropped to $360 for the basic touring car , sales reached 472.000. By 1918, half of all cars in America were Model T's. However, it was a monolithic block ; as Ford wrote in his autobiography, (*→) " Any customer can have a car painted any colour that he wants so long as it is black. "(←)
>黒である限り、好みの色に → so long as は、have を修飾しているので、「黒である限り持てる」 という文構造です。かつ、「好きな色の車を持てる」と言っている。 矛盾なく文意を成りたてようとすれば、「黒っぽい色なら何でも」という 解釈がふつうですが、ここは、単一規格で成功したフォードの経営哲学 を端的に表す言葉としてアイロニカルに捕らえる文らしいです。
Giraffes can inhabit(定住する) savannas, grasslands, or open woodlands. They prefer areas enriched with acacia growth. Giraffes have spots covering their entire bodies, except their underbellies(腹), with each griffes having a unique pattern of spots. Both sexes have horns, although the horn of a female are smaller. Giraffes have long necks, which they use to browse(食べる) the leaves of trees. They possess ( *2 ) vertebrae in the neck (the usual number for a mammal) that are elongated. ( *3 ) A giraffe's heart has to generate around double the normal blood pressure for an average large mammal in order to maintain blood flow to the brain against gravity. ( *4 ) Although generally quiet and not vocal, giraffes have been heard to make various sounds.
(標準レベル) I lived in that apartment with over a thousand books. They had originally belonged to my Uncle Victor, and he had collected them slowly over the course of about thirty years. Just before I went off to college, he impulsively offered them to me as going-away present. I did my best to refuse, but Uncle Victor was a sentimental and generous man, and (*1→) he would not let me turn him down (←). "I have no money to give you," he said, "and not one word of advice. Take the books to make me happy." I took the books, but for the next year and half I did not open any of the boxes they were stored in. My plan was to persuade my uncle to take the books back, and in the meantime I did not want anything to happen to them. (*2→) As it turned out (←), the boxes were quite useful to me in that state. The apartment on 112th Street was unfurnished, and rather than squander my funds on things I did not want and could not afford, I converted the boxes into several pieces of "imaginary furniture."
語句; persuade 人 to do :人に勧めて〜させる squander: 浪費する、unfurnished :家具が備わっていない afford〜 :〜の支払いに余裕がある
The name Mitsui means "three wells." The family's story begins in 1568, when the Mitsuis lost their land and wells as they fled the army of the ruthless Oda Nobunaga, the first of (*1) the three warlords who unified Japan. The Mitsuis settled Matsuzaka. There Mitsui Sokubei realized that the unification of Japan could mean lasting peace and the permanent decline of the samurai warriors. On the trip to Edo, now Tokyo, Sokubei marveled at the size and luxury of the homes of the supposedly (*2) low-caste merchants (←). Returning to his family, he took off his two samurai swords. "A great peace is at hand," he said, with "merchants being accepted in the highest position...The Mitsuis must get money....As a commoner, I shall brew sake and soy sauce, and we will prosper." Business was slow at the sake shop, but fortunately his wife, Shuho, opend a pawnshop(質屋) in the same cottage. (*3) The daughter of a merchant, she was good at the art of selling.(←) She gossiped with customers in peasant dialect(百姓なまり) and serve them tea, sake, and tobacco. Before long her pawnshop earned more money than the sake brewery.
