An Explanation of Everything Over 300 years ago, Isaac Newton described gravity as a force that pulls everything with mass together. Two hundred years later, physicists had laboratory equipment that Newton couldn't have dreamed of, and they started experimenting with very small objects such as atoms and electrons. They found that while Newton's laws explained the behavior of everyday things like the motion of a football and even the motion of planets around the sun, they didn't explain the behavior of these very small atoms and electrons. They developed a new theory, which they called "quantum mechanics." Around the same time, Albert Einstein developed his theory of general relativity to explain how gravity works. This theory also explained things that Newton's laws couldn't explain. Quantum mechanics and general relativity can accurately describe the motion of footballs and planets, but Newton's laws do this so well that we don't need to use these more complex theories. We only have to use quantum mechanics and general relativity to explain things that are very small or very large. The theory of quantum mechanics is very hard to understand because it says that the behavior of very small particles like electrons is totally different from the behavior of things we see around us. For example, you cannot know both the velocity of an electron and the position of that electron at the same time. If you know the exact velocity, then you don't know where the electron is. (This is known as the Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle.) You can only know the probability of finding the electron in any particular position. Quantum mechanics says the electron is not a particle but a cloud of different densities, the highest density being where the electron is most likely to be found. Weired!
You could ask, "If quantum mechanics works for objects we can see, but tells us that we can't be sure of their position and velocity at the same time, then how can I catch a football?" The answer is that the uncertainties about the position and velocity of the football are very small-the larger an object, the more exactly we can tell its position and velocity at the same time. General relativity is perhaps even harder to understand. Newton thought of gravity as a force of attraction. General relativity dosen't think of gravity as a force. Imagine a heavy bowling ball lying on a mattress. It will deform the mattress and anything near the bowling ball will sink toward it. Einstein's theory says that a heavy object like a star deforms space and time around it, and this causes the motion of the planets around it. It says space and time are curved by heavy objects.Even weirder!
Newton's laws describe the everyday happenings that we can see about us. Quantum mechanics explains how very small things such as electrons behave. General relativity explains how very large things like stars and galaxies behave. Physicists would like to have just one theory that explains how everything behaves. There are two big problems in developing this. The theories of quantum mechanics and gereral relativity have some fundamental differences, and it is hard to see how they can be combined into the one theory. And scientists can't set up laboratory experiments with electrons and stars to test both theories at the same time, so they have none of the experimental results that they normally use. Developing a single theory to explain what both quantum mechanics and general relativity explain is perhaps the biggest challenge in modern physics.
In the Far East, such as China, Japan and Korea, many people traditionally recognize the advantages of use of acupuncture and other types of Oriental medicine. In these countries, wide use of acupuncture has indirectly contributed to maintaining or lowering total national medical expenses, which has made it possible to have health insurance for every individual in Japan and China as well as free medical care for the elderly(over 65 years old) in Japan and the people's Republic of China.
Without this total savings of medical expenses for the nation, by the use of acupuncture, moxibustion, shiatsu, and other forms of Oriental medicine, a national insurance policy for every individual may not have been possible in Japan. Despite of such facts, many Japanese have not recognized the implications of the economic merit of acupuncture to the nation's well being. In the People's Republic of China, Mao Tse Tung and other leaders solved national health problems most economically by encouraging the best of Western medicine and of Oriental medicine, particularly acupuncture. Regardless of whether a particular government may or may not be ideal, politicians who are seriously concerned about national health can greatly benefit from knowing something about the merits and background of acupuncture.
In 1962 the book titled Silent Spring was published and caused a greater stir than anyone had ever imagined. This important work on ecology made people aware of the dangers of chemical insecticides and changed the course of history. The author of the book was Rachel Carson. She was born in Springdale, Pennsylvania on May 27, 1907. The woods around her family’s home were the scene of long walks when she was a child, often with her mother, who was a gentle woman with a strong interest in nature and who remained her companion for must of her life. Rachel entered Pennsylvania State College for Woman to become a writer. Then, in her second year she took a required biology course. All of her interest in the outdoors-----the woods, the sea, various living things, etc.-----came together in this subject. She decided to study biology instead of writing and earned her degree in it in 1929. After graduation she went on to Johns Hopkins University, where she studied genetics, and later to the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole.
Rachel Carson’s life seemed neatly laud out for her. The master’s degree she had gotten in genetics led directly into teaching in the early 1930s, first at Johns Hopkins University and then at the University of Maryland. In 1936 she took an examination to work for the government and accepted a position with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Though she was very busy, she had never given up her desire to write. “Eventually it became clear to me,” she once said, “that by becoming a biologist I had given myself something to write about.” She wrote some novels and short articles, working as editor-in-chief for the Fish and Wildlife Service. She spent the war years in her office in Washington and later in Chicago. Hundreds of reports, many of them secret during the war, passed over her desk. She also looked at information on the dramatic effects of certain chemicals. Among those chemicals was DDT. Because DDT was effective in killing insects that damage crops, people ignored its dangers. It does not break down in the environment, but continues to exist in its poisonous state for years, even for decades. This seemed wonderfully convenient for farmers because it was not necessary for them to apply DDT to their crops frequently. Then in the 1950s, scientists began to uncover disturbing facts about DDT‘s effects on “the chain of life.” Put simply, this had to do with DDT’s unfortunate tendency to collect in the fatty tissues of wildlife. Rachel Carson, like many other biologists, was aware of the reports on pesticides collecting in wildlife. Nevertheless, experienced biologists are human beings too; they read, they listen, and still they are not always moved to action until the danger comes closer to home.
続きです。 For Rachel Carson that moment came with a letter from her friend Olga Owens Huckins. In the letter, which was written in January 1958, Mrs. Huckins told Rachel Carson of her bitter experience. Mrs. Huckins and her husband looked after a private bird sanctuary ----- two acres of fenced-in land covered with growing trees, with a small pond ----- behind their home in Massachusetts. In 1957, when the planes sent by the state repeatedly spread deadly pesticides over marshes as part of a mosquito control project, they killed a very large number of birds in the Huckins’ sanctuary. Rachel Carson was horrified by the carefree way in which chemicals were being used. It was apparent that the new chemicals presented a major threat to a great deal of the natural world that she loved. What ultimate effect this use of large amounts of chemicals would have on human life itself, no one seemed to know. But she saw clearly that people were, more than ever before, approaching the Earth not with humility, but with arrogance. For the moment, she did not consider this special problem as the topic of her next book. But she began to assemble evidence of the destruction people were spreading through their environment by using pesticides too much. At that time it came to her attention that a magazine was considering an article dealing with the benefits of applying pesticides from the air. “If this is true,” she wrote to the magazine’s editor-in-chief, “I cannot refrain from calling to your attention the enormous danger ----- both to wildlife and more seriously, to public health ---- in these rapidly growing projects for insect control using pesticides, especially those widely distributed by airplanes.” She went on to give him many of the facts on which she based her warning.
Some kinds of deviant behavior interfere with the welfare of the individual (a man who is so fearful of crowds that he cannot ride the bus to work; an alcoholic who drinks so heavily that he or she cannnot hold a job; a woman who attempts suicide). Other forms of deviant behavior are harmful to society (an adolescent who has violent aggressive outbursts; a paranoid individual who plots to assassinate national leaders).
Sometimes personal distress may be the only symptom of abnormality; the individual's behavior may appear normal to the casual observer. None of these definitions provides a completely satisfactory description of abnormal behavior. In most instances, all four criteria - statistical frequency, social deviation, maladaptive bahavior, and personal distress are considered in diagnosing abnormality.
Have you finished writing a letter to your friend? The tall man who has just come in is my father. These flowers really smell sweet. The class discussed the problem.
John spent three hours fixing his car yesterday. It took John three hours to fix his car yesterday. He will succeed without fail. He is sure to succeed. Mary got sick two weeks ago. She is still in bed. Mary has been sick in bed for two weeks. Tpaid 2,000 yen for the parcel to be sent by air. It cost me 2,000 yen to send the parcel by air.
Do you want to lift your level of happiness? Here are some suggestions based on research finding and other sources. First of all, practice acts of kindness. Being kind to others, whether friends or strangers, has positive effects. It makes you feel happy, gives you a greater sense of connection with others, and brings you smiles. Next, make a good friend who you can talk with about anything. A friend in need is a friend indeed. Friendship cannot be built in a day, but it can make your life happier. The biggest factor for feeling satisfaction with life appears to be strong personal relationships. Thirdly, have realistic goals in your life and work for them. Happiness lies in the very process of their achievement. If you like to help someone who is in trouble, work as a volunteer. Volunteering is becoming more popular these days and people who do so are happier than people who do not. Helping others makes you feel happy. Lastly, do things that you enjoy and that are good for your body. Getting plenty of sleep, exercising, stretching, smiling and laughing can all improve your mood in a short time. Practiced regularly, they can help make your daily more satisfying. Although the sense of happiness differs between individuals, why do not you try to rut these examples into practice? Then you will be able to live a happier life from now on.
Recycling is (almost, nothing, quite, something 適当なものを選択) new. We have been recycling paper, drink cans and newspapers for many years. Though efforts to improve recycling have increased in recent years, most people forget to recycle unless it saves them money. How many shopping bags do we use every time we go to the convenience store? It saves a lot of plastic if we just put the juice we bought in our backpack, or carry an old clean shopping bag to use again. (Although, As long as, Because, But 適当なものを選択) most people know that we should recycle plastic bags again and again, most people’s kitchens or trash cans are full of plastic bags that were only used once. The business of recycling is getting more and more developed each year. To (to recycle/people/old bags/remember/help), most supermarkets in Europe charge money for shopping bags. This not only saves the supermarkets money by not having to give every customer a new bag, but saves the shopper since of course the supermarkets don’t really give the bags away for free. The cost of the bags are included in the cost of the foods and goods that shoppers buy. Most Europeans prefer to pay less in food costs than have an extra plastic shopping bag. Making people bring their own shopping bags to the supermarket is one just example of “precycling”, so that things like bags won’t have to be recycled again later.
Another example of precycling is when we shop, we buy products which have less packaging, less paper, less plastic. What we really want is the food or thing (inside, of, than, with 適当なものを選択) the package. If that means we get more food and (7) packaging for (7) cost, then everyone is happy. Many “green” shoppers check to make sure that food is not wrapped in polystyrene or too much plastic. If goods are wrapped in paper, we don’t have to recycle the plastic or polystyrene later. It saves us time and money, since the company which made the goods doesn’t have to spend so much money for the packaging, if we bring our own bag to the convenience store or the supermarket, we won’t have to recycle one more bag later. Not only does precycling save the environment, it saves us money.
(7)の2箇所に順に入れるものは(less/less),(less/more),(more/less),(more/more)のどれかです。 Backpack=リュックサック trash can(s)=ゴミ箱 charge=請求する give away=与える green=環境問題に対する意識の高い polystyrene=ポリスチレン
More than 80% of the earthquakes that happen every year hit the countries surrounding the Pacific Ocean. However, earthquakes can hit anywhare, anytime. In fact, most people do not realize that earthquakes are actually happening all the time. We just don't feel them. An esti-mated 9,000 quakes that measure less than 3.0 on the Richter Scale occur every day around the World!
After invasions by Celts, Romans, Saxons and Vikings, the fifth and last major foreign invasion of Britain came in the year 1066. This time, the invaders came from Normandy, a region in the north of France. By the 11th century England had become a unified country ruled by either Saxons or Danish kings. In 1066, King Edward died. He had no sons and so he had no natural successor. Harold, the son of the most powerful local leader in Britain, declared himself king. Duke William of Normandy, however, claimed that Edward had promised that he would be king on Edward's death. When Harold claimed the English throne, William was furious. He immediately began to prepare an army to invade England and become king. William was not the only problem the new King Harold had to face. The King of Norway also wanted to claim the kingship of England. Harold led his army to meet the Norwegian invaders and defeated them in a battle in the northeast of the country. Meanwhile, William's army had landed on the south coast of English. On hearing the news, Harold had to lead his army on a long journey southward to fight the new invader. By the time the army arrived, it was tired, poorly equipped and full of inexperienced new recruits. The Saxons and Norman armies met at the Battle of Hastings. The battle was very closely fought but eventually Harold was killed and his army was defeated. William then marched to London and declared himself the new king of England. Eventually he became known as William the Conqueror. William was not only a skilled fighter, but he was also a clever politician. In order to control England, he took control of all the land in the country. The old owners were thrown out and replaced by Normans. He also built more than 80 store castles all over the country to help strengthen his rule.
The Norman invasion had some very important effects on England. The old Saxon rulers were replaced by Normans. English disappeared as the language of law, literature and the church and was replaced by French. But perhaps the most important change was that England began to lose its connection with Scandinavia and become more closely connected with France and other centres of Western European civilization. よろしくお願いします
Our age is marred by multiple forms of violence−economic,military,and cultural. The violence of the dominant culture is reinforced by the violent responses of those whose lands and cultures are invided. A nonsustainable economic system based on principles of free trade,greed,and imperialism is creating vicious cycles of violence from which there seems to be no way out.
A few years ago,during a public dialog entitled “Globalization and Violence” in Udipi, South India,in reaction to the phrase “culture of violence”, Samdhong Rinpoche,the prime minister of the Tibetan government in exile,said violence cannot have a culture. The word culture in Sanskrit−sanskriti−means activities that hold a society and community together. Violence breaks societies up, it disintegrates instead of integrates.The practice of violence,therefore,cannot be referred to us “culture”. In Sanskrit and Hindi,in fact,we have a word for destructive processes−vkriti,that which disintegrates and violates.In English,however,the phrase “culture of violence” is frequently used.During British rule in India,Gandhi was asked what he thought of Western civilization.He responded “it would be a good idea.” An imperialist West can not be a civilized West, since civilized people do not destroy other civilizations and cultures.To be civilized is to live and let live,both at the indivisual and societal level.
Imperialism has always operated under the pretense of mak-ing other cultures civilized while, in fact destroying other cultures and robbing people of their humanity,diversity,and identity.Living cultures are based on cultural diversity and recognize our universal and common homanity. Killing cultures are based on imperialistic universalism−a violent imposition of the cultural priorities of an imperial power. The universal order of globalization and impearialism is not based on universal re-sponsibility,compassion,and solidarity, but on the conquest and colonization of resources,of history,and of the past and the future. False universalisms lead to war and violence;true universalism based on our common humanity,our oneness,and our interconnectedness provide the conditions for peace,cooperation,and coexistence.Diversity and autonomy are treated as a plobrem and disease in the false universalism of imperialism,corporate globalization,crusades,and jihads,but in the universalism that creates peace,they are expressions of freedom.
The situation of the use of acupuncture contrasted with Western medicine is somewhat comparable to the situation existing between utilization of necessary protein from plants or animals. For instance, most Westerners prefer to obtain one of the necessary nutrients, protein, from animals in the form of meat from cows, pigs, or chickens. However, the same necessary protein can be obtained from a proper combination of plants, such as beans, rice, wheat, and corn, at a fraction of the expense of protein obtained from meat. In order to obtain meat, an animal must be fed plant protein, with all the suitable necessary amino acids. These plant proteins are converted to animal protein in the form of meat, so the meat is naturally a more expensive source of protein. In certain parts of Japan, deep in the mountains during World War U, there was no meat or fish available, yet some villagers maintained excellent health and physical condition. This was apparently based on plant protein mainly coming from beans in the form or miso or tofu, with a combination of rice, wheat, and green, red, and yellow vegetables. In this situation, acupuncture and other forms of Oriental medicine may be comparable to obtaining protein from plants, and Western medicine may be comparable to obtaining protein from the meat of animals.
よろしくお願いします! While it is courteous for the boy to help the girl while crossing the street,he does this simply by placing his hand lightly under her elbow. She will be a great many years older and much weaker before she needs to hang on his arm for support as they walk. And it need not be added that an arm about the shoulders or the waist is reserved for first aid to the injured.
よろしくお願いしますA In entering a bus or other vehicles,the girl goes first and the boy helps her―again by a hand under the elbow. If they have met accidentally or if they are on the way to school together,she should not expect him to pay her fare. There will be no embarrassment about this if she makes a point of having her fare ready and dropping it in the coin receiver as she enters first.
訳おねがいします。 The imperialists do not recognize their inability to respect the autonomy, self-organization, agency, and integrity of the other, creates diverse forms of violence. Corporate globalization has unleashed a war against farmers, against women, against other species, and against other cultures. While the project of corporate globalization is based on the imposition of a global monoculture−a food monoculture shaped by McDonald’s, Monsanto, and Coke; a dress monoculture; a media monoculture; a transport monoculture−we are not witnessing a disappearance of diversity. Diversity is becoming dominant. There are, however, two kinds of movements for cultural diversity that are growing.
お願いします。 One is the extremist and exclusivist “Talibanization (ターリバーン化)” of culture−a patriarchal, militarist response to the empire that mimics the violence of the empire. While resisting imperial occupation, it simultaneously declares cultural wars within its bound-aries against women, minorities, and other groups. In Taliban-ruled Afghanistan, the violence against women and the destruction of the Bamiyan Buddhas(バーミヤーン渓谷) are examples of destruction of culture in the name of the protection of culture. The reduction of the 2004 US elections to “red” and “blue” belts and conflicts over so-called cultural values are other examples of the destruction of diversity and pluralism through the construction of exclusivist identity. Such identifications give rise to the culture wars, crusades, and jihads of our times. The other movement for cultural diversity can be found in the movement for peace, sustainability, and justice, which protects diversity through care and compassion, not through domination and conquest. These positive, diverse identities provide alternative to the imperialistic, patriarchal models of relating to the diverse other. His Holiness the Dalai Lama has articulated how compassion and respect for human rights of people of all cultures can be a basis for public life and international relations:
To me it is clear that a genuine sense of responsibility can result only if we develop compassion. Only a spontaneous feeling of empathy for others can really motivate us to act on their behalf.
Democracy is the system which is closest to humanity’s essential nature. Hence those of us who enjoy it must continue to fight for all people’s right to do so…. We must respect the right of all peoples and nation to maintain their own distinctive characters and values.
History abounds in examples where education has encouraged revolutions. The oppressive regimes of the former Soviet Union, Germany under the Nazis, or Cambodia under the Khmer Rouge illustrate how education can become a political tool. The ideas and values of millions of young people have been crushed or deformed when education is politicized. Education promotes propaganda. Through informal education, people of all ages absorb cultural values. Totalitarian governments use the power of informal education to strengthen their control. Orthodox views are socially acceptable, while unorthodox ones are not. Since most people want to belong to a group, they usually accept the ideas approved by the government.
@When you hear the world"water",yoy may think of the water in a glass or bathtub. AThat's the kind of water which you are most familiar with. BHowever,there is another kind of water. CHow much water is needed to produce a hambuger? DThe answer,which might suprise you,is about 1000 liters. ELet me explain.You need lots of water to grow wheat for bread. FResearch shows that you need 2000 liters of water to produce one hundred grams of beef. GWhy do you need so much water to produce beef? HThe reason is that a lot of feed is neccessary to raise cattle. IWater is needed to produce that feed. JSince Japan cannot produce enough wheat or beef,it imports a lot of both of these products from abroad. KAnd this means that we are indirectly importing a large amount of water.
よろしくお願いします。 In leaving the or whatever means of transportation they are using,the boy gets out first. This is so that he can help the girl to get off. He does this by holding out his hand so that she can take hold of it as she steps out. It serves a second purpose,too,if the vehicle is crowded. In walking down the aisle first,he clears a path for her as she follows him.
お願いしますA When boys and girls become teenagers,they begin to go out in pairs. Dating poses all sorts of questions that may trouble them and spoil their fun. Knowing the few simple rules―based on treating others as we want to be treated―can make each occasion a smooth and memorable event.
Can a green,plastic machine improve the education of poor children around the world ? A team of researchers at MIT's Media Lab think so. They have created a laptop computer that runs on electricity that kids make themselves. To make electricity,kids just need to turn a bright yellow handle on he side of the computer. The laptops will sell for only about $100 each. The low price means that millions of kids around the world who would otherwise never be able to buy a computer will now have a chance to have their own laptop.
Informal education also explains the power of peer pressure. Far too often, young men and women move into gangs, drugs, or other self-destructive behavior, because they want to belong. Fear of being an outsider blinds them to the consequences of their choices. Although peer pressure seems like the “easy way out,” it is a dangerous abdication of individual responsibilities.
Unit 3 E-pals in Asia Starting Out Q: Do you use a computer? Why? A: 17人… To play games. 11人… To exchange e-mail. 10人… To surf the Internet. 7人… Other. I use a computer to play games. I use a computer to surf the Internet. Dialog Emi: I want to find some e-pals. Mike: OK. Let's surf the Internet and find some. Emi: Is it difficult? Mike: No. Many people around the world make friends through computers. Emi: It sounds like fun. Reading for Communication メールで返事を出そう My name is Cool. I'm fourteen and I live in Korea. I like comics. In Korea they're very popular. Are they popular in your country, too? Write me soon. Hi, Cool! I'm Lucky. I'm in the fifth grade in Thailand. We also like to read comics. We have a manga club at school. Do you know the word manga? I'm Sea. I'm seventeen and I live in China. I know the word manga. It comes from the Japanese language. In 2000 Hong Kong hosted the fourth Asian Manga Summit. Many people got together to talk about manga culture. I like manga. It can tell us about different cultures. I hope to hear from you soon. Reading for Communication 紹介 My name is 1_____________. I'm 2_____________ and I live in Japan. In Japan 3_____________________________. Please tell me about your country. 4_________________________________?
