I hope the basic problem is clear at this point: there is a bottleneck between the keyboard and console applications, that is, the fact that they can only communicate by ASCII sequences. So special keys must be first translated from keysyms to sequences, and then from sequences to key capabilities. Since different consoles have different ideas about what this translation can look like, we need a terminal database. The system would work flawlessly, except for a small problem: it is not always set up correctly, and not everyone uses it.
Applications must have a way to know which database entry to use: this is accomplished by suitably setting the TERM environment variable. In some cases, there is a mismatch between the terminal emulator and the content of the database entry suggested by TERM.
Moreover, many applications do not use the terminal database (or at least not all of it), and consider BS and DEL ASCII codes with an intended meaning: thus, without looking at the database, they assign them semantics (usually, of course, the semantics is removing the character before or under the cursor). So now our beautiful scheme is completely broken (as every Linux user is bitterly aware). For instance, the bash assumes that DEL should do a backward-delete-char, that is, backspace. Hence, on a fresh install the *Backspace* key works on the console as expected, but just because of two twists in a row! Of course, the *Delete* key does not work. This happens because the bash does not look into the terminal database for the kdch1 capability.
Just to illustrate how things have become entangled, consider the *fix_bs_and_del* script provided with the Red Hat distribution (and maybe others). It assigns on-the-fly the BackSpace keysym to the *Backspace* key, and the Delete keysym to the *Delete* key. Now the shell works! Unfortunately, all programs relying on the correct coupling of keysym generation and terminal database mappings are now not working at all, as the Delete keysym is mapped to DEL, and the latter to the kbs key capability by the terminfo database, so in such programs both keys produce backspacing.
3. Why It Doesn't (Always) Work :なぜ(いつも)動かないのか? なんか括弧付けた時の意味が変になってるな Why It Doesn't Always Work:何故いつも動くわけではないのか? Why It Doesn't Work :何故動かないのか? だから訳し辛いのはわかるが。 俺なら「なぜ(ときどき)動かないのか?」にする。
I hope the basic problem is clear at this point: there is a bottleneck between the keyboard and console applications, that is, the fact that they can only communicate by ASCII sequences. So special keys must be first translated from keysyms to sequences, and then from sequences to key capabilities. Since different consoles have different ideas about what this translation can look like, we need a terminal database. The system would work flawlessly, except for a small problem: it is not always set up correctly, and not everyone uses it.
1. open the right terminfo entry, and try to process the sequence so as to discover whether it has a particular meaning on the current terminal; if so, use the terminfo semantics;
: Note: Unfortunately, there are two "standard" terminal : databases, termcap and terminfo. Depending on your distribution, : you could be using either one of them, or the database could even : depend on the application. Our discussion will concentrate on the : more modern terminfo database, but the suggested fixes take both : into consideration.
: For instance, on the Linux console F1 generates an escape : followed by [[A, which can be translated to the capability key_f1 : by looking into the terminal-database entry of the console (try : infocmp linux if you want to have a look at the entry). A very : good and thorough discussion of terminal databases can be found in : GNU's termcap manual. Usually Linux applications use the newer : terminfo database, contained in the ncurses package.
: Maybe at this point not surprisingly, the Linux console : terminfo entry maps DEL to the kbs (backspace key) capability, and : escape followed by [3~ to the kdch1 ("delete-one-char" key) : capability. Even if you could find strange that the Backspace key : emits a DEL, the terminal database puts everything back into its : right place, and correctly behaving applications will interpret : DEL as the capability kbs, thus deleting the character to the left : of the cursor.
: たぶんここまで来ればもうそんなに驚かないだろうけど、 : Linux コンソールの terminfo は DEL を kbs (backspace キー) 特性に : 対応させている。そしてエスケープに続く [3~ という文字列は : kdch1 ("delete-one-char" キー) 特性に対応させている。 : これまでは Backspace キーが DEL を放出するのを見て奇妙に思っていた : かもしれないけど、端末データベースはすべてを正しく元に戻しているので : あって、正しいふるまいをしているアプリケーションなら DEL を kbs : キー特性として解釈するのだ。だからカーソルの左にあるキャラクタを : 消すというわけである。
:6. What You Should Do On Your System :Note again that the main issue that confuses people trying to fix :their system is that usually they are fixing thing in the wrong place. :Since the parts that work often just work by chance, trying to fix the :system assuming something is broken will often lead to change correct : settings into incorrect settings.
:6.1. What Needs to Be Done: やらねばならない事 :6.1.1. Detecting Deviance: 微妙にずれてるアレの検出
:The first step towards a clean solution is to know exactly which terminals :are deviant and which not. Usually they all behave like the console, and :in this case the modifications to get everything working are minimal. :If, however, you have some deviant terminal (e.g., a deviant version of gnome-terminal), : you will have to treat it in a special way.
:The following C one-liner :void main(void) {int c; while(c = getchar()) printf("%d 0x%02X\n", c, c);}
:may help you. Put the line into a file named ascii.c, compile it with gcc ascii.c -o ascii, :type ./ascii and press a key followed by RETURN. The program will display the :decimal and hexadecimal codes of the ASCII sequence produced (you may want to : do a stty erase ^- first to get really all the codes). Now you can easily see : what Backspace keys does: if it emits a DEL (127), you have a standard emulator, : if it emits a BS (8) you have a deviant one.
:6.1.2. Distinguishing Between Emulators : 各エミュレータの分別 :If you have some deviant terminal emulator, you must distinguish it from the : standard ones. Theoretically, this should not be a problem because there are : different entries in the terminal database for terminals with different sequences : (the entry used depends on the value of the TERM variable).
:Here we take the approach that the gnome entry should be used for all deviant : VT100 emulators, and the xterm entry for the standard ones. This is in line with : several distributions (except a few cases like RedHat ?5.0, where the xterm entry is deviant).
:However, gnome-terminal uses by default the same entry as xterm, so if :one is deviant and the other one is not you will need to find a way to :tell them apart. Theoretically, the option termname of gnome-terminal :should allow the user to set the TERM variable to a more sensible name. :However, as of gnome-terminal 1.2.1 the option does not work.
:A good idea here is to exploit the fact that gnome-terminal sets the COLORTERM :variable to gnome-terminal. Thus, by adding a simple test to the shell :configuration files we can fix the TERM variable :ここで一つ良いアイデアを。gnome-terminal は COLORTERM 変数を設定する事を利用するのです。 :ですから、簡単なテストをシェルの設定ファイルらに追加する事でTERM変数をfixする事が出来るのです。
:6.1.3. Fixing the Terminal Database ターミナルデータベースの修正 :Our problem now is that the terminal database could lack a gnome entry for :deviant terminals (this happens on a number of termcap and terminfo versions). :Recent terminfo databases have an entry gnome, but, in any case, since gnome-terminal :behaves essentially like xterm modulo our famous two keys, it is possible to :automagically generate a brand new correct entry.
:6.1.4. Fixing the Shell Behaviour :The readline library used by the bash and by many other programs to read the : input line can be customized so to recognize specific sequences of characters. :The customization can also depend on the TERM variable, so once we can distinguish terminals we can do fine tuning of the keyboard.
