>>13 >1)I have been living here for two years. >→2年間住んで、現在も住んでいて、将来も住む >2)I have lived here for two years. >→2年間住んで、現在も住んでいて、将来どうするかは不明(ただし、例外的に >現在住んでない場合もあり?)
The present perfect progressive focuses on the action/situation itself, looking at it as a continuous, extended activity(not necessarily finished). The simple present perfect, on the other hand, looks more at the ideas of completion and present result. てことで、なにに重点を置くかの違い以外、たいして違いはないのでは?
>それとは別に<未来への継続>を付け加える意味もあるんですよね >ちょうど、現在進行形が一時的な状態をあらわす場合と、will のように未来の事柄を >表すことがあるようなものなんでしょう。 どこの部分だろ? not necessarily finished ってことで、将来もそうする可能性もあるってのは、 もちろんだけど、積極的に未来について表すという記述はないと思うんですが…
The present perfect simple is often used to express the ideas of completion. :to say that an action has just been finished, or to talk about its results. The present perfect progressive emphasizes the continuation of the activity. ・I've been reading your book. ・I've read your book. です。
現在3日間雨がつづいている。 1) It has rained for 3 days now. 2) It has been raining for 3 days now. どちらの作文も可能でしょうけど、どうニュアンスの違いを感じます? 私には、2) のほうはこれからも降り続けそうで、うっとおしいって感じ に聞こえます。
>>36 >1) It has rained for 3 days now. >2) It has been raining for 3 days now. >どちらの作文も可能でしょうけど、どうニュアンスの違いを感じます? >私には、2) のほうはこれからも降り続けそうで、うっとおしいって感じ >に聞こえます。
未来のことについては、ただの思い込みかと。 その2文の違いは、それこそ前スレの939にある progressive and simple: temporary and permanent で説明されてる。
>We often prefer the present perfect progressive to talk about >more temporary actions and situations; when we talk about >longer-lasting or permanent situations we often prefer the simple >present perfect.
>Generally, however, both progressive and simple tenses are possible >in cases like these, with a slight difference of emphasis. >- It's been raining/ It's rained steadily since last Saturday.
>>45 いや、言葉が足りなかったね。 現在完了進行形には、<ちょっと前に完了した行為>を表す意味があります。 あなたのあげた例はその一つですね。この場合はもちろん未来への継続は ありません。誤解をさけるために、I have been reading your book for two hours. としてください。未来も読み続ける含意を感じませんか?
@progressive and simple: temporary and permanent 完了進行形=テンポラリ、完了形=永続的
Aprogressive and simple: continuation/completion >The present perfect progressive focuses on the action/situation itself, >looking at it as a continuous, extended activity(not necessarily finished). >The simple present perfect, on the other hand, looks more at the ideas of >completion and present result. 完了進行形=過去における動作の継続性に重点、完了形=動作が完了したことに重点
文脈によって、上記2つのどちらがアプライされるかってことでは?
ていうか、せっかくPEUをお持ちなら、それをじっくり読んでみるべし。 past time(1)〜(7)を読めば、明快な説明があるよ。
>>19 何度もすいません・・・ほんとはこんなこと知らなくても不便はないのに 気になってしまって。 >>黒羊さん 本来は名詞を修飾しないalmostが 名詞を修飾してしまうとかそういう 例外みたいな感じで考えればいいんですか? almost midnightみたいな。 英語って基本であればあるほど例外事項が多いですね。 Where did he come from?のwhereみたいな。
>It is common when we are talking about situations which are >just comming to an end or may change, or when we are talking >about how long a situation has lasted.
>74 We use the present perfect progressive, in general, to talk about situations which started in the past and are still going on, or which have just stopped and have present results.
>>94 本の目的: Other problems are more tricky, and cause difficulty even for advanced students and teachers. How exactry is the present perfect tense used? This book is a practical reference guide to questions of this kind.
レベル: The book is intended for intermediate and advanced students, and for teachers of English.
She had no doubt ( ) Ken was an honest man 答えは that だったのですが、この場合whatでもいいのではないのでしょうか? 問題にはwhatとthatがあったのですが、ナゼthatでは無いのとダメのですか? どちらも名詞節なので、いいとは思うのですが。どなたか知ってる人いたら 詳しく違いを教えて欲しいです。 ただ、解説に have no doubt that で〜〜を疑わないという熟語になると書いてあるのですが、 熟語だから、という説明だけだとさっぱり分からないので、違いを教えていただきたいです 他のところで聞いても、そんなことも分からない奴は消えろとかいって教えてくれないんです
She had no doubt ( ) Ken was an honest man 答えは that だったのですが、この場合whatでもいいのではないのでしょうか? 問題にはwhatとthatがあったのですが、ナゼthatでは無いのとダメのですか? どちらも名詞節なので、いいとは思うのですが。どなたか知ってる人いたら 詳しく違いを教えて欲しいです。 ただ、解説に have no doubt that で〜〜を疑わないという熟語になると書いてあるのですが、 熟語だから、という説明だけだとさっぱり分からないので、違いを教えていただきたいです 他のところで聞いても、そんなことも分からない奴は消えろとかいって教えてくれないんです
いきなりで申し訳ないのですが・・・この問題の解答を教えてください!! 次の2つの英文が日本語に合うように( )にそれぞれ適語を入れなさい。 ただし2つの( )には同音異義語が入る。 The book ( ) him a repputation. [ その本で彼は有名になった。] I am at ( ) with you on that point. [ その点であなたと同意見です。 ] お願いします。
>>99 黒羊さんはだいたい正しい事をいってるよ。 I bought the book.のような単純過去は過去の事実を述べてるだけで未来に 対する含意を含まない。例えば I lost my book. は過去になくした事実を述べているだけだから、その後に本が見つかった可能性もある。 I have lost my bood. というと、「本はなくなってしまった」ということで、今も無いということになる。 また、 I didn't find my book. というと、もう本を探すのをあきらめてしまった感じがあるが、 I haven't found my book. というと、まだ、探すのをあきらめていない(今もまだ探しているような含意がある。) I've been looking for it all over the place. というと、今も探している感じがするが、 I have looked everywhere. っていうと、全部手を尽くした。という「完了」感がある。
蛇足ながら、完了形と完了進行形の意味は文脈でも左右される。 でも、それぞれがぴったりする文脈がある。逆にそういう文脈でよく登場する からこそ、そういうニュアンスが生まれてくる。 I have been kneading this dough for 10 minutes. How much longer do I have to do this? I have kneaded this dough for 10 minutes as you said. How's this look?