I had better say something here about this question of age, since it is particularly important for mathematicians. No mathematician should ever allow himself to forget that mathematics, more than any other art or science, is a young man's game. To take a simple illustration at a comparatively humble level, the average age of election to the Royal Society is lowest in mathematics. Galois died at twenty-one, Abel at twenty-seven, Ramanujan at thirty-three, Riemann at forty. (*→)I do not know an instance of a major mathematical advance initiated by a man past fifty. If a man of mature age loses interest in and abandons mathematics, the loss is not likely to be very serious either for mathematics or for himself.(←)
Dolphins puff out bubbles from their blowholes(噴気孔) ; these bubbles become rings of air that expand in radius and decrease in thickness as the rings rise to the surface(海面). The physics behind this type of ring is relatively straightforward : any spherical(球形の) bubble bigger than about two centimeters in diameter will quickly become a ring because of the difference in water pressure above and below the bubble. Water pressure increases with depth , so the bottom of the bubble receives a higher pressure than the top does. (▼1)The pressure from below overcomes(上回る) the surface tension of the sphere, punching a hole in the center to create a doughnut shape.▼ As water rushes through this hole , a vortex(渦巻き) forms around the bubble. Any vortex ring travels in the same direction as the water flow through its center. (▽2)The vortex flow, in combination with the air's natural buoyancy(浮力), propels the bubbles toward the surface. ▽
Nowadays we speak quite easily and naturally of the crisis through which our civilization is passing. Without questioning the assumption that we are in the midst of a crisis,I should like to ask whether this feeling of crisis is not something inseparable from human life in any historical period. The more closely we examine tha pst,the more we find that it,too,is uneasy with its own sense of historical crisis and urgency. Sometimes,in retrospect,these crisis look illusory,for mankind has survived some of its worst apprehensions; and then we have to remind ourselves that these men and women of the past felt their crisis with the same intimate uneasiness with which we feel ours.
He slept at last, and woke at last in the morning, lying for perhaps five seconds wondering what there was to remember until he remembered it. It was as if the world lay silent as an orchestra under the conductor's outstretched arms. Then the moment of remembrance set every nerve in his body trembling, as a movement by the conductor might send a hundred bows to work. For one curious transient second he thought he knew how a bride feels on the morning of her wedding.
語句; for one second を「1,2」と誤訳した私が言うのもなんですが、「1秒間」です。 念のため。
Since conflicts often have to do with convictions, beliefs, or moral values, their recognition would presuppose that we have developed our own set of values. Beliefs that are merely taken over and are not a part of us hardly have sufficient strength to lead to conflicts or to serve as a guiding principle in making decisions. ▼ When subjected to new influences, such beliefs will easily be abandoned for others. If we simply have adopted values cherished in our environment, conflicts which in our best interest should arise do not arise. ▼
>>708 The teacher whipped the boy ⇒The teacher's whipping (of the boy) set a precedent ⇒The boy's whipping (by the teacher) caused him shame
John nominated Bill (for the committee) ⇒John's nomination (of Bill) (for the committee) was seconded ⇒Bill's nomination (by John) (for the committee) was accepted
The ambiguity can extend further; for example, "John's painting" could be something done by John (John painted X) or something done of John (X painted John). Or it could be neither of these, but instead a painting owned by John (painted by someone other than John, and of someone or something other than John).
their recognition=the recognition of them(=conflicts) あなたが>>706で示した解釈で正解。
One fallacy(誤った推論) , particularly common among beginning writers(新人作家), is the belief that the use of unusual words is the mark of a large vocabulary. This fallacy lies at the root of out feeling that every time we run across a new word we should "add it to our vocabulary." But it is to the point to remember that (▼1) most of the words that strike us as new are infrequent words , seldom used (▼). In a beginer's writing they usually stand out in clumsy(ぎこちない) contrast to the simpler , more natural words. (▽2) Quite to the contrary of the common assumption , unusual words often are the mark not of a person with a large vocabulary but of a person who is trying to disguise a small one.(▽)
She was in the house of a friend , sitting on the verandah , with a lighted room behind her. She was alone ; and heard people talking in low voices , and caught her own name. ▼ She rose to go inside and declare herself : it was typical of her that her first thought was , how unpleasant it would be for her friends to know she had overheard. Then she sank down again , and waited for a suitable moment to pretend she had just come in from the garden. ▼
What is a hero? In the Greek sense of the term a hero is not merely the central figure in a play or novel , any more than a saint is merely a very good man. A saint is one who has assimilated himself to an ideal outside humanity, the hero is one who has emphasized humanity ; by doing and by suffering remarkably , he has pushed back the horizons of what is possible for man.