:Moreover, if you want less and other application that do raw line input to work : correctly, you must convince the shell that under a deviant terminal emulator : the erase character is BS, and not DEL (in the other case the Backspace key is : already emitting DEL, so we do not have to do anything). :This can be done using the command stty.
:6.1.3. Fixing the Terminal Database ターミナルデータベースの修正 :Our problem now is that the terminal database could lack a gnome entry for :deviant terminals (this happens on a number of termcap and terminfo versions). :Recent terminfo databases have an entry gnome, but, in any case, since gnome-terminal :behaves essentially like xterm modulo our famous two keys, it is possible to :automagically generate a brand new correct entry.
:6.1.4. Fixing the Shell Behaviour シェル動作の修正 :The readline library used by the bash and by many other programs to read the : input line can be customized so to recognize specific sequences of characters. :The customization can also depend on the TERM variable, so once we can distinguish :terminals we can do fine tuning of the keyboard.
:Moreover, if you want less and other application that do raw line input to work : correctly, you must convince the shell that under a deviant terminal emulator : the erase character is BS, and not DEL (in the other case the Backspace key is : already emitting DEL, so we do not have to do anything). :This can be done using the command stty.
Caution These fixes have some drawbacks. First, they work only for the specified terminals. Second, in theory (but this is unlikely to happen) they could confuse the readline library on other terminals. Both limitations are however mostly harmless.
First of all, check with infocmp gnome whether you already have a gnome entry in your terminfo database (we will fix termcap later). If the entry does not exist, the following command まずinfocmp gnomeで既にgnomeエントリがterminfoデータベースに存在しないか 確認して下さい(termcapは後で修正します) もしエントリが存在しない場合、以下のコマンド
bash$ tic <(infocmp xterm |\ sed 's/xterm|/gnome|/' |\ sed 's/kbs=\\177,/kbs=^H,/' |\ sed 's/kdch1=\\E\[3~,/kdch1=\\177,/')
will create a correct one in ~/.terminfo. If the same command is launched by the root, it will generate the entry in the global database (you can override this behaviour by setting TERMINFO to ~/.terminfo). Note that if your xterm entry is already deviant (e.g., you have a Red Hat ?5.0) the script will copy it unchanged, which is exactly what we want. が~/.terminfoに正しい物を作成します。もし同じコマンドがrootにより実行された 場合、グローバルデータベースにエントリが作成されます。(この動作はTERMINFOを ~/terminfoに設定する事でオーバーライドする事が可能です) もしxtermエントリが既にdeviantである場合、(例えばRed hat?5.0の場合) このスクリプトはそれを変更せずにそのままコピーしてくれる事も覚えておいて下さい。
Now, add the following snippet to ~/.inputrc[1]: 次に以下の一行を~/inputrc[1]:に追加します
"\e[3~": delete-char
This line teaches the readline library how to manage your standard Delete key for standard emulators, and with a bit of luck it should not interfere with other terminals. However, now we must also explain to the library the meaning of the DEL character on deviant terminals, for instance by adding この一行はreadlineライブラリに標準Deleteキーの標準的なエミュレータに対する 管理方法を指示します。運がよければ他のターミナルとは干渉し合わないでしょう。 ですが、次にライブラリに対しDELキャラクタがdeviantターミナル上で何を意味するか 説明せねばなりません。 例えば以下の3行を~/.inputrcに追加します
$if term=gnome DEL: delete-char $endif
to ~/.inputrc. If xterm is deviant, too, you must add other three lines for it. On the other hand, if no terminal emulator is deviant this part is not needed. All these changes can be made global by altering the /etc/inputrc file. もしxtermがdeviantである場合も、それに対応する3行を追加せねばなりません。 ですがもしdeviantなターミナルエミュレータが無い場合、この作業は必要ありません。 これらの変更は/etc/inputrcファイルをアラートする事でグローバルに有効になります。
Note that the conditional assignments make deviant terminal emulators work given that the TERM variable is set correctly. To guarantee this, there are a number of techniques. First of all, since the default value of the TERM variable for gnome-terminal is xterm, if all terminals are not deviant then we do nothing. If, however, a terminal that by default uses the xterm entry is deviant you must find a way to set the TERM variable correctly; assume for instance this is true of gnome-terminal. 条件付き割り当てによりTERM変数が正しく設定さえされていればdeviantターミナルが 正しく動作する事に注意して下さい。これを保証する為に幾つかの方法があります。 まずgnome-terminalでのTERM変数のデフォルト値はxtermである事からもしdeviant ターミナルが存在しない場合我々は何もしません。ですが、もしxtermをデフォルトに しているdeviantターミナルが存在する場合あなたTERM変数を正しく設定する方法を 見つけなければなりません。;gnome-terminalにおいてこの条件が有効であると仮定します。
The simplest way to obtain this effect is to start gnome-terminal with the argument --termname=gnome, for instance by suitably setting the command line in the launcher on the GNOME panel. If however you have an old version, and this method does not work, you can add the lines もっとも簡単にこの効果を得る為にはgnome-terminalを--termname=gnomeアーギュメント 付きで起動します。これはGNOMEパネル上のラウンチャーに正しいコマンドライン 設定をする事等で可能です。 もし貴方が古いバージョンを使っている場合、この方法は動作しないかもしれません。 その場合以下の数行を~/.bashrc設定ファイル[2]に追加して下さい。
if [ "$COLORTERM" = "gnome-terminal" ] then export TERM=gnome fi
to your ~/.bashrc configuration file[2]. The assignment is executed only under gnome-terminal, and sets correctly the TERM variable. 割り当てはgnome-terminal上でのみ実行し、TERM変数に正しく設定します。
Note: Setting the terminal to gnome could prevent ls from using colours, as many versions of ls do not know that gnome-terminal is colour capable. To avoid this problem, create a configuration file ~/.dircolors with dircolors --print-database >~/.dircolors, and add a line TERM=gnome to the configuration file. 注意: ターミナルをgnomeに設定する事はlsがカラーを用いる事を阻止します。 多くのバージョンのlsはgnome-terminalのカラー特性を知らない為です。 これを避ける為には~/dircolors設定ファイルを dircolors --print-database >~/.dircolorsとして作成し、TERM=gnomeとした 一行を追加して下さい。
We will now generate on-the-fly a suitable termcap entry for deviant terminal emulators; this can be done as follows, always in ~/.bashrc: そしてdeviantターミナルエミュレータ用の最適なtermcapエントリを 動的に作成させます。それを行うには以下の通りです。 いつも通り~/.bashrcに、これを追加します:
if [ "$TERM" = "gnome" ] then export TERMCAP=$(infocmp -C gnome | grep -v '^#' | \ tr '\n\t' ' ' | sed 's/\\ //g' | sed s/::/:/g) fi
Finally, we must explain to the terminal device which character is generated by the erase key. Since usually the erase key is expected to backspace, for standard terminal emulators it is the DEL character, so we first set it this way and then add for each deviant terminal a conditional statement, always in ~/.bashrc: 最後に、ターミナルデバイスにどのキャラクタがeraseキーにより作成されるか説明 せねばなりません。eraseキーは通常backspaceであると予想されている為に、 スタンダードなターミナルエミュレータではこれはDELキャラクターになります。 ですからまずこのようにをそれをセットした後、各deviantターミナルに条件文を 追加していきます。いつも通り~/.bashrcに、これを追加します
Of course, if all terminal emulators you use are deviant, you can just set the erase character without any condition.
