One researcher observed a tiger drag a wild goat it had just caught into a natural pit and began feeding. He then saw an Asiatic black bear sneak up to the pit with the greatest care and caution. Taking only quick peeks to see how things were, he waited until the tiger was totally engrossed in feeding. He carefully placed all four feet on the edge of the pit, checked his balance and aim, then suddenly hurled himself into the pit with a tremendous screaming roar. Some truly appalling sounds of combat ensued and the tiger soon came leaping out of the pit, blood streaming from numerous wounds and ran tearing off into the forest. The black bear delightedly ate the rest of the goat at his leisure.
Dale forwarded your letter to me because I am one of the people who captured, named, and tracked the tiger named Dale. デールさん(Dale Miquelle博士)があなた(巨大動物図鑑の管理人さん)からの手紙を私に転送しました。なぜなら、私はデールと言うトラを捕まえて、名付けて、追跡した人の一人です。 I had never heard of the book you mention, nor to I remember meeting or providing information to the author and his text is somewhat exaggerated. あなたが言及した本(The Last Big Cats)の事を私は聞いた事がなかったし、その著者に会ったり、情報を提供したりした覚えもないし、彼の文書はいくらか大げさに書いてあります。 Dale, the tiger, weighed 455 lbs at his heaviest and indeed did prey on bears quite frequently. トラのデールの体重は最も重い時、455ポンドでした。事実、クマを頻繁にえじきにしました。 He regularly killed and ate both brown bears and Asiatic black bears. 彼は頻繁にヒグマも、ツキノワグマも殺して食べました。 However, the largest bears that he killed were adult female brown bears that were likely all smaller than he was. しかし、彼が殺した最も大きいクマはすべて成獣の雌のヒグマで、恐らく、そのクマはすべて彼よりも小さかったです。 Of course, we could only estimate the bear’s body size because he ate them, but adult female brown bears in this area rarely weigh more than 400 lbs. もちろん、私達はクマの体の大きさを見積もったのだけです。なぜなら、彼はそれを食べてしまったからです。しかし、この地域の大人の雌のヒグマの体重が400ポンドを超えるのがまれです。 We never found a bear killed by Dale that we thought was larger than he was and certainly never “twice his size”. デールが殺したクマの中に、彼よりも大きいのを私達は一度も見付けませんでした。当然彼の二倍大きいのも見付けませんでした。 The fight he describes is true. 彼(多分、The Last Big Catsの著者)が描いた戦いは事実です。 His conclusion makes no sense to me whatsoever, i.e., tigers are natural predators. 彼の結論は私にまともとは全く思えません。なぜなら、トラは自然に(クマなどの)捕食者だからです。 ()内は訳者
http://discovery.infopop.net/1/OpenTopic?q=Y&a=tpc&s=6941912904&f=16010835&m=656100004&p=5 mellivora I'm trying to figure out which is the dominant carnivore in their relationship. It seems they are natural enemies, who will kill each other given the opportunity, much like lions and hyenas. You mentioned that bears sometimes kill tigers particularly cubs and that tigers will predate on female bears roughly their size, has their been any interaction between tigers and large male bears?
I realize that their diets are very different, yet they still seem to compete with and harbor animosity towards each other. Again any information you can provide will be greatly appreciated. Thank you for your time.
In 1996 Montana researchers near Glacier National Park watched a grizzly that had discovered the trick of following wolves and mountain lions to steal their kills. This bear was so well fed he never went into a den and never hibernated. (要約)1996年に国立公園の研究員が、ある観察を行いました。その観察とは あるヒグマがオオカミやマウンテンライオンを尾行し、彼らが獲った獲物を横取りすることによって 栄養を補給するカラクリに気付いていたということです。このためこのクマは冬場でも十分な食料を 得られるので冬眠をしないでよかったのです。
Many a coyote wolf mountain lion and now big game hunter have lost their kills to these thieving bruins. 多くのコヨーテ、オオカミ、ピューマ、そしてハンター(狩猟を行う人)が自分で 仕留めた獲物をクマに奪われる。
While working in Glacier National Park on a wolf/mountain lion interaction study the Hornocker Wildlife Research Institute discovered that both wolves and lions regularly had kills taken away by individual bears オオカミとピューマとの研究ではどちらの動物も個々のクマに 定期的に獲物を奪われていました。
I have read several books that discussed siberian tiger-brown bear conflicts but only two of them discussed in great detail the encounters between the two. (私はシベリアタイガーとヒグマの闘いについて議論された、いくつかの本を読みました。 その中で2冊だけ、トラ対ヒグマの闘いについてとても詳細に議論されていました。) These two books were about mammals of thew USSR. (これら2冊の本は旧ソ連の哺乳動物に関するものでした。)
One book was published in the 50's the other in the 1970's. (1冊は50年代に、もう1冊は1970年代に出版されました)
I will try to find the authors of the books. (私は本の著者を見つけようとしています。)
From what I have read tigers do prey on brown bears but generally only brown bears only up to a certain size. (私が読んだ限りでは、トラはヒグマを捕食しますが、しかし普通それはあるサイズまでのヒグマです。)
Tigers kill many bears but generally not large bears. (トラたちは沢山のクマを殺しますが、大抵それは大きなクマではありません。)
Apparently tigers sometimes get killed by bears when they attack a bear that is too powerful for them to handle. (時々、クマを攻撃したトラがクマの絶大なパワーに対抗しきれず、殺されたことが明らかになっています。)
I read about how a tiger was killed by a large brown bear near a river in 1913 and about a tigress that attacked a bear scavenging from her kill and was killed. (私は1913年に川の近くで大きなヒグマによってトラがどの様に殺されたのか読みました。それは雌トラから獲物を 横取りしたクマを雌トラが攻撃して逆に殺されました。)
A fully grown male brown bear weighing up to 1500 lb presents a formidable foe to even the biggest male Amur tiger. 最大限(680kgクラス)にまで成長を遂げた 巨大な羆は、最大級の アムール虎 でさえも手におえない敵となる。
Large brown bears even follow tigers and will take over their kills; especially at the end of winter when there is little food around. 特に食糧難になる冬の終わり頃には、 大きな雄の羆達は、 虎達の後をついて行き、 虎達の仕留めた獲物を横取りしようとさえする。
All, i watched the event at 9pm last evening. 皆さん、私は昨日の夜9時から見ました。
The grizzly destroyed the tiger. グリズリーはトラを破壊しました。
The extremely powerful blow reported by some individuals here, knocked the tiger over and the bear walked away unconcerned. ここの何人かの人も報告したとおりに、物凄い力の一撃でトラが倒されました。クマが何事も無かったかのように立ち去りました。
The tiger attacked again so the bear hit it again with full force and broke its back. Game over. トラが再び攻撃したので、クマは力いっぱいトラを叩いてその背骨を折りました。ゲームオーバー。
スリランカの Yala National Park で Lakshman Nadaraja が木に登っているヒョウを撮影していた。近くにはヒョウが殺したスイギュウ(子)の死骸があった。そのとき、ナマケグマが音を立てて死骸に近づいてきた。これを見たヒョウは木から飛び降りて獲物を守ろうとした。 ヒョウは腹這いで唸りながらクマに近づき飛びかかった。しかしすぐにはねのけられて後退した。その後クマはヒョウを全く気にかけず1時間半ほども食べ続けた。やがて満足したクマはもと来た道を歩み去った
The week before my visit, one of the bears got mad at a two year old (500+pounds) cub. In one swipe the bigger bear killed the smaller one. The carcass was still on the tundra.
(3)http://www.lairweb.org.nz/tiger/conflict13.html Sometimes, when the ice melts, polar bears have been known to be driven off by grizzlies, when they move south into the grizzlies feeding area.