>>725 クジラの構文なので、〜でないのは〜が〜でないのと同じ。 than 以下が肯定形であっても、前のnot はthan 以下にも掛かっています。 the horizonsの、複数形に注意なさると、>地平線を返す、にはならなかった でしょうかね?
>>726 ほぼ問題ありません。 in tha Greek sense of the term ギリシャ語でその語(hero)が持つ意味では。 idea はそのとおり、「理想」という訳語が最もピッタリらしい(解答によれば)。 push backの訳に、満員電車のスシ詰め状態でババアが寄りかかって来るのを二の腕で 押し返すイメージが欲しかったすね。
"Then my father died. ▼(1) He left me very badly off. ▼ I had to go and live with some old aunts in Yorkshire(ヨークシャー)." She shuddered(身震いした). "You will understand me when I say that it was a deadly life for a girl brought up as I had been. The narrowness, the deadly monotony(単調) of it , almost drove me mad. " She paused a minute , and added in a different tone : "And then I met William Lewis." "Yes?" "You can imagine that , from my aunts' point of view , it was a very good match(良縁) for me. ▼(2)But I can honestly say it was not this fact which weighed with me. No, he was simply a way of escape from the insufferable monotony of my life.▼" I said nothing , and after a moment , she went on : "Don't misunderstand me. I was quite honest with him. I told him , what was true , that I liked him very much , that I hoped to come to like him more , but that I was not in any way what the world calls 'in love' with him. ▼(3) He declared that that satisfied him , and so ― we were married. ▼"
Birds, so wonderful and interesting in all their structure and life , have that most treasured(重要な) of all the senses― sight(視覚) ― so highly developed that there is nothing with which we can compare it among living creatures(生き物). With our great telescopes we can see to a greater distance than any bird; with the high-power lenses of our microscopes we can distinguish infinitely(無限に) smaller objects than any feathered creature is capable of perceiving , but where else on the earth is there an organ of vision which in a fraction of time can change itself from telescope to microscope ; ▼(1) where is the eye that , seeing with wonderful clearness in the atmosphere, suddenly adapts itself to the refraction of water , or ( less slowly , although no less surely ) to the darkness of night? ▼ ▽(2) Next to our powers of reasoning , we value sight above all things , and fortunate indeed should we be could we but exchange our imperfect vision for sight like that of an eagle!▽
* (2)にスラッシュを入れるとすれば、 fortunate indeed should we be / could we but exchange ・・・です。
I would not -- I would not be an American worthy of the name should I regret a fate that has allowed me the extraordinary privilege of serving this country for a half a century.
The growth of science involved the gradual purification of its methods and even of its spirit. Men of science have made abundant mistakes of every kind; (*1→) their knowledge has improved only because of their gradual abandonment of old errors and premature conclusions.(←) It is thus necessary to speak not only of temporary errors but also of superstitions, which are nothing but persistent errors, foolish beliefs, and irrational fears. Superstitions are infinite in number, however, and we cannot do more than refer to some of them occasionally. (*2→) It would not do to ignore them altogether, if only because we should never forget the weakness of our minds.(←) (*3→) The consciousness that superstitions are prevalent in our own society is a healthy shock to our self-conceit and a warning.(←) (上智大学)
All men have some degree of physical courage. (@ここから⇒)It's surprising how much. (←ここまで) Courage, you know, is like having money in the bank. We start with a certain capital of courage, some large, some small, and we proceed to draw on our balance. But don't forget, courage is an expendable quality. We can use it up. (Aここから⇒) If there are heavy, and what is more serious, if there are continuous calls on our courage, we begin to overdraw. If we go on overdrawing, we go bankrupt, we break down. (←ここまで)
解答とコメント;>>777さんのご指摘通り、「勇気」を「銀行預金」に例えた文です。 physical courage(肉体的勇気)は、単に「勇気」と訳して構わない由。 @It's surprising how much( courage we have ).の省略が見抜けたか Aheavy (expense、drawing) の省略が見抜けたか
She was frightened, it seemed, not of me but of herself, of (*→) that which lay sleeping in the depths of her being and whose awakening threatened to overwhelm, to blot for a moment out of existence that well-ordered, reasonable soul which was the ruler at ordinary times of her life (←*). She was afraid of the power within her that could make her become something other than her familiar self. She was afraid of losing her self-mastery.