Note: Certain distributions could have fixes already in place in the system-wide /etc/inputrc configuration file. In this case you can eliminate redundant lines from your ~/.inputrc. 当然ですがもし全てのターミナルエミュレータがdeviantであった場合、 eraseキャラクタを条件無しでセットしても構いません。 注意: 一部のディストリビューションは既にこの修正をシステムワイドな /etc/inputrc設定ファイルなどに施している事があります。 この場合~/.inputrcから不要になった行を削除する事もできます。
:6.3. Fixing for tcsh : tcsh向けの修正 : :In the case of the tcsh, the fixes go all in ~/.tcshrc, and follow the same :rationale as the ones for the bash: :tcshの場合、修正は全部~/.tcshrcに施す必要があります。 :以下のようにbashの場合と似ています:
[コード]
:The second part must be replicated for every deviant terminal. Of course, if a :termcap entry already exists it is not necessary to generate it. :二つ目のパートは全てのdeviantターミナル用に複製せねばなりません。 :当然、termcapが既に存在するなら作成する必要はありません。
:Notes :注意 : [1] :On older version of the bash, you must remember to set :INPUTRC suitably, for instance adding :古いバージョンのbashでは、INPUTRCを正しく設定する必要がある事を :覚えておいて下さい。例えば以下の行を
: export INPUTRC=~/.inputrc
:to your ~/.profile (or whichever file is read just by login shells). :あなたの~/.profile (又はそれ以外のlogin shellのみが読み込むファイル) :に追加します。
[2] :More precisely, to the shell configuration file that is read in every shell, :not only in login shells. The right file depend on startup sequence :of your bash. :より正確には、ログインシェルだけでなく全てのシェルに読み込まれる :シェル設定ファイルに、です。どれが正しいファイルは貴方のbashの :スタートアップシーケンスに依存します。
:Once you know which sequences are produced, you must check the current terminfo :entry with infocmp (don't be scared by the amount of information printed!) and :be sure that the kbs and kdch1 capabilities correspond to the right sequences : (that is, the one produced by the respective keys). Moreover, you must check :with stty -a that the erase character is the one emitted by the Backspace key : (note that ^H represent BS whereas ^? represents DEL).
:If there is a mismatch, there can be several different reason: wrong content of :the TERM variable, wrong entry of the terminal database, wrong terminal :emulation under X. I hope at this point you have enough information to dig :the solution autonomously.
:もし不一致があった場合、いくつかの理由が考えられる: 不正な TERM 変数の値、 :不正なターミナルDBのエントリ、不正な X 用ターミナルエミュレータ等だ。 :ここまでで、貴方が自分で調査を進めるに十分な情報を得てくれた事を期待する。
:Note: If different applications behave in different ways, it is likely that :some of them are using the terminal database correctly, and some are not. :Remember that the fact that the keys produce the right behaviour in a certain :application does not mean that the application is using correctly the :terminal database? they could work just by chance. :If you want to have an independent check, you can try whether the ne editor :works. ne uses all terminal capabilities, including kbs and kdch1, and uses :intended meaning only as a last resource.
:注意: もし各アプリケーションが異なる動作をする場合、それらのいくつかは :ターミナルDBを正しく活用していて残りはそれが出来ていない可能性が強い。 :一部のアプリケーションで各キーが正しい動作をしたとしてもそれはその :アプリケーションがターミナルDBを正しく使用している事を保証するわけでは無い事を :覚えているだろうか?それは偶然動いているだけかもしれない。 :もしそれらを個別にチェックしたければ ne (リンク) エディタを試してみると良い。 :ne は kbs と kdcn1 を含むターミナル特性の全てを利用し、予想される意味は :それ以外が全て適用外だった場合にしか利用されない。
Every Linux user has been sooner or later trapped in a situation in which having working Backspace and Delete keys on the console and on X seemed impossible. This paper explains why this happens and suggests solutions. The notions given here are essentially distribution-independent: due to the widely different content of system configuration files in each distribution, I will try to give the reader enough knowledge to think up his/her own fixes, if necessary.
遅かれ早かれ、どの Linux ユーザも次のような状況にハマるでしょう。 それはコンソール上と X 上での Backspace キーと Delete キーが効かな くなってしまうという現象です。この文書は、こういったことがなぜ起こ るのかを説明し、その対処法を紹介します。ここに示されている考えは基 本的にどのディストリビューションにもあてはまるものです:システム設 定ファイルは各ディストリビューションによってかなり違います。そのた め、ここでは読者が自分自身で、必要に応じてどのファイルを修正すれば よいのかがわかるだけの情報を提供しようと思います。
I assume that the Backspace key should go back one character and then erase the character under the cursor. On the other hand, the Delete key should delete the character under the cursor, without moving it. If you think that the function of the two keys should be exchanged, in spite of the fact that most keyboards feature an arrow pointing to the left (??) on the Backspace key, then this paper will not give you immediate solutions, but certainly you may find the explanations given here useful.
Another assumption is that the fixes should alter only local (user) files. No standard part of the distribution should be altered. Finally, this document discusses how to set up your system so that applications get the right events. If an application decides to interpret such events in an idiosyncratic way, the only possible fix is to reconfigure the application.
Note: Since the first release of this Mini-HOWTO things have become even more entangled. Different distributions of the same terminal emulator (e.g., gnome-terminal as provided by Red Hat 7.0 or by Helix/Red Hat <7.0) generate different ASCII sequences. Due to this mismatch, now the terminal databases correspond even less to the terminal emulators they are supposed to describe. To set a firm ground for the following discussion, we assume basically as correct settings the ones proposed in the Debian keyboard guidelines.
2. How Keys Are Turned Into Actions When a key is pressed on the keyboard, a number of hardware and software components cooperate so as to guarantee that the intended meaning of the key (e.g., emitting a certain character) matches the actual behaviour of the key. I will concentrate on the software side (as our control on the hardware part is nonexistent), and in particular, for the time being, on the events related to console output.
1. Hitting a key causes raw keyboard scancodes to be generated; these scancodes are then transformed in a keycode. On an i386 system, usually the key Backspace emits 14 and the key Delete emits 111.
2. The keycodes are translated by the keyboard library into a keyboard symbol (keysym) using the keyboard definition loaded by the user. If you look into your keyboard database (e.g., under Red Hat Linux, in /usr/lib/kbd/), you'll discover several definitions for different computers, different layouts and possibly different interpretations of the same keys (e.g., one could desire that the two Alt keys really behave as distinct modifiers). The Linux console keyboard layout assigns keysym Delete to keycode 14 and keysym Remove to keycode 111. This may seem strange, but the Linux console emulates a VT100 terminal, and this is the way things work in that realm.