http://www.tigers.ru/books/ecolog/ch12_en.html large, apparently male, Himalayan (or Asiatic black) bear (which we observed visually), like the brown bear that has already been mentioned, clearly did not fear the presence of tigers.? He walked along the tiger's tracks and rested in the same wild boar den as did the tiger. 私達が目で直接観察した、ある大きくて、雄と思われるツキノワグマは前述のヒグマと同じように、トラがいる事を全く恐れていなかった。 彼はトラの足跡に沿って歩いて、トラが休んだのと同じイノシシの巣穴で休んだ。
「ヒグマVSライオン」ソース集 タイテリ http://www.lairweb.org.nz/tiger/conflict13.html Eventually, and at considerable cost, African lions were brought in to raise the stakes. 結局は、かなりの費用をかけて、アフリカのライオンが対戦を行うために持ち込まれました。 The most fierce of the adult males was sent in whilst the grizzly was already waiting in the pits. 成獣の雄の最も荒々しいライオンは、ヒグマが既に待っているピットに送り込まれました。 The lion was known for bravely charging straight in and looked good for the money, but the grizzly killed a male lion almost as easily as he'd killed the bull. ライオンは勇敢な事で知られていて、中にまっすぐに突進していき、そして金のためにかっこ良く見えました。しかしヒグマは、すでに雄牛を殺していたのとほとんど同じぐらい簡単に雄のライオンを殺しました。 The Californians never understood why. カリフォルニアの人達は何が起こったのかまるで理解できませんでした。 We now know that it was enormously strong bone density meeting a low density skull. 我々は現在、それは途方もなく強い密度の骨が、低密度の頭骨に見舞われたからだと知っています。 At a range of 4 feet the blow crashed in before the lion could apply the wind pipe lock, which is lion and tiger learnt behaviour for taking down prey animals. リーチ4フィートの一撃はライオンが息する間もなく破壊し、ライオンとトラは獲物になって解体される動物の気持ちを学んだのでした。
Alaska Bear Tales(↓で紹介しれている本)から http://www.outdoorsdirectory.com/products/alaska_bear_tales.htm "A grizzly can lick anything alive, and I mean anything too. He'll spot a lion or a tiger in two blows, then flatten him with one swing of his paw. グリズリーならトラとライオンを簡単に倒せるだろう、と言う内容。
`A la California. CHARTER III. IN THE MISTS OF THE PACIFIC.(本) 65頁 I am satisfied that an average grizzly could at any time whip the strongest African lion in a fair stand-up fight, while a full-grown bull is no more to him than a rat is to the largest house-cat ライオンがグリズリーに秒殺された事件。タイテリやシアトルタイムスと同じ例か? ↓で原文が確認できる。 http://www.webroots.org/library/usahist/solitgs2.html
以下多分全てロンドンタワー動物園の話 http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1373/is_n8_v46/ai_18570774/pg_2 Enthusiastically looking forward to a bloody battle between a menagerie bear which had killed a child and one of the Tower's lions, the king was disappointed when they could not be incited to attack one another. ライオンを殺した熊に言及している。
http://www.amazon.co.jp/exec/obidos/ASIN/0743220811/qid=1076558979/sr=1-1/ref=sr_1_8_1/249-0174054-0231502 「The Tower Menagerie」より Old martin was known to have defeated 8 lions before being blinded in his last fight. オールド・マーティンは最後の戦いで目をやられる(blindedそれとも死ぬという意味か?) までに8頭のライオンを倒しました。 I have confirmed the report. 私はその話を確認しました。 Obviously it wasnt 8 lions at once but over a period of years. でも8頭が倒されたのは「一度の戦い」ではなく、数年に渡ってです。 ↑は米アニアニの住人の証言。裏は取れてない。
1904年4月、コロラドで Old Mose と呼ばれた悪名高いハイイログマがついに射殺された。このクマは35年に渡って近辺を徘徊し、800頭以上のウシを殺したといわれる。またクマを追っていたハンターも5人が命を失っている。 内臓を取り除いてからの計量で体重397kg、毛皮は長さ315cm、幅290cmだった。爪は15cm、牙は7.5cmもあった(Leonard Lee Rue III,1981)。 1923年夏、ワシントン州の Okanogan Forest Reserve では僅か数週間に35頭のウシと150頭のヒツジがハイイログマに殺されてしまった。牧場主達はハンターを雇い、退治することに成功した。このクマは体重500kg以上もあったという(Ben East, 1977)。
北アメリカのヒグマは二つの型に分けられる。アラスカの主に沿岸部にすむアラスカアカグマ Coastal Brown と、アラスカから合衆国西部にかけての内陸部にすむハイイログマ Interior Grizzly である。種類としては(ユーラシアのヒグマも含めて)同一種として扱われるが、 慣習としてこのように呼び分けることが多い(以前は別の種と考えられていた)。 Records of North American Big Game を発行している The Boone and Crockett Club は右の図の横線部分のものをアラスカアカグマ、それより内陸部のものをハイイログマと規定した。もちろんこれは狩猟記録のための規定であり、アカデミックなものではないが。
ハイイログマは毛先が灰色がかっていて光線の当たり具合によっては銀髪に見えることがある。またの名を Silvertip ともいう。 しかしそんなクマもいるという程度で、褐色の個体も多くヒグマと外観で区別することは難しい(北海道のヒグマにも銀毛と呼ばれる白髪混じりの個体がしばしば現れる)。 平均体重が400kg以上あるアラスカアカグマに較べ、ハイイログマは明らかに小さい。これは生活環境、特に食生活の相違によるといわれる(沿岸部にすむアラスカアカグマは川に上ってくる鮭の恩恵を受けているようだ)。 Frank Graighead(1979)がイエローストーン公園で行った観察によれば、ハイイログマの平均体重は雄で260kg、雌は170kgだった。 最大の頭骨は1970年にブリティッシュ・コロンビアで James Shelton が記録した440mm(幅248mm)で長さでもこれをしのぐものはない(Records of North American Big Game 1999)。
カナダ、アルバータ州、エドモントンの北240kmほどの地域には久しく絶滅したと考えられていた大型のハイイログマ Swan Hills grizzly が生息している。 石油採掘の一行がこのあまり知られていない地域でこのクマを目にし、Valley of the Giants と呼ばれるようになった。現在約400頭のグリズリーが保護されている(Gerald L. Wood, 1977)。
1873年には Monarch of the Coast と呼ばれた巨大なグリズリーが John Lang によって仕留められその体重なんと2,300ポンド(1,044kg)以上とか。 これらは皆誇大と考えられるが、Rowland Ward(1907)は1881年にハンター、W. F. Sheard がネバダで撃ち止めた697kgの記録を掲載している。毛皮の長さ351cm、幅310cm。
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PAGE196-197 bengal tigers were accidentaly allowed into the same encolsure on 6 december 1830.the lion died a few days later from the injuries he sustained during his half hour mauling.
PAGE218 the most notorious encounter of this kind came on 3 december 1830, when one of cops's assistants carelessly left open a door between the lion enclosure and the den containing bennett's moody bengal tiger and tigress. within moments they were engaged in the fiercest struggle, which lasted quite some time,with even the most energetic efforts on the part of the desperate keepers unable to stop them the tigers, with the advantage of numbers, largely had control of the fight, and though they were finally separated from thier victem after a half-hour mauling, by heated brands held to their nostrils and mouths, the injured lion did not survive more than a few days.
Sloth Bears: They Eat Ants, but Take on Tigers.ナマケグマは蟻を食べる生き物だ。しかし、トラと争う。 Still used as "dancing bears," they can hold their own with the big cats but not with human expansion./ナマケグマは大型猫科に対して地歩を保つ事が出来ます。 T.R.K. Yoganand, a biologist with the Wildlife Institute of India./ヨガは"the Wildlife Institute of India"の生物学者です。 Yoganand, whose friends all call him "Yoga," has spent the past four years studying sloth bears in India, and when he has seen bear meet tiger, the result is often a draw. ヨガは過去四年間ナマケグマをインドで研究した。彼が、トラとナマケグマとの(meet/1.遭遇する。2.戦うなど)を観察した時の結果は、しばしば引き分けだった。
【マレー熊】 http://www.zoo.org/educate/fact_sheets/sun_bear/sbear.htm Small but Powerful/Although sun bears are only about half the size of American black bears, they are well equipped to defend themselves if attacked by a large predator such as a tiger. 〜if a large predator grabs a sun bear, it can turn in its loose skin and bite its attacker. マレー熊はアメリカ黒熊の半分の大きさしかないのですが、トラ等の大型捕食獣から十分に身を守る能力があります。彼らは怒鳴り声をあげて二本足で立ち上がり、攻撃者に重傷を与よるために鎌のような長い爪と不相応に長い牙と強力な顎を用います。 大型の捕食獣が熊をつかまえると、伸び易い皮を利して向きを変えて敵に噛みつきます。
http://www.honoluluzoo.org/Zookeepers_Journal/Sunbear.doc Some consider the sun bear the most dangerous animal in its wild habitat, as they will even defend against tiger attacks". ある地域ではマレー熊を最も恐ろしい動物と考える人もいる。この熊はトラの攻撃からでさえ自分の身を守れるでしょう。
POWER: One of the most powerful land carnivores in the world (exceeded in strength but not speed by the Kodiak bear), the tiger is a massively built cat of awesome size and power.
http://www.wildlifesurvival.com/tigerinfo.htm Threats to the Siberian tiger are: Poaching, disappearing forests and habitats by deforestation, bad weather conditions that cause their prey not to be able to find food which in turn causes scarcity in the tiger's food supply. Other carnivores such as the brown bear will steal their food right out from under them. ヒグマがトラのもとより餌を盗む。 ここでは、それを虎に対する脅威のひとつとして捉えてるようです
1.In order to present approximate quantitative indices characterizing the tiger's diet〜
By summing together such segments for male tigers, we will produce a characterization of their lives over a 41-day period (460 km of tracking)〜
Over that interval of time, there were ten prey kills with one animal being an adult female wild boar that had been killed by a tigress but that was eaten by her together with a male tiger during their joint travels. その調査期間中に、10個の雄トラの獲物があった(その内の一個は雌のトラに殺された大人の雌の猪である)。
There were eight wild boar (7 of which were yearlings) and two Manchurian deer (an adult bull and an adult female) among the ten prey kills. その10個の獲物の中で、猪は8個(その内の7個は子供)で成獣の鹿が2個だった。
This means that, on average, a male tiger eats only somewhat more than 50 kg of meat per week. これらは、平均して、雄のトラが一週間ごとに50sよりやや多い程度の肉だけを食べる事を意味します。
2.There were 11 prey kills for 28 24-hour periods in the life of tigresses (219 km of tracking).The species composition of their prey is more diverse than in the previous case : six wild boar (two adults, four piglets); one yearling Manchurian deer (saek); one musk deer, and one dog. メスのトラが殺した獲物を11個調べた。6個は猪(2個が大人/残りは子供)、1つは鹿の子供、1つはmusk deer、1つはイヌだった。
ロシア科学アカデミーより 4年に間の冬の観察から http://www.tigers.ru/books/ecolog/ch4_en.html The bear must be assigned first place among the predatory mammals that can be numbered among the competitors, the plunderers of the prey of the tiger, or the objects of its hunts. Both species of bears indigenous to the fauna of Primor'e inhabited the long-term study site.? During the "snowy" period of the year, contacts between a tiger and a bear can occur during only very narrow time intervals at the beginning and at the end of winter.
http://www.tigers.ru/books/ecolog/ch12_en.html Various reactions were observed in such situations in the case of bears. One brown bear, which was staying in an area permanently inhabited by tigers, clearly felt himself to be the complete master in that place.
large, apparently male, Himalayan (or Asiatic black) bear (which we observed visually), like the brown bear that has already been mentioned, clearly did not fear the presence of tigers.? He walked along the tiger's tracks and rested in the same wild boar den as did the tiger.