This philosophy of diversity plus universal responsibility provides the basis for cultivating living cultures from the midst of killing culture…. Economic globalization is not merely responsible for economic wars and class division. It is also contributing to cultural wars and religious and ethnic conflicts. When the monoculture of economic globalization is imposed on ethically and religiously divers societies, the diversity is not eliminated−it mutates into virulent forms emerging as religious fundamentalism, ethnic cleansing, and other symptoms of cultural wars. These cultural mutations are induced by multiple factors. As Amy Chua discusses in her book World on Fire, the economic polarization of globalization is superimposed on existing class inequalities. These class inequalities frequently mirror ethnic patterns. Class conflicts, she argues, thus get camouflaged as ethnic conflicts.
As diverse cultures experience a threat to their values, norms, and practices by globalization, there is a cultural backlash. When the cultural response dose not simultaneously defend economic democracy and create living economies, it takes the form of negative identities and negative cultures.
Culture and economy are inseparable. The neoliberal ideology of development and globalization wishes culture away, yet culture dominates and becomes the surrogate for concerns over livelihoods and economic security. Fundamentalist religion becomes, as Marx so aptly observed, an “opiate of the masses”.
Politicians and political parties that have fully supported the agenda of neoliberal globalization are also increasingly invoking exclusivist religion for gaining political power−and claiming their power comes directly from God, not from corporation and capital. The “divine right of rule” seems to be the epidemic of the day. A concept that died with feudalism is making a comeback thorough representative democracy in the context of globalization….
Imperialism is both an economic and cultural process. It is no accident that there has been an emergence of an arrogant, blinded, religious zeal to rescue the fallen, the cursed, the barbaric. Today the label of barbarism is being applied to Afghanistan, Iraq, Iran, and Syria. Two centuries ago when India was the target for imperial conquest, it was viewed as needing imperial salvation….
The rise of empire goes hand in hand with the imperialism of religion and culture. Both share an intolerance for diversity and the illusion of deliverance through destruction. The evangelical fundamentalists in the US today had their counterparts in another age of empire. Imperialism of religion and culture simultaneously performs two functions−it hides the roots of economic injustice and dispossession and it offers cultural colonization as a cure.
"Every single problem you can think of――poverty,peace,the environment――is solved with education," saays a professor from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Media Lab. "These computers will enable children to become more active in their own learning," said United Nations Secretary-General Kofi Annan.
How do people think of names when they have created an invention or a new product? Often these things mean a lot to the creators so they must think carefully when they give names to their "other self."
Why are we as a species destroying the very basis of our survival and existence? Why has insecurity been the result of every attempt to build security? How can we as members of the earth community reinvent security to ensure the survival of all species and the survival and future of diverse cultures? How do we make a shift from life-annihilating tendencies to life-preserving processes? How we do, from the ruins of the dominant culture of death and destruction, build cultures that sustain and celebrate life?
When reality is replaced by abstract constructions created by the dominant powers in society, manipulation of nature and society for profits and power becomes easy. The welfare of real people and real societies are replaced with the welfare of corporations. The real production of the economies of nature and society is replaced by the abstract construction of capital. The real, the concrete, the life-giving is substituted for by artificially constructed currencies.
そのA Closely linked to the rule and reification of abstraction are the monoculture of the mind and the law of the excluded middle, which threaten life in its diversity, self-organization, and self-renewal.
The monoculture of the mind is the reductionist perspective which seen and constructs the world in terms of monocultures. It is a mind, build to diversity and its richness, that pushes to oblivion and extinction biological and cultural diversity−the very preconditions of ecological and cultural security.
The law of the excluded middle, which is based on an either/or logic, becomes the basis of legitimizing of exclusion and ecocide and genocide. It constructs the world in mutually exclusive categories, thus banishing multiplicity and pluralism as well as relationships and connectedness. It shuts out spaces between nature and culture. It denies the existence of biodiversity on farms and food from forests. It denies cultural diversity in our knowledge, our food, and our dress.
Even while the market economy erodes nature’s economy and creates new forms of poverty and dispossession, the market is proposed as a solution to the problem of ecologically induced poverty. Such a situation arises because the expansion of the market is mechanically assumed to lead to development and poverty alleviation. In the ideology of the market, people are defined as poor if they do not participate overwhelmingly in the market economy and do not consume commodities produced for and distributed through the market. People who satisfy their needs through self-provisioning mechanisms are perceived as poor and backward.
そのB Cultural perceptions which prejudice the market economy also impact this situation. As Rudolf Bahro observed, culturally conceived poverty based on non-Western modes of consumption are often mistaken for misery and poverty. People are perceived to be poor if they eat millet or maize, common non-Western staple foods that are nutritionally far superior to processed foods (and are once again becoming popular in the West as health foods). Huts constructed with local materials, rather than indicating poverty, represent an ecologically more evolved method of providing shelter than concrete houses in many conditions. Similarly, natural fibers and local dress are far superior in satisfying region-specific needs to machine-made nylon clothing, especially in tropical climates. The West uses its own misguided definition of poverty and backwardness to legitimize non-sustainable forms of development, which have, in turn, created further conditions for material poverty or misery by diverting essential resources to resource-intensive production processes.
そのC Once we break free of the mental prison of separation and exclusion and see how the world is interconnected, new alternatives emerge. Despair turns to hope. Violence gives way to nonviolence. Scarcity transforms into abundance and insecurity to security. Diversity becomes a solution to violence, not its cause.
The concrete context of culture−the food we eat, the clothes we wear, the languages we speak, the faiths we hold−is the source of our human identity. However, economic globalization has hijacked culture, reducing it to a consumerist monoculture of McDonald’s and Coca-Cola on the one hand, and negative identities of hate on the other.
The Cartesian idea of freedom is based on separation and independence. This conception of independence has its roots in capitalist patriarchy and allows powerful men owning capital and property, while dependent on women, farmers, workers, and other cultures and species, to pretend that they are independent. Furthermore, these men can pretend that those whom they exploit and who support them, are dependent on them. Patriarchy presents women as dependent. Imperialism projects itself as a liberator−colonized are dependent on the empire for freedom and liberation….
そのD Identities can also be forged by compassion and the consciousness that we all belong to the earth family. These deep positive identities recognize that we share a common evolutionary history and a common future. They are stronger than those forged from hate. We, especially indigenous peoples, have a deep identity of place. We have bonds of family, community, and country. We have an identity as members of the earth family. We have a common human identity that is universal, even while embedded in local culture. We are both local and universal beings. Living cultures are vibrant, evolving, self-generative, and peaceful. Living cultures are rooted in life−the life of the earth, the life of the community. The economic, ecological, and social crises resulting from corporate globalization demand a new way of thinking and living on this planet. They demand a new worldview in which compassion, not greed, is globalized; a new consciousness in which we are not reduced to consumers of globally treaded commodities if we are privileged, or to narrow, fragmented one-dimensional identities based on color, religion, or ethnicity if we are excluded. We can and we do experience our lives as planetary beings with planetary consciousness, mindful and aware of what our actions, our consumption, cost other humans, other species, and future generations.
そのE Not only are we connected with all life on the planet, past and future, but the diverse and multiple dimensions of our lives are connected. Economy shapes culture, culture shapes economy.
Earth Democracy reconnects culture to how and what we produce and consume, and to how we govern ourselves.
Beginning with people’s everyday actions, Earth Democracy offers a potential for changing the way governments, inter government agencies, NGOs, and corporations operate. It creates a new paradigm for global governance while empowering local communities. It creates the possibility of strengthening ecological security while improving economic security. And, on these foundations, it makes societies immune to the virus of communal hatred and fear.
Earth Democracy offers a new way of seeing, one in which everything is not at war with everything else, but through which we can cooperate to create peace, sustainability, and justice in our violent and volatile times.
Earth Democracy provides the context for living cultures−inspired both by the timeless wisdom of ancient worldviews and by the emerging solidarities of new global movements of citizens against globalization, war, and intolerance. Humanity has been connected through a planetary consciousness in the past. Our contemporary crises−the multiple fallouts of globalization−connect our future humanity even more intimately. We are experiencing ourselves as simultaneously local, national, and global. This diversity and multiplicity, and the non-violence and inclusiveness it implies, is giving birth to a new living culture of our common humanity and our rich diversities.
そのF As Gandhi has said, non-violence is not just the absence of violence. It is an active engagement in compassion. Ahimsa(非暴力), or non-violence, is the basis of many faiths that have emerged on Indian soil. Translated into economics, non-violence implies that our systems of production, trade, and consumption do not use up the ecological space of other species and other people….
Ahimsa combines justice and sustainability at a deep level. “Not talking more than you need” ensures that enough resources are left in the ecosystem for other species and the maintenance of essential ecological processes to ensure sustainability. It also ensures that enough resources are left for the livelihoods of diverse groups of people….
Diversity and pluralism are necessary characteristics of an ahimsic(非暴力的な) economic order. If we don’t encroach on others’ rights, diverse species will survive and diverse trades and occupations will flourish. Diversity is, therefore, a barometer of non-violence and reflects the sustainability and justice that non-violence embodies.
Diversity is intimately linked to the possibility of self-organization. It is, therefore, the basis of both swadeshi and swaraj(国産品奨励と自治), of economic and political freedom. Decentralization and local democratic control are political corollaries of the cultivation of diversity. The conditions in which diverse species and communities have the freedom to self-organize and evolve according to their own needs, structures, and priorities are also conditions for peace.
It is characteristic of Western medicine to first make a diagnosis and find the diseased organ or organs, then treat the diseased organ or eliminate the cause of the disease. Treatment of disease often involves use of many pharmaceutical products with known molecular structures and scientifically proven effectiveness(although it is not always the case). Some forms of treatment use extensive surgery to remove or repair the diseased organ. A renowned professor of medicine in West Berlin has said that every disease has a drug to cure it, and the role of the physician is to find the right drug to use and how to use it. The physician must therefore try until he finds the right drug and the right amount. The friend who told me about this professor said that within 5 minutes, before the patient even finished explaining his medical problems, this professor was already writing a prescription. The patient was then told it was necessary to wait and see the effect of this drug and hope it would be the right one. In addition, in order to maintain their skill, as well as office expenses, some surgeons sometimes recommend surgery, which may not be necessary.
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In ancient Chinese society, it is said that Oriental family physicians were paid for their efforts in maintaining good health. A sick patient was not required to pay for care for his medical problem. In England, the national medical health program has a concept somewhat similar to this. But in practice, it is faced with many difficulties. However, even in the Far East, such a practice rarely exists in modern times. Ancient Far Eastern Oriental medicine consists of the following complete unique systems: First the physician examines the patient by the following four methods of examination:
1. Visual examination, with special emphasis on inspection of various parts of the body which are believed to represent the condition of specific internal organs. (For instance, the face, eyes, tongue, and around the nose are particularly examined).
2. Examination by“listening”(“listening”includes not only sounds coming from the body but also smelling of body odors, or odor of breath or excretion).
3. Examination by questioning(a unique aspect of questioning is that the patient is always asked about any changes in preference in taste of food).
4. Examination by palpation, which begins with overall examination of the condition of pulses at three representative parts of the body, i.e., the face, hands (particularly radial arteries of wrists), and feet.
Some also examine the carotid pulse. Then the rest of body is examined by various methods of palpation.
Motion pictures, or movies, actually a series of stull pictures. Each still picture,or frame, is photographed on a long film and then plojected on a screen. The pictures are photographed and projected at the rate of 24frames per second to create the illution of continuous movement. this continuous movement is the basic illusion of movies. There are many other illusions, however, and they are created through the use of spesial effects. With special effects, movies show us heroes who can fly,monsters that eat whole cities, and creatures from far-off planets. Special effects make many movies more interesting and exciting.
One very basic special effect is the use of frame-by-frame photography. Each frame is photographed individually. Then it is projected as if it were part of a continuous movement. nAnimated movies are made this way. And models of monsters can be moved slightly between frames. When the frames are projected at 24 frames per second, the monsters seem to move by themselves. In many TV animations only 8 frames are prajected per second, but Miyazaki Hayao doesn't think this is good enough for all scenes. Hw insists on using 24 frames for fast action and 8 frames for srow, emotional scenes. This is how his animations can show exciting flying scenes and swift movement of clouds and wind.
Another basic special effect is the use of models, paintings, and drawings, Which are photographed so that they look real. A scence of a deep forest, an island or a desert may actually be photographed in a studio, with background paintings, photographs, or models designed to look like the real thing. Using small models and frame-by-frame photography, airplains can be made to hit each other and dinosaurs to fight. Then there is composite photography. Imaged photographed at different times can be combined to move as if they had been photographed together. One acter can act the parts of twin brothers talking to each other, for example.
As you know, I'm pretty fed up with religion these days―in all its guises. I'm somehow supposed to be tolerant of people's beliefs, yet these same people―Christian, Buddhist, Muslim, you name it―have no tolerance for each other's. Greed, selfishness, wars, violence, hate crimes, all in the name of some angry god or other. It really "bugs" me. In this morning's paper, there was a report about two teenage boys in New York City, one Muslim, one Sikh, who were trading insults at school when one―the Muslim― decided to cut off the other's long hair (long hair being a requirement of the Sikh religion, I guess.) He dragged the boy into the lavatory, pulled off his turban and did just that. How's that for love and tolerance? Teenagers, mind you! I just don't get it.
No wonder there's a backlash going on here against religion. According to Sam Harris, author of the best-selling Letter to a Christian Nation, "Religion is fragmenting the human community." It's time we "called a spade a spade," Harris says, by which he means it's time we seriously discussed the negative role religion is playing in our lives today. This is especially true now, what with the current administration's "super-soaking of American politics and culture with religion." The American public, it seems, is becoming increasingly disturbed by the role of religion in U.S. policy (on abortion, science education, stem cell research, and the war in Iraq, for example).
I apologize for ranting. Perhaps you won't want to show this letter to your students―too controversial. But if all these religions would practice the love and harmony they preach, if we could recover the old democratic principle of the separation of church and state, we could all calm down a little.
Based on these so-called four methods of diagnosis, instead of determining the name of the diseased organ and the specific names of the diseases, as commonly required in Western medicine, they classify symptoms of the patient into eight categories syndromes. They in turn belong to the following four pairs of opposing syndromes: 1) Yin and Yang; 2) Deep and superficial; 3) Empty and full; 4) Cold and hot.
Therefore, once all of the patient's symptoms are classified into 4 categories of these eight choices of possible categories of syndromes, the choice of treatment, are automatically determined. The decisions were such as whether acupuncture should be used mainly and moxibustion only supplementary, or whether moxibustion should be mainly used and acupuncture used only supplementally, and how these treatments should be given. Such a method of treatment is called “Treatment Based on the Classification of Syndromes.” It is interesting to note that the average Oriental physician of more than 2000years ago examined the circulatory condition of various parts of the body more meticulously than most of the vascular specialists in Western medicine of today.
Ray: I’m not saying we live in a pigsty, but the house is a little messy and dusty. It wouldn’t hurt to straighten up a little bit, that’s all.
Debra: I’m willing to pitch in, but I’m not going to spend the entire weekend slaving away to get this house spotless. Your mother won’t love you any less if you’re not a neat freak.
In ancient Chinese society, it is said that Oriental family physicians were paid for their efforts in maintaining good health. A sick patient was not required to pay for care for his medical problem. In England, the national medical health program has a concept somewhat similar to this. But in practice, it is faced with many difficulties. However, even in the Far East, such a practice rarely exists in modern times. Ancient Far Eastern Oriental medicine consists of the following complete unique systems: First the physician examines the patient by the following four methods of examination:
1. Visual examination, with special emphasis on inspection of various parts of the body which are believed to represent the condition of specific internal organs. (For instance, the face, eyes, tongue, and around the nose are particularly examined).
2. Examination by “listening” ( “listening” includes not only sounds coming from the body but also smelling of body odors, or odor of breath or excretion).
3. Examination by questioning(a unique aspect of questioning is that the patient is always asked about any changes in preference in taste of food).
4. Examination by palpation, which begins with overall examination of the condition of pulses at three representative parts of the body, i.e., the face, hands (particularly radial arteries of wrists), and feet.
The one thing the Pilgrims certainly didn’t do was step ashore on Plymouth Rock. Quite apart from the consideration that it may have stood well above the high-water mark in 1620, no prudent mariner would try to bring a ship alongside a boulder in a heaving December sea when a sheltered inlet beckoned nearby. If the Pilgrims even noticed Plymouth Rock, there is no sign of it.No mention of the rock is found among any of the surviving documents and letters of the age, and indeed it doesn’t make its first recorded appearance until 1715, almost a century later. Not until about the time Ms. Hemans wrote her swooping epic did Plymouth Rock become indelibly associated with the landing of the Pilgrims. Wherever they landed, we can assume that the 102 Pilgrims stepped from their storm-tossed little ship with unsteady legs and weeks at sea, crammed together on a creaking vessel small the customary graciousness of sailors, referred to them as puke spatter the latter with the former, though in fact they had handled the experience reasonably well. Only one passenger had died en route, and two had been added through births (one of whom ever after reveled in the exuberant name of Oceanus Hopkins). They called themselves Saints. Those members of the party who were not Saints they called Strangers. Pilgrims in reference to these early voyagers would not become common for another two hundred years. Even later was Founding Fathers. It isn’t Harding. Nor, strictly speaking, is it correct to call them Puri-Church of England. Puritans were those who remained in the Anglican Church but wished to purify it. They wouldn’t arrive in America eclipse, and eventually absorb, this little original colony.
【続き】 It would be difficult to imagine a group of people more ill-suited to a life in the wilderness. They packed as if they had misunderstood the purpose of the trip. They found room for sundials and candle snuffers, a drum, a trumpet, and a complete history of Turkey. One Williams Mullins packed 126pairs of shoes and thirteen pairs of boots. Yet they failed to bring a single cow or horse, plow of fishing line. Among the professions represented on the Mayflower’s manifest were two tailors, a printer, several merchants, a silk worker, a shopkeeper, and a hatter-occupations whose indispensability is not immediately evident when one thinks of surviving in a hostile environment. Their military commander, Miles Standish, was so diminutive of stature that he was known to all as “Captain Shrimpe”-hardly a figure to inspire awe in the savage natives, whom they confidently expected to encounter. With the uncertain exception of the little captain, probably none in the party had ever tried to bring down a wild animal. Hunting in seventeenth-century Europe was a sport reserved for the aristocracy. Even those who labeled themselves farmers generally had scant practical knowledge of husbandry, since farmer in the 1600s, and for some time afterward, signified an owner of land rather than one who worked it. They were in short, dangerously unprepared for the rigors ahead, and they demonstrated their incompetence in the most dramatic possible way: by dying in droves. Six expired in the first two weeks, eight the next month, seventeen more in February, a further thirteen in March. By April, when the Mayflower set sail back to England, just fifty-four people, nearly half of them children, were left to begin the long work of turning this tenuous toehold into a self-sustaining colony.
【続き】 At this remove, it is difficult to imagine just how alone this small, hapless band of adventurers was. Their nearest kindred neighbors-at Jamestown in Virginia and at a small and now all but forgotten colony at Cupers (now Cupids) Cove in New-foundland-were five hundred miles off in opposite directions. At their back stood a hostile ocean, and before them lay an inconceivably vast and unknown continent of “wild and savage hue,” in William Bradford’s uneasy words. They were about as far form the comforts of civilization as anyone had ever been (certainly as far as anyone had ever been without a fishing line). よろしくお願いします。
what then may we predict about the future direction in resource recovery channels? Given a goal of conserving materials in their highest use,it becomes logical to expect the establishment of channels concentrating on specific commodities even specialized (ultimately) by customer requirements.
Further,in order to minimize product contamination and maintain homogeneity, we would anticipate a maximal diversion from the solid waste stream in advance of final collection and processing. Only low-order materials destined to be returned either as energy or as low-valued products would ultimately appear in the solid waste stream. Under these conditions,three general categories of resource recovery systems may be anticipated:
1 re-use systems such as returenable containers 2 special resource recovery systems such as newspaper and can collection.
Not all environmentalists think this way , of course. But many people have come to believe that all we have to do to save the world is leave nature alone, minimize human impact , protect the places untouched by human activity, and try to rediscover the values of tribal and village life.In this view, science and technology are bad things.But a different idea is beginning to emerge , born of a revised understanding of the past , new information about the present , and different scenarios of what may lie ahead.