いくつか検索してみました。 http://leo.stcloudstate.edu/grammar/tenses.html Present perfect progressive tense describes an action that began in the past, continues in the present, and may continue into the future. This tense is formed by using has/have been and the present participle of the verb (the verb form ending in -ing). ・The CEO has been considering a transfer to the state of Texas where profits would be larger.
http://www.grammarmudge.cityslide.com/page/page/239231.htm Present perfect progressive tense indicates an action continuing from the past into the present and possibly into the future. > Ever since it became a household fixture, television has been influencing the lives of those who watch it. > The cost of energy has been increasing each year.
http://cantho.cool.ne.jp/socio/english/8.htm 5) The present perfect progressive tense This tense describes an action which was started at a juncture still continue at the present moment, and in addition, implies the action would continue from now on. - How long have you been studying English? I have been studying it these five years. The difference between the present perfect and the present perfect progressive (a) I have waited for her for half an hour. *As a result, she came, or she didn't come and he gave up. (b) I have been waiting for her for half an hour. *He will continue waiting her, for she haven't come.
ただし、この未来への継続をliveに当てはめたのは私の間違いのようです。 http://esl.about.com/library/weekly/aa032598.htm PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE 4) No difference in meaning. Often the present perfect progressive and the present perfect can have the same meaning. This is often the case with verbs of living, occupation or vocation) Example: I've been living in Leghorn for 3 years. OR I've lived in Leghorn for 3 years
>要は>>68と>>75でFAってことですね? いや、I have lived here for two years. と I have been living here for two years.には、 >>68>>75の使い分けのルールも適用されず全く同じということ(らしい)です。
下に、現在進行完了形に未来への継続の暗示がある(場合がある)ことを記述 しているHPをさらにあげておきます。典型的には、OBさんの挙げた I've been waiting for him since this morning .今朝からずーっと待ってんだけどね(どうしたのかな) I've waited for him since this morning .俺は今朝から今まで待ったんだぜ(これで帰っても文句言えないよな) に当てはまるような気がします。
http://ceds.vu.edu.au/webbja/tenses_perfect_continuous1.htm Present perfect continuous(=Present Perfect Progressive) The present perfect continuous tense describes an action that began in the past, continues in the present, and may continue in the future. ・Physics researchers have been studying optical fibre temperature sensors for over two decades.
http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/esl/esltensverb.html Present Perfect Progressive To express duration of an acton that began in the past, has continued into the present, and may continue into the future ・David has been working for two hours, and he hasn't finished yet.
http://www.bgsu.edu/departments/writing-lab/verb_tenses.html PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE Present perfect progressive combines elements of both perfect and progressive, that is, it indicates that an ongoing action or condition started in the past is happening now and will probably continue to the future. This verb tense is recognizable by its three parts: the first part is a present-tense form of have, the second part is the verb form been, and the last part is a verb ending in -ing : ・We have been destroying our environment for too long. ・Eleni has been studying for several hours.
http://news.curriculum.com.br/0017/falebem/425.asp The Present Perfect Progressive We use the present perfect progressive to express an action that started in the past, has continued to the present, and will probably extend into the future.
>Generally, however, both progressive and simple tenses are possible >in cases like these, with a slight difference of emphasis. >- It's been raining/ It's rained steadily since last Saturday. >- Harry has been working/ has worked in the same job for thirty years. >完了進行形はテンポラリー、完了形は永続的なことを表現し、 >テンポラリ・永続の曖昧な場合、どちらでもいいって感じらしい。
1: 完了形には「完了した」という含意があるので、未来への継続を含意できるのは進行形のみ。 ただしこれは not necessarily finished 程度であって、積極的に未来への継続を表現する ものではない。 これには>>125の例文がピッタリですね。 >I've been looking for it all over the place. >というと、今も探している感じがするが、(もうさがしてなくてもいい:引用者注) >I have looked everywhere. >っていうと、全部手を尽くした。という「完了」感がある。
2: ただし、期間を表すだけの場合は、両者に意味に大差はない。 >Generally, however, both progressive and simple tenses are possible >in cases like these, with a slight difference of emphasis. >- It's been raining/ It's rained steadily since last Saturday.
>>50 名前:名無しさん@英語勉強中[] 投稿日:03/10/01 21:12 現在完了進行形に未来の行動や事象を予想させる事はあり得ない。 >>51 名前:名無しさん@英語勉強中[] 投稿日:03/10/01 21:16 I have been reading your book for two hours. としてください。未来も読み続ける含意を感じませんか? 感じない。 It has been raining for 3 days now. これからも降り続けそうで、と言う事は無い!