http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/ (The Texas Archeological Research Laboratory/テキサス大) http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/bonfire/images/sb24.html Dr. Ernest Lundelius holds scull of the short-faced bear, the largest and most powerful predator in North America in the Late Pleistocene. http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/bonfire/talkingbones.html Bement narrowed the possibilities down to the short-faced bear and the sabertoothed cat species known from the region, scimitar cat. Both carnivores had large canines and powerful jaws and are known to have denned in caves. The short-faced bear was the largest and most powerful predator in North America during the Late Pleistocene and was mainly a flesh-eater. 「サーベルタイガーを差し置いて、ショートフェイスベアを上位に置く」。※DR,Ernest Lundelius(ナショジオなどで引用される博士)
http://www.nature.ca/notebooks/english/shrtbear.htm This bear seems to have been mainly a flesh-eater and was by far the most powerful land predator during the Ice Age in North America. 「当時、遥かに強力な捕食獣だった」。
http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/megabeasts/experts/tankersley.html The short-faced (Arctodus simus) bear was the single most deadly predator of the Ice Age. The short-faced bear had a short, sleek, and stealthy body, with long, powerful legs, a short face, and a broad powerful muzzle filled with large piercing canines and jagged molars that could tear through the toughest hides and crush the thickest bones, including those of a mammoth or mastodon. 「最も危険な捕食獣だった。マンモスなどの骨さえ砕くのだ」その他極めて多数。
クマをこよなく愛した Ben East(Bears, 1977)は大きなアラスカヒグマがアフリカ・ライオンと戦ったら…と考えることがよくあるという(彼があえて African Lion と書いているのはピューマを Mountain Lion と呼んでいるため)。
クマはゆうに1000ポンド(約450kg)を超え、一方ライオンはその半分もない。しかもクマはライオンと同じくらい早く動ける。分厚い毛皮にはライオンの爪もなかなか通らないだろうが、その下にはさらに厚い脂肪層とタフな筋肉があり、その上骨格は重々しく頑丈だ。 East は前足の一撃でクマが百獣の王の頭か首を砕くであろうと予測する。今日存在する大型ネコ類では相手にならぬと、彼の想いは氷河時代のホラアナグマとサーベルタイガーへと発展する…。
類似情報(恐らく上の本からの引用)。 1.http://www.lairweb.org.nz/tiger/conflict10.html Often the bear is trying to steal the tiger's kill. (しばしば熊らは虎の獲物を奪おうとする。)2.http://www.lairweb.org.nz/tiger/conflict9.html Large brown bears even follow tigers and will take over their kills; especially at the end of winter when there is little food around. (食料が少ない頃、 大きな雄の羆らは、 虎らの後をついて行き、 虎らの獲物を奪い取ろうとする。)
アニアニのライブラリーにあった http://www.defenders.org/magazinenew/guest/varleymag.html The bears seemed to follow the wolves deliberately in order to take over the kills. In one encounter nine wolves challenged an adult grizzly for a carcass. The bear lay down on the elk and refused to move.Checkmated the wolves eventually gave up and left to make another kill.In clashes with wolves grizzlies usually prevail. Where it's not available grizzlies rely mainly on plants roots berries and insects. Hibernation is an adaptive strategy that enables bears to survive through the long winter despite food scarcity. クマは計画的に獲物を奪うためにオオカミの後をつけて行くように見えた。 ある両者の衝突では、9頭のオオカミが狩った獲物を守るためにヒグマの成獣に挑戦した。 クマはエルクの上に横たわり、オオカミの要求を拒絶した。ついにオオカミは獲物をあきらめて 他の獲物を狩りに行った。対オオカミ戦では大抵ヒグマが勝つ(私の個人的意見だがクマの 下手したら2倍あるようなヘラジカを圧倒的に捕食するオオカミの集団をも大抵追い払うクマはやはり 純粋肉食獣に相性がいいと思う)。肉が手に入らないときは植物類や昆虫を主食とする。
In 1996 Montana researchers near Glacier National Park watched a grizzly that had discovered the trick of following wolves and mountain lions to steal their kills. This bear was so well fed he never went into a den and never hibernated. (要約)1996年に国立公園の研究員が、ある観察を行いました。その観察とは あるヒグマがオオカミやマウンテンライオンを尾行し、彼らが獲った獲物を横取りすることによって 栄養を補給するカラクリに気付いていたということです。このためこのクマは冬場でも十分な食料を 得られるので冬眠をしないでよかったのです。
Yoganand, whose friends all call him "Yoga," has spent the past four years studying sloth bears in India, and when he has seen bear meet tiger, the result is often a draw. ヨガは過去四年間ナマケグマをインドで研究した。彼が、トラとナマケグマとの(meet/1.遭遇する。2.戦うなど)を観察した時の結果は、しばしば引き分けだった。
They will, at their best, be absolutely fearless, and have beaten tigers, lions and many other animals in arranged fights. They will charge even locomotives.
They will, at their best, be absolutely fearless, and have beaten tigers, lions and many other animals in arranged fights. They will charge even locomotives. 「スペイン闘牛」達は、(1.最高の状態/2.全盛期など)では何者も恐れない。そして、「トラ達やライオン達」や、その他の多くの動物を倒してきた。闘牛達は機関車にさえ攻撃を仕掛けるだろう。
Malaya-The National Newspaper(フィリピンの主要新聞の一角を担う。マラヤ紙) Duel of the beasts. One Sunday afternoon, the Plaza de Toros de Manila, which was the old bull ring in Ermita, served as the setting for a "grand fight to the death between a full-blooded Spanish bull and a Royal Bengal tiger. " What actually happened was a series of mild attacks by the tiger that got tossed into the air each time he dived at the bull. It was a stalemate; both beasts survived and the audience felt gypped. (要約)動物同士の戦い。古い闘技場で純血のスペイン闘牛とロイヤルベンガルトラの生死を賭けた戦いが企図され行われた。この戦いで実際に起こった事は、トラが闘牛に飛び掛るたびに牛によってトラが空中に放り投げられるという事の繰り返しばかりだった。 つまり膠着状態に陥ったのだ。 結局は両動物は死ななかった。
http://bancroft.berkeley.edu/Exhibits/bearinmind/themes/inthearena/04.html The Century Illustrated Monthly Magazine, December, 1890. Illustration. Quotation: JOSE ARNAZ, Recuerdos de Jose Arnaz ...: manuscript, 1878. Translation by Jean Gibson Ordonez. Sometimes bulls were pitted against bears, the bears generally coming out victorious. (対闘牛戦闘「闘技場」においては通常はクマが勝つ)。
I witnessed an event in Santa Barbara in which a bear killed three bulls, one after the other. For these fights they tied the beasts by one paw and sometimes they tied two together by the forepaws, leaving them a lot of rope. Under these conditions they fought to a frenzy.
The usual thing was to leave the bull loose. He would generally attack first, and the bear would be defending itself. When the bull came at it, the bear would put its forepaw on his forehead and grab him by the leg and hold him as though he were a piece of straw. In this way the bear overcame him, making him lower his head. When he bellowed, it grabbed his tongue, and then it would be necessary to separate them so that the bear would not immediately kill the bull. There were occasions on which the bull killed the bear with his horns, but this was only if the bear was badly injured after having been tied down tightly in a cart and brought over a long distance." (クマが負けるのは戦いの場に赴く道のりにおいて悪状況などでひどい怪我等を負っている時である)。 *他にも、同HP内には飼育個体の大物で350〜450sとの記述がある。
http://ww4.ezpics.net/marsico/AnimalSculptures~Description19/go Some bears were known to kill over 80 bulls in a roll before they would finally lose. The bulls would charge in low and swing those horns up and the bears would always stand tall and swing down to break the necks of the bulls in usually just one swipe. クマの中には最後に負けるまでの戦績で80頭以上の闘牛を打ち倒したものさえいる。あたまを低くして闘牛が突進すると、いつもくまは立ち上がり大抵場合は一撃で闘牛を打ち倒す。
http://www.dogointernational.com/fsarticle.html The battle I watched and photographed was between a 120-pound male puma and a 75-pound Dogo. The dog, a 1-1/2-year-old female named Conajen, which means brave in the Araucanian tongue, was making her puma-fighting debut.
When the dog was led near the cage the puma let out a series of fierce catlike hisses, baring a set of lethal fangs.
The lion then unsheathed its claws as the dog entered the enclosure.Without sparring, the dogo made a straight dash for the puma and the two animals were enveloped in a whirling ball of fur and hair.
The barks and screams were probably heard on the next estancia a mile away.As I clicked my first photo, I noted the time just as the puma caught the dogo with a lightening paw slap across the head.
Then, as the dog charged for the puma’s throat, the big cat came down with its forepaws on either side of the dog’s head and the two went tumbling end over end again. When they came to s stop, the dog had solidly pinned the lion with a death grip at its jugular vein. Bilo gave the signal and the pair were separated.My watch told me it took slightly more than two minutes for the dog to win its inaugural battle. オスのピューマ(54kg)がメスのドゴ(34kg)が戦ったが、ドゴが勝った
In the course of the study which began in 1991 14 tigers have been trapped and radio-collared and their movements and behaviour are under continuous monitoring. 1991年からの研究において、 14匹の虎が罠により捕獲され、無線発信機を取り付けることにより、間断なくその活動をモニタリングすることが可能となった。
Brown bears which have also been radio-collared have been found to take over tiger kills. 同じように発信機を取り付けたことによって、その 羆達が虎達の獲物を 横取りすることも判明した。
There are even cases known of adult brown bears that were killed and eaten by Amur tigers. This probably only happens when these bears are surprised during hibernation in their den. 大人のヒグマがアムール虎に殺されて食べられる場合さえもあります。おそらくこれはクマが穴の中で冬眠中にトラに奇襲された時にだけ起こります。
However, brown bear cubs are killed more often (indicating that male tigers can drive away the defending mother bear) しかしながら、ヒグマの子供がより頻繁に殺されているのです。(これは雄のトラ達が、守っている母グマを追い払う事が出来る事を示します)
The killing of male brown bears is very rare. 雄のヒグマを殺すことは非常にまれです。
In such cases the tiger usually takes the bear by surprise during hibernation. このような場合トラは通常冬眠中の熊を奇襲します。
These two opponents are very wary of a fight. この両者は争いに非常に慎重です。
A fully grown, male brown bear, weighing up to 1500 lb, presents a formidable foe to even the biggest male Amur tiger. 種としての成長した雄のヒグマは、最高1500ポンドの重さがあり、最も大きい雄のアムールトラにさえ手ごわい敵となると思われます。
Large brown bears even follow tigers and will take over their kills; especially at the end of winter when there is little food around. 大きいヒグマは、トラの後を追ってまでも、トラの獲物を乗っ取るでしょう。特にほとんど存在している食物がない冬の終わりに。