和訳お願いします。 In the eyes of imperialists, as non-Western cultures are invaded and conquered, their diversities and traditions disappear and the world is reshaped in the image of the colonized− and the colonizer will feel grateful for their “liberation” This used to be called the white man’s burden. It continues in the idea of bringing “democracy” and a war named “Operation Iraqi Freedom”
おねがいします Imperialistic globalization is emerging as the worst form of genocide in our times. It is turning the vast majority of the human race into threatened species. Small farmers and peasant―two thirds of humanity―are an endangered species in the agenda of globalized, corporate agriculture. Women―half of humanity are also becoming a threatened species as subtle changes in societal arrangements introduce imbalance, and the patriarchal biases of traditional cultures converge with patriarchal biases of global capitalism to render women disposable.
VoyagerReadingのLesson6-3です。 お願いします。 The above-mentioned research has shown that people's ways of thinking about happiness and positive emotions tend to be different according to their cultures. But is there anything common to all cultures of the world that makes the human heart sing? Take wealth, for example, and all the dilightful things that money can buy. Once your basic needs are met, additional money does little to raise your sense of satisfaction with life. A good education? Neither education nor a high IQ leads to happiness. Youth? No, again. In fact, older people are more satisfied with their lives than the young. A recent survay found that people aged between 20 and 24 are sad for an average of 3.4 days a month, but it is just 2.3days for people aged 65 to 74. Watching TV? Not at all. People who watch more yhan three hours a day are unhappier than those who spend less yime in front of the box.
On the positive side, the most distinct traits of cheerful people were strong ties to friends and family, and time spent together with them. These traits were shared by the 10% of students who believe they are really happy. In other words, it's important to work on sosial skills, close human relationships and cosial support in order to be happy. A resercher observes that people between the ages of 30 and 50 are less happy than other groups. This is perhaps because they have less freedom and more responsibilities for kids, jobs and housing. People are happiest when they are given a certain amount of freedom and decision-making power in their jobs. After working in the field for 25 years, the researcher claims that happiness is related to how much you like the life you are living.
Do you want to lift your level of happiness? Here are some suggestions based on research findings and other sources. First of all, practice acts of kindness. Being kind to others, whether friends or strangers, has positive effects. It makes you feel happy, gives you a greater sense of connection with others, and brings you smiles. Next, make a good friend who you can talk with about anything. A friend in need is a friend indeed. Friendship cannot be built in a day, but it can make your life happier. The biggest factor for feeling satisfaction with life appears to be strong personal relationships. Thirdly, have realistic goals in your life and work for them. Happiness lies in the very process of their achievement. If you like to help someone who is in trouble, work as a volunteer. Volunteering is becoming more popular these days and people who do so are happier than people who don’t. Helping others makes you feel happy. Lastly, do things that you enjoy and that are good for your body. Getting plenty of sleep, exercising, stretching, smiling and laughing can all improve your mood in a short time. Practiced regularly, they can help make your daily life more satisfying. Although the sense of happiness differs between individuals, why don’t you try to put these examples into practice? Then you will be able to live a happier life from now on.
その@ Ajimu(安心院) in Oita prefecture has beautiful fields and farmhouses, but there is nothing particularly exotic about yhis sleepy town. But Ajimu's citizens began to realize that they did indeed have something to offer, and since the early '90s Ajimu has actively promoted its agricultural activiyies through "green tourism." Green tourism has its roots in European "agri-tourism," which used an area's agricultural resources to attract tourists. Green tourism,however, better integrates agricultural,nature-oriented, and relaxation activities in rural areas. It is also different from "eco-tourism," which is a blend of wilderness and adventure. Green tourism is more suited to the cultivated,agricultural land of the Japanese countryside.
そのA Much of the credit for Ajimu's success can be given to the efforts of grape-grower Seiichi Miyata(宮田精一). According to Miyata, the idea of exploring the business opportunities in agri-tourism sprang out of the realization thet Ajimu could no lomger survive simply "by growing stuff and selling it." Miyata has done much research of his own and discovered that, countrary to agri-tourism's objectives, not all visitors were enthusiastic about harvesting and other sweaty farm activities. Most were there to relax.
@Every year millions of Japanese travel overseas. They go diving in New Caledonia, trek to mountain villages in Nepal, study English in Canada, learn flamenco dancing in Spain or salsa in Cuba. Throughout these adventures, most of them show a sincere interest in the local people and their ways of life, and when people from overseas come here for a visit, the japanese are generally hospitable and helpful.
AHowever, something seems to change when foreigners come here to live. They get stopped on the street by the police and have to show their identification papers. They have trouble finding landlords willing to rent apartments to them. They get stared at and taunted by children. They have to deal with parents who don't want their sons and daughters to marry them. It's as though Japanese are happy to welcome foreigners -but only if they don't wan to stay.
そのB Besides accommodation and meals, activities such as fabric-dyeing(布の染色) and charcoal-making(炭作り)are offered at 30 households in Ajimu as part of the green tourism movement. Eiko(英子) and Toshihiko Yano(矢野俊彦) receive city visitors almost every week at Ryusentei(龍泉亭), their magnificent 70-year-old home. The Yanos say some guests like to help pick vegetables for dinner;others prefer to relax and sleep in the sun-filled tatami rooms. The smiling couple doesn't mind hou their visitors choose to experience greentourism. "We are just happy when our guests leave feeling genuinely refreshed," says Toshihiko.
BNow Japan is confronted by a dilemma; with the population aging and the birthrate falling, there's a growing shortage of young, able-bodied people to take care of the nation's old, infirm citizens. Moreover, there are fewer and fewer tax-paying workers but more and more retired people receiving pensions from the government. If something isn't done to fix this imbalance, there will eventually be neither enough tax revenue nor enough labor to provide for the needs of a graying society. Some analysts say that there's only one option: to allow -no, to encourage large-scale immigration to Japan from other countries. And that idea has caused a lot of concern.
CThere are of course practical problems involved in bringing a big number of foreigners here, but the number one obstacle surely is overcoming popular prejudice. Unlike countries such as Australia and Canada, Japan has never experienced a major wave of immigration (of foreigners, that is; we're not counting the sudden return of Japanese from Manchuria and other Asian colonies after the Imperial Army’s defeat in World War U). For some, it's a frightening prospect. "They 're not like us," these people whisper among themselves. "They can't speak Japanese. They don't understand our ways. They don't know how to appreciate cherry blossoms. They forget to take off their shoes when they come inside. They cause problems for us."
For her annual vacation,a young Austrian student called Margo Fenster went to a walking tour in the north of Scotland. She visited Fort William and lnverness and enjoyed the lake and mountain scenery. Most of the time she tried to keep to the <side/wide/crowded>roads because she wanted to see how the local people lived. And she wanted to get away from cars and trucks as much as possible. She hiked past farmhouses and fields full of sheep. It was near the end of summer and here and there she could see farmers on tractors getting in their crops. The weather was fine and unusually warm.
Suddenly dark clouds started blowing in from the west and within a quarter of an hour a thunderstorm had started. There was heavy rain and thunder and lightning. Miss Fenster came to a small village and in the middle of it there was a pub. This was excellent because it was just coming on lunchtime. . . .
Miss Fenster went into the pub. Inside,to the right of the bar,there was a small,simple dining room. She sat herself down by the window and tried to order lunch. Her English was poor,however,and she could not make herself understood.
This was a very awkward situation because there was no menu that she could point to,and she was very hungry after walking all morning. Suddenly she had an idea. In the small hotels where she always stayed,the usual breakfast was bacon and eggs with mushrooms. She took out a piece of paper and a pencil and drew a simplepicture of a mushroom. The waiter looked at the drawing,said,“Tgot you,”and went out of the room.
Miss Fenster was pleased and sat waiting hungrily for her lunch. But a few minutes later,when the waiter appeared again,he was not bringing a plate of hot food. He was holding an umbrella.
Ken: Amy,long time no see! Amy: Hi,Ken! It's been a while,hasn't it? Where have you been? Ken: Well,Ttraveled around Europe during the summer vacation. Amy: Wow,that's great! How was it? Ken: Great! Trealized English is very useful. Almost all the young people working in the service industries in Sweden,Germany and France speak English. Amy:Is that right? As a matter of fact,Tsurveyed twenty-four university graduates working as office workers in this city. The results show just how useful being able to speak English is. This graph shows activities they were involved in at university which have been the most useful to them since they graduated. English was third after their part time job and courses in practical skills such as bookkeeping. Ken: With the spread of the Internet,satellite TV and other information technology,the importance of English is likely to increase still further.
133です Further,in order to minimize product contamination and maintain homogeneity, we would anticipate a maximal diversion from the solid waste stream in advance of final collection and processing. Only low-order materials destined to be returned either as energy or as low-valued products would ultimately appear in the solid waste stream. Under these conditions,three general categories of resource recovery systems may be anticipated:
Many people think old age is a cue to simply do nothing. Studies have shown that physical as well as mental exercise improves health and well-being in the later years of life. Do not let the candles on a birthday cake stand in the way.
Shakespare is without doubt the world's most famous writer. Not only are his plays still widely performed all over the world, but movie versions of Hamlet and Romeo and Juliet have recently been very successful. Considering that Shakespare has now been dead for nearly 400 years, this is an achievement. お願いします。
So how did this Saint Nicholas of Asia Minor become the Santa Claus that we see at Christmas? Saint Nicholas is said to have died in the middle of the 4th century on December 6, a date which later became a holiday called Saint Nicholas Day. The story of Saint Nicholas slowly spread across Europe after his death and people in several different countries began to celebrate this holiday. It was a day for giving presents to others. Holland, a nation that became powerful through its sea trade, placed great importance on celebrating Saint Nicgolas Day. よろしくお願いします。
Ken: Amy,long time no see! Amy: Hi,Ken! It's been a while,hasn't it? Where have you been? Ken: Well,Ttraveled around Europe during the summer vacation. Amy: Wow,that's great! How was it? Ken: Great! Trealized English is very useful. Almost all the young people working in the service industries in Sweden,Germany and France speak English. Amy: Is that right? As a matter of fact,Tsurveyed twenty-four university graduates working as office workers in this city. The results show just how useful being able to speak English is. This graph shows activities they were involved in at university which have been the most useful to them since they graduated. English was third after their part time job and courses in practical skills such as bookkeeping. Ken: With the spread of the Internet,satellite TV and other information technology,the importance of English is likely to increase still further.
DNA is a very long,threadlike macromolecule made up of a large number of deoxyribonucleotides,each composed of a base,a sugar,and a phosphate group. The bases of DNA molecules carry genetic information,whereas their sugar and phosphate groups perform a structural role.This chapter presents the key ecperiments that revealed that DNA is the genetic material,then describes the DNA double helix. When this structure was discovered,the complementary nature of its two chains immediately suggested that each is a template for the other in DNA replication. DNA polymerases are the enzymes that replicate DNA by taking instructions from DNA templates.
172の続きです。 These exquisitely specific enzymes replicate DNA with an error and many viruses are made of DNA.Someviruses,however,use RNA(ribonucleic acid)as their genetic material.This chapter concludes with examples of the genetic role of RNA in plant viruses and animal tumor viruses.
The use of stunt persons is not a true special effect but it helps in creating an illusion. Stunt persons are professional men and women who can drive fast cars, jump from high places, run into burning buildings, and do many dangerous things that most sctors will not or cannot do. Stunt persons look like and dress like the real actors. When we see the real actor before and after the "stunt", we have the illusion that that actor actually did it.
One other basic technique that movie producers use to create illusion is to put into a single film scenes that were shot at different times. For example,you may see passengers enjoying themselves in a railroad car, then see the train hitting another train, then see the passengers crying out in pain in the damaged car. It all happenes quickly, but in fact the director will shoot it as three separate scenes, perhaps on separate days. The accident itself may be photographed using models, or it may be real trains with stunt persons in them. The damaged railroad car is a separate set, built to look as nearly as possible like the car in the first scenes.
We all know playing putside is good for children's health. Never before, houwever,has the notion of playing outside seemed so much in danger of being forgotten. Kids today spend less time outdoors than previous generations. In 1981, children aged 6 through 17 spent an average of 100 minutes playing outdoors each week. By 2002, the time was a mere 50 minutes. That loss may turn out to be profound. New research points to the exraordinary benefits to be gained from playing actively outdoors. As one writer says, "Outdoor experience isn't just something nice for kids to have. They have to have it." Here are a few of the reasons why kids should play outside. Did you ever notice how blue skies to dominate the drawings of youngsters? That's not just by chance. Kids see the world differently than adults do. Up to age 20 or so, their eyes allow more blue light to enter. As a result, they see more blue and violet-colors featured prominently in their artwork. It has recently been discovered that the blue light of the sky is very important in controlling the body's clock. This human clock manages the whole rhythm of the body and every organ within it.
Before a few centuries B.C., in ancient China, it was believed that there were five relatively solid internal organs(五臓) and six hollow internal organs(六腑). However, with the development of concepts of twelve meridians combined with one of the diagnostic methods of pulse diagnosis by introducing additional organs called “Pericardium”(心包), they made a system consisted of a total of twelve internal organs. they were classified into six “yin” organs represented by relatively solid organs, i.e., heart, liver, kidney, lung, spleen, and pericardium. The other six were “yang” organs, represented by six hollow organs, i.e., small intestine, gall bladder, bladder, large intestine, stomach, and three burners. However, if we try to interpret these twelve internal organs by present concepts of internal organs, we will have a difficult time. There are three reasons for the difficulties: (1)some of the names of the internal organs are different from the names of the internal organs we know in Western medicine. (2)some of the internal organs in the ancient Orient are imaginary and indicate functions of several systems involving a number of different internal organs. (3)the ancient Orientals tried to fit all the existing organs' functions into only a limited number of the twelve organs. Naturally, some of the internal organs in ancient Oriental concepts must cover the functions of more than one or two internal organs.
Furthermore, some of the internal organs, such as the three burners(three warmers), which are divided into three divisions of the body's trunk, do not correspond to any anatomically known single internal organ. In the following chart, the twelve names of these internal organs used in Oriental medicine are shown along with the corresponding functions of the organs in present Western anatomy.
Not all environmentalists think this way , of course. But many people have come to believe that all we have to do to save the world is leave nature alone, minimize human impact , protect the places untouched by human activity, and try to rediscover the values of tribal and village life.In this view, science and technology are bad things.But a different idea is beginning to emerge , born of a revised understanding of the past , new information about the present , and different scenarios of what may lie ahead.
In the end, eleven white boys decided not to go. They wanted to go to that park as much as I did, but they knew that there was something even more important.
I believe that books should play a prominent part in children's lives from babyfood;that access to books,through and other adults,greatly increase a child's chances of becoming a happy and involved human being. The dedicated involvement of parents and other adults is,of course,an essential part of the process. Without the help of adults,a baby or small child has no chance at all of discovering books,of starting on the road to that unique association with the printed word which the mature reader knows and loves.
AT the Lincoln Memorial, together we had read the famous words from Lincoln's speech at Gettysburg. "...this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom..." The next monrning, a teacher said, "Clifton, could I see you for a moment?" Frank turned pale. One of our water balloons had hit a lady and her dog the night before. "Clifton." the teacher began, "do you know about the Mason-Dixon line?" "No," I said, wondering what this had to do with dropping water balloons. "Before the Clivil War," the teacher explained, "the Meason-Dixon line was the line between Pennsylvania and Maryland - the line between the free and slave states. Today, the Mason-Dixson line is a kind of invisible border between the North and the South. When you cross that invisible line into Maryland, things change. We are going to Glen Echo Park... It's in Maryland, and black people can't go in." "You mean I can't go to the park," I asked, "because I'm black?" She nodded slowly. "I7m sorry, Clifton," she said, taking my hand. プロビジョンT レッスン7-2 和訳お願いします
The Great Medical Hope All living things are made up of many different cells. Some of these cells are specialized: we have specialized liver cells, brain cells, heart cells, and so on. A major area of medical research today is the research being done with stem cells. Stem cells have a very important property: under certain conditions they can be changed into specialized body cells such as heart cells. Steam cell research is helping us understand how an organism's specialized cells develop from stem cells and how healthy stem cells can replace damaged cells in our body. This will help scientists develop cell-based methods of treating certain diseases. This type of medicine is called "regenerative" or "reparative" medicine. Scientists are working with two kinds of stem cells. The first are called embryonic stem cells, which come from embryos obtained via in vitro fertilization procedures. In these procedures, a female egg is fertilized outside the woman's body, forming a tiny hollow ball of cells called a blastocyst. Some of the cells on the inside surface of the blastocyst will become an embryo, an organism in the very early stage of development. For the first four or five days these cells do not start to develop into specialized body cells, but they have the potential to develop into any sort of body cell. They are removed from the blastocyst at this stage, and put into a nutrient liquid, called a culture. There they divide and grow in number but do not change their form, retaining their ability to become any sort of cell.
Scientists have been doing this with animals such as mice for a long time. But a breakthrough occurred in 1998, when James Thomson became the first person to obtain human embryonic stem cells. Research with these cells worries many people who believe that the embryo is a living human being who is being killed to obtain its cells. The second type of stem cells are called adult stem cells. This is a poor name for them since they exist in the organs of all adults, children and even unborn children. It has long been known that adult stem cells can replace cells of the organ from which they come. For example, bone marrow stem cells are very good at replacing specialized bone marrow cells. But it was always thought that they couldn't replace cells from other organs. However, a breakthrough in 1999 showed that bone marrow stem cells could replace specialized brain cells. Recent research has shown that bone marrow and brain stem cells may be able to replace all body cells in the same way as embryonic stem cells can. This encourages people who believe embryonic stem cell research is immoral, because it means that it may be unnecessary.
Scientists hope that stem cell research will enable them to repair damaged or diseased organs in the body. This will enable them to treat and possibly cure diseases like diabetes and cancer. They think that Parkinson's Disease, a crippling disease of the nervous system, may be the first disease to be treated using stem cells. In a major breakthrough in 2006, American scientists used stem cells to repair damaged spinal cords and nervous systems in partially paralyzed rats to enable them to walk again. However, there is still an enormous amount of research to be done before regenerative medicine can be used with humans.
Do penguins fall over when they look up at the sky to watch planes and helicopters fly over their heads? Finally, a serious scientific study shows us the answer. Penguins may waddle away because they dislike the noise. But they definitely do not lose their balance and fall over. Cartoonists and comedians love to show penguins as having a lack of balance, but they really do not. There have been many rumors about penguins falling over since British plane and helicopter pilots returned from the 1982 Falklands War. They claimed that their flights had knocked over penguins on the ground. Falling penguins are a favorite topic for cartoonists and penguin jokes. Environmental research scientist Richard Stone spent five weeks (watch/ to watch/ watching) helicopters fly over two King Penguin colonies in the Antarctic. He studied the effects of the helicopters on the penguins. Stone watched over 1,000 birds, but the penguins did not have the balance problems that are seen in penguin cartoons and heard in penguin jokes. “We saw birds moving away from the noise of helicopters and planes, but not a single bird fell over after 17 flights,” he said. Stone explained that the birds became quiet when the helicopters approached. “They didn’t appear to turn around and look,” he said. The famous scientific journal Nature explains that balance problems are not the reason why penguins waddle. When penguins walk in this awkward-looking way, they actually use much less energy than if they walked “normal-ly.” It helps them to save energy in the cold Antarctic.
>>189 I believe that books should play a prominent part in children's lives from babyfood;that access to books,THROUGH AND OTHER ADULTS,greatly increase a child's chances of becoming a happy and involved human being.
Yet the evidence is overwhelming that the way in which we now live on the earth is driving its thin, life-supporting skin, and ourselves with it, to destruction. To understand this calamity, we need to begin with a close look at the nature of the environment itself. Most of us find this a difficult thing to do, for there is a kind of conflict in our relation to the environment.
をお願いします!
that(1行目)は同格です。 drive(driving)→追い越す skin→表面 a close look at→じっくり見る a kind of conflict→ある種の矛盾
頑張ってみたものの訳せませんでした。 よろしくお願いいたします! This shocked me,because my instinctive reaction,even in Japonese, was to say to my children,"Shikkari shiteirune",which in English would be something like "Look how well he's managing!" I didn't want them to pity the pigeon for its disability;I wanted them to respect it for its self-reliance.
Now Japan is confronted by a dilemma; with the population aging and the birthrate falling, there's a growing shortage of young, able-bodied people to take care of the nation's old, infirm citizens. Moreover, there are fewer and fewer tax-paying workers but more and more retired people receiving pensions from the government. If something isn't done to fix this imbalance, there will eventually be neither enough tax revenue nor enough labor to provide for the needs of a graying society. Some analysts say that there's only one option: to allow -no, to encourage large-scale immigration to Japan from other countries. And that idea has caused a lot of concern.
There are of course practical problems involved in bringing a big number of foreigners here, but the number one obstacle surely is overcoming popular prejudice. Unlike countries such as Australia and Canada, Japan has never experienced a major wave of immigration (of foreigners, that is; we're not counting the sudden return of Japanese from Manchuria and other Asian colonies after the Imperial Army’s defeat in World War U). For some, it's a frightening prospect. "They 're not like us," these people whisper among themselves. "They can't speak Japanese. They don't understand our ways. They don't know how to appreciate cherry blossoms. They forget to take off their shoes when they come inside. They cause problems for us."