>>62 名前:名無しさん@英語勉強中[] 投稿日:03/10/01 21:37 解釈を間違ってる。 「継続:the continuation of the activity」ってのは、 過去に行なった動作の継続性が現せるってだけ。 それと、「未来への継続性the continuation of the activity into the future」は別モノだよ。
>>131 Present perfect progressive combines elements of both perfect and progressive, that is, it indicates that an ongoing action or condition started in the past is happening now and will probably continue to the future. は、現在完了進行形自体が行為や状態がおそらく未来にまで続くことを示すと ハッキリかいてるけど???
>>126で、OB ◆My48Vfouj. が書いている文はどうだ? I have been kneading this dough for 10 minutes. How much longer do I have to do this? I have kneaded this dough for 10 minutes as you said. How's this look?
>>144 We use the present perfect progressive, in general, to talk about situations which started in the past and are still going on, or which have just stopped and have present results. by P.E.U.
>It is common when we are talking about situations which are >just comming to an end or may change, or when we are talking >about how long a situation has lasted.
>あと、未来については、継続する場合もままありますよ、ってだけで、 >どこにも「未来への継続を暗示する」などとは書いてない。 君は英語が読めるのか? Present perfect progressive combines elements of both perfect and progressive, that is, it indicates that an ongoing action or condition started in the past is happening now and will probably continue to the future. ↓ Present perfect progressive indicates that an ongoing action or condition started in the past is happening now and will probably continue to the future.
will probably continue to the future. を indicate するだぞ? indicate だぞ??「暗示」よりもむしろ強い言葉じゃないか?!
Present perfect progressive indicates that an ongoing action or condition started in the past is happening now and will probably continue to the future. なんだから、I have been kneading this dough for 10 minutes. だけで、これからも こね続ける意図があると解釈して何ら問題ないとおもうが??
Present perfect progressive indicates that an ongoing action or condition started in the past is happening now and will probably continue to the future. の意味がわからないか?訳してやるよ。 「現在完了進行形は、過去に始まり継続している行為や状態が、今も起こっていること、 及び、おそらく将来もつづくだろうことを示す」
>>153 >Present perfect progressive indicates that an ongoing action or condition started >in the past is happening now and will probably continue to the future. >なんだから、I have been kneading this dough for 10 minutes. だけで、これからも >こね続ける意図があると解釈して何ら問題ないとおもうが??
will probably だから、続けるかもしれないし、続けないかもしれない。文脈による。
>Generally, however, both progressive and simple tenses are possible >in cases like these, with a slight difference of emphasis. >- It's been raining/ It's rained steadily since last Saturday.
>>154 その文章じたい、不正確だよ。 which have just stopped and have present results. ってのも落ちてるし。 今後続くとは限らないよ。続くかもしれないけど。そういうこと。
>>158 >We use the present perfect progressive, in general, >to talk about situations which started in the past >and are still going on, or which have just stopped >and have present results.
Present perfect progressive combines elements of both perfect and progressive, that is, it indicates that an ongoing action or condition started in the past is happening now and will probably continue to the future. に反証しろ。傲慢な藻前らの感覚なんか信用できるわけないだろ!!!
>The present perfect progressive focuses on the action/situation itself, >looking at it as a continuous, extended activity(not necessarily finished). >- Who's been sleeping in my bed? (emphasis on continuous activity - >makes the action sound longer and more annoying)
emphasis on continuous activity - makes the action sound longer and more desperate ってことになると思われ。
全部読んでみて思ったけど、黒羊さんの誤解って煎じ詰めれば>>26なんだな。 The present perfect progressive emphasizes the continuation of the activity. の誤読。 それだけ。それを指摘してる>>27だの>>62だのを>>135で最後まで否定してる。
the continuation of the activity ってのが日本語ではどれだけ理解され難い、 説明し難い感覚かってのがよくわかって興味深かった。言語の壁は厚いね。 結構上級者でもこういうとこで簡単に引っ掛かっちゃうんだから。
>>218 いや、黒羊さんもその文例に関しては差異がないことを認めた なじゃなかったけ?>>128 >>128のサイトを見てみると、現在完了進行形の用法として 4つあげられているね。 1) Recent activity: to emphasize the recency of a past activity. we often use lately or recently Example: She's been working hard recently 2) Emphasis on the duration or length of an activity Example: Jack has been painting for 4 hours. 3) Recently finished activity with a present result Example: I've been working in the garden, that's why my hands are so dirty. 4) No difference in meaning. Often the present perfect progressive and the present perfect can have the same meaning. This is often the case with verbs of living, occupation or vocation) Example: I've been living in Leghorn for 3 years. OR I've lived in Leghorn for 3 years
>>265 海外に住んでいた人がいざ出国しようとしている時に尋ねるのなら How long have you lived here? だねえ。 海外に住んでいて、これからも住み続けるだろう人に尋ねる場合は How long have you been living here? だろうね。 確かに両者は使い分けできるな。誰かはっきりと結論だしてくれ〜。
>>260 I have lived. と I have lived here for two years. は用法が違う。 ごっちゃにしちゃだめ。 前者は完了の用法なので、「もうすでに終わった事」で正しいが後者は全く別。 for two years など、純粋に期間を示す場合は「住むことが完了した」、ではなく 「ここまでの時点で何年住んだことになる」的な意味合いになる。進行形も同じく。 この用法の場合、完了形のほうがむしろ永続的なニュアンスがあるんよ。
@ progressive and simple: temporary and permanent We often prefer the present perfect progressive to talk about more temporary actions and situations; when we talk about longer-lasting or permanent situations we often prefer the simple present perfect. Compare: - That man has been standing on the corner all day. For 900 years the castle has stood on the hill above the village. - I haven't been working very well recently. He hasn't worked for years. - I've been living in Sue's flat for the last month. My parents have lived in Bristol all their lives. Generally, however, both progressive and simple tenses are possible in cases like these, with a slight difference of emphasis. - It's been raining/ It's rained steadily since last Saturday. - Harry has been working/ has worked in the same job for thirty years. 完了進行形はテンポラリー、完了形は永続的なことを表現し、 テンポラリ・永続の曖昧な場合、どちらでもいいって感じらしい。
Aprogressive and simple: continuation/completion The present perfect progressive focuses on the action/situation itself, looking at it as a continuous, extended activity(not necessarily finished). The simple present perfect, on the other hand, looks more at the ideas of completion and present result. 完了進行形=過去における動作の継続性に重点、完了形=動作が完了したことに重点
>>269 同意。 同じ意味の例だが、ここに2年住んでました、でも明日引越します、というとき I lived (またはhave lived) here for two years but tomorrow I'm leaving. と俺なら言う。 I have been living here for two years... と言わない。なぜって、もう住まないから!