3. Our journey has still to come to an end. Console applications read ASCII sequences, not keysyms. So the console must read keysyms and translate them into ASCII sequences that suitably encode the keys. Of course, this operation must be performed in a way that is understandable by applications. For instance, on the Linux console the Delete keysym is mapped to the ASCII code 127 (DEL), the Remove keysym on a suitable escape sequence, and the BackSpace keysym to ASCII code 8 (BS).
Note: Unfortunately, there are two "standard" terminal databases, termcap and terminfo. Depending on your distribution, you could be using either one of them, or the database could even depend on the application. Our discussion will concentrate on the more modern terminfo database, but the suggested fixes take both into consideration.
Note: Unfortunately, there are two "standard" terminal databases, termcap and terminfo. Depending on your distribution, you could be using either one of them, or the database could even depend on the application. Our discussion will concentrate on the more modern terminfo database, but the suggested fixes take both into consideration.
For instance, on the Linux console F1 generates an escape followed by [[A, which can be translated to the capability key_f1 by looking into the terminal-database entry of the console (try infocmp linux if you want to have a look at the entry). A very good and thorough discussion of terminal databases can be found in GNU's termcap manual. Usually Linux applications use the newer terminfo database, contained in the ncurses package.
たとえば Linux コンソールでは、 F1 キーはエスケープ文字に続 いて [[A という文字列を生成する。端末データベースにあるコン ソールの項目を参照することによって、これは key_f1 というキー 特性に変換されることがわかる (この項目を実際に見てみたいなら、 "infocmp linux" と打ってみるといい)。GNU の termcap マニュア ルには、端末データベースに関する、非常に徹底した、優れた説明 が載っている。ふつう Linux のアプリケーションはより新しい形 式である terminfoデータベースを使う。これは ncurses パッケー ジに含まれているものだ。
Maybe at this point not surprisingly, the Linux console terminfo entry maps DEL to the kbs (backspace key) capability, and escape followed by [3~ to the kdch1 ("delete-one-char" key) capability. Even if you could find strange that the Backspace key emits a DEL, the terminal database puts everything back into its right place, and correctly behaving applications will interpret DEL as the capability kbs, thus deleting the character to the left of the cursor.
たぶんここまで来ればもうそんなに驚かないだろうけど、Linux コ ンソールの terminfo は DEL を kbs (backspace キー) 特性に対 応させている。そしてエスケープに続く [3~ という文字列はkdch1 ("delete-one-char" キー) 特性に対応させている。これまでは Backspace キーが DEL を放出するのを見て奇妙に思っていたかも しれないけど、端末データベースはすべてを正しく元に戻している のであって、正しいふるまいをしているアプリケーションなら DEL を kbsキー特性として解釈するのだ。だからカーソルの左にあるキャ ラクタを消すというわけである。
I hope the basic problem is clear at this point: there is a bottleneck between the keyboard and console applications, that is, the fact that they can only communicate by ASCII sequences. So special keys must be first translated from keysyms to sequences, and then from sequences to key capabilities. Since different consoles have different ideas about what this translation can look like, we need a terminal database. The system would work flawlessly, except for a small problem: it is not always set up correctly, and not everyone uses it.
Applications must have a way to know which database entry to use: this is accomplished by suitably setting the TERM environment variable. In some cases, there is a mismatch between the terminal emulator and the content of the database entry suggested by TERM.
Moreover, many applications do not use the terminal database (or at least not all of it), and consider BS and DEL ASCII codes with an intended meaning: thus, without looking at the database, they assign them semantics (usually, of course, the semantics is removing the character before or under the cursor). So now our beautiful scheme is completely broken (as every Linux user is bitterly aware). For instance, the bash assumes that DEL should do a backward-delete-char, that is, backspace. Hence, on a fresh install the *Backspace* key works on the console as expected, but just because of two twists in a row! Of course, the *Delete* key does not work. This happens because the bash does not look into the terminal database for the kdch1 capability.
Just to illustrate how things have become entangled, consider the *fix_bs_and_del* script provided with the Red Hat distribution (and maybe others). It assigns on-the-fly the BackSpace keysym to the *Backspace* key, and the Delete keysym to the *Delete* key. Now the shell works! Unfortunately, all programs relying on the correct coupling of keysym generation and terminal database mappings are now not working at all, as the Delete keysym is mapped to DEL, and the latter to the kbs key capability by the terminfo database, so in such programs both keys produce backspacing.
1. open the right terminfo entry, and try to process the sequence so as to discover whether it has a particular meaning on the current terminal; if so, use the terminfo semantics;
6.1. What Needs to Be Done: やらねばならない事 6.1.1. Detecting Deviance: 微妙にずれてるアレの検出
The first step towards a clean solution is to know exactly which terminals are deviant and which not. Usually they all behave like the console, and in this case the modifications to get everything working are minimal. If, however, you have some deviant terminal (e.g., a deviant version of gnome-terminal), you will have to treat it in a special way.
The following C one-liner void main(void) {int c; while(c = getchar()) printf("%d 0x%02X\n", c, c);} may help you. Put the line into a file named ascii.c, compile it with gcc ascii.c -o ascii, type ./ascii and press a key followed by RETURN. The program will display the decimal and hexadecimal codes of the ASCII sequence produced (you may want to do a stty erase ^- first to get really all the codes). Now you can easily see what Backspace keys does: if it emits a DEL (127), you have a standard emulator, if it emits a BS (8) you have a deviant one.
6.1.2. Distinguishing Between Emulators 各エミュレータの分別
If you have some deviant terminal emulator, you must distinguish it from the standard ones. Theoretically, this should not be a problem because there are different entries in the terminal database for terminals with different sequences (the entry used depends on the value of the TERM variable).
Here we take the approach that the gnome entry should be used for all deviant VT100 emulators, and the xterm entry for the standard ones. This is in line with several distributions (except a few cases like RedHat ?5.0, where the xterm entry is deviant).
However, gnome-terminal uses by default the same entry as xterm, so if one is deviant and the other one is not you will need to find a way to tell them apart. Theoretically, the option termname of gnome-terminal should allow the user to set the TERM variable to a more sensible name. However, as of gnome-terminal 1.2.1 the option does not work.
A good idea here is to exploit the fact that gnome-terminal sets the COLORTERM variable to gnome-terminal. Thus, by adding a simple test to the shell configuration files we can fix the TERM variable
6.1.3. Fixing the Terminal Database ターミナルデータベースの修正
Our problem now is that the terminal database could lack a gnome entry for deviant terminals (this happens on a number of termcap and terminfo versions). Recent terminfo databases have an entry gnome, but, in any case, since gnome-terminal behaves essentially like xterm modulo our famous two keys, it is possible to automagically generate a brand new correct entry.
The readline library used by the bash and by many other programs to read the input line can be customized so to recognize specific sequences of characters. The customization can also depend on the TERM variable, so once we can distinguish terminals we can do fine tuning of the keyboard.