Now there's life that we're living it's all going wrong and out of the window, did you know that there is nothing worse than a melting mind there is nothing worse than a foolish mind
>>227の続きです Vivid Reading Lesson4 Movies A World of Illusionのpart4です どうか宜しくお願い致します
Many directors are famous for their special effects. Alfred Hitchcock was one of the first persons to use special effects to make horror movies even more frightening. Other more recent directors who are famousfor using special effect are Steven Spielberg and George Lucas. In Lucas' Star Wars Episode 1, digital technology,as well as other techniques, played a bigger role than in any other film in history. To make a computer generated scenes, each CG character first had to be created as a computer model. So scaled models of characters were built, scanned into the computer to provide a basic shapes. It took a very long time. Out of the completed film's twenty-two hundred shots, nineteen hundred of them used special effects. Even James Cameron's Titanic, a film with many visual effects, used a total of only five hundred spesial effects scenes, so Episode 1 was an amazing achievement. Muvie directors understund that movies are a would of illusion, and that the illusion can be made even more puwerful by the careful use of special effects.
全訳お願いしますm(__)m The American diet changed greatly between 1850 and 1950. If you had lived in 1850,you would have eaten meals that were neiter tasty nor balanced.The diary diet of most Americans included potatoes, bread ,milk,and salted beef or salted pork. Salted beef and salted pork are meats preserved in salt.
和訳お願いします。 She caught a glimpse of something that made her think she must be dreaming. 「catch a glimpse of」が、「人が、人や物をちらりとみる」 とわかったのですが・・・。 must be dreaming は、どうするんですか?
“Well” thought the king to himself, "that should be the end of Hercules." But he did not know his cousin's strenght. When Hercules found the lion, he jumped on the beast and grabbed him.then he squeezed with all his might until at last the lion was dead.But how could he take off the lion's skin? When he tried to use his knife, the blade broke into pieces.Then Hercules got an idea:he used one of the lion's own sharp claws, and sure enoght it cut the skin. After he had cleaned the skin, he wrapped it around him like a coat,with the head as a hood. When Hercules returned,looking like a lion walking on two legs, the king was frightened. "Stay outside the palace," he said, "and I will call out my orderd to you." The king ordered Hercules to kill a fire-breathing,nine-headed monster called the Hydra. Hercules used his huge club to knock off one of the monster's heads, but then two heads grew back in its plase! So he grabbed a large stick and set one fire. Then,as he swung his club to knock off each head, he held the fire to the neck to keep any other heads from growing back. When king Eurystheus heard that Hercules had killed the Hydra, he thought, "He kills beasts and monsters so easily that I must think of another kind of labor. Ah, I know! I will send him across the mountains to clean the stables of King Augeas. They are the biggest and dirtiest stables in the world, filled with the waste of thousands of oxen and cattle." When Hercules reached the Augean stables, he saw that it would take many years for a single man to clean them, even a man as strong as himself. But as he looked around he saw a riber that ran nearby. "Why not use that?"
he thought. So he asked King Augeas to have all the animals taken oout of the stable for a day. They he dug a ditch from the river to the stable, and let the water run thought the building. The water washed away all the filth in no time. Hercules filled the ditch and set the river back on its normal course. "Very clever,Hercules," said king Eurystheus. "But now it's time for a real challenge. For your next labor, I order you to bring me the golden apples guarded by those three magical maidens, the Hesperides" The king chuckled because he knew that these aples belonged to Hera, queen of the gods, and were kept in a secret garden that no one had ever found. Hercules knew that he could not find the Hesperides. But he could find their father, Atlas, the great giant who carried the heavens and earth upon his shoulders.
Lee Kyung Hae martyred himself while wearing a sign reading “WTO kills farmers” at the Cancun WTO ministerial (世界貿易機構カンクン閣僚会議) to attract attention to one of the worst genocides of our times―the genocide of small farmers through the rules of globalization. His suicide is merely the most public of the tens of thousands of farmers who have been driven to kill themselves. Thirty thousand farmers have been killed by globalization policies in India over a decade. According to India’s National Crime Bureau, 16,000 farmers in India committed suicide during 2004. During one six-month span in 2004, there were 1,860 suicides by farmers in the state of Andhra Pradesh alone.
The room is lined with vintage ashtrays, delicate lighters, matches and pens shaped like cigarettes. The scent, naturally, is of smoke. Chicago's smoking ban took effect this week, but it was hard to know that from inside the gleaming lounge along Milwaukee Avenue in a hip neighborhood on the North Side. Here, under glass, are thick jars of tobacco - Oriental Rose, The Empress, The Earl - poured lovingly into white smoking papers by tobacco's answer to the coffee shop barista. At the very moment smokers around Chicago were learning not to light up on train platforms, in sports stadiums and in some restaurants, a subsidiary of R. J. Reynolds Tobacco Company was preparing for the grand opening on Thursday of its answer to the smoke-free set: the Marshall McGearty Tobacco Lounge, what its creators intend to be the nation's first upscale, luxury lounge dedicated to the smoking of cigarettes, especially a new R. J. Reynolds variety. The timing, Brian Stebbins, a senior marketing director at R. J. Reynolds, said,was purely coincidental. And the shop, he insists, does not fall under the city's new ban since it fits the exempt category of a "tobacco retail store," even though it also sells alcoholic drinks, cheese plates and espresso drinks. "That's incidental," Mr. Stebbins said, as he wandered the lounge on Wednesday, pointing out the dark wood, the marble bar, the cozy seats by a fireplace. "This is about a select, super premium brand of cigarettes, just like what we've seen with the super premium tier of beer, wine, chocolate and pastries. It's about elegance and having fun." Not so much fun for those here who fought for the smoking ban - one of the growing number of such restrictions around the country - who said they found the lounge puzzling, disconcerting and possibly illegal.
Feeding the world @Food and water provide the energy our bodies need to function;without it our bodies become weak and susceptible to disease. Eating and drinking less than our bodies require leads to starvation and eventually death. Depending on how much body fat we have,it can take up to 70 days without food to die. The process is much quicker without water because people cannot survive once their body has lost 20 percent of its water content.
Dying for a meal AOver 10 million people die each year through lack of food. Inaddition,almost 2,000,000,000 - or one third - of the people in the world suffer from under-nutrition: they are not getting enough to eat. This might make you think that there is not enough food to go round,but in fact there is plenty. If all the cereal crops produced each year were divided equally among the world's population,everyone would have enough food.
An unepual world BThe world's food is not shared equally. In 1997,for example,people in the U.S.A.ate an average of 3,699 calories a day; in Portugal,3,667;in Sorth Korea they ate 3,155. In other parts of the world, piople were eating far less. In Haiti people ate 1,869 calories a day; in North Korea, 1,837; in Burundi, 1,685. These figures are averages; some people had less to eat, others had far more.
FLikewise, modern Japanese culture didn't just suddenly appear in its present from; rather, it's a fusion of influences from different parts of eastern Asia and the West, one that has evolved since the day, thousands of years back, that the very first human set foot on the Japanese islands. And it continues to evolve. That's why you don't behave or dress like your great -grandparentsーmaybe not even like your parents. You probably don't talk like your parents, either. You use slang expressions that they've never heard, and you pepper your conversations with English words that would baffle.
Thanks for asking how my novel writing is coming along. By way of answer, let me just share with you something I read on the Internet the other day.
A ten-year research project conducted by a Canadian professor named Piers Steel concludes that procrastination among Americans is getting worse and worse. Professor Steel believes that by procrastinating, or putting things off, not only are we becoming a nation of underachievers, we are also poorer, fatter, and unhappier than we should be. Just 30 years ago, barely 5% of the American public thought of themselves as chronic procrastinators. Today, that figure is over 25%. College students are particularly bad―three out of four label themselves procrastinators (your students should get a kick out of that bit of information!).
Why are there so many "putter-offers" among us today? Simply because there are so many ways to kill time, so many distractions: TV and DVDs, online video and music, surfing the Internet, cell phones, video games and iPods. "It's never been harder to be self-disciplined in all of history than it is now," Professor Steel claims.
This has serious consequences, he goes on. By putting off filing our income texes or doing our Christmas shopping or paying our bills, we Americans cost ourselves a lot of money. By not getting down to business on the job, we negatively affect the nation's economy. By delaying diets and fitness regimens, we put our health at risk. And just the fact of not being able to discipline ourselves better makes us feel anxious, weak, and guilty, and, as a result, more depressed and less satisfied with our lives.
So, how is my novel coming along? The above should give you a pretty good idea.
お願いします Shakespare is without doubt the world's most famous writer. Not only are his plays still widely performed all over the world, but movie versions of Hamlet and Romeo and Juliet have recently been very successful. Considering that Shakespare has now been dead for nearly 400 years, this is an achievement. Shakespare was born in 1564 in the pretty country town of Stratford-upon-Avon in the west of England. His family was neither poor nor rich. he married when he was 18 and his wife died seven years later after giving birth to three chirdlen. A few years later, we find William Shakespare in London, trying to make a success in the world of the theatre. The period from the late 16th to the early 17th century was one of the most dynamic and fertile periods in the history of the English theatre. Plays were popular at every level of society, from the poorest people to the royal family. There were theatres and acting companies all over London.
続きです。 Shakespare was a playwright with one of these acting companies. It was his job to provide the actors with enough material to satisfy the constant demands of the audience for new plays. In fact, during his career, Shakespare wrote a total of nearly 30 plays--- usually divided into tragedies, comedies and histories. Perhaps one reason that Shakespare is still so popular is that he was a playwright and not a novelist. Even the greatest novel is fixed in time --- it cannot be changed. Plays, on the other hand, are continually being changed as they are performed. talented directors, actors and set designers will always bring their own ideas to the plays and breathe new life into them. Also, thought people have enormous respect for Shakespare's plays, artists always feel that they have the freedom to adapt them to suit the time's they live in. But this still does not fully explain the enduring appeal of Shakespare. After all, there were many playwrights living at the same time writing similar plays. Shakespare's special power comes from a unique combination of talents. One is his mastery of the English language. The other is his deep understanding of the human heart. Even though his characters were created hundreds of years ago, their feelings and motivations--- Macbeth's murderous ambition, Hamlet's indecision and Othello's jealousy---are timeless. よろしくお願いします
DIn some respects the whisperers are right. Wen foreigners first arrive, they usually can't speak Japanese and often don't understand how things are done here. However, that doesn't mean that they can't learn both the language and the culture if they're given time and encouragement.
EAmid the widespread fear of foreigners, it's worth keeping in mind that everybody on this planet is either an immigrant or a descendant of immigrants. Even the Japanese people had to come from somewhere. Setting creation myths aside, it's safe to say that today's Japanese are themselves descended from long-ago immigrants from the north, west, and south.
Have modern Japanese society, culture, and language somehow completed their development and reached a state of perfection? Must we protect them from contamination by the new ideas and new blood that a wave of foreign immigration would bring? Few people would dare to make such a claim directly. There are, however, plenty of people who would express almost the same idea in different words: "I don't mind foreigners' coming here to live as long as they're willing to do things the Japanese way." That would mean turning their backs on their native cultures, essentially trying to forget everything that had happened in their lives until the moment they stepped off the plane onto Japanese soil. As well as being nearly impossible, such a complete abandonment of their cultures would be a waste of valuable life experiences.
The bottom line is that immigration can enrich everybody or divide everybody, depending on how it's handled. If we look down on foreigners because they don't know how to do things "in the Japanese way," we'll keep a distance between them and us, and that will help nobody. In that scenario, there will be a two-tiered society, with foreigners likely to be on the lower level, doing most of the work, and Japanese on the upper level, telling them what to do.
The alternative is to accept foreigners for what they are: different people with different ways of thinking and acting. The key here is understanding that "different" doesn't necessarily mean "worse" or "better," just "different." We can celebrate the differences instead of being afraid of them. Some moves in this direction are being made, such as the huge annual samba festival in the Asakusa area of Tokyo. Who knows? Perhaps in a few hundred years, Japanese culture will have evolved to the point where samba is as much a Japanese tradition as sumo and flower-arranging.
So how did this Saint Nicholas of Asia Minor become the Santa Claus that we see at Christmas? Saint Nicholas is said to have died in the middle of the 4th century on December 6, a date which later became a holiday called Saint Nicholas Day. The story of Saint Nicholas slowly spread across Europe after his death and people in several different countries began to celebrate this holiday. It was a day for giving presents to others. Holland, a nation that became powerful through its sea trade, placed great importance on celebrating Saint Nicolas Day. プロビジョン2レッスン7の2よろしくお願いします。
@As you know,Japan imports not only wheat and beef but also other agricultural products. AJapan also imports some industrial products. BThe water that is used in making such imported product is called"virtual water". CPlease look at Figure 1,which shows how much virtual water is used in various products. DYou can see that corn and soybeans need a large amount of water. EMost of these crops are used as feed for cattle raised in Japan. FFigure 2 shows the countries from which we are importing virtual water. GAs you can see,we are importing as much as 64 billion cubic meters in one year. HThis is equal to two-thirds of the total use of regular"real" water in Japan.
That night, another teacher came to our room, holding an envelope. "Boys," he shouted. "I've just bought 13 tickets to the Senators-Tigers game. Anybody want to go?" There were shouts of happiness. On the way to the ball park, we made a short stop at the Lincoln Memorial. For onen long moment, I stared at the statue of Lincoln in the warm yellon light, recalling that line."...this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom..."
In his life, Lincoln said that freedom is not free. Every time the color of people's skin keeps them out of a park or a golf club, the fight for freedom begins again.
Japan sent 312 athletes to she Olympics in athens in 2004. Among the thosen athletes, 141 were male and 171 famale. For the first time in Japanese history, women outnumbered men. The prosperity of women's sport today is the result of a women who made a desperate effort to win an Olympic medal for back in 1928. It was Hitomi Kinue ,who eas the silver medal winner in the 800-meter race in the 9th Olympic Games held in Amsterdam. Hitomi was born in 1907. At the age of 16, she took part in an athletic meet held in okayama Prefecture. She entered the long jump and set a women's national record of 4.67 meters. It was this that led her to become an athlete . In 1926, when she was 19, she became a newspaper reporter. Four months later, she took part in the Women's World Games in Gothenburg, Sweden as the only Japanese femal athlete. Shw competed in many races and did well. This surprised athletes from around the world.
As can be seen they are rather primitive and unrealistic in the eye of present-day anatomical knowledge of the human body. These anatomy figures do not include the brain. The author of the oldest Chinese medical book “Nei Ching”did not describe any function of the brain either. Instead of the brain, the above described 12 internal organs, particularly 5 relatively solid internal organs: namely, the liver, heart, spleen, kidney, and 5 hollow organs, gall bladder, small intestine, stomach, large intestine, urinary bladder, are considered to be the causes of the mental processes of a human being. Therefore, various mental diseases are considered to be due to the abnormal functions of the internal organs belonging to one or more than one of the specific five elements of wood, fire, earth, metal, and water. On the other hand, the presently known Chinese character for the brain, also means “mental agony,”“mental process,”or“mental ability,”and it is closely related with anatomy and function of the brain. The left half means “muscle”or “body tissue”. The upper half of the right side of the Chinese character represents “convolutions of brain”. The lower half of the right side of the character indicates the top view of skull. Finally, the projection on the top represents remaining bone of the nose. However, the word brain in Chinese characters cannot be found in the oldest etymological dictionary Shou-Wen-Zi (説文解字) written by Hsu Shen (許慎). He began the work in A.D. 100 and completed it in A.D. 121. Since the book supposedly covers all the Chinese characters known at that time, the presently known Chinese character for brain must have been invented in later centuries.
People today would think that Hitomi was free from any concerns and was on her way to success. On the contrary, she was severely criticized. In those days people had a prejudice against women who did sports. Women who showed too much of their body and compeyed in races were not thought to be decent. This caused Hitomi to worry about the future of women athletes. In 1928, women were allowed to participate in track and field events at the Olympics for the first time in history. Japan sent Hitomi to Amsterdam. She was the only women athlete from Japan. She was the world record holder in the in the women's 100-meter race at that time. She took part in the 100-meter race but she eas beaten in the senifinals. She thought that her good example at the Olympics would be the key to freeing people in those days from prejudice against women athletes. She decided to try the 800-meter race. After the 100-meter race, she thought to herself, "I have never run the 800-meter race, and I don't think I have enough energy for it. Hpwever,I have the will to try. I will run until I collapse."
The poor People's Disease Malaria is an infectious disease that is widespread in the tropical and subtropical parts of the world. Over 40 percent of the world's population lives in areas where malaria is found. More than 300 million people suffer from malaria, and about one and a half million people die from it each year. At least 80 percent of malaria sufferers live in Africa, where the disease is the cause of 30 percent of admissions to hospitals. Pregnant women and children under five are the most vulnerable, and at least 800,000 African children die from malaria every year. The economic cost of malaria to Africa is estimated to be US$12 billion a year, though it is difficult to get exact figures. Malaria is caused by a parasite. A parasite is a plant or animal that lives in or on the body of another animal or plant and obtains its food from it. It is thought that the malaria parasite evolved with humans and has always been with us. The parasite is carried by the female of a particular genus of mosquito called the Anopheles. The disease is transmitted when an infected person is bitten by a female Anopheles mosquito which then bites another person. The parasite in the blood of the first person is taken in by the mosquito, survives in the mosquito's saliva, and is then transferred to the blood of the second person. The parasite is then carried in the blood to the liver, where it breeds. After a few days it returns to the blood, where it attacks red blood cells, causing fever and perhaps damage to vital organs, sometimes resulting in death. Malaria can usually be cured. In particularly bad areas, people continuously become infected and gradually become immune to the disease.
Who are the people who join these groups? Do you think they are crazy? Maybe in a way they are. But they mostly are people much like you and me. Their members include doctors,lawyers,businessmen,housewives,and students. They come from all economic backgrounds. And they can be found in all societies.
So why do they join these groups?The reasons are many. Most members feel that their lives are empty and have little value. They are searching for something that will add meaning to their lives. Many have social or personal problems that they are having trouble dealing with. For various reasons,mainstrem religions do not give them the answers they are looking for.
Others feel that society is failing. They see wars,famines,poverty and other social ills as problems that we create,but can't solve. Many are New Age devotees. They come to believe that certain dates,or the world,or at least of society as we know it. In the case of Heaven's Gate, for example,they thought thataliens would come from space to greet them!
The cult gives them a sense of belonging,of family. They can join with others that have many of the same thoughhts as themselves. However,it is often not until they have actually joined the group that they find out what the group is really control and fear have done their work.
長くて申し訳ありませんがどなたか和訳お願いします。 ( )内には以下のどれか一つが共通して入ります。 @people who speak a different language Apeople removing obstructions Bpeople with disabilities Cpeople who are physically strong and healthy
The term barrier-free has been adopted by the japanese to define a state of being that is free of barriers, and to describe the process of removing barriers in order to make life more comfortable. Increasingly,the term barrier-free has been applied to the creation of living and working environments where ( ) can have free access,and where physical barriers to buildings,shops,and public institutions, such as steps and narrow doorwaus,do not prevent them from using these facilities. To remove these barriers,local governments and construction companies work in partnership to help users, and new laws have meant that the rights of ( ) are protected. On the other hand,( ) also face invisible or symbolic barriers which are probably more difficult to overcome because theyare often not recognized by even the most sensitive of able-bodied citizens. Invisible barriers can be divided into three categories : institutional,social and psychological. Firstly,institutional barriers can be seen as those where the system puts a person at a disadvantage. For example,there have been cases where disabled children were not allowed to enter their local elementary school because the school decided that they could not satisfactorily interact with other pupils. Secondly,there are social barriers that exist for disabled people. The lack of information available to( ) means that in many instances they find it difficult to integrate into society. For example,many blind people are unable to enjoy museums because they lack Braille captions for their displays,and ‘touch and feel’exhibits are still rare. 続きます
Finally,many proglems for people with disabilities originate in the prejudices and psychological barriers erected, mostly unconsciously,by able-bodied people. This stems mainly from a fundamental lack of knowledge about and misunderstanding of disabled people’s needs,and results in discrimination. This is the most important and most difficult barrier to overcome,and can only be remedied by the education of able-bodied people as to the needs of the disabled-bodied community. Without getting rid of these prejudices,a truly ‘barrier-free’society will not be realized.
Part2 This grid, known as Hermann's Grid, is an example of how contrast affects color perception. Imagine the Hermann Grid as a map of city streets; most crossings appear to be gray, but when you look closely at any individual crossing, you will see that it is white. The streets, on the other hand, appear white no matter where you look. This illusion depends on high contrast black and white areas to fool the eyes into perceiving gray areas. The perception of gray crossings is a result of local brightness control in the retina. Cells in your retina set the brightness of an image by the intensity of the light signal. But your brain can set the brightness of an image in many small parts. Setting brightness in small parts lets you see a wide range of both bright and dark parts in the same image. In Zollner's illusion of direction, parallel lines appear to be bent when other lines cross them at an angle. The illusion disappears when the image is held far enough away from the eye to distinguish the short crossing lines. Some scientists say that face recognition is performed by a particular section of the brain. To the brain, this image of Lincoln's face looks normal when viewed upside down, but when turned around it becomes distorted. This is because our brains recognize a face only when it is right side up. When it is presented upside down, the brain no longer recognizes it as a face but rather as an object, and this is why we do not respond to its distortions.