現在完了進行形に未来への継続の暗示なんかない、という人は 明日帰国する人に How long have you been living here? と聞いたりするのか?
現在完了進行形という形式自体よりも、 そこで述べられている内容が大事なんじゃないのか? いま話題に上ってるliveなんて動詞では、普通に考えれば、 いま住んでるんだったら1日2日で住むのをやめられるわけないんだから、 自ずと未来も住んでるんだろうという認識になる。 これが例えば、ぼろぼろの機械のまえにつれてこられて、 This machine has been working for 10 years. と言われたら、いつ止まってもおかしくないから、 未来も動き続けてるという認識は薄くなると思うんだが。
Where were you? I've been looking for you all over the place! もう探す必要ないけど、探してたって状態にフォーカスさせて、大変だったんだよ ずーっと探してたんだよって意味を付加したい時には進行形を使う。
Aprogressive and simple: continuation/completion The present perfect progressive focuses on the action/situation itself, looking at it as a continuous, extended activity(not necessarily finished). The simple present perfect, on the other hand, looks more at the ideas of completion and present result. 完了進行形=過去における動作の継続性に重点、完了形=動作が完了したことに重点
>現在完了進行形に未来への継続の暗示なんかない、という人は 明日帰国する人に >How long have you been living here? と聞いたりするのか?
真面目な質問ですので、よろしくお願いします。 How long did you sleep last night?/I slept two hours. How many years did you go to that school?/I went there for two years. なんかも駄目なのですか?
>てか、296はこれをどう解釈する? 探索はもう終ってるよ。 >なんで進行形が使われてるか296なりの解釈を聞かせてよ。 > >>Where were you? I've been looking for you all over the place!
>>318 なぜ文脈もないのにそんなことが断定できる? I couldn't do my laundry for two days. It's been raining for two days. But finally it's gone. Now I can do my laundry. こんな文脈だったらどうよ?
>>348 ん?>>347を書いたのは296だけど何か? その文に関する293の君の説明は正しいよ。 >>236の分類の 3) Recently finished activity with a present result だね、それは。でも今はなしているのは、>>236の 2) Emphasis on the duration or length of an activity Example: Jack has been painting for 4 hours. のことなんだ。違う用法をもってきて、だから、未来への 継続の暗示なんてないと君はいってるんだよ。 自分がトンデモ君だとわかったでしょ?
have been ing は過去から続く動詞の持続性が(been ing)が現在において、 さらにいえば動詞haveの持つ現在(アスペクトとしての現在)において前景化するものだと考えます。 もともと幅を持つhaveのなかで持続性(being)が問題にされるので、 それはもちろん瞬間としてとらえられた現在をはみ出すこともあるでしょう。 結果として、瞬間としての現在を越えるという意味で未来に接続していると 言うことはできると思いますし、haveの圏内にあると考えれば現在にしか言及していないといえます。 willによる未来とは区別されるべきものとは思います。
>>351 >I have been living here for two years... と言わない。なぜって、もう住まないから!
要は、これが2) Emphasis on the duration or length of an activity だから、 未来なんか関係ない。 普通に使えるって言ってるだけなんだけど? 言えませんかね?
あと、I've been looking for you について、3) Recently finished activity with a present result もあるけど、あえて完了形を使わず進行形を使ってるのは 2) Emphasis on the duration or length of an activityの効果を狙ってるからです。
>あと、I've been looking for you について、3) Recently finished activity with >a present result もあるけど、あえて完了形を使わず進行形を使ってるのは >2) Emphasis on the duration or length of an activityの効果を狙ってるからです。
>@I have waited for him for 2 hours. >AI have been waiting for him for 2 hours. 要は、この二つの文章だけ見て、コンテキストもなくこっちはその後こうなって、 こっちはこうなんてのは、ただの想像か妄想だって言ってるだけですよ? 文脈がない限り、どちらとも言えない。それだけ。
完了形 >1) Indefinite time in the past (experience). Emphasis is on > the completed action at an indefinite time in the past. >2) Emphasis on QUANTITY >3) Duration from past to present (see #4 of present perfect progressive) > Example: Peter has worked for that company for 5 years.