Two large male tigers were found killed by such animals in the year 2000, which is tragic, if natures way. 2000年に、この動物(ヒグマ)によって2匹の大きい雄トラが殺されているのが発見されました。もしそれが自然の摂理であるなら悲劇的です
Tigers will usually avoid such a powerful foe, but eventually these huge animals will run into each other. トラ達は、普通はこのような強力な敵を避けるでしょう、しかし結局は、これらの巨大な動物はお互いに逃走します。
Often the bear is trying to steal the tiger's kill. しばしば熊はトラの獲物を盗もうとします。
The tiger gives a better account of itself in a bear fight than the lion. トラは、熊との争いにおいて、ライオンよりは堂々と振舞うでしょう。
The bear does not go in for strangulation or nape biting, but uses his paws to rain blows to the head and shoulders. 熊は、絞殺や首筋を噛むことには拘りませんが、前肢を使い、相手の頭と肩へ雨のように強打を見舞います。
Possibly this removes any advantage of a mane. おそらく、これはたてがみのどんな利点も消してしまいます。
The grizzly bear is a poor predator, taking down a caribou only when the opportunity arises. グリズリーは、機会があった時にのみトナカイを狩るという貧弱な肉食動物でした。
This, however, shifted his evolution in favour of the job in hand, namely as a digger of hard barren ground for roots, tubers and den building. しかしながら、この事は、彼の手の役目を隆起や巣穴を作るように進化させました。すなわち硬い不毛の土地を掘る坑夫として。
The grizzly bear subsequently evolved enormous bone and muscle density; roughly ten times our own for a given size. その後、グリズリーは巨大な骨と筋肉の密度を進化させました。とある大きさでは、およそ我々の10倍の大きさです。
They have developed into huge and enormously powerful animals. グリズリーは巨大で、そして途方もなく強力な動物に進化しました。
Eventually, and at considerable cost, African lions were brought in to raise the stakes. 結局は、かなりの費用をかけて、アフリカのライオンが対戦を行うために持ち込まれました。
The most fierce of the adult males was sent in whilst the grizzly was already waiting in the pits. 成獣の雄の最も荒々しいライオンは、ヒグマが既に待っているピットに送り込まれました。
The lion was known for bravely charging straight in and looked good for the money, but the grizzly killed a male lion almost as easily as he'd killed the bull. ライオンは勇敢な事で知られていて、中にまっすぐに突進していき、そして金のためにかっこ良く見えました。しかしヒグマは、すでに雄牛を殺していたのとほとんど同じぐらい簡単に雄のライオンを殺しました。
The Californians never understood why. カリフォルニアの人達は何が起こったのかまるで理解できませんでした。
We now know that it was enormously strong bone density meeting a low density skull. 我々は現在、それは途方もなく強い密度の骨が、低密度の頭骨に見舞われたからだと知っています。
At a range of 4 feet the blow crashed in before the lion could apply the wind pipe lock, which is lion and tiger learnt behaviour for taking down prey animals. リーチ4フィートの一撃はライオンが息する間もなく破壊し、ライオンとトラは獲物になって解体される動物の気持ちを学んだのでした。
オズモンド・ブレランド(Animal Life and Lore,1963)は、かつてカリフォルニアでライオンとハイイログマの戦いが行われたと書いている。 そして彼も詳しい経過はわからないようだが、ハイイログマが勝ったという。 西部開拓時代のアリーナは時の労働者を興奮させたようだが、現代人の想像力も刺激する。 ブルドッグやウシと共にハイイログマもよく登場した。 後脚で立ち上がって雄牛を迎えうち、突進してきたウシに前足で強烈な打撃をくわえ、そのまま両手でウシを押さえて頭部に噛みつき捻り倒す。 ウシは首の骨を折って死ぬ。この手でライオンも倒したのだろうか。 California Reader によると、ロサンゼルスで捕獲されたハイイログマがメキシコのモンテレイに送られ、ピットでライオンと戦ったことがあった。 この時クマはまるでネコがネズミを扱うように簡単に素早くライオンを殺してしまったので、観衆は何が起こったのかすぐには理解できなかったほどだった。
THE grizzly bear is a lordly animal. An ordinary-sized one will weigh from nine hundred to twelve hundred pounds, a large one a ton. The grizzly is the king of beasts. When, a few years ago, a Los Angeles County grizzly was sent to Monterrey, Mexico, to be pitted against the man-killing African lion "Parnell" the great Californian handled the African king as a cat would a rat. He killed him so quickly that the big audience hardly knew how it was done
Another subspecies, U. a. manchuricus, inhabits the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk, Amur Basin, Sakhalin Island and Ussuriland. It once occurred in North Korea and Northeastern China,but is now almost extinct there. These animals are large (some were documented killing tigers), もうひとつの亜種 マンシュウヒグマはオホーツク海沿岸、アムール盆地、サハリン、 ウスリー地方に住んでいる。 かつては北朝鮮や中国東北部にもいたが、現在ではほぼ絶滅している。 これらの動物は巨大だ【トラ(複数形に注目)を殺したと記録されているものもいる。】
zoobooksより If tiger is hungry enough, it may even attack a bear. But that may by a big mistake. This Siberian Tiger has attacked a Eurasian Brown Bear that is almost twice its size. The bear is also stronger than the tiger and every bit as mean. トラは空腹になると熊を襲う事がある。しかし、これは大きな失敗だ。 この(絵の)シベリアトラはユーラシアヒグマを襲おうとしているが熊はトラの倍近い大きさだ。 また、大抵の場合、熊はトラより頑強で、したたかに噛む。
For example after hybernation the brown bear is very hungry and will often find a tiger and follow it waiting for the tiger to make a kill. When the tiger finally makes a kill the bear chases the tiger away and claims the dead animal as its own. ここでは冬眠終了時で非常に空腹な時などには、 ヒグマはトラを見つけると、後をつけ、トラが獲った獲物を奪い取る。
This provides an important source of nutrition for the bear until other foods are available. ヒグマ が植物類などが手に入らない時でも貴重な栄養素を摂ることが出来るのはこの横取りがあるからだ。
While this may not seem fair it is merely part of the balance of nature. いけないことだと思われるでしょうが、これがありのままの自然の姿なのです。
http://www.defenders.org/magazinenew/guest/varleymag.html No wolves were near but a pulse of excitement raced through me as I spotted a large grizzly lying belly down on the carcass front and rear paws stretched out on each side as far as they would go. It looked like a giant bearskin rug spread-eagled over the elk. (要約)近くにオオカミはいなかったが、私の鼓動は高まった。 大きなグリズリーがあたかも大きなクマの敷物のように獲物であるエルクの上に うつ伏せになっているのを見たからだ。
We all know that in the human world possession is nine tenths of the law. In the grizzly's world possession is the law. Even from a distance every aspect of the bear's posture and demeanor communicated one message: This is mine and you'd better stay away. This bear which appeared to weigh around 400 pounds probably had been out of its den only a few days.(一部略) Finally about mid-afternoon with the carcass largely devoured the griz charged up a snowy hillside and disappeared. 人間界では占有は所有権に基づくがグリズリーの世界では占有自体が法律です。 遠くからでさえ、クマの態度から「この獲物は私のだ。お前らは向こうへ行け。」と主張しているのが 見てとれました。約180?sはあろうかと思えるこのクマは恐らく冬眠を終えて2、3日。(略) 午後まで何時間も獲物を食い尽くした後にクマはついに去っていった。
Biologists have been amazed at how quickly grizzlies have zeroed in on wolf kills. While meat is a terrific source of bear nutrition most grizzlies are efficient predators only on elk calves and only for a few weeks in early summer. But grizzlies have exceedingly keen noses.They can smell a carcass more than a mile away. 生物学者はグリズリー(ヒグマ)がオオカミが獲った獲物に気付くのが非常に早いので驚いた。 肉はクマにとって素晴らしい栄養源だが、殆どのヒグマはエルクの子供にのみ、初夏の2、3週間のみ 活発な肉食獣となります。ヒグマは非常に優れた嗅覚が備わっているので1.6km先から動物の死体の臭い を嗅ぎ付けます。
オオカミ、ピューマとグリズリーの関係+ジャガー少し http://www.defenders.org/magazinenew/guest/varleymag.html The bears seemed to follow the wolves deliberately in order to take over the kills. In one encounter nine wolves challenged an adult grizzly for a carcass. The bear lay down on the elk and refused to move.Checkmated the wolves eventually gave up and left to make another kill.In clashes with wolves grizzlies usually prevail. Where it's not available grizzlies rely mainly on plants roots berries and insects. Hibernation is an adaptive strategy that enables bears to survive through the long winter despite food scarcity. クマは計画的に獲物を奪うためにオオカミの後をつけて行くように見えた。 ある両者の衝突では、9頭のオオカミが狩った獲物を守るためにヒグマの成獣に挑戦した。 クマはエルクの上に横たわり、オオカミの要求を拒絶した。ついにオオカミは獲物をあきらめて 他の獲物を狩りに行った。対オオカミ戦では大抵ヒグマが勝つ(私の個人的意見だがクマの 下手したら2倍あるようなヘラジカを圧倒的に捕食するオオカミの集団をも大抵追い払うクマはやはり 純粋肉食獣に相性がいいと思う)。肉が手に入らないときは植物類や昆虫を主食とする。
In 1996 Montana researchers near Glacier National Park watched a grizzly that had discovered the trick of following wolves and mountain lions to steal their kills. This bear was so well fed he never went into a den and never hibernated. (要約)1996年に国立公園の研究員が、ある観察を行いました。その観察とは あるヒグマがオオカミやマウンテンライオンを尾行し、彼らが獲った獲物を横取りすることによって 栄養を補給するカラクリに気付いていたということです。このためこのクマは冬場でも十分な食料を 得られるので冬眠をしないでよかったのです。
Many a coyote wolf mountain lion and now big game hunter have lost their kills to these thieving bruins. 多くのコヨーテ、オオカミ、ピューマ、そしてハンター(狩猟を行う人)が自分で 仕留めた獲物をクマに奪われる。
While working in Glacier National Park on a wolf/mountain lion interaction study the Hornocker Wildlife Research Institute discovered that both wolves and lions regularly had kills taken away by individual bears オオカミとピューマとの研究ではどちらの動物も個々のクマに 定期的に獲物を奪われていました。
Jaguars and pumas are in almost direct competition throughout most of their mutual distribution (Rabinowitz 1987). The smaller and less powerful puma probably gives way in confrontations. They are known always to avoid grizzly bears,(略) (要約) ジャガーとピューマは互いに生息地が重なる地域では大抵の場合競合します。戦いでは、小さく力の弱いピューマが恐らくジャガーに負けると思います。ピューマがいつもグリズリーを避ける事は知られています。
Bears possess enormous strength, regardless of species or size. The strength of a bear is difficult to measure, but observations of bears moving rocks, carrying animal carcasses, removing large logs from the side of a cabin, and digging cavernous holes are all indicative of enormous power. No animal of equal size is as powerful. A bear may kill a moose, elk, or deer by a single blow to the neck with a powerful foreleg, then lift the carcass in its mouth and carry it for great distances.
"The strength . . . is in keeping with his size," describes Ben East in Bears. "He is a very powerfully built, a heavy skeleton overlaid with thick layers of muscle as strong as rawhide rope. He can hook his long, grizzly-like front claws under a slab of rock that three grown men could not lift, and flip it over almost effortlessly...." "... a brown [bear] ... took a thousand-pound steer a half mile up an almost vertical mountain, much of the way through alder tangles with trunks three or four inches thick."
Strength and power are not only the attributes of large bears but also of the young. The author observed a yearling American black bear, while searching for insects, turn over a flat-shaped rock (between 310 and 325 pounds) "backhanded" with a single foreleg. The bear was captured the following day in a management action and weighed 120 pounds.