上の続きです Part3 Let us think about the various functions of the brain. Once, photographs of Americans expressing various emotions were shown to the Fore people in New Guinea. They readily recognized most of the expressions of anger, happiness, sadness, disgust, fear and surprise. These six emotions are themselves universal. Some emotional triggers are universal as well. For example, when something unexpectedly comes into your field of vision, you will be frightened. But most emotional triggers are learned. The smell of newly mowed hay will generate different emotions in someone who spent peaceful childhood summers in the country and someone who was forced to work long hours on a farm. Once such an emotional association is made, it is difficult to unmake it. But we can learn to manage our emotions better. Another interesting thing is the relationship between the brain and fear. For example, many people fear big snakes and run away because they feel danger. But a baby usually doesn't feel afraid of a big snake, even if he or she is placed right next to it. This may have something to do with the primary brain and its fear response to such dangers. It seems likely that there is a tendency in the primary brain to fear natural phenomena that can hurt us, but no tendency to learn to fear something that will not. But this tendency is influenced by social experience. Therefore, there is a good chance the baby will begin to fear snakes after watching other humans react to them.
Vivid Reading Lesson5 A Run for Women's Equality Resson3です 明日までに訳さないといけないので、急ではありますがどなたか宜しくお願い致します。
The women's 800-meter race began. Hitomi ran fast. She was in third place 200 meter from the goal. Just then, something happened. Another athlete bumped into Hitomi. She began to fall behind. Hoewver, she wouldn't be beaten. She got her balance again and ran desperately. In no time, she was running close behind Lina Radke from Germany, wha was leading the race. Radke looked back and was surprised to find Hitomi close behind her. She ran faster and Hitomi followed her. They reached the goal one after the other. Radke won the goal and Hitomi the silver. The two were too exhausted to remain standing. The New York Evening Post printed an article titled, "A mistaken idea about Japanese women." It said that nothing surprised them but Hitomi Kinue, who had won a silver medal in the women's 800-meter race. They said, "We still think of Japanese women as beautifully dressed in kimono, and busy with flower arrangements and tea ceremonies. Hitomi Kinue changed out view of Japanese women. We had had a wrong view of them."
In some respects the whisperers are right. Wen foreigners first arrive, they usually can't speak Japanese and often don't understand how things are done here. However, that doesn't mean that they can't learn both the language and the culture if they're given time and encouragement.
Amid the widespread fear of foreigners, it's worth keeping in mind that everybody on this planet is either an immigrant or a descendant of immigrants. Even the Japanese people had to come from somewhere. Setting creation myths aside, it's safe to say that today's Japanese are themselves descended from long-ago immigrants from the north, west, and south.
Have modern Japanese society, culture, and language somehow completed their development and reached a state of perfection? Must we protect them from contamination by the new ideas and new blood that a wave of foreign immigration would bring? Few people would dare to make such a claim directly. There are, however, plenty of people who would express almost the same idea in different words: "I don't mind foreigners' coming here to live as long as they're willing to do things the Japanese way." That would mean turning their backs on their native cultures, essentially trying to forget everything that had happened in their lives until the moment they stepped off the plane onto Japanese soil. As well as being nearly impossible, such a complete abandonment of their cultures would be a waste of valuable life experiences.
The bottom line is that immigration can enrich everybody or divide everybody, depending on how it's handled. If we look down on foreigners because they don't know how to do things "in the Japanese way," we'll keep a distance between them and us, and that will help nobody. In that scenario, there will be a two-tiered society, with foreigners likely to be on the lower level, doing most of the work, and Japanese on the upper level, telling them what to do.
The Greek philosopher Aristotle divided human intellectual activities into three kinds : practical, artistic, and theoretical. When we concern ourselves consciously with language at all, this concern is usually of a practical sort, directed at learning or teaching a language, deciding what turn of phrase to use in an important letter, urging a school board to adopt or not to adopt the teaching of language in elementary schools. Occasionally we consider language in the sphere of art, when we read, interpret, or perhaps create a poem or a novel. These are works that embody in the medium of language the esthetic values of the individual or the community.
〈語句〉 Aristotle アリストテレス concern ourselves with〜 〜に関心を持つ turn of phrase 言い回し a school board 教育委員会 esthetic 美的
In further experiments he found that the birds also made allowance for the sun's daily movement across the sky as it rises in the east and sets in the west.
When a driver stops in front of a house in any neighborhood and blows the horn to attract the attention of someone inside the house, it is thoughtless and rude. Why should ten people have to brother to look out the windows of ten houses to find out the horn is nothing to do with team? As a matter of fact, I do not think there necessary for a driver to blow the horn. よければ和訳お願いします
A Run for Women's Equality です 明日までに訳さないといけないので、急ではありますがどなたか宜しくお願い致します。
The women's 800-meter race began. Hitomi ran fast. She was in third place 200 meter from the goal. Just then, something happened. Another athlete bumped into Hitomi. She began to fall behind. Hoewver, she wouldn't be beaten. She got her balance again and ran desperately. In no time, she was running close behind Lina Radke from Germany, wha was leading the race. Radke looked back and was surprised to find Hitomi close behind her. She ran faster and Hitomi followed her. They reached the goal one after the other. Radke won the goal and Hitomi the silver. The two were too exhausted to remain standing. The New York Evening Post printed an article titled, "A mistaken idea about Japanese women." It said that nothing surprised them but Hitomi Kinue, who had won a silver medal in the women's 800-meter race. They said, "We still think of Japanese women as beautifully dressed in kimono, and busy with flower arrangements and tea ceremonies. Hitomi Kinue changed out view of Japanese women. We had had a wrong view of them."
I remember vividly the last time I cried. I was twelve years old, in the seventh grade, and I was trying out for the junior high school basketball team.I walked into the gymnasium;there was a piece of paper on the bulletin board. It was a cut list.The seventh-grade coach had put it up on the board. The boys on the list were still on the team;they could keep coming to practices. The boys who were not on the list had been cut;they were no longer needed. My name was not on the list.
I did not know the cut was coming that day. I stood and I stared at the list.The coach had not composed it with very much care;the names of the best players were at the top of the list, and the other accepted members were listed below.I kept looking at the bottom of the list, hoping that if I looked hard enough , my name would miraculously appear there.
I tried to stay calm as I walked out of the gym and out of the school , but when I got home I began to sob.I could not stop. For the first time in my life, I was told officially that I was not good enough. Sports meant everything to boys of that age;if you were on the team, even as a substitute, it put you in the desirable group. If you were not on the team , you were almost worthless.
I had tried desperately in practice, but the coach never noticed me. It did not matter how hard I tried;he did not want me on the team. I knewthat when I went to school the next morning I would have to face the boys who had not been cut -- the boys who were on the list , who were sitll on the team , who had been judged worthy while I had been judged unworthy.
Many years have passed since then , but I still remember that day. And a curious thing has happened:in traveling around the country, I have found that a large number of successful men share that same memory -- the memory of beeing cut from a sports team as a boy. I do not know how the mind works in matters like this;I do not know what happened in my head following that day when I was cut. But I know that for all of my life since that day, I have done more work than I have had to , taken more assignments than I have had to , worked more hours than I have had to. Does all of my effort come from a determination never to be cut again-- never to be told that I am not good enough again? I do not know, but I know the feeling is there.Apparently it is there in a lot of other men, too.
>>310さんじゃないんですが、訳お願いします 同じ文章ばかりでごめんなさい! The women's 800-meter race began. Hitomi ran fast. She was in third place 200 meter from the goal. Just then, something happened. Another athlete bumped into Hitomi. She began to fall behind. Hoewver, she wouldn't be beaten. She got her balance again and ran desperately. In no time, she was running close behind Lina Radke from Germany, wha was leading the race. Radke looked back and was surprised to find Hitomi close behind her. She ran faster and Hitomi followed her. They reached the goal one after the other. Radke won the goal and Hitomi the silver. The two were too exhausted to remain standing. The New York Evening Post printed an article titled, "A mistaken idea about Japanese women." It said that nothing surprised them but Hitomi Kinue, who had won a silver medal in the women's 800-meter race. They said, "We still think of Japanese women as beautifully dressed in kimono, and busy with flower arrangements and tea ceremonies. Hitomi Kinue changed out view of Japanese women. We had had a wrong view of them."
The year 1963 was the centennial of the Emancipation Proclamation. It was truly a great year in American history and in the life of Martin Luther King, Jr. Despite opposition from the governors of Alabama and Mississippi, the president of the United States, John F. Kennedy, authorized federal marshals to help a few black students to enter at the University of Mississippi and the University of Alabama. “Bull” Connor, the head of the police department in Birmingham, Alabama, ordered his officers to turn fire hoses and police dogs on young demonstrators; as television cameras captured this horrible scene, the nation gasped in disbelief and revulsion. Medgar Evers, a thirty-seven-year-old NAACP field secretary in Jackson, Mississippi, was murdered on his front porch on June 12. Riots occurred throughout the summer. The nation stood on the brink of racial civil war. It needed a prophet who could help see through the smoke left by gunpowder and bombs. Martin Luther King, Jr., who published Why We Can’t Wait at this time, was the prophet of the hour. Although many of the phrases and themes that appear in “I Have a Dream” had often been repeated by Dr. King, this is his most well-known speech. He delivered it before the Lincoln Memorial on August 28, 1963, as the keynote address of the March on Washington, D. C., for Civil Rights. Television Cameras allowed the entire nation to hear and see him call for justice and freedom. Mrs. Coretta King once said, “At that moment it seemed as if the Kingdom of God appeared. But it only lasted for a moment.”
>>348続きです よろしくおねがいします Hitomi kinue came back to japan to find herself famous. When she arrived at Okayama Station, there where crowds of people waiting to she her. She was, however, not happy, for she had been beaten in the 100meter race, which she had never expected to lose. She was exhausted both mentally and physically. She wondered if she could run again as before. She wonted to retire but couldn't. She was responsible for the training of young women athletes. She made up her mind again to continue her life as an athlete. She tried herd to set new records in track and field and at the some time fought against prejudice against women. Between races, she traveled around Japan and gave speeches on the importance of women's sports. For her, every day was war. She made women's equality in sports her lifelong goal. She died at the age of 24 in 1931.
japan →Japan , there where →there were, waiting to she →waiting to see She wonted → She wanted, She tried herd → She tried hard at the some time → at the same time
But how do you know,before you join the group,whether it is alegitimate group,or a dangerous cult? After all,both Jesus and the Buddha led small groups of homeless,unemployed men. Also the people who recruit members to these groups are quite good at what they do. When you attend your first meeting,you find yourself surrounded by very kind people. The speaker is very gogd,and often says just what you want to hear. Tou will no doubt find an atmosphere of caring,friendship and support.
But the danger signs are there. They will ask you for a donation,or to "help out" by buying something. This is usually a pamphlet or small booklet for which you for personal information,such as your address and phone number,andwhere you if you stop going. They sometimes might gather from time to time at some remote location,such as a campsite or compound. these"retreats" can last for several days, or for a few weeks. Again, the members will usually be separated, adults from children, men from women. Eventually the members will move to a location where they can live together as a community,or "family".
Of course,these and other characteristics are not proof positive that the groups have some of these same characteristics. But remember this*there is nothing in religion that you must do except believe in your faith. We should be very careful about groups that coerce their members to think otherwise.
Hello, I'mSevern Suzuki for the Environmental Children's Organization(ECO). We are a group of twelve-and thirteen-year-olds from Canada trying to make a difference. We raised all the money by our to come six thousand miles to tell you adults that you must change your ways. I am here to speak for all generations to come. I am here to speak for starving children around the world. I am here to speak for the millions of animals dying on this planet because they have nowhere to go. I am afraid to go out in sun now because of the ozone hole. I am afraid to breathe the air because I don't know what chemicals are in it. I used to go fishing in Vancouver with my father until we found fish full of cancers just a few years ago. Now we hear about animals and plants going extinct every day-vanishing forever.
In the 17th century, Dutch people started to immigrate to America. At that time, most Dutch immigrants lived in the town of New Amsterdam, which is now New York. The Dutch in New Amesterdam celebrated Saint Nicholas Day in the same way as they had done back back in their home countury. In this way, the tradition of giving presents on that day also became a custom in America. In fact, the name "Santa Claus" comes from the Dutch "Sinterklaas," meaning Saint Nicholas. プロビジョンレッスン8の2後半よろしくお願いします
Right after graduating from high school, Konishiki came to Japan for the first time. He wanted to be a sumo wrestler, and he was surprised because everything was different.He entered the sumo world and faced many difficulties. One of them was speaking Japanese. He studied by himself with a travel guide book."I thought that I could speak basic Japanese after one year, but when I spoke to someone outside the sumo-beya , they could not understand me. Because I used a lot of sumo terms,"he says , smiling. Life in the sumo-beya was much harder than learning the language. "If you have a difficult problem at the work place, at least you can go home at the end of the day.But we had to spend 24 hours together at the sumo-beya," says Konishiki.The young wrestler's day started from early morning training.It was unbelievably busy with cleaning ,meal preparations , as well as assisting the older sumo wrestlers with training and washing their clothes.
He thinks that overcoming such hardships depends on an individual's strenghth. "You need to change the difficulty into energy." He enjoyed hardships and overcame them. "The world of sumo is simple.Winning makes you go up." He set a target each time , and as a result , he left behind a brilliant wrestling record, including three championship titles.
In addition to his own efforts , Hawaii was always a source of inspiration."I was able to do my best because of my family, and the people around me." He turned that thought into reality by establishing the Konishiki Kids Foundation in 1996 when he was still a sumo wrestler. He started the program for the children in Oahu on the Waianae Coast. Since then, 175 kids have come to Japan through the program to experience Japanese culture. "I believe that experiencing a different culture and seeing a different way of life can allow them to dream and think , 'I can do it , if I do my best.'"
Although the kids of Waianae are poor, they are independent. It is natural for them to do household chores , so he was surprised to learn many Japanese children do not clean their rooms , or the bathroom , or do laundry."Probably , their parents want the children to study rather than do household chores. In Waianae , though , kids respect their parents above all , " Konishiki says. So he feels a sense of crisis in relationships between children and adults in Japan.
His favorite world is "power" nad he used it to name his office, KP("KONISHIKI power"). "I can help people because I have power, and I can be helped by their power. But power can be good or bad depending on how it is used. There are some people who might use power in a negative way. But power can meke us gentle. I want to use my power in such a way for all humanity."
ヴォイジャーリーディング リッスン10 パート3です In early July, Margot Frank received a notice in the mail telling her she had to go to a labor camp. Otto Frank immediately contacted Miep. Early the next morning they made their move. Miep brought Margot to the secret rooms. The rest of the group followed a short time later. And so began 25 moths of hiding. The two families in the hiding place suffered in many ways. Miep also had problems of her own. Every morning she had to get to the office before the other workers arrived. Quickly she went up to the secret rooms, where her friends gave her a list of the food they needed. Then later each day, Miep went shopping. She tried to appear casual when she walked into a store to get food. After a while, Miep began to trust one particular grocer. He never asked questions, but filled her orders as best he could. Miep believed he understood what she was doing and supported her. But one day when she entered his shop, the grocer was not there. She was told that he was arrested because he had been hiding two Jews. Miep is heart raced. She was very afraid. She knew it could just as easily have been she who had been discovered. In addition, she knew that now it would be harder than ever to get food for the people in the hiding place.
The most terrible diseases are those perceived as threatening not only to life but also to human dignity.
But animals remain constant in their affection for people with AIDS even if human relationships are lost to fear arising from lack of knowledge.
Carmack's study also puts emphasis on the role of stress reduction that pets can play.
This favorable effect of pet ownership occurred mainly among individuals with few social contacts, which suggests that establishing a social environment with pet animals may help reduce stressful impact of AIDS.
Elizabeth Manor, a nurse at Choate Hospital in Massachusetts, reported the welcoming effects pet animals bring about are not only observed by the patients, but also by the staff who take care of them.
Pet animals make the stressful job of care-giving more pleasant.
Their presence contributes to a peaceful and home-like environment in nursing homes.
In addition, animals in nursing homes make it more likely that family members will come to visit their sick relatives.
↑追加で For people with AIDS, pets are perceived as a major, and sometimes their only, source of support, and they begin to feel prepared to deal with stress.
There are several drugs that can be used to treat malaria. Chloroquine was the main one for many years, but malaria parasites in some areas have developed immunity to this drug, and so it is ineffective in these places. Also, many people infected with malaria live in poor, isolated areas with no access to drugs or no money to buy them. Malaria can be prevented by taking drugs-usually smaller doses of the drugs used to treat the disease. However, this is rarely practicable for the inhabitants of malarial areas because of their cost and the possible side effects of long-term use. The use of these drugs is normally restricted to affluent visitors to malaria-prone regions. Draining swampy areas in southern Europe and the U.S. where mosquitoes breed has reduced or eliminated mosquitoes in some areas. Insecticides have also been effective, but they have long-term effects on the environment. In the mid-20th century, there were hopes that malaria, like smallpox, could be completely eliminated, but this is now thought to be impossible.
Many medical researchers think that the best way to defeat malaria is by the development of an effective vaccine against the parasite. Researchers have been working toward this goal for over 40 years, but the task has been a lot more difficult than originally thought. The genome sequence of the most deadly malaria parasite was determined in 2002, and it is hoped this will help the development of new vaccines. No completely effective vaccine is yet available. The most effective one at the moment is an American vaccine tested on over 2,000 children in Mozambique. It reduces the risk of infection by 30 percent and the severity of infection by 50 percent. It is still in the trial stage. Researchers expect it to be released for general use in 2010. Breakthroughs in medical research don't happen overnight. They take years of testing and developing untill they are safe to use. In the meantime, millions suffer from malaria every year.
The National Park Service Volunteers-In-Parks (VIP) Program was officially started in 1970. The primary purpose of the VIP program is to pro-vide a way (which/ through which) the National Park Service can accept voluntary help and services from the public. The main purpose of this pro-gram is to use this voluntary help to benefit both the National Park Service and the volunteer. Volunteers are accepted from the public without regard to race, religion, age, sex, nationality, or disability. Volunteering is an American tradition that over the years has made a great contribution to communities, organizations and individuals throughout the country. A recent survey found that over one-third of the American pub-lic has been or is now a volunteer. Over half of the people now doing volun-teer work are also employed in full or part-time jobs. Today’s volunteers are active, dynamic, creative individuals of all ages who have the skills, desire, patience and time to accomplish a wide variety of tasks. Our volunteers are, (on the contrary/ without a doubt/ at best), Very Important People! Each year more than 120,000 volunteers provide over 4,000,000 hours of service in the U.S. national parks. Our volunteers come from every state and nearly every country in the world. They help preserve and protect America’s natural and cultural heritage, for the enjoyment of both present and future generations. Young and old alike use their time and skills to assist our paid staff in achieving our national mission.
The prize winner that has won the most times is the International Committee of the Red Cross. This organization has received three Nobel Peace Prizes(in 1917,1944,and 1963),and the founder, Jean Henri Dunant, was awarded the first Nobel Peace Prizes, in 1901. これの訳をお願い致しますm(_ _)m
It is more and more clear that the past was not one long period of green wisdom. Research shows that primitive peoples modified their environment in many ways through building , migrating , farming , and keeping animals. Even Native Americans , favorites of romantic environmentalism, turn out to have burned , over-hunted , and in some cases used up their forests. This is not a reason to blame people who lived before our time, but it is a good reason to realize that the whole blame game is of limited usefulness.
Saint Nicholas was especially famous as a patron saint of sailors and children. So how did this Saint Nicholas of Asia Minor become the Santa Claus that we see at Christmas? SSaint Nicholas is said to have died in the middle of the 4th century on December 6, a date which later became a holiday called Saint Nicholas Day. The story of Saint Nicholas slowly spread across Europe after his death and people in several different countries began to celebrate this holiday. It was a day for giving presents to others. Holland, a nation became powful through its sea trade, placed great importance on celebrating Saint Nicholas Day. In the 17th century,Dutch people started to immigrate to America. At that time, most Dutch immigrants lived in the town of New Amsterdam,which is now New York. The Dutch in New Amsterdam celebrated Saint Nicholas Day in the same way as they had done back in their home country.In this way,the tradition of giving presents on that day also became a custom in America. In fact,the same "Saint Nicholas" comes from the Dutch"Sinterklaas,"meaning Saint Nicholas.
>>406の続きです B It took a littele longer for Saint Nicholas,the stern bishop with a tall pinted hat on his head andriding on a horse,to become the jolly Saint Nicholas we know today. In 1822,Clement Moore,a school teacher in New York,wrote a famous poem called A Visit from Saint Nicholas. This poem described an image of a different Saint Nicholas who visited children on the night before Christmas.