完了進行形 >1) Recent activity: to emphasize the recency of a past activity. >2) Emphasis on the duration or length of an activity >3) Recently finished activity with a present result >4) No difference in meaning. ttp://esl.about.com/library/weekly/aa032598.htm
>>395 できないよ。 午後の間ずっと待っていて、やっと電話がつながったけど、 相手の用事がまだ終わらなくてまだ待たなきゃいけないときに、 I've been waiting for you all this afternoon. How much more time do I have to wait? と言ってなじった場合を考えると、待つ行為は完了してない。
>>406 そうじゃなくて、"I've been waiting for you all this afternoon."という文は、 待つのが終わった場合(将来への継続がない場合)と 待ち続ける場合(将来への継続がある場合)の両方で使うことができるんだから、 現在完了進行形という形式自体は将来への継続を表してるわけではなく、 そのニュアンスを与えるのはコンテキストだ、ってことを言ってるの。
どこにそんなことかいてあるんだよ?? 4) No difference in meaning. Often the present perfect progressive and the present perfect can have the same meaning. This is often the case with verbs of living, occupation or vocation) Example: I've been living in Leghorn for 3 years. OR I've lived in Leghorn for 3 years
「しばしば」同じ意味になることがある。特に、動詞がliving, occupation or vocation の場合、と書いてあるだけだろうが!勝手に一般化するなよ。
>>422 完了形のほうも読んでくれよ >3) Duration from past to present (see #4 of present perfect progressive) > Example: Peter has worked for that company for 5 years.
>>422 >完了形のほうも読んでくれよ >3) Duration from past to present (see #4 of present perfect progressive) > Example: Peter has worked for that company for 5 years.
だから、#4 of present perfect progressive に書いてあることが、 「しばしば」同じ意味になることがある。特に、動詞がliving, occupation or vocation の場合、だろう?一般化するな。
(ケース1) お昼から夕方までずっと待ってて、やっとBさんが現れました。 このとき、当然、AさんがBさんを待つという行為は完了しました。 ここで、Aさんは言いました。 "Where were you? I've been waiting for you all this afternoon!"
(ケース2) お昼からずっと待ってて、携帯でBさんに連絡してもぜんぜん繋がらなかったのが、 夕方になってやっと繋がりました。 Bさんによると、まだ用事が済まないので、もう少し待ってほしいとのことです。 このとき、AさんがBさんを待つという行為はまだ継続します。 ここで、Aさんが言いました。 "I've been waiting for you all this afternoon! How much more time do I have to wait?"
Peter has been worked for that company for 5 years. ピーター君は5年間ずっとその会社に勤めております。 Peter has worked for that company for 5 years. ピーター君は5年間ずっとその会社に勤めておりますた。
>Peter has been worked for that company for 5 years. >ピーター君は5年間ずっとその会社に勤めております。 >Peter has worked for that company for 5 years. ピーター君は今までで5年間その会社に勤めたことになります。 もちろんまだ退職してなくても使えるよ。
例外ではないよ。ちょっと前に終わった行為を表す現在完了 進行形の一用法だ。未来への継続ニュアンスがないのは 当たり前だ。立派な別の用法なんだから。 >>236の3) Recently finished activity with a present result だよ。 単純過去形よりずっと非難の感じが強くなるな。
●第三戦 @I have waited for him for 2 hours. もう待つのをやめて帰ろうとしている AI have been waiting for him for 2 hours. もうちょっと待ち続けようとしている コンテキストなどなくてもこの文章だけでこう読み取れる、現在完了進行形には そういう働きがあるとする人と、それはありえないとする人による折伏合戦。
1)for や since などを伴なって期間を表す用法の場合 I've worked here for five years. I've been working here for five years. 【確定事項】過去のある時点から今まで5年間働いてきたこと 【未来情報】何の情報も含んでない。もう退職したかもしれないし、まだ働いてるかも。
2)完了を表す用法 I've worked here. 【確定事項】過去のある時点から今まで働いていたのが完了してしまった。 【未来情報】もう退職している。
3)完了進行形(期間がない場合) I've been working here. 【確定事項】過去のある時点から今まで働いてきたこと 【未来情報】何の情報も含んでない。もう退職したかもしれないし、まだ働いてるかも。
あと、>>48にあるけど、PEUにも同じこと書いてある。 >Generally, however, both progressive and simple tenses are possible >in cases like these, with a slight difference of emphasis. >- It's been raining/ It's rained steadily since last Saturday.
>progressive and simple: temporary and permanent >We often prefer the present perfect progressive to talk about >more temporary actions and situations; when we talk about >longer-lasting or permanent situations we often prefer the simple >present perfect. Compare: >- That man has been standing on the corner all day. >For 900 years the castle has stood on the hill above the village. >- I haven't been working very well recently. >He hasn't worked for years. >- I've been living in Sue's flat for the last month. >My parents have lived in Bristol all their lives.
>progressive and simple: continuation/completion >The present perfect progressive focuses on the action/situation itself, >looking at it as a continuous, extended activity(not necessarily finished). >The simple present perfect, on the other hand, looks more at the ideas of >completion and present result.