Moreover, if you want less and other application that do raw line input to work correctly, you must convince the shell that under a deviant terminal emulator the erase character is BS, and not DEL (in the other case the Backspace key is already emitting DEL, so we do not have to do anything). This can be done using the command stty.
Caution These fixes have some drawbacks. First, they work only for the specified terminals. Second, in theory (but this is unlikely to happen) they could confuse the readline library on other terminals. Both limitations are however mostly harmless.
First of all, check with infocmp gnome whether you already have a gnome entry in your terminfo database (we will fix termcap later). If the entry does not exist, the following command
bash$ tic <(infocmp xterm |\ sed 's/xterm|/gnome|/' |\ sed 's/kbs=\\177,/kbs=^H,/' |\ sed 's/kdch1=\\E\[3~,/kdch1=\\177,/')
will create a correct one in ~/.terminfo. If the same command is launched by the root, it will generate the entry in the global database (you can override this behaviour by setting TERMINFO to ~/.terminfo). Note that if your xterm entry is already deviant (e.g., you have a Red Hat ?5.0) the script will copy it unchanged, which is exactly what we want.
Now, add the following snippet to ~/.inputrc[1]: 次に以下の一行を~/inputrc[1]:に追加します
"\e[3~": delete-char
This line teaches the readline library how to manage your standard Delete key for standard emulators, and with a bit of luck it should not interfere with other terminals. However, now we must also explain to the library the meaning of the DEL character on deviant terminals, for instance by adding
to ~/.inputrc. If xterm is deviant, too, you must add other three lines for it. On the other hand, if no terminal emulator is deviant this part is not needed. All these changes can be made global by altering the /etc/inputrc file.
Note that the conditional assignments make deviant terminal emulators work given that the TERM variable is set correctly. To guarantee this, there are a number of techniques. First of all, since the default value of the TERM variable for gnome-terminal is xterm, if all terminals are not deviant then we do nothing. If, however, a terminal that by default uses the xterm entry is deviant you must find a way to set the TERM variable correctly; assume for instance this is true of gnome-terminal.
The simplest way to obtain this effect is to start gnome-terminal with the argument --termname=gnome, for instance by suitably setting the command line in the launcher on the GNOME panel. If however you have an old version, and this method does not work, you can add the lines
Note: Setting the terminal to gnome could prevent ls from using colours, as many versions of ls do not know that gnome-terminal is colour capable. To avoid this problem, create a configuration file ~/.dircolors with dircolors --print-database >~/.dircolors, and add a line TERM=gnome to the configuration file.
Finally, we must explain to the terminal device which character is generated by the erase key. Since usually the erase key is expected to backspace, for standard terminal emulators it is the DEL character, so we first set it this way and then add for each deviant terminal a conditional statement, always in ~/.bashrc:
Of course, if all terminal emulators you use are deviant, you can just set the erase character without any condition.
Note: Certain distributions could have fixes already in place in the system-wide /etc/inputrc configuration file. In this case you can eliminate redundant lines from your ~ /.inputrc.
[2] More precisely, to the shell configuration file that is read in every shell, not only in login shells. The right file depend on startup sequence of your bash.
Once you know which sequences are produced, you must check the current terminfo entry with infocmp (don't be scared by the amount of information printed!) and be sure that the kbs and kdch1 capabilities correspond to the right sequences (that is, the one produced by the respective keys). Moreover, you must check with stty -a that the erase character is the one emitted by the Backspace key (note that ^H represent BS whereas ^? represents DEL).
If there is a mismatch, there can be several different reason: wrong ontent of the TERM variable, wrong entry of the terminal database, wrong terminal emulation under X. I hope at this point you have enough information to dig the solution autonomously.
もし不一致があった場合、いくつかの理由が考えられる: 不正な TERM 変数の値、不正なターミナルDBのエントリ、不正な X 用ター ミナルエミュレータ等だ。ここまでで、貴方が自分で調査を進める に十分な情報を得てくれた事を期待する。
Note: If different applications behave in different ways, it is likely that some of them are using the terminal database correctly, and some are not. Remember that the fact that the keys produce the right behaviour in a certain application does not mean that the application is using correctly the terminal database? they could work just by chance. If you want to have an independent check, you can try whether the ne editor works. ne uses all terminal capabilities, including kbs and kdch1, and uses intended meaning only as a last resource.
注意: もし各アプリケーションが異なる動作をする場合、それらの いくつかはターミナルDBを正しく活用していて残りはそれが出来て いない可能性が強い。一部のアプリケーションで各キーが正しい動 作をしたとしてもそれはそのアプリケーションがターミナルDBを正 しく使用している事を保証するわけでは無い事を覚えているだろう か?それは偶然動いているだけかもしれない。もしそれらを個別に チェックしたければ ne (リンク) エディタを試してみると良い。 ne は kbs と kdcn1 を含むターミナル特性の全てを利用し、予想 される意味はそれ以外が全て適用外だった場合にしか利用されない。
Another nontrivial problem that essentially has no solution is the one concerning remote connections: if you connect to a host whose terminal database is incoherent with yours, you will have to set up things manually.
Finally, it should be noted that the fixes will not work for broken applications (for instance, applications ignoring the kbs key capability). There is little to do in this case, as fixing for one broken application will likely break all well-behaving ones.
The situation under X is not really different. There is just a different layer, that is, the X window system translates the scancodes into its own keysyms, which are much more varied and precise than the console ones, and feeds them into applications (by the way, this is the reason why XEmacs is not plagued by the problem: X translates keycode 14 to keysym BackSpace and keycode 111 to keysym Delete, and then the user can easily assign to those keysyms the desired behaviour). Of course, a terminal emulator program (usually a VT100 emulator in the X world) must translate the X keysyms into ASCII sequences, so we are again in our sore business.
X 環境下においても大きな違いはありません。 X window system という新しい層は スキャンコードを、独自のより汎用性と正確さに長けたkeysymsに翻訳してアプリケーションに 渡してくれるのです。(これがXEmacsでは問題が発生しない理由です: X はキーコード14を Keysym BackSpace に割り当て キーコード111を Keysym Delete に割り当てます。こうする 事で目的の動作を関連付ける事が容易になります) 当然ですがターミナルエミュレーター プログラム(X の世界では通常 VT100 エミュレータを指します)は X Keysyms を ASCII シーケンスに 割り振らねばなりません、結果としてまた例の問題と再会する事になります。
More in detail, usually xterm behaves exactly like the console (i.e., it emits the same ASCII sequences), but, for instance, gnome-terminal in Red Hat <7.0 emits BS for Backspace and DEL for Delete. The real fun starts when you realise that by default they use the same terminal-database entry, so the fact that the kbs capability is associated to an ASCII DEL makes all correctly behaving applications produce the same behaviour for the Backspace and Delete keys in gnome-terminal. The simple statement
bash$ export TERM=gnome
can solve the problem in this case for correctly behaving applications. Well, not always, because your system could lack an entry in the terminal database named gnome, in particular if it is not very up-to-date.