The lion, for example, has a bite force of about 940 pounds(約427kg), slightly less than the hyena’s roughly 1,000 pounds(454kg). The only shark tested, the dusky shark, achieves about 330 pounds(約150kg), while a common dog, the Labrador, bites at a mere 125 pounds(約57kg) or so. Anyone ever jawed by a toddler might judge the strength of the human bite force to be near infinite. But people bite at a maximum force of about 170 pounds(約77kg), just one-thirteenth the strength of a large gator. (ライオン427kg、ハイエナ454kg、ラブラドール57kg、人間77kg)。 ※1.約80匹に皮を巻いた鉄の棒を噛ませて測定したが、その内の45匹の測定に成功したようだ。
※3.ライオンやワニ等の上述各種数値は最高値(平均ではないようだ)のようだ。 ソース(University of Florida and University of California, Berkeley)
http://www.stanford.edu/dept/news/pr/96/960827tyrexbite.html Stanford University(スタンフォード大学) Greater forces would have been exerted simultaneously by teeth further back in the mouth nearer the jaw hinge. From the data the researchers calculated this force to be 3,011 pounds. By comparison, a human exerts a maximum force of about 175 pounds with the rear teeth, an African lion about 937 pounds, and an alligator slightly less than 3,000 pounds. (二) http://www.ntv.co.jp/FERC/research/20000618/r054.html 「噛み付く力は、772kgとトラの2倍にも達する。」 ゆえに虎の噛む力は推定約390kgとなる
トラよりヒグマの方が人間に対して攻撃的 June, 1959. Shandui. "We went to look around. While walking, we saw a killed baby moose in the forest opening that was still warm. Killed probably by a tiger. She scented us and left. And then, we saw her coming from the forest about 20-30 meters from us. We could even see her eyes and whiskers. We were looking at her and she was looking at us. Nobody had a gun. She slowly turned around and left too pity for a meat but not used to killing a man." (I. Samarkin). The fact that tigers leave their kill is described by many hunters and foresters. Similar cases are presented by S. Kuchurenko (1973) and V. Zhivotchenko (1976). Kuchurenko reasonably notes that bears in similar cases act very aggressively.
スミソニアン国立動物公園の意見 Smithsonian National Zoological Park http://natzoo.si.edu/Publications/ZooGoer/1999/2/fact-brown.cfm In their small range in eastern Russia,the endangered Amur, or Siberian, tiger(Panthera tigris altaica) lives in areas inhabited by brown bears. They sometimes prey on young bears.
To watch bears baited he had a special pit made and once matched a lion with a bear which was to be punished for killing a child, but the lion refused to fight and the bear had to be baited to death by dogs instead.
コンプトン百科事典 http://www.furryfiction.furtopia.org/animals/comptons/tigers.php They prey upon many other wild animals. Wherever humans have domestic animals, tigers destroy a large number of cattle, horses, sheep, and goats. If hungry enough, a tiger can kill an ox about every five days, or from 60 to 70 a year. Unless it is cornered or greatly provoked, the tiger avoids the elephant, and it rarely attacks a large buffalo or bear. In battles with these animals the tiger is frequently beaten.(Compton's Encyclopedia) (要約)トラは野生動物から家畜まで多くの動物を捕食する。トラは約5日に1回の割合、または年に60〜70匹の数の牛を殺す事が出来る。 もし非常に怒らせたり、追い詰めたりしなければ、トラはゾウを避ける。 そして、稀だが大型の水牛やクマに攻撃を仕掛けるのだが、その戦いの中ではトラは頻繁に打ち負かされる。
http://www.wildlifesurvival.com/tigerinfo.htm Threats to the Siberian tiger are: Poaching, disappearing forests and habitats by deforestation, bad weather conditions that cause their prey not to be able to find food which in turn causes scarcity in the tiger's food supply. Other carnivores such as the brown bear will steal their food right out from under them. ヒグマがトラのもとより餌を盗む。 ここでは、それを虎に対する脅威のひとつとして捉えてるようです
Siberian tigers are the largest of all the tiger subspecies, with male tigers averaging up to 700 lbs. and female tigers averaging up to 500 lbs. An average Siberian tiger is 12-13 feet from the nose to the tip of the tail and three feet high at the shoulders. Siberian tigers are the only tigers to live in cold weather, often below -18 degrees C, and get their name from the region in which they live, the Amur-Ussuri region of Siberia. In fact, they are quite comfortable in cold weather. The tigers manage to stay warm partly because of a layer of fat on its flanks and belly. The thick, long, light yellow coat also helps keep the tiger warm during the harsh winters of the Siberian wild. The Siberian tiger's coat is a sharp contrast to that of other tiger species, whose coats are darker and ch thinner.
Brown Bear is a large bear with a muscular hump on its shoulders. Bear is one of the most beautiful animals in Siberian forests. There are brown bears in Russia, but we know about arctic - polar bears and mountain - black bears. Siberian bear is brown. It's big and strong. People call it THE TAIGA MASTER, because it is the strongest animal here. A bear is a predatory animal but also it likes mushrooms, berries, nuts and honey. One of the favourite meals for bears is fish. Bears spend a lot of time on the riverside for swimming and fishing in the summer time. Winter is sleeping time for bears. Bears make a special home-den under the tree and sleep in it all the winter. A bear is a hero of many Russian tales.
The Siberian Tiger is the largest tiger in the world and lives in solitude in the forests and mountains of the far eastern Ussuri region. The common brown bear a national symbol of Russia, lives in the mountains and forests of the entire country from Europe to Siberia, and in the mountains of the far eastern Ussuri region. Such large creatures can sustain themselves in semi-hibernation throughout the winter on the fruits and berries of the forests; on fish; and even on deer, for they can cover short distances at enormous speed.
野生生物リハビリテーション・センターの人たちは、雌トラが雌ヒグマに殺されるのは当然と考えているようです。 http://english.pravda.ru/society/2001/11/09/20549.html Environmentalists are searching for a female tiger called Troya, which was released from a wildlife rehabilitation centre. The tiger disappeared without trace in the Far Eastern taiga. Three months ago, Russian and American experts launched a unique experiment in Russia's Far East. Two young female tigers, Troya and Pakhomovna, were released from the Wildlife Rehabilitation Centre Utes, at the foothills of the Sikhote-Alin Range in the Khabarovsk Region, following a lengthy treatment. Special radio-collars, which transfer information via a satellite to a radio centre, were attached to the two animals. However, soon the radio centre stopped receiving signals from Troya's collar. The ecologists organised helicopter rides over the taiga and hunting experts and rangers combed the area, from where the last signals were received, but no trace of the tiger has been found. Board Chairman of the Regional Wildlife Foundation and Doctor of Biology Alexander Kulikov told RIA Novosti that "most probably, Troya has become yet another victim of poachers." "Even if the tiger died in a fight with another stronger animal, e.g. a female brown bear, the collar would have shown where she died," Mr. Kulikov said.
トラ ヒグマ(グリズリー) 「where the grizzly walks」第7章 The fight between a large amur and a large grizzly was accidental but it ended up representing what a big brown grizzly can do. The tiger bit into the bears shoulder when the bear accidentally found itself in the tigers enclosure. The grizzly responded by tearing out the front shoulders of the tiger then breaking the bones of the skull. 大きなシベリアトラと大きなヒグマの間に起きた戦いは偶然の産物だったが、 巨大なヒグマができることを示した結果に終わった。 トラがクマの肩にかみついたとき、クマは自分がトラの囲いにいることに気がついた。 クマはトラの肩を引き裂き、頭蓋骨を破壊した。
トラ ヒグマ トラの体重 ユージン・ビクトル博士 http://www.tigers.ru/articles/tab_eng.html#tab1 1972 r.Komissarovka Pogranichny killed by bear 1981 v.Novo-Vladimirovka Spassky shot dead after provoked attack on hunters; had been wounded by brown bear 雄の成獣のトラがクマに致命傷を負わされた実例。
http://www.wildlifesurvival.com/tigerinfo.htm Threats to the Siberian tiger are: Poaching, disappearing forests and habitats by deforestation, bad weather conditions that cause their prey not to be able to find food which in turn causes scarcity in the tiger's food supply. Other carnivores such as the brown bear will steal their food right out from under them. ヒグマがトラのもとより餌を盗む。 ここでは、それを虎に対する脅威のひとつとして捉えてるようです
トラ ヒグマ(グリズリー) モンタナ大学 http://pet-0.dot.thebbs.jp/1071060595.html トリニトロン 04/01/13 15:17 3QLzWspUvH9 えーと忘れた頃にモンタナ大学の方から返信が来ました。 当の私もあまり記憶がありませんが多分、グリズリーサイドの研究機関かな? We know very little about the Siberian Tiger. (私達はほんのちょっとしかシベリアタイガーに関して知りません) However, Grizzly bears can be very ferocious and are afraid of nothing. (しかしながらグリズリーはとても凶暴であり何も恐れません) Any size grizzly bear would no doubt give the tiger a good fight. (どんなサイズのグリズリーでも、おそらくタイガーといい勝負をするでしょう) Large bears of 800 or 1000 pounds might well defeat a tiger. (360kgや450kgの大きなクマはタイガーを難なく撃破できるでしょう) Of course, the only way to know for sure is to get a large grizzly bear and a Siberian tiger and throw them in the cage together and see what happens. (勿論確実に確かめる唯一の方法は大型のグリズリーとシベリアタイガーを捕獲して同じゲージに入れてどうなるか 見ることです) Good luck with that!(どうなることやら!) Margo J Coleman Computer Support Specialist I [email protected] University of Montana USGS Glacier Field Station Science Center Glacier National Park
Siberian tigers are the largest of all the tiger subspecies, with male tigers averaging up to 700 lbs. and female tigers averaging up to 500 lbs. An average Siberian tiger is 12-13 feet from the nose to the tip of the tail and three feet high at the shoulders. Siberian tigers are the only tigers to live in cold weather, often below -18 degrees C, and get their name from the region in which they live, the Amur-Ussuri region of Siberia. In fact, they are quite comfortable in cold weather. The tigers manage to stay warm partly because of a layer of fat on its flanks and belly. The thick, long, light yellow coat also helps keep the tiger warm during the harsh winters of the Siberian wild. The Siberian tiger's coat is a sharp contrast to that of other tiger species, whose coats are darker and ch thinner.
Brown Bear is a large bear with a muscular hump on its shoulders. Bear is one of the most beautiful animals in Siberian forests. There are brown bears in Russia, but we know about arctic - polar bears and mountain - black bears. Siberian bear is brown. It's big and strong. People call it THE TAIGA MASTER, because it is the strongest animal here. A bear is a predatory animal but also it likes mushrooms, berries, nuts and honey. One of the favourite meals for bears is fish. Bears spend a lot of time on the riverside for swimming and fishing in the summer time. Winter is sleeping time for bears. Bears make a special home-den under the tree and sleep in it all the winter. A bear is a hero of many Russian tales.