>>788 blot: v tr 1. to spot or stain, as with a discoloring substance 2. to bring moral disgrace to 3. to obliterate (writing, for example) 4. to make obscure; hide: "clouds blotting out the moon" 5. to destroy utterly; annihilate: "War blotted out their traditional way of life" 6. to soak up or dry with absorbent material
4番目の意味だと思われます。 for a moment(in a momentではない)があるので、3と5は少しずれる感じがします。 (他は文脈と全く合わないです。)
What has not been emphasized previously is the fact that close social bonds with animals are themselves fullfilling, and that they therefore constitute a benefit which frequently conflicts with economic demands. It is not so as much that we avoid killing the animals with which we are friendly. It is more the other way round. Unconsciously ore deliberately we either avoid befriending the animals we intend to harm, or we fabricate elaborate and often mythological justification for their suffering that relieves as from a sense of guilt.
>>797 themselvesはbondsだから彼らという訳はbad 2〜3文目はnot so much A as Bの、AというよりむしろBという構文を思い出せればgood ちなみにthe other way roundはあべこべのという訳で、ここでは「むしろその逆である」という意味 deliberratelyはわざとという意味の単語だが、ここではunconscioulyと並列なので、意識的にという訳がbetter 最後のthatは関係代名詞で(先行詞はjustification)、副詞的に〜のためにと訳すのはbad あと最後の文の動詞はfabricateだから正当化するという動詞を持ってくるのもbad
Impressive though the achievements of Western technological science are , there is no denying that they have been bought at a 《 *1 》, which includes increased nervous strain and destruction of the Earth's natural riches. In the interests of progress, productivity, and the accumulation of wealth, we have exploited our fellow human beings, nature, and the environment for centuries. We are only just waking up to the fact that (*2) the exploited can kick back in unexpected ways (←). Our reaction to the kickback tends to escalate the problem because (*3) we always think in terms of more of the same (←). Our answer to the evils of technology is more and better technology. If rivers are becoming polluted, the solution is, we reason today, to develop stronger, and therefore costlier, antipollutants. (東京外語大)
Art may be defined as skill on the part of man in the production of the beautiful, or in giving embodiment or expression to the ideal. The beauty of Nature is changing and transient. It has its coming and going. ▼ The storm may smite(打ちのめす) and darken it, or the rude hand of winter lay it low. ▼ Art captures it and represents it for us in permanent and ideal forms. The painter, the sculptor, the architect, and the musician or tone- poet, seize the angels of beauty as they pass, ▽ and hold them fast that they may bless us. ▽
These Government adviser were eager to discover laws by which to explain and predict political and historical facts as though they were as necessary, and thus as reliable, as scientists once believed natural phenomena to be. However, unlike the natural scientist, who deals with matters that are not man-made, (*1→) the historian, as well as the politician, deals with human affairs that owe their existence to man's capacity for action, and that means to man's relative freedom from things as they are (*). Since these people have the appetite for action and are also in love with theories, they will hardly have the natural scientist's patience to wait until theories are verified or denied by facts. Instead , (**2→) they will be tempted to fit their reality ― which, after all, was man-made to begin with and thus could have been otherwise ― into their theory, thereby mentally getting rid of its disturbing uncertainties (**).