皆さん、ここで現在完了形と完了進行形の違いを客観的に整理してみよう。 問題は、動詞によって、あるいは文脈によって解釈が違ってくるというところにある。例えば、 I have waited for her for half an hour. (その結果、彼女は来た/来なくて彼は帰った) I have been waiting for her for half an hour.( 彼は彼女が来ていないのでこの後も待ち続ける) http://cantho.cool.ne.jp/socio/english/8.htm という将来に対する含意に明確な違いがある。
その一方、liveや workなどの動詞の場合、その違いが微妙になる。 I have lived in Korea since 1997 I have been living in Korea since 1997 この両方とも同じ意味で、この人はまだKoreaにいるニュアンスがある。さらに I have lived in Koreaというと、この人がまだKoreaにいるかどうかわからなくなる。 http://www.myenglishteacher.net/present_perfect_progressive.html
>>127 >http://cantho.cool.ne.jp/socio/english/8.htm >5) The present perfect progressive tense >This tense describes an action which was started at a juncture still continue at the >present moment, and in addition, implies the action would continue from now on. >- How long have you been studying English? I have been studying it these five years. >The difference between the present perfect and the present perfect progressive >(a) I have waited for her for half an hour. *As a result, she came, or she didn't come and he gave up. >(b) I have been waiting for her for half an hour. *He will continue waiting her, for she haven't come. > >最後のページはあまり信用できないかもね。she haven't come. なんてあるし。
っていうか、以下全部が根拠。wait の例文まで詳しく説明 していたのが、http://cantho.cool.ne.jp/socio/english/8.htm だっただけ。 http://leo.stcloudstate.edu/grammar/tenses.html Present perfect progressive tense describes an action that began in the past, continues in the present, and may continue into the future. http://www.grammarmudge.cityslide.com/page/page/239231.htm Present perfect progressive tense indicates an action continuing from the past into the present and possibly into the future. http://ceds.vu.edu.au/webbja/tenses_perfect_continuous1.htm Present perfect continuous(=Present Perfect Progressive) The present perfect continuous tense describes an action that began in the past, continues in the present, and may continue in the future. http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/esl/esltensverb.html Present Perfect Progressive To express duration of an acton that began in the past, has continued into the present, and may continue into the future http://news.curriculum.com.br/0017/falebem/425.asp The Present Perfect Progressive We use the present perfect progressive to express an action that started in the past, has continued to the present, and will probably extend into the future. っていうか、上のHPの説明にのっている例文でも The cost of energy has been increasing each year. なら来年も上がりそうな気がするし、 ・Physics researchers have been studying optical fibre temperature sensors for over two decades. なら20年を越えて来年もずっと研究してそうだし、、、 >>570のPEUな人、一度スワンさんに手紙を書いてみたらどうだ? 返事がちゃんと返ってくるそうだぞ。あ、ちゃんと通じる英語が書けそうもない ならここの人もみな手伝ってくれるぞ。
http://news.curriculum.com.br/0017/falebem/425.asp >She has been living in New York for ten years. >(She moved to New York ten years ago. She is living there now.) どこに未来のことが書いてある? 書いてあるのは過去と現在。 未来については一言も触れてないだろ? そういうこと言ってるんだけど?
>@I have waited for him for 2 hours. もう待つのをやめて帰ろうとしている >AI have been waiting for him for 2 hours. もうちょっと待ち続けようとしている >コンテキストなどなくてもこの文章だけでこう読み取れる、現在完了進行形には >そういう働きがあるとする人と、それはありえないとする人による折伏合戦。
そうでもないよ。何度もでてきているが、 http://www.bgsu.edu/departments/writing-lab/verb_tenses.html PRESENT PERFECT PROGRESSIVE Present perfect progressive combines elements of both perfect and progressive, that is, it indicates that an ongoing action or condition started in the past is happening now and will probably continue to the future. をみると、現在完了進行形は現在完了形と現在進行形の両方の要素を 結合させた物だと説明している。まあ、名前からして当然だが。
ttp://esl.about.com/library/weekly/aa032598.htm >1) Recent activity: to emphasize the recency of a past activity. >2) Emphasis on the duration or length of an activity >3) Recently finished activity with a present result >4) No difference in meaning. ―未来について何も記述はない
PEU >We use the present perfect progressive, in general, to talk about >situations which started in the past and are still going on, or which >have just stopped and have present results. ―過去現在への言及があるだけで、未来について何も記述はない ―完了形との違いを説明する項目でnot necessarily finishedの記述あり
(ケース1) お昼から夕方までずっと待ってて、やっとBさんが現れました。 このとき、当然、AさんがBさんを待つという行為は完了しました。 ここで、Aさんは言いました。 "Where were you? I've been waiting for you all this afternoon!"
(ケース2) お昼からずっと待ってて、携帯でBさんに連絡してもぜんぜん繋がらなかったのが、 夕方になってやっと繋がりました。 Bさんによると、まだ用事が済まないので、もう少し待ってほしいとのことです。 このとき、AさんがBさんを待つという行為はまだ継続します。 ここで、Aさんが言いました。 "I've been waiting for you all this afternoon! How much more time do I have to wait?"
>>619 だから、その用法は、 >>236の3) Recently finished activity with a present result なの。PEUには独立した用法とは記述されてないだろうけどね。 過去から現在およびおそらく未来への継続を表す用法とは別なの。 ちょっと前に終わった行為を表す用法があるの、現在完了進行形 には。何度もガイシュツだけどね。
>>598 >PEU >>We use the present perfect progressive, in general, to talk about >>situations which started in the past and are still going on, or which >>have just stopped and have present results. >―過去現在への言及があるだけで、未来について何も記述はない >―完了形との違いを説明する項目でnot necessarily finishedの記述あり
あるという根拠は↓これ。何度もコピペさせるな。 http://leo.stcloudstate.edu/grammar/tenses.html Present perfect progressive tense describes an action that began in the past, continues in the present, and may continue into the future. http://www.grammarmudge.cityslide.com/page/page/239231.htm Present perfect progressive tense indicates an action continuing from the past into the present and possibly into the future. http://ceds.vu.edu.au/webbja/tenses_perfect_continuous1.htm Present perfect continuous(=Present Perfect Progressive) The present perfect continuous tense describes an action that began in the past, continues in the present, and may continue in the future. http://owl.english.purdue.edu/handouts/esl/esltensverb.html Present Perfect Progressive To express duration of an acton that began in the past, has continued into the present, and may continue into the future http://news.curriculum.com.br/0017/falebem/425.asp The Present Perfect Progressive We use the present perfect progressive to express an action that started in the past, has continued to the present, and will probably extend into the future.
>>665 ”何年日本に住んでるの?” ”5年間住んでる” ”へ〜” で終わりじゃない? そつ次にこの人いつまでいるんだろう?って疑問がわくから、 ”How long are you gonna be here?" "I'm not sure" とか "I'm gonna be here by the end of next month" のように答えるのが普通です。
We use the present perfect progressive to express an action that started in the past, has continued to the present, and will probably extend into the future.