Tigers are not always the killers, sometimes they are killed. Bears, elephants, and packs of wild dogs have been known to kill adult tigers (Guggisberg, 1975).
トラ ヒグマ スイギュウ http://www.planet-pets.com/plnttigr.htm the tiger avoids the elephant, and it rarely attacks a large buffalo or bear. In battles with these animals the tiger is frequently beaten. 大きな牛や熊には流石の虎も分が悪いようです。大きな熊との戦いでは頻繁に打ち負かされるようです。
One researcher observed a tiger drag a wild goat it had just caught into a natural pit and began feeding. He then saw an Asiatic black bear sneak up to the pit with the greatest care and caution. Taking only quick peeks to see how things were, he waited until the tiger was totally engrossed in feeding. He carefully placed all four feet on the edge of the pit, checked his balance and aim, then suddenly hurled himself into the pit with a tremendous screaming roar. Some truly appalling sounds of combat ensued and the tiger soon came leaping out of the pit, blood streaming from numerous wounds and ran tearing off into the forest. The black bear delightedly ate the rest of the goat at his leisure.
ロシア科学アカデミー↓ http://www.tigers.ru/books/ecolog/ch12_en.html large, apparently male, Himalayan (or Asiatic black) bear (which we observed visually), like the brown bear that has already been mentioned, clearly did not fear the presence of tigers.? He walked along the tiger's tracks and rested in the same wild boar den as did the tiger. 私達が目で直接観察した、ある大きくて、雄と思われるツキノワグマは前述のヒグマと同じように、トラがいる事を全く恐れていなかった。 彼はトラの足跡に沿って歩いて、トラが休んだのと同じイノシシの巣穴で休んだ。
「The Temple Tiger and More Man-Eaters of Kumaon」 (Oxford University Press)」洋書。 著者/Jim Corbett August, 1999出版(18〜24ぺージ)
And on two occasions I have seen bears walk up to feeding leopards and, after shooing them off, carry kills away. But on this occasion the tiger and a big male at that was present on his kill and, further, he was not an animal to be shooed away like a leopard.
But that was just what the bear appeared to intend doing, and his opportunity came when the tiger was cracking a bone. Whether the bear had been waiting for this moment I do not know; anyway, while the tiger was crunching the bone, the bear drew himself to the edge and, gathering his feet under him, launched himself into the hole with a mighty scream.
The object of the scream I imagine was to intimidate the tiger, but so far from having this effect it appeared to infuriate him, for the bear’s mighty scream was answered by an even mightier roar from the tiger.
Fights in the wild are very rare and this is only the second case I know of different species of animals fighting for the sake of fighting and not for the purpose of one using the other as food. I did not see the fight, for the reasons I have given, but I heard every detail of it. Waged in a hollow of restricted area the sound was terrifying and I was thankful that the fight was a straight one between two contestants who were capable of defending themselves, and not a three-cornered one in which I was involved.
Time stands still when every drop of blood racing through a rapidly beating heart is tingling with excitement. The fight may have lasted three minutes, or it may have lasted longer. Anyway, when the tiger considered he had administered sufficient chastisement he broke off the engagement and came along the open ground in front me at a fast gallop, closely followed by the still screaming bear. (短文) 私が見た二つの事例は、黒熊らが豹らをシッシと追い払い獲物を奪ったものだ。 しかし、今回は、大きな雄のベンガル虎が獲物の側にいる。 さらに、虎は豹のように軽く追い払われるような存在ではない。 豹はともかく虎は非常に恐ろしい。しかし、 大型のベンガル虎と大型の黒熊との激しい戦闘が約3分間続き、トラが獲物を 奪われた。(前の例と合せて二例目か?)。
http://www.wolf.org/wolves/learn/intermed/inter_mgmt/ystone_wolves.asp Fifty-eight wolf-bear interactions have been recorded in YNP. Most interactions occur at wolf kill sites, where control of the carcass is hotly contested; typically bears win the encounter even though outnumbered by wolves. In one case a bear held 24 wolves at bay. Although fully capable of killing ungulates, especially in spring, grizzly bears now appear to seek out wolf kills and are often successful at driving wolves from carcasses. イエローストーン国立公園では58回の狼と熊の相互関係が記録された。ほとんどの相互の接触は狼が獲物を狩った場所で生じる。そこでは獲物の支配権を巡って激しい争いが生じる。争いは、たとえ狼の数が多くても、熊が勝つのが典型的だ。 あるケースでは、一頭の熊が24匹の狼を寄せ付けない事例があった。 有蹄動物を完全に狩れるのだが、特に春には、意図的に狼の獲物を探し求め、狼を追い払うのにしばしば成功しているように見える。
1-2.Field observations suggest that cougars avoid wolves, are subordinate at carcasses, and are at risk of predation. ピューマは狼を避けるし、餌争いも負けるし、更に食べられる危険もある
http://www.nwf.org/nationalwildlife/article.cfm?issueID=18&articleID=143 350-pound grizzly chasing off all nine wolves.約160kgのグリズリーが9匹の狼を追い払う。they may see the cats as a feline gravy train. Between 1990 and 1995, wildlife biologist Kerry Murphy and other HWI researchers monitored 113 cougar kills (mostly deer and elk) in Glacier and Yellowstone and discovered that bears (grizzlies and blacks) were claiming a significant share of the spoils. Bruins visited about one of every four cougar kills, robbing the feline owner of as much as 26 percent of its food requirement, sometimes for several days running. "It appears," says Murphy, "that competition for kills creates significant gains for bears and significant losses for cougars." グリズリー達はピューマをぼろ儲けの道具として見ているのかもしれません。生物学者と調査員達は113体のピューマの獲物を調査しました。熊達はピューマの食料の26%を強奪していました。獲物に対する争いでは、熊に相当な利益を与え、ピューマに相当な損失を与えました。
bears displace lions from kills and that displaced lions lost an average of 1.1 kg/day of ungulatebiomass, or 25-40 percent of their daily food requirements (Murphy et al. 1996). In addition,lions killed a higher number of ungulates when they were displaced by bears. Ruth and Hornocker (1996) documented grizzly bears tracking, treeing and killing mountain lions in Montana.(Ruth and Hornocker 1996) 熊らがピューマらを追い払って獲物を奪うので、ピューマ達は1日の食料の必要量の25-40%を奪われる事になった(Murphy et al. 1996)。獲物を奪われたピューマらはその分、余分に獲物を狩る事になった。 ピューマらを追い込んで殺しているグリズリー達が記録されてる(Ruth and Hornocker 1996)。
http://wildnetafrica.co.za/malamala/1998/19981125.html Lone hyaenas often follow leopards in order to steal whatever kills they make. Leopards are loners and although they are very powerful cats they are most reluctant to fight a hyaena for fear of injuring themselves. この地域では、「1対1の関係」でも、豹よりハイエナの方が大胆で優勢なようです。ほとんどの場合に豹が退くようです。
One researcher observed a tiger drag a wild goat it had just caught into a natural pit and began feeding. He then saw an Asiatic black bear sneak up to the pit with the greatest care and caution. Taking only quick peeks to see how things were, he waited until the tiger was totally engrossed in feeding. He carefully placed all four feet on the edge of the pit, checked his balance and aim, then suddenly hurled himself into the pit with a tremendous screaming roar. Some truly appalling sounds of combat ensued and the tiger soon came leaping out of the pit, blood streaming from numerous wounds and ran tearing off into the forest. The black bear delightedly ate the rest of the goat at his leisure.
Thanks erik....Thats correct.. well almost! Actually asgt responded to your last big cats findings. A little pissed, i thought it was a done deal and had accepted that brown bear are taken at 800lb. After asgt prompt reply that htis was not true, i contacted Quigley At the university of Pensilvania where he was teaching last summer. Heres his reply.
Unfortunately, the book is in error in part. A remarkably similar bear was live darted for health checking some months later but scaled less than 800lbs..infact it was only 367lb. This proved to be a bigger margin of error than we could ever imagine. It is reasonable to assume that only moderate sub adult or female bears are the most likely candidates for predation. Ammendments will be made within the next edition of this book. Bons
【内容】 http://www.dogointernational.com/fsarticle.html The battle I watched and photographed was between a 120-pound male puma and a 75-pound Dogo. The dog, a 1-1/2-year-old female named Conajen, which means brave in the Araucanian tongue, was making her puma-fighting debut. When the dog was led near the cage the puma let out a series of fierce catlike hisses, baring a set of lethal fangs. The lion then unsheathed its claws as the dog entered the enclosure.Without sparring, the dogo made a straight dash for the puma and the two animals were enveloped in a whirling ball of fur and hair. The barks and screams were probably heard on the next estancia a mile away.As I clicked my first photo, I noted the time just as the puma caught the dogo with a lightening paw slap across the head. Then, as the dog charged for the puma’s throat, the big cat came down with its forepaws on either side of the dog’s head and the two went tumbling end over end again. When they came to s stop, the dog had solidly pinned the lion with a death grip at its jugular vein. Bilo gave the signal and the pair were separated.My watch told me it took slightly more than two minutes for the dog to win its inaugural battle.
>>533 お前は馬鹿ですか? This probably only happens when these bears are surprised during hibernation in their den. 例え1例でも、冬眠中以外に成獣のヒグマが殺されたケースが はっきり分かっていたら、こんな表現はしません。 つまり、このサイトが持っている情報で、成獣のヒグマが殺されたと考えられる ケースは全て冬眠中ということだ。 この世の中の誰もが、「絶対に」冬眠中に限るとは断言できないだろ? まぐれとはいえ、インド象に勝ったらしい(詳細不明だが)ソースもあることだし。 ひょっとしたら大まぐれでトラが勝つこともあるかもしれないからな。 だからこそのprobablyなんだよ。分かる?
1.まず走る速度が「目測判定」か「実測判定」かを明らかにする事/2.サイトの作成者がトラのエキスパート本人である証明をする事/3.単なる入力ミス(誤記)でない事を明らかにする事。 http://www.nps.gov/wica/Grizzly_Bear.htm Grizzlies are powerful, can run 35 mph http://www.beartours.com/ 目測か否か不明だが、60km近い数字は結構見つかる。また原文を見たが、グリズリーをone of(最大の肉食獣の1つ)としている。捏造はやめような(笑)。
All, i watched the event at 9pm last evening. 皆さん、私は昨日の夜9時から見ました。
The grizzly destroyed the tiger. グリズリーはトラを破壊しました。
The extremely powerful blow reported by some individuals here, knocked the tiger over and the bear walked away unconcerned. ここの何人かの人も報告したとおりに、物凄い力の一撃でトラが倒されました。クマが何事も無かったかのように立ち去りました。
The tiger attacked again so the bear hit it again with full force and broke its back. Game over. トラが再び攻撃したので、クマは力いっぱいトラを叩いてその背骨を折りました。ゲームオーバー。
>>http://www.tribuneindia.com/2002/20020616/spectrum/book8.htm Tigers have been known to have killed bears but it is rare. Corbett wrote of one instance when a tiger and a bear collided into each other and then ran of into different directions.
http://discovery.infopop.net/1/OpenTopic?q=Y&a=tpc&s=6941912904&f=16010835&m=656100004&p=5 mellivora I'm trying to figure out which is the dominant carnivore in their relationship. It seems they are natural enemies, who will kill each other given the opportunity, much like lions and hyenas. You mentioned that bears sometimes kill tigers particularly cubs and that tigers will predate on female bears roughly their size, has their been any interaction between tigers and large male bears?