語句:1. owe their existence to 〜「〜のおかげで生じた」 man's relative freedom from things as they are 「あるがままの事物(真実)に対して人が相対的に自由であること」 2. and thus 〜「(前文を受けて)そうであるがゆえに〜だ。」←こういうのムズいな their reality could have been otherwise 「(人間が作ったのだから)当初の現実は今の現実とは違った形もあり得たはずだ。」 こういうアザーワイズの使い方もむづかしい
The place was to me almost ghostly(幽霊のような). Less than a dozen wooden houses, all of a shape and all nearly of a size, stood along the railway lines. Each stood apart in its own lot.(←*1) All people I came across looked cheerless and unhappy, shabbily clad(ぼろ服). One person at least I saw there who seemed not overcome(打ち負かされて) by her lot. (←*2) This was a woman who boarded(賄う) us at a small station, selling milk. She was largely formed(でかい) ; her features were more than comely(美人) ; she had that great rarity ― a fine complexion which became(似合う) her ; and her eyes were kind, dark, and steady. (*3→) There was not a line in her countenance, not a note in her soft and sleepy voice , but spoke of an entire contentment(満足) with her life. (←) It would have been arrogance(傲慢) to pity(哀れむ) such a woman.
(2002, 慶 大) Imagination, it is safe to say, is more highly developed in human beings than in any other creature. Although animals dream, and sub-human primates(霊長類) certainly show some capacity for invention, the range of human imagination far outstrips that exhibited by even the cleverest ape. It is clear that the development of human imagination is biologically adaptive; but it is also the case that we have had to pay a certain price for this development. Imagination has given man flexibility; but in doing so, it has robbed him of ( ** 1 ). The price of flexibility, of being released from the tyranny(専制) of rigid, built-in patterns of behaviour, is that 'happiness,' in the sense of perfect adaptation to the environment or complete fulfillment of needs, is only briefly experienced. 'Call no man happy till he dies(死ぬ時までは幸福だと語るな),' said Solon. When individuals fall in love, or cry 'Eureka(見つけたぞ)!' at making a new discovery, or have the kind of transcendental(カントのいう超自然的な) emotion described by Wordsworth as being 'surprised by joy(歓喜による驚き),' they feel blissfully(この上ない喜び) at ( **2 ) with the universe. But, as everyone knows, such experiences are transient.
問1.(**1)に入れるのに最も適切なのはどれか ( affluence , significance , contentment , existence )
問2.(**2)に入れるのに適切なのはどれか ( best , odds , one , top )
I have much pleasure in conveying to you, on behalf of His Majesty's Government, the following declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations which has been submitted to, and approved by, the Cabinet.
"His Majesty's Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country".
I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the knowledge of the Zionist Federation.
There may be said to have developed in the last few years a "revolt of the individual " against the conformity which an excessive regard for material objects has imposed on daily life. ▽ Behind this change at the moment is a sense that personal possessions, particularly items of "pretentious consumption" ― being available "too many" persons ― now have lost their power to confer distinction, which of course depends on one's not being like "the many." ▽
She was supposed to get married. This was the afternoon. She had planned it all. The ceremony, the guests, the reception -Jeannie was going to be a bride, and as corny as it may sound these days, that is all she ever wanted to be.
(a)Then he walked out on her. His name was John; he was a medical student, and she had come to Chicago six years ago to be with him. "When I get done with school," he had said, and although she was not in love with Chicago, she was in love with John. Every she did pointed to this day.
So the afternoon was here, and Jeannie was not in church. Instead, she was in her one-room studio apartment on the fifth floor of an apartment building in New Town. It was a sultry day; she had pulled the white shades down, to keep out the heat and to block out the view of Broadway to the west.
(b)"It was supposed to be kind of funny," Jeannie said. That's what it was supposed to be. She had sent out invitations to her closest women friends at Sears, saying that she "requests the humiliation of your presence" on the occasion of her "jilting at the alter... There will be a reception only, as the church ceremony originally scheduled at this time has been canceled."
I was up in my study, hard at work, when Eleanor came in to tell me that Jeremy had not yet come home. I reassured her, pointing out that the boy had obviously been in a rebellious mood, not at all uncommon at his time of life, and that he was probably at that moment somewhere in our neighborhood, ▼ rejoicing in his heart at the anxiety he was causing her and myself. ▼ "Don't play his game, my dear," I said. "If he finds that it worries us, I've no doubt that he'll do it all the more."