In any case, this is not always a solution: if, for instance, you have a Red Hat ?7.0 distribution, your gnome-terminal behaves like a console. But beware: if you upgraded your desktop using the Helix distribution, then your gnome-terminal behaves like a pre-7.0 Red Hat.
Just to make easier the following discussion, let us define standard a VT100 emulator behaving like the console, and deviant one that emits BS for Backspace and DEL for Delete. Thus, for instance, xterm has always been standard in the Debian distribution, while it switched a couple of times from standard to deviant and viceversa in Red Hat; the behaviour of gnome-terminal is even more erratic.
そんじゃ次の段落やるか。 : More in detail, usually xterm behaves exactly like : the console (i.e.,it emits the same ASCII sequences), : but, for instance, gnome-terminal in Red Hat <7.0 : emits BS for Backspace and DEL for Delete. The real : fun starts when you realise that by default they use : the same terminal-database entry, so the fact that : the kbs capability is associated to an ASCII DEL makes : all correctly behaving applications produce : the same behaviour for the Backspace and Delete keys : in gnome-terminal. The simple statement : bash$ export TERM=gnome : can solve the problem in this case for correctly : behaving applications. Well, not always, because your : system could lack an entry in the terminal database : named gnome, in particular if it is not very up-to-date. より正確には、ふつう xterm ってまったく console と 同じようにふるまうのよ (つまりまったく同じ ASCII 文字列を 吐くってこと)。けど、たとえば、Red Hat <7.0 についてくる gnome-terminal は Backspace で BS を、Delete で DEL を 吐く。次のことを知ったらほんとに笑えるだろうな。 これらはデフォルトで同じ端末データベースのエントリを 使うから、kbs 特性は ASCII DEL に割り合てられてるので すべてのまともなふるまいをするアプリケーションが、 gnome-terminal ではぜんぶ Backspace と Delete が同じに なってしまうという現象が発生すんの。こういうときは次の一行: bash$ export TERM=gnome でまともなアプリケーションなら問題を解決できる。ええと、 いつもこうってわけじゃないんだけど、きみんとこのシステムに gnome つー名前の端末データベースエントリがない場合も あるよね、とくに最新のものじゃないデータベースの場合は。
:In any case, this is not always a solution: if, for instance, you have a Red :Hat ?7.0 distribution, your gnome-terminal behaves like a console. But beware: :if you upgraded your desktop using the Helix distribution, then your :gnome-terminal behaves like a pre-7.0 Red Hat.
:Just to make easier the following discussion, let us define standard a VT100 :emulator behaving like the console, and deviant one that emits BS for :Backspace and DEL for Delete. Thus, for instance, xterm has always been :standard in the Debian distribution, while it switched a couple of times from :standard to deviant and viceversa in Red Hat; the behaviour of gnome-terminal :is even more erratic.
:One of the most annoying sets of problems I have had to deal with is the abysmal default :fonts and font settings of X (I'm talking specifically about XFree86, other versions of :X may be better.) Many programs use fixed width default fonts when a variable width font :would be more appropriate. Other programs use fonts that are ridiculously tiny and :unreadable. The fonts that are bundled with XFree86 are barely adequate for the job. It :does come with a halfway decent courier font, but its Times and Helvetica fonts are :simple bitmap fonts that pixelize when they are scaled. Yuck!
最も苛立たしい問題の一つとして実に難解な X のフォントのデフォルト設定があります。 (私はここで XFree86 について語っています。他のバージョンの X では改善されているかもしれません) 多くのプログラムは等角フォントをつかうべきところでも等幅フォントをデフォルトで使用していたり、 それ以外のプログラムも滑稽なほどに小さく、読めないフォントを使っていたりします。 XFree86 に同梱されているフォントはなんとか実用に堪える程度の物ばかりです。 そこそこ良い出来の courier フォントも付いて来ますが Times と Helvetica に至っては 拡大するとピクセル化してしまう簡素な物です。Yuck!
This HOWTO attempts to show how to adjust various font settings, install new fonts, and do other things that will greatly improve the appearance and readability of fonts on the X Window Desktop. This is done by adjusting the FontPath in the XF86Config file, by adding switches to X server command line in startx or xdm (and variants), by adding new fonts, by installing a TrueType font server and fonts, and by using a feature in the K Desktop Environment 1.1 that automagically adjusts font settings in many applications, including non-KDE apps to set their fonts and colors to match KDE's style settings.
There are a few easy steps that can be taken that will help X do its job better. X により良い仕事をさせる手助けになるであろう事柄が幾つかあります。
2.1. Setting The FontPath 2.1. FontPath の設定
The first place to look for curing font problems is the XF86Config file. /usr/X11/lib/X11/XF86Config or /etc/X11/XF86Config are the common locations. (This may be XF86Config-4 for X 4.x.) If you haven't guessed already, the most important part of this file relating to fonts is the FontPath. Before we get into that, this would be a good time to check the other parts of your X configuration. Bad monitor settings can be even more of a headache than bad fonts, so make sure your refresh rate is as high as your monitor can handle (85 Hz is great, 75 Hz is OK, 60 Hz is painful.)
Use your favorite text editor and edit XF86Config. Near the top of the file in the "Files" section, you should see something like this: お好みのテキストエディタを使って XF86Config を編集して下さい。ファイル先頭周辺の "Files" セクションに、このような表記が見られるはずです:
This much should be the same, or at least similar, for both XFree86 3.x and 4.x. The FontPath tells X where to find the fonts it uses to render text on your display. Order is important -- when an X application asks X to render some text, the X server usually has some leeway to choose the font that is used. The X server then goes through the FontPath and grabs the first font it sees that matches the X client's criteria, and then renders. Note that Redhat's xfs for versions 6.x has a different way of setting the FontPath. See the Section 3.2.2 below for more on xfs.