Present perfect progressive tense describes an action that began in the past, continues in the present, and may continue into the future. 過去に始まって、現在も続いていて、未来にも継続するかもしれない行為
Present perfect progressive tense indicates an action continuing from the past into the present and possibly into the future. 過去に始まって、現在も続いていて、未来にも継続する可能性がある行為
Present perfect continuous(=Present Perfect Progressive) The present perfect continuous tense describes an action that began in the past, continues in the present, and may continue in the future. 過去に始まって、現在も続いていて、未来にも継続するかもしれない行為
Present Perfect Progressive To express duration of an acton that began in the past, has continued into the present, and may continue into the future 過去に始まって、現在も続いていて、未来にも継続するかもしれない行為
The Present Perfect Progressive We use the present perfect progressive to express an action that started in the past, has continued to the present, and will probably extend into the future. 過去に始まって、現在も続いていて、おそらく未来にも継続するだろう行為
去年の英語の授業でこんな問題があった。 本文では"a feeding for the animal takes at least 11 hours"と書いて あって、それに関してT/F問題が出ていた。 ・A feeding for the animal takes at least 8 hours. T or F 自分は迷わずfalseにしたんだけど答えはtrueだった。。。
>>692 They are often interchangeable. The present perfect progresive is often used to emphasize the fact that we are actually "doing" that certain thing.
If you go to the doctor and they make you wait for 15 minutes you would walk up to the receptionist and say: I've been waiting for 15 minutes.
"I've waited" for 15 minutes would be OK but "been waiting" sounds best. Ex: The president has been talking for 20 minutes now...
Been doing is often used for activities. I've been playing the piano since I was 5.
>>770 日本語でピッタリ来る表現がないから仕方ないんじゃ? Emphasis on the duration or length of an activity the continuation of the activity actually "doing" that certain thing. 要は、進行形には動作を行なっていたってことを強調する働きがある。 そういうことだろ。
ない組の皆さんへ The Present Perfect Progressive tense can indicate that an activity started in the past and will continue. An art committee has photographed the entire Tower of Pisa.(the project is done) They have been organizing 64,000 photographs.(the project will continue) http://smccd.net/accounts/sevas/esl/reviewlesson/presperf2b.html これ以上明確な例があるだろうか。
>>829 >will contonue より、 is still going on. ぐらいが適当なんじゃ? 誰もおまいの解釈なんてきいてない。その人は「will contonue」ってはきーり 言ってんだよ。それにお舞が屁理屈の材料にしている例は、「経験」と、 「繰り返されるアクティビティー」の場合だろ。ちゃんと読めよ。 使われる文脈が変われば、意味も変わってくるだろ。
ちょっとおつむが弱いようだから、もう一つあげといてやろう。 Present perfect progressive describes an action that is on-going from the past to the moment of speaking, implies that the action WILL CONTINUE, and emphasizes the action. http://faculty.ulv.edu/~grekowic/week4text.htm
>>830 >413 Grammar Workshop (4) >Emphasizes sentence parts and parts of speech. >Designed to help teachers and prospective teachers >understand English grammar. For Diversified Majors. >Prereqs.: ENG 111. NCh.
>Present perfect progressive describes an action that is on-going >from the past to the moment of speaking, implies that the action >WILL CONTINUE, and emphasizes the action.
技術分野の文ですけど特許とは関係ないですぅ。 たとえば、 A material except wood out of those making a house which performs the function as a moisture absorbance. 見たいな感じ。 これですと、houseがmoisture absorbanceのfuncitonをperform するって読むことも可能になってしまうんではないかと。。。
*He started to wait two hours ago and is still waiting(not necessarily finished). (He might continue waiting or might not. We can't tell.) 要はこういう解釈が一般的だと思う。カッコ内は蛇足。
An art committee has photographed the entire Tower of Pisa. (the project is done) They have been organizing 64,000 photographs. (the project will continue) これが両者のもっとも根本的な違い。なんせ冒頭に示して いるんだから。
Most books and web pages say that the Present perfect progressive indicates an action continuing from the past into the present and possibly into the future.
But some web pages say that the Present perfect progressive sometimes actually gives you an idea that the activity WILL CONTINUE into the future.
Could you tell me which explanation is true and why?
>The Present Perfect Progressive tense can indicate that an activity > started in the past and will continue. >An art committee has photographed the entire Tower of Pisa.(the project is done) >They have been organizing 64,000 photographs.(the project will continue) http://smccd.net/accounts/sevas/esl/reviewlesson/presperf2b.html
>Present perfect progressive describes an action that is on-going >from the past to the moment of speaking, implies that the action >WILL CONTINUE, and emphasizes the action. http://faculty.ulv.edu/~grekowic/week4text.htm
Most books and web pages say that the Present perfect progressive indicates an action continuing from the past into the present and possibly into the future.
However, some web pages, such as shown below, seemed to say that the Present perfect progressive sometimes actually gives you an idea that the activity WILL CONTINUE into the future.
Could you tell me which explanation is true and why?
>The Present Perfect Progressive tense can indicate that an activity > started in the past and will continue. >An art committee has photographed the entire Tower of Pisa.(the project is done) >They have been organizing 64,000 photographs.(the project will continue) http://smccd.net/accounts/sevas/esl/reviewlesson/presperf2b.html
>Present perfect progressive describes an action that is on-going >from the past to the moment of speaking, implies that the action >WILL CONTINUE, and emphasizes the action. http://faculty.ulv.edu/~grekowic/week4text.htm
Most books and web pages say that the Present perfect progressive indicates an action continuing from the past into the present and possibly into the future.