She looked at me doubtfully, still unsatisfied, and said, "But Jeremy's quite a kind boy, Alfred. Why should he want to worry us?" I suppose I was mistaken in not giving her a more complete explanation ; she so clearly understand very little about adolescent humanity(思春期の子). "Boys of that age are often very hard to please, Elenor. They have strange fits of resentment against the adult world, particularly against those nearest them."
So Jeremy was still out, I thought to myself. ▽ It was clear to me, especially in view of his sullen and disobedient behavior of a few hours previously, that his motive in staying out was to demonstrate his independence. ▽
"Not Only a Chinese(まずこんな言い方しないし、こんな終わり方しないけど)を 私は中国人じゃないと言ってると思い込み、間違いを指摘されても 逆切れしてる奴がいて面白い。語学留学生ってすごいレベル低いぞ。 41あたりから、こいつが出現して占領してるwww 日本語でも、だけ(Only)があるのとないのとでは全く意味が違うのにそれさえわかってない。。
The wife who keeps saying, "Isn't that just like a man?" and the husband who keeps saying, "Oh, well, you know how women are," are likely to grow farther and farther apart through the years. ▽ These famous generalizations have the effect of reducing an individual to the anonymous(無名の) status of a mere unit in a mass(大衆). ▽ The wife who, just in time, comes upon her husband about to fry an egg in a dry frying pan should not classify him with all other males but should give him the honor of a special distinction. She might say, for example, "George, no other man in the world would try to do a thing like that." Similarly, a husband watching his wife laboring to start the car without turning on the ignition should not say to the gardener(庭師) or a passer- by(通行人), "Oh, well, you know, etc." Instead, he should remark to his wife, "I've seen a lot of women in my life, Nellie, but I've never seen **************************."
(*1) If my horse goes lame, I can ride him quietly at a walk, or at worst get off and lead him(←). If my car break down, I can probably do nothing but telephone a garage ― assuming the telephone is not out of order. In these days we accept as a matter of course the fact that we live in the midst of a mechanical complex on which we become increasingly dependent but which we ordinary folk can do nothing to repair if it goes wrong. Our telephons, our escalators and tube trains, our TV sets and electric irons, are all part of this mechanical (*2)web(←) in which our daily life is caught up. (*3) The more control we learn to exercise over our material environment, the more embarrassing are the effects of mechanical breakdown(←).
What light does the study of past history cast on the meaning of human experience and, in particular, to what extent does it sustain the belief in the progress of civilization? ▽ Leaving on one side the pessimistic theories widely prevalent in antiquity but alien to modern thought, we reached the conclusion that, while the last four centuries have witnessed a steady advance in the field of pure, and even more clearly applied, science, any wider generalization(一般化) as to the onward march of civilization can hardly be supported. ▽
>>883 Leaving〜modern thought, の部分はうまく処理したね。 で、我々はthat,以下の結論に至った、んだね。 貴君は、witness の目的語に「science」「generalization」「advance」 を並列で取ったんだね。 難所 @while節がどこまでか?→science, まで。 A,and even more clearly applied, はどれに掛かるか?→scienceです。
pure science と言いたいところに、pure だけでは物足りないので、 even more 更には・なかんずく、と追加した。 「pure science(純粋科学)、なかんずく明確には、applied science(応用科学)」 というわけです。 このおっさん、’どもり’なんだと思って許してやってw
Earlier in the day, I had stopped (*1) natto restaurant Tenmasa for a nebari donburi (sticky rice bowl) lunch. Many foreigners here can never get used to the stuff. "It's fetid(悪臭), slimy and visually repellent(不快)," a lady friend from U.K. once exclaimed(叫んだ) to me. (*2)In its defense(←), I would just add that natto is an inexpensive, healthy food that lends itself (*3) a variety of preparations(調理). Incidence of stroke is said to be statistically lower in parts of Japan with high natto consumption.
