>>938 たとえば、瓶のフタについて語っている文脈だとして、 次のようにフタの付け方について言及したとする。そのような場合、 The lids of the metal jars can be attached to them by a machine, but the attachment of lids to the wooden jars requires manual labour. とした方が、The lids can be attached to the metal jars by a machine, ... とするよりも、情報の伝達がスムーズだと思う。
同様に問題文においても、物事に価値が有るか無いかが問題となっているのではなく、 物事に価値は有るということが前提になっていて(少なくともこのスレに書き込まれた範囲内では)、 その『物事に備わっている価値』が、果たして、内側から生じるものなのか、それとも外側から 生じるものなのか、が問題となっているのだから、the value is attributed to everythingとした のでは情報の流れがスムーズではない。情報の流れをスムーズにさせるためには、主語の位置 において(=文頭において)、the value of everythingというように、それまでの情報を話題化し、 意味を明確にするための代名詞を軽く置いた後で、次の情報につなげた方が、効果的だろう。
>>938 Nobody is respectable by nature. Respects are given to him or her by others. についてだが、この場合のnobodyのnoはisを否定する動詞句否定であり、bodyは否定されていない。 him or herはnobodyの否定されていない部分を受ける(或いは、発話の状況から人を指していること は明白である)。これは、No one is respectable ... とすると、より一層明白で、him or herは明らかに oneを受けている。よって、「him or her=nobody」という図式は成立しえない。
「him or her=nobody」という図式を成立させたいのなら、 nobodyはa person of no importance or influenceと解釈しなければならないが、 それでは文意が成立しない。nobodyはno person; not anyoneの意味。
同様に問題文においても、it=nothingと考えるのであれば、 そのnothingは@something that has no existenceAsomething that has no quantitative value; zero Bone that has no substance or importance; a nonentityなどの意味になり、それでは文脈は成立しない。 この問題文では、nothingは、not anything; no single thingの意味である。
Curiously, this has been a problem because it has denied to the envious the easy solution of attributing Japan's rise to brute force or to imperialism rather than to intelligent management.
You should note that <I>proverbs</I> are seldom used in ordinary speech or writing. Although the native speaker knows the meaning of most English proverbs, he will actually use one rarely, and only when he is wanting to be humorous, or by referring to the proverb in an indirect way (for example by quoting only half of it), or introducing it by saying like 'you know what they say,...' or 'As the old saying goes,...' The reason is this. English proverbs are phrases or sentences containing advice, warning or truth. Although they are expressed in striking language, in their meanings they are rather obvious remarks to make about human experience. They are thought of as the sort of remark that would be made by someone who is rather dull, someone who cannot express in his own words what he thinks or feels, but who has to borrow a proverb from the language to do this.A proverb, a cliche, and a hackneyed phrase are all the sort of expressions that someone who wants to express himself clearly,carefully and honestly will try to avoid.
注 cliche:expression that has been too much used hackneyed phrase:repeated too often
Two greyhounds, in running down the same hare, have sometimes the appearance of acting in some sort of concert. Each turns her towards his companion, or endeavours to intercept her when his companion turns her towards himself. This, however, is not the effect of any contract, but of the accidental concurrence of their passions in the same object at that particular time. Nobody ever saw a dog make a fair and deliberate exchange of one bone for another with another dog.
My local newspaper recently ran a feature article headlined, "The Great American Bag Race," which I found both interesting and amusing in ways that neither the author nor the editor probably intended. The subject was the relative merits of paper and plastic grocery bags; the discussion included the reasons why many customers and grocers vehemently prefer one or the other, and the fierce economic competition between manufacturers of both. Just a few years ago, practically all grocery stores in this country routinely stuffed a customer's groceries into paper bags. In the early Eighties, plastic bags began to replace them in some places. By the time I sat down to write this, the two competitors were running neck and neck, with roughly equal numbers of paper and plastic bags in use. The article I mentioned reached no clear conclusion about which kind of bag was better overall, but it made clear that both kinds of bags contribute to the problems of resource consumption and solid waste disposal. The difference between them in terms of environmental impact is one of degree---- and, when you come right down to it, pretty trivial. Ironically, neither the author nor anyone quoted in the article even hinted that there might be another option that offers much more significant advantages over either kind of bag.
『紙袋使おうが、ポリ袋つかおうが環境に対する影響は微々たるものだ』 この解釈は成立しません。前文のboth kinds of bags contribute to the problems of resource consumption and solid waste disposalと矛盾するからです。
>>971 The whole distinction of privacy and publicity, however, as long as we confine ourselves to sensations, is one of degree, not of kind. No two people, there is good empirical reason to think, ever have exactly similar sensations related to the same physical object at the same moment; on the other hand, even the most private sensation has correlations which would theoretically enable another observer to infer it. (The Analysis of Mind / Bertrand Russell)
>>975 Little, however, as people are accustomed to a doctrine like that of Von Humboldt, and surprising as it may be to them to find so high a value attached to individuality, the question, one must nevertheless think, can only be one of degree. (On Liberty / John Stuart Mill)
The women, then, according to Socrates, are to be trained and educated exactly like the men. For the woman is just as capable of music and gymnastic as the man; and like him, she displays marked ability for a variety of pursuits --- the only difference being one of degree, not of kind, caused by the fact that the woman is weaker than the man. (The Republic / Plato)