I realize that their diets are very different, yet they still seem to compete with and harbor animosity towards each other. Again any information you can provide will be greatly appreciated. Thank you for your time.
A. G. Yudakov(1987)は大きな雄のヒグマが眠っている穴に近づきつつあったトラが、25mほど来たところで踵を返して退却したらしい足跡を見つけている。たいして覆いのない穴だったのでそこの主に気が付いたようだ。 また彼はトラの足跡を見つけたヒグマが突然向きを変えて元来た道を戻った例も挙げている。どちらも危険を回避しているということだ。 【種別】 トラはクマの天敵 【評価】 優
they mention a male Siberian tiger that had 8 confirmed bear kills, at least 2 were considered full grown males, of at least 800lbs. Only one instance did the researchers believe an actual fight took place (the others were strict predation) and the tiger won this as well. This was documented by Dr. Quigley of the Hornocker Institute.
「the Vanishing Big Cats」より ホーノッカー研究所のクィグリー博士は、トラに殺された8頭のヒグマの死体を確かめた。 少なくとも2頭は成長しきった雄だった。大半が「戦い」にも至らず、単純な捕食であった。
http://members.fortunecity.com/newbirthuk/tigers.htm A brown bear may attack unattended young tigers, but between adults, even large will concede food to a Siberian tiger. ヒグマは親からはぐれた子トラを攻撃するかもしれないが、 成獣同士では大きなヒグマといえども、シベリアトラには獲物にされる。
The fight between a large amur and a large grizzly was accidental but it ended up representing what a big brown grizzly can do. The tiger bit into the bears shoulder when the bear accidentally found itself in the tigers enclosure. The grizzly responded by tearing out the front shoulders of the tiger then breaking the bones of the skull. 大きなシベリアトラと大きなヒグマの間に起きた戦いは偶然の産物だったが、 巨大なヒグマができることを示した結果に終わった。 トラがクマの肩にかみついたとき、クマは自分がトラの囲いにいることに気がついた。 クマはトラの肩を引き裂き、頭蓋骨を破壊した。
Dale forwarded your letter to me because I am one of the people who captured, named, and tracked the tiger named Dale. デールさん(Dale Miquelle博士)があなた(巨大動物図鑑の管理人さん)からの手紙を私に転送しました。なぜなら、私はデールと言うトラを捕まえて、名付けて、追跡した人の一人です。 I had never heard of the book you mention, nor to I remember meeting or providing information to the author and his text is somewhat exaggerated. あなたが言及した本(The Last Big Cats)の事を私は聞いた事がなかったし、その著者に会ったり、情報を提供したりした覚えもないし、彼の文書はいくらか大げさに書いてあります。 Dale, the tiger, weighed 455 lbs at his heaviest and indeed did prey on bears quite frequently. トラのデールの体重は最も重い時、455ポンドでした。事実、クマを頻繁にえじきにしました。 He regularly killed and ate both brown bears and Asiatic black bears. 彼は頻繁にヒグマも、ツキノワグマも殺して食べました。 However, the largest bears that he killed were adult female brown bears that were likely all smaller than he was. しかし、彼が殺した最も大きいクマはすべて成獣の雌のヒグマで、恐らく、そのクマはすべて彼よりも小さかったです。 Of course, we could only estimate the bear’s body size because he ate them, but adult female brown bears in this area rarely weigh more than 400 lbs. もちろん、私達はクマの体の大きさを見積もったのだけです。なぜなら、彼はそれを食べてしまったからです。しかし、この地域の大人の雌のヒグマの体重が400ポンドを超えるのがまれです。 We never found a bear killed by Dale that we thought was larger than he was and certainly never “twice his size”. デールが殺したクマの中に、彼よりも大きいのを私達は一度も見付けませんでした。当然彼の二倍大きいのも見付けませんでした。
http://discovery.infopop.net/1/OpenTopic?q=Y&a=tpc&s=6941912904&f=16010835&m=656100004&p=5 mellivora I'm trying to figure out which is the dominant carnivore in their relationship. It seems they are natural enemies, who will kill each other given the opportunity, much like lions and hyenas. You mentioned that bears sometimes kill tigers particularly cubs and that tigers will predate on female bears roughly their size, has their been any interaction between tigers and large male bears?
I realize that their diets are very different, yet they still seem to compete with and harbor animosity towards each other. Again any information you can provide will be greatly appreciated. Thank you for your time.
http://p083.ezboard.com/fsharks77551frm2.showMessageRange?topicID=1073.topic&start=1&stop=20 800lb or 367lb? -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Was it from asgt? I remember that someone claimed that he talked to Quigley. The question is how the bear was measured after eaten by tiger? As I know, biologsts follow radio-collared tiger year around. If the tiger stays at a place more than 3 days without moving, people will go there to look for a possible tiger kill. In the video, Tigers in the snow, people found a dead tigress killed by a truck. She was eaten by another male tiger in three days. If the bear weighed 367lb after eaten by the tiger, how much did he weigh alive? If the 400lb tiger ate 15kg per day for totally 4-5days, it would be 60-80kg bear meat. If we include water loss during the time, the bear could have weighed 600-650lb. The estimation of 800lb could be quite correct anyway.
http://p083.ezboard.com/fsharks77551frm2.showMessageRange?topicID=1073.topic&start=41&stop=60 It must be common. Until 1998, biologists have radio-collared only two adult male tigers, and one of them is the 170-202kg "Dale". He is a specialist of bear killing. The frequence is high. Please check the list of tiger radio-collared and notice that "Dale" is the "Tiger 20" which weighed 202kg but later only 170kg with a roe deer in stomach. He is not a big tiger at all.
However, the 1000 lb plus bear is king here and of a much more ferocious disposition. しかしながら、1000ポンド以上クマは、ここの王様であり、また、よりずっと恐ろしい気質の王様です。
Two large male tigers were found killed by such animals in the year 2000, which is tragic, if natures way. 2000年に、この動物(ヒグマ)によって2匹の大きい雄トラが殺されているのが発見されました。もしそれが自然の摂理であるなら悲劇的
こんな部分もありました。 Only the brown bear can play the role of a competitor with the tiger in our study region, and then mainly only during a very brief period of the year--early spring.? After their emergence from their dens, which are concentrated near the divides of watersheds, the bears descend into the lower zones of the mountains, where they begin hunting wild boar and Manchurian deer.? We had already noted their first appearance in the middle of March in areas where the tigers constantly traveled.? It was precisely here that we observed (by tracking) a hunt by a brown bear on Manchurian deer at the end of this month.? We twice found the remains of ungulates that had been killed by brown bears during the spring season:
http://www.rcip.org/mshcpdocs/Vol2/appendixB/mammals/mountainlion.pdf A study of the ecological relationship between black bears (Ursus americanus),grizzly bears(Ursus arctos) and mountain lions in Glacier national Park in Montana and Yellowstone National Park in Wyoming found that bears displace lions from kills and that displaced lions lost an average of 1.1 kg/day of ungulate biomass, or 25-40 percent of their daily food requirements (Murphy et al. 1996). In addition, lions killed a higher number of ungulates when they were displaced by bears. Ruth and Hornocker (1996) documented grizzly bears tracking, treeing and killing mountain lions in Montana. グレーシャー国立公園やイエローストーン国立公園での研究で以下の事柄が明らかになった。それは、熊らがピューマらを追い払い、その獲物を奪うので、 ピューマは一日に必要な食事の25〜40%を失う事になったという事である。追い払われ獲物を奪われたピューマは、その分だけ多く獲物を狩る事になった。 Ruth and Hornocker (1996) documented grizzly bears tracking, treeing and killing mountain lions in Montana. 研究者らは、ピューマらを追い詰め殺しているグリズリーらを記録しています。
ゴリラをよく知る現地人は、ヒョウの最初の攻撃を外し得た場合、雄のゴリラはヒョウの横面に張り手の一撃を加えて殺してしまうと言っている。 Ben Burbridge は、ビルンガ火山群が国立公園に指定される前に、ゴリラを生け捕りにするために訪れた時、現地人からヒョウがゴリラを襲った話を聞かされた。ある夜に起こった戦いはヒョウの死で終わったという(Guggisberg,1975)。
サイ対ライオンの関係。 (1)「博士号を持つ」動物生態学者のトラの権威の論文を解釈した判断だが、トラはサイやゾウを殺せるほど強くない。 http://www.ecology.info/tiger-leopard.htm 虎、豹、ドールは大人のゾウやサイを殺せるほどは強くないのだが、時々、虎はサイやゾウの幼獣を捕食します。カランスとサンキストは、Nagarahole National Parkでの虎の獲物の1%がゾウの幼獣である事を確認しました。 著者:(Paul D. Haemig博士/ウーメア大学。トップ500。世界大学ランキング152-200位)数十もの学術論文を元に解釈。
I have read several books that discussed siberian tiger-brown bear conflicts but only two of them discussed in great detail the encounters between the two. (私はシベリアタイガーとヒグマの闘いについて議論された、いくつかの本を読みました。 その中で2冊だけ、トラ対ヒグマの闘いについてとても詳細に議論されていました。) These two books were about mammals of thew USSR. (これら2冊の本は旧ソ連の哺乳動物に関するものでした。)
One book was published in the 50's the other in the 1970's. (1冊は50年代に、もう1冊は1970年代に出版されました)
I will try to find the authors of the books. (私は本の著者を見つけようとしています。)
From what I have read tigers do prey on brown bears but generally only brown bears only up to a certain size. (私が読んだ限りでは、トラはヒグマを捕食しますが、しかし普通それはあるサイズまでのヒグマです。)
Tigers kill many bears but generally not large bears. (トラたちは沢山のクマを殺しますが、大抵それは大きなクマではありません。)
Apparently tigers sometimes get killed by bears when they attack a bear that is too powerful for them to handle. (時々、クマを攻撃したトラがクマの絶大なパワーに対抗しきれず、殺されたことが明らかになっています。)
I read about how a tiger was killed by a large brown bear near a river in 1913 and about a tigress that attacked a bear scavenging from her kill and was killed. (私は1913年に川の近くで大きなヒグマによってトラがどの様に殺されたのか読みました。それは雌トラから獲物を横取りしたクマを雌トラが攻撃して逆に殺されました。)
There is also a vague account of a circus (African) lion that jumped an American black bear during an act. The fight was fierce and both combatants were injured, but the lion's injuries where [sic] of the extent that it had to be destroyed.