When the spring(春) was at its height we should have a water-color, not an oil, and we should all feel that we had had a hand in the painting of it, if only in choosing to live there where it existed. Now, we breath in with every breath the joy of having ourselves been created by what has been endured and mastered in the past. (一橋大)
* should have a water-color, not an oil→「油彩でなく、水彩画で描くべきだ。」です * have a hand in (熟語)→〜に加担する、〜に手を染める * if only→ たとい〜であったとしても(譲歩) * the joy of being created by 〜→〜によって創造されたのだという喜び
On go the glasses, out of my pocket comes a magnifier. I put it on the table for a moment while I open the notebook. (*)It takes two licks on my gnarled finger to get the well-worn cover open to the first page.(*) Then I put the magnifier in place.
Suppose you have a large sheet of paper on the floor, ruled with parallel straight lines spaced by a fixed distance. A needle of length equal precisely to the spacing between the lines is thrown completely at random onto the paper. What is the probability(確率) that the needle will land in such a way that it will intersect(横切る) one of the lines? Surprisingly, the answer turns out to be the number 2/π . (京大)
Although there are so many beetles, on the whole they are not easy to find. This is because most of them dislike the light. They are either busy under fallen leaves, or among the roots of grasses, or simply hidden away during the daytime. Only a few kinds of beetles make themselves obvious. (*) As these taste horrible, they are safe from predators.(*)
When our individual interests and prospects do not seem worth living for, we are in desperate need of something apart from us to live for. All forms of dedication, devotion, loyalty and self-surrender are in essence a desperate clinging to something which might give worth and meaning to our futile, spoiled lives.
Many are the moods of man, and poets are aware of this. But the characteristic mood of the poets themselves is not gay. It is a mood sometimes lightly touched with sadness, sometimes deep dyed in melancholy. Perhaps this is so because gaiety is essentially active and its moments pass away in an explosion of energy.
"Who's the man at the end of the far table?" "That's Mr.Morland, the news commentator." "Does he come here regularly?" "I see him from time to time." "Do you know him?" "▼ Not what you call knowing.▼ I've spoken to him once or twice."
I had an accident at a job site. It was pretty simple ; when a pickup truck, even a Dodge Ram with all the bells and whistles, argues with a twelve-story crane, the pickup is going to lose every time. The right side of my skull only cracked. The left side was slammed so hard against the Ram's doorpost that it fractured in three places. Or maybe it was five. My memory is better than it used to be , but it's still a long way from what it once was. The doctors called what happened to my head a contracoup injury , and that kind of thing often does more damage than the original hit.
It was pretty simple ; when a pickup truck, even a Dodge Ram with all the bells and whistles, argues with a twelve-story crane, the pickup is going to lose every time.
「truck argues with a crane」 ここ現在形なんで、要注意。一般論をしゃべっているっぽい。 argue with は「議論する」だから、運転手とクレーン操縦者との議論でしょうね。 だから、あとの「lose」は、win/lose の「負ける」でしょ。argue との呼応。 多分、主人公はトラックの荷台でクレーンのフックに鋼材やらコンクリやらを引っ掛ける 作業の最中にクレーンに当てられたんじゃないかな。
used to be のところの判断はおっしゃるとおりだと思われます。 最後のoriginal hit とは、直接打撲した部分の脳挫傷(coup injury)のことでしょう。
It results not so much from choices made , as from choices neglected ; not from malignant intention , but from failure to take into account the full consequence of our actions.
I was fortunate in having grown up in a home where reading aloud on winter evenings was a favorite occupation. Of all books read , none left a more lasting pleasure than William Bartram's 'Travels' , and (→) I have taken no trip into Bartram country in succeeding years without giving attention to his trails.(←) Sometimes I have discovered a plant or some form of animal life in the exact locality where Bartram first recorded it. (京 大)
頻出構文ではありますが、「no 〜 without 〜ing」の訳し方が焦点です。 W.Bartram ; アメリカの博物学の第一人者。
The pathogen(病原体) appears to latch(くっつく) on to receptors in the lower lung. This part of the body is relatively inaccessible ― which may explain why , even though the virus is endemic(固有の) in poultry(鶏), human infection is so rare. Human flu , in contrast , hooks on to receptors in the upper respiratory tract , meaning that coughs and sneezes disperse the virus easily. Scientists have warned that H5N1 could mutate and begin to favour receptors in the upper tract , which would raise the threat(脅威の) level.
