a type of literary composition popular especially in medieval times in which two or more usually allegorical characters discuss or debate some subject@` most often a question of love@` morality@` or politics@` and then refer the question to a judge. A tenson is a specific type of de´bat. A de´bat may also be an extended discussion@` debate@` or philosophical argument between two characters in a work of literature. George Bernard Shaw incorporated such discussions into several of his plays@` including Major Barbara. The word is of French origin and means@` literally@` “a debate or altercation.”
As a first step towards understanding how political culture might affect these conclusions@` this section will introduce the possibility of tax evasion. The standard . Allingham and Sandmo 1972 model of tax evasion is used in which each consumer has to decide how much of their income to declare to the government. If they make a false declaration@` there is a fixed probability that they may be detected. In addition@` each consumer must also choose the extent of their contribu-tion to the public good. These decisions are made to maximize expected utility.
The applicability of emergence as an explanatory construct forms a continuum. On one end@` the system can be sufficiently understood by an appeal to the components and their interaction alone. Whereas@` at the other end@` an appeal to components and their interactions is simply not very useful in understanding the dynamics of the system as a whole. Because most systems fall somewhere between these two extremes@` it is usually not the case that turning to emergence entirely supplants the need to also take into consideration the components and their interactions. Issues involved in using emergence as an explanatory construct include : how causality is to be understood in such systems: the question of whether emergence is ever more than a provisional heuristic device to be replaced when there is more knowledge of the components and their interactions; and what general laws or principles can be discerned in the emergent patterns@` structures@` and properties.
了解。 >Emergence as an Explanatory Construct >In the study of complex systems@` the idea of emergence is used to indicate the arising of patterns@` structures@` or properties that do not seem adequately explained by referring only to the system's pre-existing components and their interaction.
原文 The applicability of emergence as an explanatory construct forms a continuum. On one end@` the system can be sufficiently understood by an appeal to the components and their interaction alone. Whereas@` at the other end@` an appeal to components and their interactions is simply not very useful in understanding the dynamics of the system as a whole. Because most systems fall somewhere between these two extremes@` it is usually not the case that turning to emergence entirely supplants the need to also take into consideration the components and their interactions. Issues involved in using emergence as an explanatory construct include : how causality is to be understood in such systems: the question of whether emergence is ever more than a provisional heuristic device to be replaced when there is more knowledge of the components and their interactions; and what general laws or principles can be discerned in the emergent patterns@` structures@` and properties
A general mathematical description of the terminal behavior of subsystems is discussed. It allows to combine different modeling methods@` e. g. network models@` block models@` and bondgraphs together. The resulting equations can be solved with a general network analysis program. This approach is effectively applied in modeling electrical as well as non-electrical subsystems. Extensions to digital and time-discrete subsystems are possible. Therefore@` modeling the terminal behavior of subsystems is the basis for simulation of heterogeneous systems.
Dear KYOKO@` You're kissable and cuddly; You're lovable and sweet; You thrill me every minute@` And sweep me off my feet. You're charming and disarming@` Desirable and true. You inspire and impress me@` And that's why I love you!
A one way love can never thrive; It needs reciprocation. And so in order to survive My love needs affirmation. So throw your caution to the sky@` and let your heart command. You'll find that it will not deny A love which must expand. Come now@` to me@` with open arms and sweep me off my feet; And then display for me your charms@` to make my love complete. My one way love will terminate without your inspiration. So@` therefore@` please reciprocate With no more hesitation.
A.1 Read the given passage and answer the following questions :-
Pollution Choking north-west delhi
Bisheshwar Misra
The Central Pollution Control Board which carried out inspection of a large number of unauthorised industries in the north-west Delhi following Supreme Court order@` has recently submitted a report which sketches a very grim scenario of the area.
The report based on sample study of air@` water and industrial emissions was submitted before the court presided over by Mr. Justice Kuldip Singh on July 21. The report was submitted by the counsel for the CPCB@` Vijay Panjwani. The apex court had ordered inspection of the north-west industrial area on the petition of Advocate M.C. Mehta alleging large scale pollution in north-west Delhi@` where he said a large number of industries had mushroomed unauthorisedly.
The team of experts who surveyed the densely populated Badli-Samastipur industrial area found that "there is no proper drainage system@` and the roads are littered with sewage and industrial effluents. None of the industries operating in these areas have provided any pollution control system for abatement of water and air pollution or fugitive emissions. None of them have obtained consent from either Central or Delhi Pollution Control Board."
The entire Badli industrial area@` the Badli Railway Station and the jhuggi cluster has contaminated pools of water. Study of water samples from these pools showed a very high acid content. "Acidic waste discharge from the Badli Industrial Estate into the stagnant pools have adversely affected the growth of plants and withered trees without leaves can be seen@`" says the report.
Further analysis of the stagnant water indicated that besides acid it had a very high concentration of toxic heavy metals like chromium@` copper@` iron@` nickel and lead. The dissolved solid content of the pool water is very high. The water quality of hand-pumps at the Railway Station indicated high dissolved solids@` sulphates and hardness@` which was for above the standard of drinking water. Similarly@` the report says@` the water quality of the hand-pumps near the jhuggi clusters also suffered from the same problem and was not fit for drinking purposes.
The working condition inside the rolling and pickling units of the industries were found to be highly polluted. "The entire working area is full of acid fumes emitted through the openings made in the factory walls. Emissions from one such opening were emitting on the road side and it was difficult to stand on the road@` "the report said.
The report also pointed out that the industries operating in these areas have not provided any control system for abatement of water and air pollution or fugitive emission. In case of rolling and pickling units@` acidic fumes were observed in the vicinity of the operating area which are harmful to the health of the workers involved in the operation. In most of these industries@` the workers migrate to other states@` leave the job or are shunted out by the owners after a year due to health reasons.
The report has made some recommendations : It suggests that the CPCB team should visit these areas on a prior fixed date and seek cooperation from the industrialists directly. The feasibility of laying proper drainage system for transportation of industrial effluents/sewages to the sewage treatment plant. And construction of a common Effluent Plant (CETP) in the area beside other things.