━━━━ポエム部↓━━━━ 'It was the night before Christmas, when all through the house Not a creature was stirring,not even a mouse;The stockings were hung by the chimmey with care, In hopes that St.Saint Nicholas soon would be there; a miniature sleigh and eight tiny reindeer, With a little old driver, so lively and quick,Down the chimmy St.Nicholas scame with a bound. He was dressed all in fur,from his head to his foot, He had a broad face and alittle round belly That shook, when he laughed,like a bowlful of jelly. ━━━━ポエム部↑━━━━
This poem does not present an image of a religious Saint Nicholas. Instead,it introduces a fat and jolly little old man riding in a sleigh pulled by reindeer. Moore described this character very vividly,as if he had seen him in real life. A Visit from Saint Nicholas was published as a picture story book and read by many people in the United States in those days. Moore's Saint Nicholas was drawn as an elf in the storybook. But in the 1930s,the image of Santa Claus changer again. This time, he looked like somebody's grandfather, smiling in an advertisement for a soft drink. This was how the Santa Claus we are familiar with today was born.
>>407の続きです C As a child you must have wondered, "Is there a Santa Claus?" About 100 years ago, an eight-year-old girl named Virginia asked the same question in a letter sent to the
New York Sun. In answer to the little girl's question, Francis Church, a newspaper editor, wrote an article in the Sun. "Yes. Virginia,there is a Santa Claus. He exists as certainly as love and generosity and devotion exist......... "Nobody sees Santa Claus, but that is not a sign that there is no Santa Claus. The most real things in the world are those neither children nor adults can see. Did you ever see fairies dancing on the lawn? Of course not,but that's not proof that they are not there.......... "No Santa Claus? Thank God he lives, and lives forever. A thousand years from now, Virginia, no,ten times ten thousand years from now, he will continue to make the hearts of children glad." Church's message was that the most important things in life cannot be seen with our eyes. We cannot see love,but it exists. We cannot see kindness, but people smile when it is shown. Although the images of Santa Claus have changed through history and through different cultures, what Santa Claus symbolizes has remained the same. It is the spirit of goodwill to others. Anyone with that spirit can be a true Santa Claus.
It was nice talking to you on my new cell phone this morning (late evening your time, of course). I didn't think I would need one, since my original plan was to get busy and write, write, write. But that hasn't been happening so far (see my previous letter on procrastination), and since I'm going to be here for another five or six months, I decided to get one after all. One thing for sure: I'm going to use my phone according to Japanese cell phone etiquette, not American.
Everywhere you go here, people are yakking on their cell phones. At the supermarket checkout stand yesterday, the woman in front of me was on hers the whole time, and didn't share a word with the clerk―no "Thank you" or "Have a nice day." No nothing. When the clerk asked her, "Paper or plastic?" the woman just pointed at the plastic bags with her chin. I've taken three taxis since I arrived here, but have not conversed with any of the drivers: they're too busy shouting into their cells (in Hindi and Arabic for the most part, since many cab drivers here are from India and the Middle East). Every time I go to a coffee shop or pub to try to get a little work done, I am interrupted by annoying tunes and rings and buzzers going off all over the place. People just blithely talk away as if they were in their own living room. Reading, studying, and concentrating of any kind are all out of the question. It's just too noisy.
All this seems very peculiar to me. Americans, by and large, have a lot of respect for other people's privacy and rights. They don't generally like to invade other people's "space" or have theirs invaded. Cell phones, however, are a different story. I shouldn't complain, though. After all, almost every place you go these days here in America is smoke-free. So what's little noise as long as the air is clean and healthy?
I thought that I could speak basic Japanese after one year, but when I spoke to someone outside the sumo-beya , they could not understand me. Because I used a lot of sumo terms,"he says , smiling.
Part2 This grid, known as Hermann's Grid, is an example of how contrast affects color perception. Imagine the Hermann Grid as a map of city streets; most crossings appear to be gray, butwhen you look closely at any individual crossing, you will see that it is white.
The streets, on the other hand, appear white no matter where you look. This illusion depends on high contrast black and white areas to fool the eyes into perceiving gray areas. The perception of gray crossings is a result of local brightness control in the retina. Cells in your retina set the brightness of an image by the intensity of the light signal. But your brain can set the brightness of an image in many small parts. Setting brightness in small parts lets you see a wide range of both bright and dark parts in the same image. In Zollner's illusion of direction, parallel lines appear to be bent when other lines cross them at an angle. The illusion disappears when the image is held far enough away from the eye to distinguish the short crossing lines. Some scientists say that face recognition is performed by a particular section of the brain. To the brain, this image of Lincoln's face looks normal when viewed upside down, but when turned around it becomes distorted.
This is because our brains recognize a face only when it is right side up. When it is presented upside down, the brain no longer recognizes it as a face but rather as an object, and this is why we do not respond to its distortions.
Its two closest competitors in the American market were Apple and Linux, which together shared the remaining 10% of the market. In the court case, Judge Jackson found several ways in which Microsoft has unfairly used its monopoly power to hurt both its compe-titon and consumers. First, Microsoft put Internet Explorer into the software of Windows so that people would not need to buy the popular browser made by Netscape.
7月初旬、マーゴット・フランクは郵送で収容所に行かねばならないという知らせを 受け取った。オットー・フランクはすぐにミープに連絡を取った。 翌朝早く、彼らは行動を起こした。ミープはマーゴットを秘密の部屋に連れて来た。 グループの残りの人々もその後すぐに(彼女に)続いた。(秘密の部屋に行った) このようにして25カ月にも及ぶ隠れ家での生活が始まったのだった。隠れ家での 2つの家族は、様々な面で苦しい思いをした。ミープもまた、自分自身の問題を 抱えていた。毎朝、ミープは他の労働者たちが職場にやって来る前に職場に 着いているようにしなければならなかった。 素早く、彼女は秘密の部屋に駆け上がり、そこで彼女の友人たちが彼女に必要とする食糧 のリストを手渡した。そして、毎日後になってから、ミープは買い物に行った。 彼女は食べ物を手に入れるのに店に入って行く時、なるべく普段どおりに見えるように 努めた。 しばらくして、ミープはある特定の食料品商を信頼するようになった。彼は決して 質問はしないけれども、できる限り彼女の注文に応じた。ミープはこの食料品商は 自分がしていることが分かっていて、自分に手を貸してくれていると信じた。 しかし、ある日のこと、彼女が彼の店に入って行くと、そこに食料品商はいなかった。 彼女は彼が二人のユダヤ人をかくまっていたことで逮捕されたのだと告げられた。 ミープの心臓はドキドキした。彼女はとても怖い思いをした。 She knew it could just as easily have been she who had been discovered. それに、彼女は、今となっては隠れ家にいる人々のために食べものを手に入れるのは 以前より困難になることが分かっていた。
In Zollner's illusion of direction, parallel lines appear to be bent when other lines cross them at an angle. The illusion disappears when the image is held far enough away from the eye to distinguish the short crossing lines. Some scientists say that face recognition is performed by a particular section of the brain. To the brain, this image of Lincoln's face looks normal when viewed upside down, but when turned around it becomes distorted.
This is because our brains recognize a face only when it is right side up. When it is presented upside down, the brain no longer recognizes it as a face but rather as an object, and this is why we do not respond to its distortions.
>>416 そうです!わかりやすい訳ありがとうございます。 途中の One thing for sure: I'm going to use my phone according to Japanese cell phone etiquette, not American. の訳が抜けてる(?)ような気がするので、続きと併せて訳して頂けたらありがたいです!
The sounds produced by human vocal organs can be studied in many different ways. The study of sounds is calld phonetics. Phonetics is mainly concerned with describing the speech sounds that occur in the languages of the world. Specifically, we want to know what people are doing when they are talking and when they are listening to speech.
Some phoneticians are interested in studying the physical and acoustic aspects of speech sounds, while others are interested in studying the patterns and functions of sounds that occur in a language. In the latter type of study, it is important to realize that speech sounds can be perceived and represented as a sequence of discrete units, even though they are physically continuous. Native speakers of any language can intuitively extract the linguistically significant units. For example, when native speakers of English are asked how many sounds there are in the word pit they will most probably ansewer three. The concept oe decreteness is a basic assumption in the study of speech sounds.
ここから英文です。 These discrete units of sounds are not arbitrarily combined; the sequence of such units is under certain restrictions. For example, there is no English word which begins with ten consonants. Furthermore, the consonants which can appear in the iinitial clusters of English are restricted. Thus for a three-consonant cluster beginning with /s/, the second consonant can only be one of /p,t,k/. Such restrictions are found in many languages, and one of the purposes of the study of speech sounds is to examine the kind of restrictions peculiar to an individual language.
Therefore, there are several levels in the study of speech sounds: on the one concrete level we try to describe what speech sounds exist, and on the other abstract level we try to examine what regularities govern the realizations of sounds in a langiage.
1.As noted in the last chapter, over many centuries Japan has received immigrants from China, Korea, and other parts of east Asia, but at least in recorded history there has never been a sudden large-scale immigration to this country. There have, however, been some rather large-scale emigrations. (Be careful with "immigration" and "emigration"; they look and sound similar but have exactly opposite meanings.)
2.Between 1885 and 1920, for example, about half a million Japanese (out of a total population less than half the size of today's!) left to start new lives in the U.S., mostly in Hawaii or along the Pacific Coast of the mainland. Beginning shortly after World War U, the focus of emigration changed to South America, with roughly a quarter of a million people leaving Japan for Brazil and neighboring countries from the 1950s through the '70s. Both of these waves of emigration were actively encouraged by the Japanese government, which offered loans and other incentives to citizens to move overseas.
@In that case,we may have to produce much more of our own feed in Japan. AIf that happens we won't be able to use water as freely as we do now. BYou can probably understand now that our lives are sustained not only by visible water,but also by invisible,virtual water. CWe should keep this virtual water in mind and remember that water is a limited resource. DWe need to use it as carefully and as wisely as possible.
It took a little longer for Saint Nicholas, the stern bishop with a tall pointed hat on his head and riding on a horse, to become the jolly Santa Claus we know today. In 1822, Clement Moore, a school teacher in New York, wrote a famous poem called A Visit From Saint Nicholas. This poem described an image of a different Saint Nicholas who visited children on the night before Christmas. プロビジョンレッスン8パート3前半よろしくお願いします。
他のスレでたぶん訳してもらったのですがその方に質問です。 But a different idea is beginning to emerge , born of a revised understanding of the past , new information about the present , and different scenarios of what may lie ahead.
And we are beggining to form an estimate of the world's condition that is in some ways even more disturbing than the environmental bad news of twenty or thirty years ago.Now we know that human activities alter the biosphere and affect the evolutinary future of non-human forms of life everywhere. Deserts,forests,fields,and rivers have been changed. Some species of plant and animal life have disappeared, and others have been created through selective breeding. Even the atmosphere , the oceans , and the climate are not what they once were. In this greatly modified and humanized world, there is no longer any real distinction between "natural" and "unnatural." Even our most well-intentioned activities , such as maintaining green areas and protecting endangered species , require active help in the form of law enforcement and scientific management.
Tgot off the bus at Greenhill,whereTfound my boyfriend Tom waiting for me. The child tried to persuade his parents,which he found quite difficult. Now that the barriers between East and West have fallen,many people dream of the day when the entire continent will be united. T've got four pairs of boots,two of whichT've never worn. The boy whose bicycle was stolen reported its loss to the police. Tshowed the police officers my driver's license becauseTthought that was what they wanted. No matter how rich a man may be,he will not always be happy. Paul is so depressed now. He lost what little money he earned by working part-time for three weeks. He told the story to whoever would listen.
Britain once possessed the largest empire in world history. Among all the territories of the empire, the largest and most important was India. We normally think of empires being won by military force, but Britain started to take possession of India through the commercial activities of one particular trading company, the East India Company. During the 16th century, European ships began to sail to Asia, opening up a busy trade in commodities such as silk, tea and spices. Spain, Portugal and Holland led this trade. Merchants and Politicians in Britain felt that the country was missing a great opportunity by not being a more active participant. So, on December 31st 1600, a group of merchants formed the East India Company. The government gave them a monopoly on all trade with India. Their first ships arrived in India in 1608, and in 1615 the Indian Emperor gave them permission to open a factory. Gradually, the wealth and power of the company grew. Britain became the dominant trading power in the region and established settlements in Bombay, calcutta and Madras. よろしくお願いします。
These two plants are different in almost every way. The only feature they have in common is their need for dry soil. You can borrow the video camera now ;Tdon't need it for the time being. He believes thatTmade a mistake on purpose. She ran into her old friend by chance at the local festival. Haven't you paid the school fee yet? You are supposed to pay it in advance. You couldn't have asked for better weather but in the afternoon dark clouds were beginning to gather and all of a sudden it began to rain like the Niagata Falls. Now that you have E-mail,be sure to send me a message every now and then. “Remember,class,next week's test will be an open-book test. You should bring your texts to class without fail.”
Then John Smith,having promised to return Squanto to his people,brought him back to America in 1614. However,there were two ships in Smith's party. After Smith left America for England in his own ship,the captain of the second ship,Thomas Hunt,captured Squanto again with fifteen other lndians and carried them to Spain,which he sold them as slaves. In Spain,Squanto was helped by some Spanish priests and finally made his way back to England. There he worked as servant for another four or five years-until 1619,when he was again brought back to America. He arrived in America about six months before the Pilgrims.
Squanto's tribe had disappeared completely while he was away. It seems that a serious epidemic of some kind had broken out,and the whole tribe was wiped out. For a time Squanto went to live with another tribe but was not happy there. When he met the Pilgrims,he seemed pleased to be among white people again. He settled down immediately with them and stayed with them for the immediately with them and stayed with them for the rest of his life.
The government should consider revising the law so that lawyers and defendants who pass copies of evidence to third parties for legitimate purposes are not punished.
ヴォイジャーリーディング リッスン10 パート4です Luckily, Miep found another grocer who was willing to sell her extra food. Still. it was getting more and more difficult to find fresh food. Sometimes Miep had to spend hours shopping, only to end up with half-rotten vegetables and spoiled meat. The months passed by slowly. During this time, Miep and her husband agreed to hide a Jewish boy in their own apartment. Miep also felt sorry for her dentist, a Jewish man named Fritz Pfeffer. She asked the Franks to allow him to share the hiding place with them. By the summer of 1944, Miep had reason to hope that the war would soon end. Hitler is troops were moving away from several European positions. But the war did not end soon enough for the Frank family. Miep had been very careful. She had done all she could to protect the Franks and the others in the hiding place. She had tried never to draw attention to herself or her activities. Nevertheless, someone figured out what was going on and turned her in. Records show that the Nazis received a phone call informing them about the Jews in the secret roos. On August 4, Nazis suddenly came to Miep is office building. They went straight to the secret rooms. Miep is eight friends were marched away by Nazi police. It was the last time she ever saw most of them.
難しくて訳せません よろしくお願いします!Hitomi kinue came back to japan to find herself famous. When she arrived at Okayama Station, there where crowds of people waiting to she her. She was, however, not happy, for she had been beaten in the 100meter race, which she had never expected to lose. She was exhausted both mentally and physically. She wondered if she could run again as before. She wonted to retire but couldn't. She was responsible for the training of young women athletes. She made up her mind again to continue her life as an athlete. She tried herd to set new records in track and field and at the some time fought against prejudice against women. Between races, she traveled around Japan and gave speeches on the importance of women's sports. For her, every day was war. She made women's equality in sports her lifelong goal. She died at the age of 24 in 1931.
It's so quiet in the city. Are summer weekends always like this? That's because everyone's left for the countryside to escape the heat. Except for us. But we have the whole city to ourselves. And the weather couldn't be any better! Is it my imagination that the air seems cleaner?
"Every language is a special way of looking at the world and interpreting experoence―concealed in the structure of each different language are whole set of unconscious assumptions about the world and life in it."
よろしくお願いします。 Hereditary contributions to development can be observed at many levels. Figure 3.1 depicts five major levels. Nearly every cell in the human body carries the genetic blueprint for development in the chromosomes. Spesific regions on each chromosome, the genes, regulate protein and enzyme production and can be further examined in terms of the nucleotides, chemical molecules that are the building blocks for the genes. Each of these different levels of the individual's biological mekeup can offer insights into the mechanisms by which the genotype affects the phenotype, the observable expression of traits and behaviors.
@"I've been dreaming of developing a robot that can help people",Kisoi Motohiro had said to his professor. A"I want to design a robot that can solve our problems in the way Doraemon does." BHe had been a 23-year-old student of robot technology at Kobe University at that time. CUnfortunately,however,he was killed in the 1955 Great Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake. DHe was found dead with a stuffed Doraemon doll,a gift from his girlfriend. EProf.Matsuno Fumitoshi was really shocked to hear about the death of his student. FHe remembered the time when Motohiro had spoken about his dream. GHe said to himself,"If Motohiro had survived the desaster,he would have become a really good researcher". HHe wondred if he could do anything to make Motohiro's dream come true.
The Ever-Flowing River Electrical energy, essential in any modern society, is delivered through metal wires, most commonly made of copper. Materials like copper that allow electricity to pass through them are called conductors. An electrical current is caused by the movement of electrons through the wire. Electrons in the outer layer of atoms in the wire move from atom to atom, creating an electric current. What causes them to move is an electrical potential difference between different parts of the metal. This is similar to the way a river flows downhill because of the gravitational potential difference between the top of the hill and the bottom. As electrons move through a conductor, they bump into its atoms and lose some of their energy. This can be compared to the way a rocky river bed slows down the water flowing over it. The lowest temperature possible is minus 273 degrees Celsius(℃), or zero degrees kelvin(K). In the early 20th century, a Dutch scientist, Heike Onnes, investigated the effect of the temperature of a metal wire on how it conducted electricity. He found that in a mercury wire at 4.2K (the same as minus 269℃), electricity flowed without losing any energy. In another experiment using a lead wire at 4K, he started an electric current, removed the source of the current, and found that the current was still flowing at the same strength a year later. This could be compared to a river that keeps flowing on a flat surface without the effect of gravity. Heike Onnes called this state superconductivity, and materials in this state are called superconductors. Onnes was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1913.
Voyager Reading Course NEW EDITION Lesson8 EthnocentrismのPart.1です。
Culture shock can be very good lesson in relative values and in understanding human differences. The reason culture shock occurs is that we are not prepared for these differnces. Because of the way we are taught our culture, we are all ethnocentric. This term is made up of the Greek root "ethnos", meaning a peopleor a group, and "centric", meaning the center or
middle of something. Thus, it refers to the fact that our outlook or world view is centered on our own way of life. Ethnocentrism is the belief that one's own patterns of behavior are the best; the most natural, beautiful, right, or
important. Therefore, other people, to the extent that they live differntly, are perceived as living by standards that are
inhuman, unnatural or wrong.
Ethnocenrism is the view that one's own culture better than all others; it is the way all people feel about
themselves as compared to those from other cultures. There is no one in our society who is not ethnocenrtric to some degree, no natter how open-minded he or she might
claim to be. People will always find some aspect of another culture unnatural, be it religious practies, a way or treating friends
or relatives, or simply a food that they cannot manage to get down with a smile. This is not something we should be ashamed of, since it is a natural result of growing up in any society. However, it is something we should constantly keep in mind when we study other cultures, so that when we try to make
value judgements about another way of life, we can look at the situation objectively and take our bias into account.
Culture shock can be very good lesson in relative values and in understanding human differences. The reason culture shock occurs is that we are not prepared for these differnces. Because of the way we are taught our culture, we are all ethnocentric. This term is made up of the Greek root "ethnos", meaning a peopleor a group, and "centric", meaning the center or middle of something. Thus, it refers to the fact that our outlook or world view is centered on our own way of life. Ethnocentrism is the belief that one's own patterns of behavior are the best; the most natural, beautiful, right, or important. Therefore, other people, to the extent that they live differntly, are perceived as living by standards that are inhuman, unnatural or wrong.
Ethnocenrism is the view that one's own culture better than all others; it is the way all people feel about themselves as compared to those from other cultures. There is no one in our society who is not ethnocenrtric to some degree, no natter how open-minded he or she might claim to be. People will always find some aspect of another culture unnatural, be it religious practies, a way or treating friends or relatives, or simply a food that they cannot manage to get down with a smile. This is not something we should be ashamed of, since it is a natural result of growing up in any society. However, it is something we should constantly keep in mind when we study other cultures, so that when we try to make value judgements about another way of life, we can look at the situation objectively and take our bias into account.
工業系の英語が多く使われていますがよろしくお願いします。 crystalline:結晶質 unit cell:単位格子 translation:並進 です。 図1.1はアップできないですがよろしくお願いします。
All crystalline materials adopt, inthe solid state, a regular distribution of atomes or ions in space. The simplest portion of the structure which is repeated by translation, and shows its full symmetry, is defined as the unit cell. In a two-demensional array of ions, such as that shown in Fig. 1.1, the unit cell consists of a parallelogram. Any parallelogram may be chosen as a unit cell provided that translation along either of the cell directions repeats exactly the chosen unit. However, the unit cell is normally selected to be the simplest of these repeating units. Hence, in Fig. 1.1, the unit cell could be chosen as A for which displacements parallel to either edge of the square by the demension of the unit cell produce a new position which is indistinguishable, in terms of cell content and environment, from the original. The parallelogram B is also a suitable choice for the unit cell as it has the same area as A and shows the full translation symmetry. Square D would also be an acceptable choice of unit cell in terms of demonstrationg the translational symmetry of the array, but is larger than A and B. However, parallelogram C is not a unit cell as translation parallel to one side by the length of the parallelogram places a corner originally at a ■ site on a ○ site; that is, the 'cell' does not show the translational symmetry of the ion array.