>>889 これは見たことある、某掲示板にあった。 テキサスのサーカスの話でしたね。 an old well known lion got hit by his black bear friend and got his leg broken. The animals were friends, kept in a private collection on a texas ranch by Ron huller. The lion had started to get tetchy with age and got clobbered by some 800lbs of black bear. The leg required considerable repair to a difficult fracture, but it was decided to lay the old tom to rest.
ライオンはベーリング海峡を渡ってアメリカ大陸に進出した。それがいつの頃なのかはっきりとはわからないが、更新世も後期に入ってからと思われる。ライオンはアラスカから南米まで進出した。 有名な Rancho La Brea のタール坑からは多くの化石(約80頭)が見つかっているが、それでもスミロドン(約2,000頭)やダイアウルフ(さらに多い)など他の肉食獣に比べるとだいぶ少ない。 ライオンはこれらの抗を避けるだけの知性を持ち合わせていたのだろう。
バイソンの冷凍死体がアラスカで見つかっている。それにははっきりとした爪と牙の痕が残されていた。その傷はサーベルタイガーによる刺傷ではなく、引き裂かれたものだった。 Blue Babe と名づけられたそのミイラにはカリフォルニアライオンによる攻撃の痕が鼻や腰に見られた。氷河期だったため、死体は腐敗する前に冷凍になったのだった。
肉歯類ヒアエノドン科 Hyaenodontidae での最大の代表は、メギストテリウムで中新世にリビアに生息していた。頭骨は65cmもあり、体長3m、体重は900kgと推定されている。 エジプトやパキスタンでもメギストテリウム属の化石が見つかっているが種名を確定するまでには至っていないようだ。 ブリストル大学の Robert Savage 教授によれば1mを超す頭骨があるという。もしこれが確認されたものならメギストテリウムこそが古今を通じて最大の陸生肉食獣ということになるのだが。
http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/ (The Texas Archeological Research Laboratory/テキサス大) http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/bonfire/images/sb24.html Dr. Ernest Lundelius holds scull of the short-faced bear, the largest and most powerful predator in North America in the Late Pleistocene. http://www.texasbeyondhistory.net/bonfire/talkingbones.html Bement narrowed the possibilities down to the short-faced bear and the sabertoothed cat species known from the region, scimitar cat. Both carnivores had large canines and powerful jaws and are known to have denned in caves. The short-faced bear was the largest and most powerful predator in North America during the Late Pleistocene and was mainly a flesh-eater. 「サーベルタイガーを差し置いて、ショートフェイスベアを上位に置く」。※DR,Ernest Lundelius(ナショジオなどで引用される博士)
http://www.nature.ca/notebooks/english/shrtbear.htm This bear seems to have been mainly a flesh-eater and was by far the most powerful land predator during the Ice Age in North America. 「当時、遥かに強力な捕食獣だった」。
http://dsc.discovery.com/convergence/megabeasts/experts/tankersley.html The short-faced (Arctodus simus) bear was the single most deadly predator of the Ice Age. The short-faced bear had a short, sleek, and stealthy body, with long, powerful legs, a short face, and a broad powerful muzzle filled with large piercing canines and jagged molars that could tear through the toughest hides and crush the thickest bones, including those of a mammoth or mastodon. 「最も危険な捕食獣だった。マンモスなどの骨さえ砕くのだ」その他極めて多数。
http://www.dogointernational.com/fsarticle.html The battle I watched and photographed was between a 120-pound male puma and a 75-pound Dogo. The dog, a 1-1/2-year-old female named Conajen, which means brave in the Araucanian tongue, was making her puma-fighting debut.
When the dog was led near the cage the puma let out a series of fierce catlike hisses, baring a set of lethal fangs.
The lion then unsheathed its claws as the dog entered the enclosure.Without sparring, the dogo made a straight dash for the puma and the two animals were enveloped in a whirling ball of fur and hair.
The barks and screams were probably heard on the next estancia a mile away.As I clicked my first photo, I noted the time just as the puma caught the dogo with a lightening paw slap across the head.
Then, as the dog charged for the puma’s throat, the big cat came down with its forepaws on either side of the dog’s head and the two went tumbling end over end again. When they came to s stop, the dog had solidly pinned the lion with a death grip at its jugular vein. Bilo gave the signal and the pair were separated.My watch told me it took slightly more than two minutes for the dog to win its inaugural battle. オスのピューマ(54kg)がメスのドゴ(34kg)が戦ったが、ドゴが勝った。
「アメリカクロクマの最大記録」 The current “world record” black bear was taken by a hunter in North Carolina in November 1998. The 103/4-year-old male weighed 880 lbs.
「成長の限界」 In areas of good nutrition, females reach adult weight at 3.1/2 years, but males may continue to grow until 8.1/2 or older. 雄のクロクマは8.5歳以上まで成長を続ける場合もある。
「クロクマとヒグマの混同」 Black and grizzly/brown bears may sometimes be confused in the field, particularly since some “black bears” are brown and some grizzlies nearly black.
「クロクマ(クマ全部か?)の速度」 Bears have been clocked at speeds of up to 35 mph. 走行速度56kmが測定されている。
「クロクマとピューマ」 Popular accounts sometimes claim that mountain lions prey on black bears. While possible, evidence is sparse. In Arizona, a mountain lion was responsible for 1 (12%) of 8 identified cub mortalities. 一般的な読み物では、ピューマがクロクマを捕食する記述が時たま見られる。しかし、可能性としては有り得ても、証拠に乏しいです。アリゾナでは、死亡していたクロクマの幼獣を調べたところ、八匹中の一匹の死亡にピューマが関わっていた。
A study in Wyoming found that black bears displaced mountain lions from 50% of the lion-killed carcasses they visited but physical contact was not documented. ワイオミング州の研究では、ピューマが獲物を獲ると、クロクマがやって来て、その内の二回に一回はクロクマがピューマを追っ払いその獲物を奪っていることが明らかになった。
http://www.zoo.org/educate/fact_sheets/sun_bear/sbear.htm Small but Powerful/Although sun bears are only about half the size of American black bears, they are well equipped to defend themselves if attacked by a large predator such as a tiger. 〜if a large predator grabs a sun bear, it can turn in its loose skin and bite its attacker. マレー熊はアメリカ黒熊の半分の大きさしかないのですが、トラ等の大型捕食獣から十分に身を守る能力があります。 彼らは怒鳴り声をあげて二本足で立ち上がり、攻撃者に重傷を与よるために鎌のような長い爪と不相応に長い牙と強力な顎を用います。 大型の捕食獣が熊をつかまえると、伸び易い皮を利して向きを変えて敵に噛みつきます。 http://animal.discovery.com/ads/ad_popup_fill2.html If a larger predator grabs the sun bear, it can turn around in its loose skin and bite back. もし、大型の捕食獣がマレー熊を捕まえても、熊は伸び易い皮膚により、向きを変えて敵を噛み返す事が出来る。 http://www.oaklandzoo.org/atoz/azsunber.html If caught by large predator, can turn in its loose skin and bite attacker. http://www.garden-city.org/zoo/animalinfo/malayan_sun_bear.htm If a sun bear is grabbed from behind by a predator, such as a tiger, the bear can still turn around to attack with its teeth and claws. もしマレー熊が背後からトラのような捕食獣につかまれても、熊はまだ向きを変えて自らの牙と爪で相手を攻撃する事が出来る。 http://www.suite101.com/article.cfm/bears/20487 it is said that even the tigers leave them alone.トラでさえ彼らにかまわないと言われている。 http://www.honoluluzoo.org/Zookeepers_Journal/Sunbear.doc Some consider the sun bear the most dangerous animal in its wild habitat, as they will even defend against tiger attacks". ある地域ではマレー熊を最も恐ろしい動物と考える人もいる。この熊はトラの攻撃からでさえ自分の身を守れるでしょう。
One researcher observed a tiger drag a wild goat it had just caught into a natural pit and began feeding. He then saw an Asiatic black bear sneak up to the pit with the greatest care and caution. Taking only quick peeks to see how things were, he waited until the tiger was totally engrossed in feeding. He carefully placed all four feet on the edge of the pit, checked his balance and aim, then suddenly hurled himself into the pit with a tremendous screaming roar. Some truly appalling sounds of combat ensued and the tiger soon came leaping out of the pit, blood streaming from numerous wounds and ran tearing off into the forest. The black bear delightedly ate the rest of the goat at his leisure.
A fully grown male brown bear weighing up to 1500 lb presents a formidable foe to even the biggest male Amur tiger. 最大限(680kgクラス)にまで成長を遂げた 巨大な羆は、最大級の アムール虎 でさえも手におえない敵となる。
Large brown bears even follow tigers and will take over their kills; especially at the end of winter when there is little food around. 特に食糧難になる冬の終わり頃には、 大きな雄の羆達は、 虎達の後をついて行き、 虎達の仕留めた獲物を横取りしようとさえする。
All, i watched the event at 9pm last evening. 皆さん、私は昨日の夜9時から見ました。
The grizzly destroyed the tiger. グリズリーはトラを破壊しました。
The extremely powerful blow reported by some individuals here, knocked the tiger over and the bear walked away unconcerned. ここの何人かの人も報告したとおりに、物凄い力の一撃でトラが倒されました。クマが何事も無かったかのように立ち去りました。
The tiger attacked again so the bear hit it again with full force and broke its back. Game over. トラが再び攻撃したので、クマは力いっぱいトラを叩いてその背骨を折りました。ゲームオーバー。
http://discovery.infopop.net/1/OpenTopic?q=Y&a=tpc&s=6941912904&f=16010835&m=656100004&p=5 mellivora I'm trying to figure out which is the dominant carnivore in their relationship. It seems they are natural enemies, who will kill each other given the opportunity, much like lions and hyenas. You mentioned that bears sometimes kill tigers particularly cubs and that tigers will predate on female bears roughly their size, has their been any interaction between tigers and large male bears?
I realize that their diets are very different, yet they still seem to compete with and harbor animosity towards each other. Again any information you can provide will be greatly appreciated. Thank you for your time.