これとほぼ同じ表記が XFree86 バージョン3,4共にあるはずです。この FontPath は X に画面描画に 用いるフォントをどこから探すべきかを指示します。順番が重要な事に気を付けて下さい-- X アプリケーションが X にテキスト描画をお願いした時、 X サーバは通常フォントの選択に ある程度の自由度を持ちます。そして X サーバは FontPathを順番に見ていき、最初に見つかった クライアントの要求を満たすフォントを用いて描画するのです。 Redhat のバージョン6以降向けの xfs はこれと異なる FontPath 設定を用いる事に注意して下さい。 xfs についてより詳しくはセクション 3.2.2 を参照して下さい。
3. TrueType フォント - 数少ない Windows の長所のひとつ ( http://www.linuxdoc.org/HOWTO/mini/FDU/truetype.html ) : Because the boys at Redmond are very concerned with : the appearance of their software (as opposed to the : internal workings ;) they built TrueType font support : into Windows. And of course, they got the idea from : MacOS which is where TrueType originated. Windows 9x and : nearly every other flavor of Windows comes with Arial, : Times New Roman, and Courier New, which are roughly : equivalent to Helvetica, Times and Courier. TrueType : fonts are scalable, so they look good in large sizes, : and they are well hinted, so they are readable at : small sizes. Many windows applications come with dozens : more TrueType fonts. Don't microwave your Windows CD yet, : you'll want to get those fonts first! レッドモンドの連中は、自分たちのソフトウエアの見てくれを とーっても気にしている (内部の汚なさとは正反対だね ;)。 だから Windows には TrueType フォントのサポートが含まれて いる。もちろんこのアイデアは、連中が TrueType の オリジナルな出自である MacOS から持ってきたものだ。 Windows 9x とそれに類する OS にはすべて Ariel, Times New Roman および Courier New の各フォントがついてくる。 これらはそれぞれ Helvetica, Times そして Courier に だいたい対応する。TrueType フォントはスケーラブルなので、 大きなサイズでも見栄えがよい。さらにいろいろなヒントが 加えられていて、これらは小さめのサイズでも見やすい。 多くの Windows アプリケーションには、追加の TrueType フォントが何十とついてくる。Windows の CD を電子レンジで 焼くのにはまだ早いよ! まずフォントをゲットしとかなきゃ。
3. (つづき) : Unfortunately, XFree86 3.x does not come with built in : TrueType support, so you'll have to add it yourself. : XFree86 4.x does have built in support however (see : Section 4). This will mean installing a font server : that does support TrueType and, of course, installing : the fonts themselves. You won't find decent TrueType : fonts included with any distribution. The likely reason : is that there are not any quality TrueType fonts : under a suitable license at this time.
:Default installations typically put 75dpi fonts before the 100dpi fonts. If you have a :high resolution display, this means very tiny fonts. If this is the case, the first :tweak you'll use is to switch the 75dpi and 100dpi FontPath lines: デフォルトのインストールでは通常 75dpi のフォントが 100dpi のフォントより前にあります。 もし貴方が高解像度のディスプレイを持っている場合、それは非常に小さいフォントである事を意味します。 この場合最初に行う調整は 75dpi と 100dpi のラインを入れ替える事です:
:Next, specify that you prefer to use unscaled bitmap fonts. If you've ever used Netscape :or any other program that displays titles using big fonts, you'll likely notice that :those fonts are pixelized. This is ugly and needs to be fixed. So add :unscaled to the :ends of the misc, 100dpi and 75dpi fonts. You can even use both unscaled and scaled :fonts if you want, just put the unscaled FontPath lines first to tell X you prefer :unscaled fonts if possible: 次に、スケール無しのビットマップフォントを使いたいかどうか明示します。もしネットスケープか 似たような大きいフォントを用いてタイトルを表示するプログラムを使ったことがあるなら、 これらのフォントがピクセル化してしまう事をご存知でしょう。これは醜くい物で修正する必要があります。 ですので :unscaled を misc, 100dpi 及び 75dpi フォントの最後に追加して下さい。 スケール有り/無しの両方を使う事も出来ます。unscaled FontPath ラインを先に記述して X に貴方がスケーリング無しを好む事を指示して下さい。
2.2. X Server Command Line Options 2.2. X サーバのコマンドラインオプション
The next thing you need to do is adjust the command line options for the X server. You'll want to use the -dpi switch which specifies the display resolution in dots per inch. As a lot of systems use high resolution displays these days, chances are they'll be working at 100 dpi. 次に行うことは X サーバのコマンドラインオプションの調整です。 画面解像度を dots per inch で指定する -dpi スイッチが必要になります。 最近のシステムの多くは高解像度のディスプレイを用いていますから既に 100dpi で稼動している 事も多いでしょう。
If you start X from the console command prompt, type: X をコンソールから起動している場合、このようにタイプして下さい:
If you use xdm (or friends such as gdm) for graphical logins, you'll want to edit your /usr/X11/lib/X11/xdm/Xservers file (or possibly /etc/X11/xdm/Xservers) which will have the command line for the Xserver in it. Mine has the line: もし xdm (または友達関係にある gdm) をグラフィカルログインに用いている場合、 /usr/X11/lib/X11/xdm/Xservers ( /etc/X11/xdm/Xservers かもしれません) ファイルを編集 する必要があるでしょう。これは Xserver の為のコマンドラインを含んでいます。 私の場合以下のようにしています:
:0 local /usr/X11R6/bin/X -dpi 100 -gamma 1.6
More information is in the X and Xserver man pages. こり詳しい情報は X と Xserver の man ページにあります。
XFree86 4.0 introduced native support for TrueType fonts, along with other new features. The enhanced font support is based on xfsft from Juliusz Chroboczek, which in turn is based on the FreeType font library originally from Mark Leisher, so the configuration is similar to xfsft and Redhat's patched xfs. XFree86 4.0 は 幾つもの新機能に加え、TrueType のネイティブなサポートを導入しました。 この優れたフォントのサポートは Juliusz Chroboczek 作の xfsft が基になっており、これは更に Mark Leisher作の FreeType font library が起源になっています。ですので設定は xfsft やレッドハット修正版の xfs によく似ています。
The FontPath is still in XF86Config, as always. For Redhat 6/7 using a stock XFree86 4.x (i.e. NOT the Redhat 7.x supplied version), this will mean moving the Redhat xfs FontPath from /etc/X11/fs/config back to XF86Config. A separate font server is no longer needed just for TrueType support. You may disable it, unless it is needed to serve fonts to other clients in a network environment. See the section below for Redhat 7.x specific configuration issues. FontPath はまだ XF86Config 内ですが、
5. Adjusting Fonts in Specific Applications 5.特定のアプリケーションにおける調整
5.1. KDE 5.1.KDE
KDE is one of the best things that have happened to Linux and X in a long time. It provides a consistent user interface that goes a long way towards making Linux accessable to the average non-geek. More information about KDE can be found at http://www.kde.org/. So why am I singing it's praises here? This is because KDE 1.1 has a new feature that will make the fonts and colors in your programs,including non-KDE applications consistent with KDE's current style.
5.1.1. Applying KDE Fonts and Colors to non-KDE Applications 5.1.1. 非KDEアプリにおけるフォントと色の適用
This is very easy. Simply start up the KDE Control Center, go to Desktop, and go to Style inside Desktop. In there, there will be a toggle switch labled "Apply fonts and colors to non-KDE apps". Turn it on, click OK, and your done! The next time you start up many X applications, they will use the same colors and fonts that your KDE applications do. Some people may like this feature better than others,but if you don't like it you can always turn it off.
Let's face it, Netscape is an important application in Linux. We all use it, and we all need it, so let's look at it specifically for a minute. An out of the box Netscape installation is prone to the font problems we've discussed -- large fonts that get pixelized, splotchy looking fonts, fonts so small they are unreadable. In short, ugly. Maybe this is why you are here?
Hopefully, at this point you have followed the above suggestions. These steps can help greatly. TrueType font availability is almost a necessity, and you need a TrueType font server for this. Many web pages specify font families -- like Arial -- that are not typically available to Linux users. This is bad design, but having some of the basic TrueType fonts available will help greatly in overcoming the short-sightedness of some designers. Microsoft -- can't live with 'em, can't live without 'em.