It’s costly for people to keep up with technology, and it can also be intimidating. For those who grew up not using computers, the new technology can be confusing and difficult to learn. Though the Internet has proven to be invaluable in providing people equal access to ideas, many still remain excluded from and unempowered by the new information culture.
Sharing the fascination with difference that white people have collectively expressed openly (and at times vulgarly) as they have traveled around the world pursuit of the other and otherness, black people, especially those living during the historical period of racial apartheid and legal segregation, have similarly maintained steadfast and ongoing curiosity about the ghosts, the barbarians these strange apparitions they were forced to serve.
どなたかお願いします。 During the 19th century, there were several gold rushes in various parts of the world. Gold would be discovered, often by accident, then as news of the discovery got out, thousands, sometimes hundreds of thousands of people would rush to the area to search for gold. This is the origin of the name, “gold rush.” They would travel to remote parts of the world and live in terrible conditions in the hopes of becoming rich. However, these gold rushes would generally last just a few years before the gold which was easy to get ran out. The first and most famous was the California gold rush. It started in 1849, when it became known that gold had been discovered near San Francisco. More than 250,000 people from all over the world came to California, hoping to get rich. A few did, of course, but most either turned to other jobs or went on to other gold fields. Of those who stayed, many made fortunes in other areas. Selling goods and food to miners was profitable. Even more profitable was agriculture, and many of the former miners turned to raising crops or cattle. In this way, the gold rush changed the history of California and the whole Western United States.
続きです。 In 1851, gold was discovered in New South Wales, Australia, by an Australian who had been in the California gold fields. Again, miners went there in great numbers. The search for gold expanded to other parts of Australia and, over the next forty years, gold rush fever spread as gold was discovered in various parts of Australia. The last big gold rush was the Klondike gold rush in Alaska. It started in 1896, when three people found gold and in eight days mined over two kilograms of the precious metal. Soon the numbers grew to thousands as the news spread. But by 1899, the gold rush was over. The discovery of gold has often had a great (advance, development, influence, levelのどれか) one the history and economy of the places where it was found. Many people were brought to the area where it was discovered and often they stayed and settled there. The economy was developed both by the mining of gold and the selling of supplies to the miners. Thus, the discovery of gold has changed many countries.
ran outとほぼ同じ意味のものを1つ選択 @ had become impossible A was completely exhausted B was rushed C had passed time
the gold rush changed the history of California and the whole Western United Statesと内容の一致するものを1つ選択 @ Even more than the agricultural workers, the cattle ranchers developed and changed the history of an area. A Selling goods and food to miners was not profitable for the economy. B The gold rush was actually very profitable for everyone. C The economy was developed by miners who stayed and changed their jobs.
本文の内容と一致しないものを2つ選択 @ Gold rush fever is dangerous illness which killed many miners. A The California gold rush was noted for its small size at the beginning. B The Australian gold rush was started by miner who had taken part in the first gold rush. C The Alaskan gold rush did not last as long as the Australian gold rush. D If there is a gold rush, the economy tends to be developed in two ways.
>>506のこたえ ran outとほぼ同じ意味のものを1つ選択 A was completely exhausted
the gold rush changed the history of California and the whole Western United Statesと内容の一致するものを1つ選択 C The economy was developed by miners who stayed and changed their jobs.
本文の内容と一致しないものを2つ選択 @ Gold rush fever is dangerous illness which killed many miners. A The California gold rush was noted for its small size at the beginning.
All crystalline materials adopt, inthe solid state, a regular distribution of atomes or ions in space. すべての結晶質の物質は、固体状態のとき、空間に原子かイオンの規則的な分布をとります。 The simplest portion of the structure which is repeated by translation, and shows its full symmetry, is defined as the unit cell. 並進で繰り返され、完全な対称を示す構造の最も簡単な部分は単位格子と定義される。 In a two-demensional array of ions, such as that shown in Fig. 1.1, the unit cell consists of a parallelogram. 図1.1に示される二次元のイオンの配列では、単位格子は平行四辺形からなります。 Any parallelogram may be chosen as a unit cell provided that translation along either of the cell directions repeats exactly the chosen unit. 格子の方向のいずれかに沿った並進が、正確に選ばれた単位を繰り返すならば、どんな平行四辺形も単位格子に選ばれるかもしれません。 However, the unit cell is normally selected to be the simplest of these repeating units. しかしながら、単位格子はこれらの繰り返される単位の最も単純なものになるように通常は選択されている。
Hence, in Fig. 1.1, the unit cell could be chosen as A for which displacements parallel to either edge of the square by the demension of the unit cell
produce a new position which is indistinguishable, in terms of cell content and environment, from the original. したがって、図1.1では、単位格子 The parallelogram B is also a suitable choice for the unit cell as it has the same area as A and shows the full translation symmetry. Aと同じ面積を持ち、完全な並進対象を示しているように、平行四辺形Bもまた単位格子の適当な選択である。 Square D would also be an acceptable choice of unit cell in terms of demonstrationg the translational symmetry of the array, but is larger than A and B. 正方形Dもまた、配列の並進対称を証明できる条件のとき単位格子の選択の条件を満たしているが、AとBより大きいです。 However, parallelogram C is not a unit cell as translation parallel to one side by the length of the parallelogram places a corner originally at a ■
site on a ○ site; that is, the 'cell' does not show the translational symmetry of the ion array. しかしながら、長さに基づく一方の平行な並進が平行四辺形の元々○の場所に■が角をみなすとき平行四辺形Cは単位格子ではありません。 すなわちセルはイオン配列の並進対称を示しません。
The second important discovery about superconductors was made in 1933 in Germany by Walter Meissner and Robert Ochsenfeld. They discovered that a magnet moving past a superconductor will be repelled by it, and will actually float above the superconductor. This is called the Meissner Effect. It was not until 1956 that three American scientists, John Bardeen, Leon Neil Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer, developed a theory to explain superconductivity. The theory (known as the "BCS theory" for the initials of Bardeen, Cooper and Schrieffer) is very complicated and is still not perfect. Think of a car speeding down a highway. A car traveling right behind it can speed along in the partial vacuum created by the first car without using as much energy as the first car. In superconductivity, electrons pair up in the same way. A second electron follows a first electron through a conductor without using much energy at all. The use of superconductors to transmit electricity could save an enormous amount of energy. As electrical energy travels through the metal wires we now use, a lot of it is wasted as heat. This would be greatly reduced through the use of superconductors. The Meissner Effect could be used in transportation to develop fast trains using electromagnets that float on superconductors, with no energy wasted due to friction. Trials have been done in Japan of prototypes of trains that use this method. Computer chips waste a lot of energy by converting electricity to heat, and superconductors could solve this problem. No doubt there are many other possibilities that we can't even imagine at the moment.
超電導体について2番目に重要な発見はドイツでWalter Meissner とRobert Ochsenfeld によって1933年になされた。彼らは超電導体を通過する磁力は(超伝導体に)撥ね つけられ、実際のところ超伝導体の上に浮かび上がるということを発見した。 これはMeissner効果と呼ばれている。1956年になって初めて、3人の科学者、 John Bardeen,とLeon Neil Cooper とJohn Robert Schriefferが、超電導を説明する 理論を発展させたのだった。この理論(Bardeenと Cooper と Schriefferの頭文字 の「BCS理論」として知られている)は、とても複雑で、今現在、まだ、完成の状態 ではない。
Traveling is my favorite hobby. When I tell people that I have traveled throughout Asia, Australia, America and Europe, they think that I must be wealthy. But it’s not so. It’s worth remembering that you don’t need to be rich to travel the world. If you want to travel cheaply, it helps to have a lot of time. On a very short trip, for example, flying often becomes a necessity, and you are pre-vented from using cheaper, slower means of transport such as trains and fer-ries. On a short trip you don’t want to waste precious time looking for accommodation, and so it’s easy to end up staying in expensive hotels. But with more time you can search out pleasant and cheap alternatives, such as youth hostels and small, family-run guesthouses. Eating out needn’t be an expense if you avoid the five-star restaurants. Often you don’t need to go to a restaurant at all-a trip to the local super-market and a picnic in a well- chosen spot can be just as satisfying and interest-ing! You don’t need to spend a lot of money on entertainment either. Museums and art galleries are cheap, and parks and window-shopping are free. Whenever I travel I love just sitting in a café, watching the world go by. It goes without saying that traveling cheaply can be uncomfortable. But I’m sure that you get much more of a “feel” for the local atmosphere, and many more chances to meet local people, than if you’re being whisked around in an air-conditioned tour bus from one international hotel to another.
The bats seem to know which of their companions are in need of food, but they do not feed just any bat that happens to be hungry. They choose to feed relatives, such as their mothers and daughters, and they also pick out particular unrelated individuals that fed them in the past.
They do not feed bats they do not know, nor do they feed every member of their own colony. Of course, to give food to young members is not at all an unusual thing among animals. Many species feed their young, often at a great cost to themselves. But to feed a completely unrelated individual as these bats do is almost unheard of. What possible benefit could the feeder bat get from saving another bat from hunger? Are animals unselfish after all? プロビジョンレッスン9パート2後半よろしくお願いします
When we first met Marco Antonio and his wife Alma, a former surgical nurse, they were living in a two-story, cement-block apartment outside Cuernavaca, 50 miles south of Mexico City, and operating a changarro―a mini convenience store―on the ground floor Marco Antonio had been laid off from his job at a brewerya a few years earlier and couldn't find another one. Having no savings and no alternative, the couple opened their own little store, which at first carried only 10 or 15 items―pork rinds, sausages, candies, Coca-Cola, and deli foods. With Marco Antonio and Alma splitting the shop keeping, they increased their selection and hung a television from the ceiling of the tiny store to help pass the time between customers. The family ate their meals together behind the counter― a common sight in Mexico's thousands of family-owned shops.
this switch to ‘voluntary simplicity'often leaves them with not only more free time but,surprisingly,also more money than before. 単語の意味を調べてみても上手く日本語にする事ができません;; よろしくお願いします。
It sholdn't be because there are fewer cars today. (looking at the river)If only the river was as clean! Now that you mention it,it is very dirty! People should have more regard for the environment. The least we can do is to stop dumping garbage.
It sure did. She has been patrolling the house ever since. What does she do? She inspects the kitchen and bathroom cabinets. She then points out wasteful packaging. So she's started a grass roots movement at home. Yes. She once caught me throwing away this CD package. The package is a waste. Well,she lectured me for an hour on unnecessary packaging! We adults have to practice what we preach.
I am trying to reproduce a mode of perception ―a way of seeing through a way of talking― figuring the world through dialogue that comes alive with sudden transformative force in the crannies of everyday life’s pauses and juxtapositions, as in the kittens of the Putumayo or in the streets around the church in the Nina Maria. It is always a way representing the world in the round-about “speech” of the collage of things…. It is a mode of perception that catches on the debris of history.
After my search on the Internet,I feel happy to continue eating a little chocolate.And I hope my sweetie will be sweet to me by giving me my favorite sweet on Valentine's Day!
By the middle of the 18th century, the company had become so rich and powerful that it had a private army financed entirely from its own profits. Even though it was officially a private company, the British government used it to extend British power and influence in India. Effectively, it had become the unofficial representative of the British state. In 1773, the British Parliament decided to establish more formal control over India and sent a Governor to be its official representative. After this, the company began to lose political and commercial control of India. The market for Indian cotton declined. The company tried to make up for their losses by trading Chinese tea, but profits were lower. Also, because of the growing size of Britain's territories in India, administration costs became very expensive. The company also had critics. Other merchants criticized its monopoly rights, and the company lost these in 1813. Also, others criticized the company from a humanitarian point of view. The company stopped operating in 1873. お願いします
Linear presentation has necessary effects on questions of priority between news items. The mosaic newspaper page has its own techniques of catching attention and indicating relative importance, but these are to a certain extent subject to the reader’s capacity to find own way through. The broadcast news bulletin thus tends to retain more apparent editorial control of priority and attention. It is impossible to estimate the effects of this without looking at what had happened to priorities in different kinds of newspaper. In Britain, for example, a comparison of lead stories… showed marked variations of priorities in different kinds of paper. A further comparison with broadcast bulletins showed that broadcasting priorities were, on the whole, those of minority press. In the United States the press situation is different, but the general point still holds. The world-view indicated by the selection and relative priority of news items is very similar as between broadcast bulletins and those minority newspapers which are written by and for the relatively highly educated. The distribution of interests in the more popular press, which supposedly follows the interests of its characteristic readers, is hardly to be found anywhere in the broadcast news, although very similar definitions of what is popular and interesting tend to predominate in the non-news programming.
The effects of this are complex. It can be said that the broadcast bulletins impose certain priorities, and that among these are characteristic definitions of high politics, with a centralizing emphasis on the acts and words of political leaders. Yet, though this is in general true, the national television news bulletins provide more public news than all but a very few newspapers. More-over, the provide this to a very wide public, in ways that would not happen if we had only a “minority” and “popular” press. In Britain until the Second World War, the broadcast announcer was an anonymous authoritative (ruling-class) voice. Personal identification was introduced only as a security measure under the threat of invasion and capture of the stations. In television personal identification has become more marked, though in BBC bulletins it is still only lightly emphasized, while in ITN bulletins the formula is “the news with…” and then names of the readers. This is also a common formula in American newscasts, but there is additionally, as in most American television, immediate self-introduction.
@Professor Matsuno noticed that rescue teams were having difficulty finding survivors after the earthquake. AHe wished he could help.Then on idea came to him. BHe realized perhaps he could make Motohiro's dream come ture. CSo he started developing rescue robots. DLater,many other researchers around the world also took up the callenge. EThe work continued for some years. FIn 2001,rescue robots were used in a real disaster for first time. GIt was when the World Trade Center in New York was attacked. HThe robots crawled through the rubble seaching for missing people. IAlthough no survives were discovered,the robots found about ten dead bodies. JThey could enter spaces too small or too dangerous for humans or search dogs. KMoreover,they had special sensors which enabled them to gather more information than humans could.
There are several theories about why dinosaurs disappeared. One popular theory is the climatic change theory. This theory argues that climatic changes caused the dinosaurs to become extinct. Sixty-five million years ago,the climate of the world gradually became colder. As the earth became colder,fewer plants were able to grow. The cold weather resulted in a severe food shortage for the dinosaurs,because most dinosaurs were vegetarians and they depended on plants for food. In summary,then,the disappearance of dinosaurs was directly caused by a shortage of food,but,it was indirectly caused by climatic changes. According to the climatic change theory,dinosaurs disappeared slowly as their food supply dwindled.
Today there is new evidence for the theory that dinosaurs did not disappear gradually,but that they disappeared quickly and suddenly. This theory is known as the asteroid theory. According to this theory,an asteroid or a comet hit the earth 65 million years ago and caused a huge dust cloud. The dust cloud blocked the sun for months. As a result,most of the plants on earth died very quickly and dinosaurs' food supply was destroyed. Although the asteroid theory itself is not new,evidence for the theory is new. Scientists found large amounts of iridium in layers of earth that are 65 million years old. The bones of the last dinosaurs are found in the same layers. Since iridium is rare on earth but often found in space,an asteroid or a comet may have brought the iridium to earth. Scientists continue to debate the two theories: the climatic theory and the asteroid theory. In the future,evidence may be found that supports a totally new theory of why dinosaurs died out.
I'm only a child and I don't have all the solutions,but I want you torealize that you don't, either! You don't know how to fix the ozone hole. You don't know how to bring salmon back to a dead river. You don't know how to bring back an extinct animal. If you don't know how to fix it, please stop breaking it! I'm only a child, yet I know we are all part of a family of 30 million species, and we all share the same air, water, and ground - borders and governments will never change that. I'm only a child, yet I know we are all in this huge family and should act as one single world towards one single goal. In my anger, I am not losing control, and in my fear, I am not afraid to tell the world how I feel. In my country, we make so much waste. We buy and throw away, buy and throw away. And yet northern countries will not share with the needy. Even when we have more than enough, we are afraid to lose some of our wealth, afraid to share.
Two days ago here in Brazail, we were shocked when we spent some time with some children living on the streets. One boy told us: "If I were rich, I would give all the street children food, clothes, medicine, shelter, and love." If a child on the street who has nothing is willing to share, why are we who have everything still so greedy? I can't stop thinking that these children are my age, and that it makes a big difference where you are born. I could be one of those children living in the favellas of Rio or a child starving in Somalia or a victim of war in the Middle East. I'm only a child, yet I know if all the money spent on war was spent on ending poverty and finding answers to environmental problems, what a wonderful place this earth would be! You adults teach us how to behave in the world. You teach us: not to fight with others, to work things out, to respect others, not to hurt other creatures, to share - not to be greedy Well, what you do makes me cry at night. You say you love us. Ichallenge you; please make your actions reflect your words. Thank you for listening. (adapted from Severn Suzuki's speech, June 1992)
Lots of people visit a unique hot spring in Kangal,Turkey. Believe it or not, small fish live in this spring. They are called doctor fish. The temperature of the water is 37℃. When you get in the water, a school of small fish come around your body and strike and lick it. It is these doctor fish that do much for skin care.
Early in winter, there appears a fantastic hotel in Jukkasjarvi, Sweden. It is built entirely of ice from the nearby river. By mid-December everything is ready for the first guests. The indoor temperature is -5℃, while the outside temperature is -30℃. The guests sleep in special sleeping bags on ice beds. In late April, the sun begins to melt the hotel. After a while, it returns to the river.
There is a special restaurant in Paris. You have to eat dinner there in the dark. You cannot bring in anything taht gives off light - a cellphone, a watch, a camera. What is it like to eat in total darkness as you feel for your knife and fork? Some people wonder if this is a proper way of eating food. The owner says, “The darkness helps you enjoy the food fully by only using your palate.”
Late in every August the world's largest tomato war breaks out in Bunol, Spain. Crowds of people throw more than 100 tons of rips tomatoes at each other. The only rule is that you have to squash the tomatoes before throwing them. This war ends up with a good laugh. People make friends again and go down to the river together to wash away the red sauce from their hair and bodies.
>>586 の 続きです Once there was a boy who loved a girl very much. The girl's father, however, did not like the boy, and he did not want their love to grow. The boy wanted to write the girl a love letter, but he was afraid that the girl's father would read it first. “How can I write her a love letter?”he said to himself with a sigh. At long last he came up with a good idea. He sat at his desk and wrote a letter to the girl.
The boy was right. Mumbling something, the girl's father opened the letter. It went: The great love I said I had for you is gone, and I find my dislike for you increases every day. When I see you, I do not like your looks at all and the only thing I want to do is to look the other way. I never wanted to marry you. Our last conversation was dull and in no way made me anxious to see you again. The girl's father read this much, smiling to himself.
>>587の続きです The boy's letter continued: You think only of yourself. If we were married, I would find life difficult, and I would have no pleasure in living with you. I have a heart to give, but it is not a heart I want to give to you. I sincerely want you to understand I speak the truth. You will do me a favor if you consider this the end. Do not try to answer this. Good-bye! Believe me, I do not care for you. Please do not think I am still your loving friend.
The girl's father was pleased. He was sure the boy was no longer in love with his daughter. When he finished reading the letter, he gave it to her. The girl read the letter and said, “He loves me so much! I wish I could go out with him again!” Why was the girl so pleased? She and the boy had a secret way of writing to each other. She read the firse line, and than the third line, and then the fifth line, and so on, to the end of the letter.
Gerald Wilkinson, a professor of biology at the University of Maryland, decided to find out what was going on among the vampire bats. He spent many hours looking closely inside the trees where vampire bats were gathering. He also set up acolony at the University of Maryland so that he could keep a closer watch on particular individuals and which bats they fed and were fed by. Wilkinson noticed that sometimes one bat would do the feeding and at other times it would be fed by the others, and it was this difference that gave him a clue as to what was going on. プロビジョンレッスン9パート3前半よろしくお願いします
Picasso put all anger into the mural and finish it on June4. The mural, called Guernica, was three and a half meters tall and over seven and a half meters long. It was painted in black and white and shades of gray to create a sorrowful atmosphere. In Guernica you can see images such as a crying woman with her dead baby in her arms, a dead soldier, a feeling woman holding a lamp, a bull, a horse, and the flames of a burning building. When Guernica was exhibited at the Paris World’s Fair, in immediately caused a variety of reactions. Some said it was an excellent piece of work. Some thought it difficult to understand what the mural stood for. Although different people have different interpretations, Guernica is now interpreted as symbolizing resistance to and anger at fascism.
Guernica was moved around Europe after the Paris World’s Fair. Picasso hoped that Guernica would one day find a home in Spain. But he made it a condition that “the painting shall be turned over to Spain.” World War U ended in 1945, but General Franco continued to rule Spain for the following thirty years. Guernica could not find a home in Spain and so was kept in the Museum of New York. After Franco’s death in 1975, when Picasso had already died, new calls were made for the mural’s return. In 1981, Guernica was finally taken to Spain. Now showcased at the Reina Sofia National Museum Art Center, Guernica is called one of the greatest masterpieces of the 20th century.