However, some web pages, such as shown below, seemed to say that the Present perfect progressive sometimes actually gives you an idea that the activity WILL CONTINUE into the future. Could you tell me if this explanation is true or not true and why?
Most books and web pages say that the Present perfect progressive indicates an action continuing from the past into the present and possibly into the future.
However, some web pages, such as shown below, seemed to say that the Present perfect progressive sometimes actually gives you an idea that the activity WILL CONTINUE into the future. Could you tell me if this explanation is correct or incorrect and why?
◆質問先◆ >>849のLongman関係の質問サイト ◆内容◆ Most books and web pages say that the Present perfect progressive indicates an action continuing from the past into the present and possibly into the future.
However, some web pages, such as shown below, seem to say that the Present perfect progressive sometimes actually gives you an idea that the activity WILL CONTINUE into the future. Could you tell me if this interpretation is correct or incorrect and why?
>The Present Perfect Progressive tense can indicate that an activity > started in the past and will continue. >An art committee has photographed the entire Tower of Pisa.(the project is done) >They have been organizing 64,000 photographs.(the project will continue) http://smccd.net/accounts/sevas/esl/reviewlesson/presperf2b.html
>Present perfect progressive describes an action that is on-going >from the past to the moment of speaking, implies that the action >WILL CONTINUE, and emphasizes the action. http://faculty.ulv.edu/~grekowic/week4text.htm
The followings are excerpts appearing in a scientific paper:
Sample mixes included 5 μl of 10x reaction buffer, 5 to 50 ng of pDDS711 as a double-standed DNA tamplete, 125 ng of each primer, and its complement, 1μl of deoxynucleoside triphosphate (dNTP) mix, double-distilled water to a final volume of 50 μl, and 2.5 U of Pfu Turbo DNA polymerase, all overlaid with 50 μl of mineral oil as described in the protocol provided.
Which do you think is the word "included" in the first line, a simple past or a past participle?
(I'd like to presume its simply a past, though a "The" should be added to the extreme top because "Sample mixes" are all the mixes used in the experiments...and "included" should be replaced with "contained" preferably. A "mix" is a sum of the ingredients, NOT an ingredient)
contain (american heritage) 1.a. to have within; hold. b. to be capable of holding. 2. to have as compnent parts; include or comprise. 3.a. to hold or keep within limits; restrain. b. to halt the spread or development of; check: a method of containing disease. ...
Syns: contain, hold, accommodate. these verbs mean to have within or have a capacity. Contain means to have within or have as a part or constituent: The book contains some amusing passages...
"contained * μl of " 14件 >The PCR reaction mixture (20 μl) contained 0.8 μl of the first strand of cDNA solution, >A reaction mixture contained 20 μl of L-amino acid oxidase (3.5U/ml), など
"included * μl of " 0件 "include * μl of " 0件 "includes * μl of " 1件 >Detection Kit includes 100 μl of affinity-purified >Anti-I2PP2A(a) and a sample of highly purified I2PP2A(a).
会話例1 ---------------------------------------------------------------------- A: We went to the Lake District last week. (先週、湖水地方に行ったの。) B: That's nice. How was it? (いいねえ、どうだった?) A: The weather was good and we had a wonderful time. Here is a small souvenir for you. (天気も良くて楽しかったよ。あなたにおみやげがあるんだ。) B: Thank you! Oh, Peter Rabbit! How cute! (ありがとう! わあ、ピーターラビットだ。かわいい!)
>>931 >raos is the best place to shop whenever you need a souvenir from bandung for relatives www.googlism.com/where_is/r/raos/ >Would you like to bring along a souvenir from Leipzig for your family and friends? www.ratskellerderstadtleipzig.de/Leipzig-e.htm > I have to make sure I bring back a souvenir from Barbados for yuh! www.islandmix.com/backchat/archive/topic/4420-1.html >Please buy a souvenir from Termi for my son! www.phantasy-star.net/psiv/psivtalk4.html >A souvenir from Nagano for her grandfather? pub4.ezboard.com/ fbourneandkraatzbladerssoyouthinkyourefunny.showMessage?topicID=12.topic >and she brought back a souvenir from there for her Nana. www.geocities.com/stacysamuelson/TressaAnnGross.html "That was SUPPOSED to be a souvenir from Minerva for me to give Diana's college girls!" pub17.ezboard.com/ fstevesparallelworldslidersfanfiction.showMessage?topicID=144.topic
"a souvenir from * for "でgoogle検索してみた。 エキゾチックなページも多いけど、微妙にネイティブっぽいのも混じってる。 どうだろうね。それこそラサール氏に聞いてみたら?
>>945 教科書的にはそうなんだけど、実際に人が話すのを聞いているとそうでも ないんだよね。例えば、>>944の文章は、意味的に、 Suppose you go to the doctor and they make you wait for ... と同じようなニュアンスだけど、supposeのあとは、現在形の方が多いと思う。 でも、そのあとは、wouldで受けるのが普通だろうね。
>>951、953 そういう問題じゃない。>>944の用法はきわめて普通。 多分こういうことだろう。 実際に使われる仮定法はif節がない場合が圧倒的に多いんだけど、そういう ときでもwouldをつかう。でもif節の場合は、実際にありえる状況を 話している場合、現在形を使うことが多い。過去形を使うのは、現実と ちがう事を言うとき、例えば、晴れの日にif it was raing today、と言ったり if I were youといったりする場合のみ。そうじゃない場合は、現在形とwould が一緒に使われるのでは。 ここら辺、皆さんの得意のPEUに書いてあるのではないか?