From the beginning, so far back as he could remember, he had believed that he would one day write great books ; had believed it from no conceit in him but simply (* 1→) because he clung so tenaciously to ambition that it had become, again, and again, almost realized in the intensity of his dreams of it (←). He had known that this achievement of his would take a long time, that he must meet with many difficulties, that he must starve and despair and be born again, but, (* 2→) never at any moment, until now, had he, in his heart of hearts, doubted that that great book was in front of him (←).
>>944 to ambition の ambition は無冠詞のくせに「名詞」なんですよね、これが。 誤植じゃないんだけれど、他動詞もあるからここを「to 不定詞」と読むのも 無理はない。ambition を、他動詞として、that 節をその目的格だとすると that の中の完了形とそぐわないでしょ。 「実現しそうな状況を望む」ならいいけど、「実現しちゃったを望む」は変。 cling to ambition 野望にしがみつく so 〜ly that「あまりにも〜に(しがみついた)ので、that 以下した。」(単なるソーザット構文)
2のほうですが、「立ちはだかる」と訳す心情はよくわかります。 直前で、「困難だし、生まれ変わらないとだめだ」とまで言っているのですからw ここで、冷静に文章を眺めてみて下さい。入試英文ではしばしば見られる事ですが、 「上段の抽象的文章を、下段で具体的に述べ直している!」だけだ、と気がつくはず。 下段の「in front of him」が、上段の「realized」に照応していると演繹的に判断 すれば訳に確信が持てるはずです。
I was sitting in a taxi, (*1→) wondering if I had overdressed for the evening, when I looked out the window and saw Mom rooting through a Dumpster.(←) It was just after dark. A blustery(ぴゅうぴゅう) March wind whipped(むち打つ) the steam coming out of the manholes, and people hurried along the sidewalks with their collars turned up(上に折り返す). I was stuck in traffic two blocks from the party where I was heading. Mam stood fifteen feet away. She had tied rags(ぼろ) around her shoulders to keep out the spring chill(冷気) and was picking through the trash(ごみ) while her dog, a black-and-white terrier mix, played at her feet. (*2→) Mom's gestures were all familiar ― the way she tilted her head and thrust out(突き出す) her lower lip when studying items of potential value that she'd hoisted(引き上げる) out of the Dumpster, the way her eyes widened with childish glee(喜び) when she found something she liked. (←)
In figure skating, there are always tears. That's half the reason they call the area where skaters wait for their marks the Kiss "n" Cry. And there's usually a lot more crying than kissing. But the 2007 world championship, which confirmed a dramatic castward shift in skating's power balance, was an even wetter Worlds than most. There was more spontaneous emotion among the winners, and (*1) there will continue to be more as the sport heads to Vancouver's 2010 Olympics.(←) That's because skaters can no longer absolutely expect a certain result. They cannot prepare their body language or their victory speech in advance, (*2) because there is no understood and accepted pecking order (←). You must skate, and skate well, ― or you will lose. (*3) When skaters do perform, and do win, they are drained to exhaustion with no defense against overwhelming feelings (←).
The biggest of the moa(モア)s , which weighed around 500 pounds or more , was once celebrated(記念された) as the tallest bird that ever existed. That claim(主張), however, is not as secure(安心) as it might seem. ▼ In the past many of the skeletons(骨格) put together by museums and, doubtless, by collectors who wished to sell record-breaking finds to museums , contained vertebrae(脊椎骨) from several individuals so that the reassembled(再組立てされた) skeleton was considerably taller than any moa had been in life. ▼