"This is the robot I have ever made," the doctor explained proudly. "It can do anything." There can be no better robot for man than this." "Then please sell it to me," the wealthy Mr.N.replied. "I'm thinking of going to my villa on a remote island for a while and I want to use it there" "All right,since it's you,I'll sell it. It's very useful," said the doctor. Mr.N.paod a large sum of money for it and set off for his island retreat. For a whole month there wouldn't be another boat going there. "Now I'll be able to take it easy and rest. I won't have to read letters or business papers or answer any phone calls. Well,I think I'll have a smoke." At these words the robot immediately produced a cigarette,followed by a light.
many a western visitor to Japan with a knowledge of Japanese picked up in his own country experiences a mild shock when he hears a Japanese who has just had his cigarette lit by a stranger ,for example,thank him with a sumimasen instead of the expected arigato
We have the image of the Japanese in full pursuit, under economic supremacism, of catching up with and surpassing the West. Everything is based on the premise of getting rich, they will be able to enjoy all the other things in life. どなたかお願いします。
The temperature at which a material becomes a superconductor is called its critical temperature (Tc). The highest Tc until 1986 was 26K (minus 247℃), in a metal alloy. Then scientists started working with man-made materials called ceramics, some of which become superconductors at temperatures up to 120K. The big challenge for researchers is to find materials that become superconductors at room temperature. That will open up enormous possibilities for their use in everyday life.
Ethnocentrism can be seen im many aspects of culture -- myths, folktales, proverbs, and even language. For example, in many languages, especially those of non-Western societies, the world used to refer to one's own tribe or ethnic group literally means "humankind" or "human beings." This suggests that members of other groups are perceived as less than human. For example, the term Eskimo, once used to refer to groups that live in the arctic and sub-arctic regions, is said to be a Native American word used by neighbor gave them the name "Eskimo" when they observed the Eskimos' particular way of eating meat. The world "Eskimo" was thought to mean "eater of raw meat" in the neighbors' language. This meaning is based on an ethnocentric observation about cultural practices that were usual to one group and unusual to another.
On the other hand, one subgroup among those Alaskan natives call themselves Inuit, which means "real people" (they obviously did not think eating raw meat was anything out of the oridinary). So here is a contrast between one's own group, which is real, and the rest of the world, which is not so "real". Both terms, Eskimo and Inuit, are ethnocentric -- one as an observation about differences, the other as a selfevaluation. Now the term Inuit is more widely used -- especially among people living in Canada -- perhaps because of its origin, though in some areas there are people who prefer to be called Eskimo.
Jean Valjean was in prison for 19 years. When he finally got out of prison, people treated him like a wicked criminal. So he had no place to go. A kind woman told him to go to a church where the door was never closed. (Jean Valjean knocks at the church's door.)
Bishop:Yes, my son. Valjean:My name is Jean Valjean. I need help. I haven't eaten for three days. Ms Magloire:(To the Bishop in a low voice) Oh, this must be the man they were talking about in the town. Bishop:Do come in. Let me introduce myself. My name is Myriel, the Bishop of this town. Will you stay at my house and have dinner with us?
As the Bishop let Jean Valjean sit down before the fire, something touched Jean Valjean's heart. The Bishop's kidness brought tears to Jean Valjean's eyes, but he quickly turned away as the Bishop watched him calmly.
Keeping Us All Connected Cell phones are a relativity recent innovation, but they depend on two technologies that we have been using for over 100 years. The telephone, which uses telephone wires to transmit messages, was invented in 1876. Radio communication, which uses radio waves traveling through the air, was invented in 1894. A cell phone is a radio that uses radio waves but is dependent on a traditional telephone network. A cell phone system operates via a network of base stations. Each base station has a radio receiver and transmitter and sits in the middle of a geographical area called a cell. Cells are normally a few kilometers in diameter, but their size varies depending on how many telephone calls they have to handle. Each cell can only handle a certain number of calls at any time. So cells in highly populated areas are smaller than cells in less populated areas. A group of cells next to each other form a cluster. Normally, a cluster is made up of seven cells. All seven base stations within the cluster are connected to one Mobile Switching Center (MSC). Each MSC is connected by a landline or satellite to the MSCs of other clusters. This network of clusters creates a large area in which cell phones can communicate with each other. There are many of these groups of clusters around the world.
The problem isn't just the amount of packaging,but it's also the type of materials being used. Most Japanese people have no means to recycle most types of plastic,or even the kind of coated paperboard used in many product packages.
It sounds like a perfect arrangement for everybody, a win-win situation, doesn't it? Well, not quite. Overlooked in all this are the feelings of the local people. Yes, they'll gain new opportunities to make money by working for the retirees, but at the same time the influx of wealthy Japanese retirees will drive prices up ―probably not enough to hurt the retirees but maybe enough to leave the locals no better off than they were before.
What's more, there's a chance that the local people will grow to resent the Japanese. Imagine that some foreigners move into your neighborhood. Although you often see them, they rarely, make any effort to speak to you; they prefer to socialize with other people from their country. They all seem to have an endless supply of money, but you've never seen them working they just relax and enjoy themselves while you and your family and friends have to work hard every day to get by. How would you feel?
It was a dangerous thing to keep, for it showed how deeply involved Miep had been in the secret plan to save the Franks. But Miep did not care. She promised herself she would keep the diary safe until Anne returned. But Anne Frank did not return. She and the others were sent to concentration camps. Although Otto Frank survived the terrible experience, the others died while in the concentration camps. Miep was very shocked when she learned the news. After the war, Miep gave Anne is diary to Otto. In time, he decided to publish it. He hoped that others could learn how lively and kindhearted his young daughter had been. Many years later, Miep herself wrote a book, which she called Anne Frank Remembered. In it she wrote, "I am not a hero...I was only willing to do what was asked of me and what seemed necessary at the time." But to people who know the story, Miep Gies is a hero. She is a woman of remarkable courage and strong will. She will always be remembered as a little light during some of histry`s darkest days.
A delicate harmony must be kept among all the living things and the natural environment. the disappearance of just one species may break this harmony and bring about a change that we cannot predict. An environmentalist trying to save the kakapo says, "All the species dying out now have taken quite a long time to reach the current stage of evolution. Some have been losing their homes and may disappear from the earth. All this has been caused by human beings in such a short time. We have to remember that bringing nature back to its original shape is not like turning back the hands of a clock."
Putting together what we've discussed in the last chapter and this one, we're ready to formulate some guidelines for emigrating successfully:
@Make a sincere effort to learn the language, both to make your own day-to-day life easier and to give others a favorable impression of you. You don't have to be fluent.
AImmerse yourself in the culture of your new home. For example, watching the local TV channels will help you a lot more than watching N.H.K. by satellite or videotapes sent from Japan.
BDon't keep to yourself. Get out and visit your neighbors. Even if you can't communicate well with them, they'll appreciate your trying to be friendly.
CDon't flaunt your wealth. No matter where you move, you'll probably be no poorer than the people around you and quite possibly much, much richer. If bargaining is part of the culture where you are, be sure that you bargain, too, insanely cheap compared with Japan.
Even if you follow these guidelines, leaving your home and going to live in another country is an enormous challenge, no matter whether you're young or old. More than money, you'll need an almost limitless supply of energy, an open mind, and at least a little luck. If you want to relax and take life easy, you're better off staying home.
@Are you going to the library this afternoon to study? It tooks like it will be a nice afternoon with lots of sunshine and no wind. Would you like to play tennis with me?
AThat would be great. Thaven't played tennis sinceTarrived in the United States. Thave my tennis racket with me,butT'm afraidTdon't have any tennis balls.
BThat's all right. Twill pick you up at your apartment at three o'clock. On the way to the tennis court,we can stop and buy some new tennis balls. The only onesThave are worn out and don't bounce very high.
Some observers were skeptical about opinion polls ahead of the election showing Obama leading Mcain as U.S. voters have historically been seen as unlikely to vote for a black candidate in a country where power has tended to be overwhelmingly concentrated among whites.
DWell,we could go to a private tennis club where my family has a membership. The courts are better there,and they have indoor courts available,in case it starts raining.
EThe problem is,it would take about an hour to drive there. Why don't we go to a public court closer to our school?
FIf we get there early enough,we can get a court right away.
GDon't we need a reservation?
HNo. If the court is available,we can play tennis without a reservation. Once we begin to play tennis,we can play as long as we want to,if no one is waiting.
IIf somebody else comes to use the court after we start,we're supposed to leave after one hour.
JIt sounds like we can play a lot of tennis,butT'm afraid thatT'm not in very good shape. Actually,Thaven't exercised in over a month. ThopeT'll be able to keep up with you.
KDon't worry about that. Tonly play tennis once or twice a month. T'm really not a very competitive player,so let's just play for fun.
LT'm glad you asked me to play tennis. It's too beautiful to be inside. T'll be ready at three o'clock.
Women are advised to take the vitamin before they conceive to help prevent birth defects to the spiral cord and brain. Here's our health correspondent. Armina has spina bifida. Her spine hasn't formed properly so she needs lots of care. It's a condition that might have been avoided by her mother taking folic acid during the very early stages of pregnancy.
We all have ideas about what kinds of food are all have ideas about what kinds of food are good to eat. We also have ideas about what kinds of food are also have ideas about what kinds of food are bad to eat. As a result, people from one culture often think the foods that people from another cluture eat are disgusting. When the famous boxer Muhammad Ali visited Africa, for example, one member of his group became quite sick when he saw someone pick up a butterfly and eat it. Many people would find it disgusting to eat rats, but thereare forty-two different culture whose people regard rats as good food. Some people in Aflica think Aflican termites make a good meal. Many other people would probably be sick if they had to eat termites, but one hundred grams of cooked hamburger. However, food likes and dislikes do not always seem related to nutrition. For example, broccoli is first on a list of the most nutritious common vegetables, but it is twenty-first on a list of vegetables that Americans like most to eat. Tomatoes are sixteenth on the list of most nutritious vegetables, but they are first on the list of vegetables that Americans like most to eat.
But dislike is not the only reason why some culture will not eat certain foods. In some cultures, certain foods are taboo. Taboo is a word from the language of the Fuji Islands that means something is not allowed to be done. Some foods are taboo in certain religions, but there are also other food taboos that are not related to a religions, We do not usually think about why certain things are taboo in our culure. We may not even know why they are taboo. Anthropologists try to discover the hidden reasons for taboos. For example, the situation of cows in India is well known. Cows can go wherever they want to in the streets of India, and they can eat anything they want from the foods which are sold on the street. As a result, the cows are a problem. However, no one in India will kill them or eat them. It is taboo to do so.
Last night I went out to Safeco Field and saw the Mariners play. It was a great game―any time we beat the Yankees it's a great game―especially since our two "Japanese imports" had such terrific nights at the plate.
I know how you feel about Japan's premier players heading for the Major Leagues. It does leave Japanese baseball in something of a predicament. But actually, American baseball is no longer American baseball at all; it's world baseball. Over 35% of our players are foreign-born, with 30% coming from Latin America, and the rest from Japan, Korea, and Taiwan. American teams comb Central and South America for talented (and cheap) Hispanic teenage players and then develop them into Major Leaguers. (The Yankees are now setting up similar scouting operations in China, which they see as the next rich source of talent.)
One thing I noticed last night was that there weren't very many black players on the field. And evidently, this is both a trend and problem. USA Today says that only 8% of players today are black, a 20% drop from 20 years ago. (I'm talking about African-American players, not black Latino players.) Many African-American kids come from struggling urban families and cannot afford to buy the bats, gloves, balls and uniforms needed to play baseball. Also, colleges rarely give athletic scholarships for baseball―usually only for football and basketball. And, because black kids no longer see many black superstars in the Major Leagues, they identify more with black basketball and football heroes.
Many former black baseball stars lament this trend, with some calling it a true crisis. They are urging American teams to develop more "native-grown" players. I thought you'd be interested in this since it sounds, in a way, like what's going on in Japan, only in reverse.
Would you like to be able to read other people's thoughts? Scientific developments may soon enable us to know whether people around you like you or not. Scientists in the US have already developed a brain scan that can detect racially- biased people. Is this good news?
The researchers conducted the following experiment to detect whether volunteers were biased or not. They chose 30 white students as their volunteers. The team first asked those students to take an association test(IAT). In the test, the students heard some names typically considered 'white' or 'black.' Then they were asked what they associated the names with. The students associated white names with positive words and black names with negative words. the volunteers then met a black or white person and, immediately after, were asked to do a difficult mental task. Was there any difference in their scores after meeting a white person and after meeting a black person? Yes, there was. These tests gave the scientists a rough idea of the level of each studen's bias against black people. Two weeks later the students were asked to help in another experiment. They were handed pictures of black or white people while at the same time having their brains scanned.
Some students go to school on foot,and others by bus. This piano is so heavy that we need five people to move it. They said,“Let's build a tower whose top may reach to heaven.” Help me with this baggage,will you? She as well asTis tired of the work. What made her so angry at that time? It is said that she was a model. The news that he was rescued relieved us. The first thing that we thought of was to prove his alibi. Tgave him a sign that he should leave quickly.
The American diet changed greatly between 1850 and 1950. If you had lived in 1850, you would have eaten meals that were neither tasty nor bal-anced. The daily diet of most Americans included potatoes, bread, milk, and salted beef or salted pork. During most of the year, there was no way to keep dairy products fresh. So you got use to drinking sour milk and eating spoiled butter. Foods that spoiled could not be shipped far, so you could only eat fruits and vegetables that were grown near where you lived. Even then you might not have eaten many fruits and vegetables, because these foods were often considered danger-ous to the health. In the years after 1850, Americans began to eat a more balanced diet. Trains carried fresh foods to the cities in refrigerator cars. Food companies preserved and sold many other foods in cans and jars. Americans soon en-joyed a much more varied and tasty diet. In the late 1800s, Americans bought their foods in small grocery stores. In the early 1900s, the first supermarket, or large self-service food store, opened. Supermarkets did not catch on at first, but they became popular in the 1930s and 1940s. By 1950 most Americans did their food shopping in su-permarkets. And what a variety of foods the supermarkets of 1950 offered! Shoppers could choose from hundreds of canned and packaged foods. They could also buy fresh fruits and vegetables nearly all year round. And if shoppers couldn’t find a certain fresh vegetable or fruit they wanted, they could prob-ably buy it frozen. The great variety of foods improved the American diet. As a result, Americans of 1950 enjoyed longer and healthier lives than had Americans a hundred years before.
Well,we could go to a private tennis club where my family has a membership. The courts are better there,and they have indoor courts available,in case it starts raining.
The problem is,it would take about an hour to drive there. Why don't we go to a public court closer to our school?
If we get there early enough,we can get a court right away.
Don't we need a reservation?
No. If the court is available,we can play tennis without a reservation. Once we begin to play tennis,we can play as long as we want to,if no one is waiting.
If somebody else comes to use the court after we start,we're supposed to leave after one hour.
It sounds like we can play a lot of tennis,butT'm afraid thatT'm not in very good shape. Actually,Thaven't exercised in over a month. ThopeT'll be able to keep up with you.
Don't worry about that. Tonly play tennis once or twice a month. T'm really not a very competitive player,so let's just play for fun.
T'm glad you asked me to play tennis. It's too beautiful to be inside. T'll be ready at three o'clock.
Of the about 400 kilos of trash thrown away by every Japanese eash year, packaging accounts for more than 20%,or 80 kilos a year for every man,woman,and child.
In the end.Obama extended his reach. including into traditional Republican strongholds. By doing so.he opened a new chapter in the nation's history--one in which society has shown itself able to transcend racial barriers. The United States is currently in the midst of an unprecedented financial crisis.while its international standing as a military superpower has been tested since the Iraq war began. Revitalizing the United States was therefore a central theme throughout the presidential campaign.
Picasso put all anger into the mural and finish it on June4. The mural, called Guernica, was three and a half meters tall and over seven and a half meters long. It was painted in black and white and shades of gray to create a sorrowful atmosphere. In Guernica you can see images such as a crying woman with her dead baby in her arms, a dead soldier, a feeling woman holding a lamp, a bull, a horse, and the flames of a burning building. When Guernica was exhibited at the Paris World’s Fair, in immediately caused a variety of reactions. Some said it was an excellent piece of work. Some thought it difficult to understand what the mural stood for. Although different people have different interpretations, Guernica is now interpreted as symbolizing resistance to and anger at fascism.
A soft breeze carried the sweet perfume of spring flowers into the dusty old library. The young monk could not concentrate on the difficult Latin manuscript. He gazed out the window. For a few moments, he almost regretted his decision to become a monk. Then he remembered his mother’s words. She had told him to learn how to read and write so that he would discover the world. The young man resumed reading the manuscript, and quickly forgot the distractions of spring. After the collapse of the Roman Empire in 476 A.D., various Germanic tribes swept across Europe. They destroyed the villages and the cities, burned the fields, and robbed the churches. Travel became difficult and dangerous. The communication network of imperial Roma broke down. Sophisticated cities turned into ghost towns. Reading and writing became forgotten arts.
During these dark centuries of unrest, the Catholic Church tried to keep culture alive. The monks collected precious manuscripts from the classical period, and made beautiful copied for the Church libraries. When the barbarian threat finally passed, people slowly returned to the cities. The clergy established small schools around the cathedrals. There young men learned to read and write. The universities in Western Europe developed out of these cathedral schools. The University of Bologna, renowned for its outstanding law school, was chartered in 1158. The University of Salerno was one of the best schools for medicine. The University of Paris, which receives its charter in 1201, had four prestigious schools: law, theology, medicine, and letters. At first, the universities were professional schools for law, theology, and medicine. Later literature (often called letters) and philosophy were added to the curriculum. The language of instruction in every European university was Latin. Thanks of this “universal” language, students had no language problem.
Another example of ethnocentrism in language can be found in the origin of the English word barbarian. Originally a Geek word, it was used to refer to tribes that lived around the edge of ancient Geek society. The Greeks refered to those people as "bar-bars" because they could not understand their speech. "Bar-bar" was the Greek world for the sound a dog makes, like the world bow-wow. This is an ancient example of ethnocentrism. The Greeks considered those people to be on the same level as dogs, because their speech, just like dogs', could not be understood. They did not consider such people as human beings; this is similar to the way the word Eskimo gives those people subhuman status.
Well,we could go to a private tennis club where my family has a membership. The courts are better there,and they have indoor courts available,in case it starts raining. The problem is,it would take about an hour to drive there. Why don't we go to a public court closer to our school? If we get there early enough,we can get a court right away.
As many as 6000 species are disappearing each year because of the destruction of forests, a number 10000 times greater than before people appreatrd on the planet.
Through this law, the govermant officially recognized the right of all species to share life on the planet. The law requires protection for "endangered species", those likely to become extinct in the near futere.
Enviromantal scientists are becoming ever more concerned with the fact that without equal concern for these species, ths planet's biological diversity will be destroyed, leaving us with a loss of potential new foods and drugs.
お願いします Winston Churchill was born in 1874 into a famous military family, but as a boy he showed no signs of his future greatness. He did not do well at school and his father decided that he should enter the army. He had to take the examination for Britain's military academy three times before he passed. While in the army, he discovered the two passions of his life. One was his talent for writing, which would bring him a Nobel Prize for Literature in 1953. The other was politics. He left the army and became a Member of Parliament in 1901. He held some high positions, such as head of the navy and finance minister, but his career had many ups and downs, By 1917, it seemed as if his political career had come to an end. From then until the outbreak of the Second World War, he was not an important figure in British politics. Although he was very conservative, Churchill was also deeply committed to democracy. He hated the tyranny of the communist regime in the Soviet Union. He was also aware of the danger that Adolf Hitler and Nazi Germany posed for Europe. Churchill spoke out against Hitler even when more senior politicians tried to ignore the danger. So when war broke out in 1939, Churchill was the man Britain chose at its leader.
続きです By 1940, Britain was the only country in the world that stood against Nazi Germany. There was a continual threat of German invasion. Churchill refused all Hitler's offers of peace and inspired the country with his great speeches on the radio. He also helped organize the air defence that saved Britain from destruction by German air attacks. Churchill was prepared to do anything to beat Hitler. He even made an alliance with Stalin because he knew that the Soviet Union was a necessary ally. The British people, however seemed to realize that Churchill was a leader for times of war, not of peace. In the general election that followed the war, he was defeated. Churchil died 1965 and was given a hero's funeral. よろしくお願いします
Student who successfully passed the university examinations were called doctors. With this title, they could teach or practice their specialization. Today the title of doctor is the highest academic recognition. Many students are confused by the differences between a college and a university. In the U.S., a college is a two- or four-year institution which grants undergraduate degrees. Students who complete two years of study receive an associate’s degree. Those who finish the four-year program earn a bachelor’s. An American university grants both undergraduate (bachelor’s) and graduate degrees (master’s and doctor’s). An American university includes a college of liberal arts, a graduate program, and one or more professional schools.