なんか、手動で荒らしてるみたいだ。Assuming you have TrueType working, from the Netscape menu select Edit -> Preferences -> Fonts. Open the Variable Width Font droplist on the right side of the window. Your TrueTypes should be there along with other fonts. Choose which ever one suits your fancy as the default. Check the Allow Scaling checkbox too. If the available point sizes are 0 and 12, you can go down and, and enter your desired point size in the box to the right and click on the OK button. The downside to this is that Netscape will not remember these settings, and you will have to do this each time you start Netscape. Unless -- you have fonts.alias set up already. Then this will solve these problems. See Section 3.4 for more on fonts.alias.
The default is '20', which is a pretty good jump. Changing this can help Netscape from scaling to too large and too small of a font. The x and y resolutions are roughly equivalent to 'dpi' settings. Any random number within reason can be used here. Experiment.
There are many settings that can be tweaked or altered this way. Look at the Netscape.ad (app defaults) file that should be included with Netscape packages.
If this approach does not get the job done as far as the 'tiny fonts' problem in Netscape, then see the fonts.alias section above. You can really fine tune many things with this approach.
Mozilla configuration should be roughly the same. You might find, however, that Mozilla does a better job of handling fonts in X, and pages will look better overall.
from standard to deviant じゃなくて from deviant to standard の間違い (原文のミス) だと思うんだけど、どうよ?
--- :Note that if your xterm entry is already deviant (e.g., you have a Red Hat <5.0) :the script will copy it unchanged, which is exactly what we want.
もし xterm エントリが既にアレゲである場合 (例えば Red Hat <5.0 の場合)、 このスクリプトはそれを変更せずにそのままコピーしてくれる事も覚えておいて下さい。 ---
まとめてくれる人が登場したので安心して続きが出来ますB-) つか「anon」どうですか?匿名、っていうか「詠み人知らず」 みたいな意味です。海外の酒場なんかで壁とかに格言(?)の後に 書いてあったりします。 「Silence is a virtue of fools - anon」等々。 文学的には「一時の、」みたいな意味もあったような なにより短いのでタイプしやすい。
In order to use TrueType, you must also specify which font module the X server should be using in the "Module" section: TrueTypew を利用するには、"Module" セクション内でどのフォントモジュールを使用すべきかXサーバに 明示せねばなりません:
Note that there can be only one 'Module' section, so include any other modules here as well. 'Module'セクションは一つしか存在してはならない事に注意して下さい。他のモジュールもここに記述すると良いでしょう。
You also must to create fonts.scale and fonts.dir file for each TrueType font directory, just like for xfsft and Redhat's xfs. ttmkfdir will come in handy for fonts.scale. See the xfs Section 3.2.2 above for more details and examples. また、各TrueTypwフォントディレクトリ毎に fonts.scale と fonts.dir ファイルを作成する必要があります。 xfsft や Redhat の xfs 同様に ttmkdir が fonts.scale 作成に役立つでしょう。詳しい解説や参例等は xfs のセクション 3.2.2を参照して下さい。
xtt is another available TrueType module that is best known for supporting ideographic (Oriental) type fonts. You can use either, but only one at a time. 他にも xtt というイデオグラフィックな(東洋の)フォントをサポートするTrueType モジュールが知られています。 どれを利用しても構いませんが、同時に利用可能なのは一つのモジュールだけです。 #ここ日本語利用に関係ありそうなので調べて追加した方が良いかも
X server command line options are still the same as previous versions of X: Xサーバ のコマンドラインオプションは以前のバージョンのXと同様です:
Anti-aliasing is a technique for producing even smoother, crisper looking fonts by subtly softening the sharp, jagged edges. This has long been a feature of Apple and Microsoft font rendering, and is now making it's way into X via the X Rendering Extension specification thanks to . The new extensions provide other benefits as well. This is all still somewhat experimental at this time (April 2001), and no distributions have released binary packages that support anti-aliasing with their stable/official versions yet (AFAIK!). But it shouldn't be long.
That is the good news. The bad news is that not all drivers support anti-aliasing yet. This is a moving target, so you will have to dig around to find whether your chipset is supported or not. By the time 4.1 is out, near universal support should be available. More not-so-good news is that few applications are actually taking advantage of this yet. これまでは良いニュースでしたが、悪いニュースもあります。それはすべてのドライバがアンチエイリアシングを サポートするわけでは無い事です。これは非常に動きの活発な問題で、貴方のチップセットがサポートされるか 幾許か調べて廻る必要があるでしょう。これはXF86の 4.1 が登場する頃にはほぼ全ての対応が完了していると期待されます。 良くも悪くも無いニュースもあります、これを活用するアプリケーションはまだ余り存在しない事です。
If you are reading this long after the publication date (April 2001), hopefully most of these shortcomings will have been overcome. All hardware will eventually be supported, mainstream distros will have shipped releases that include the new extensions, and they will be enabled by default. Many apps will look better since they will be "AA" aware, and we won't have to jump through any configuration hoops just to make it work. In the meantime, read on ... もし貴方がこの文章を発表(2001年4月)からだいぶ経ってから読んでいるのならこれらの欠点は解消されている事でしょう。 最終的に全てのハードウェアがサポートされ、主なディストロからは新しい拡張が含まれたバージョンが 発表されているでしょうし、それが標準で有効にされている事でしょう。 多くのソフトが"AA"対応になり美しくなり、ただそれを有効にする為だけに設定ファイルの間を飛び回る 必要も無くなり、そして...
Minimum requirements for anti-aliasing: アンチエイリアシングの為に最低必要な条件は:
XFree86 4.0.2 or later. XFree86 4.0.2 又はそれ以降
You graphic card's driver has to support anti-aliasing. If 4.0.2 (or greater) is already installed, you can get this information direct from the driver with xdpyinfo. Run this and look for "Number of Extensions:". If this lists "RENDER" among them, then you should be good to go. If not, well, it isn't going to work, and you will have to wait for an updated driver. 貴方のビデオカードのドライバがアンチエイリアシングをサポートする事。もし4.0.2以上が既にインストール されているならば"Number of Extensions:"を見て、"RENDER"がリストに含まれて居るようなら準備完了 という事になります。
The Freetype2 library available from http://www.freetype.org, and also now bundled with XFree86. XFree needs to be linked against this, so install and build first if building from scratch. Your distro should have Freetype packages as well. Just make sure it is freetype-2. http://www.freetype.org より入手できる Freetype2 ライブラリ。現在はXFree86にもバンドルされています。 XFree はこれに対してリンクされている必要があるのでもし1からビルドする場合は最初にビルドを行って下さい。 貴方のパッケージはすでにFreetypeパッケージを含んでいると思いますが、それがfreetype-2である事を確認して下さい。
Gnome does not support anti-aliasing at this time (as of 1.4). Awaiting GTK implemention (probably for GTK 2.o). Apparently this will be available later this year, so stay tuned. Gnomeはバージョン1.4現在、アンチエイリアシングをサポートしません。GTKの実装待ち状態です。 (おそらくGTK2以降でしょう)これは今年中に提供される予定ですので、チャンネルはそのままでお待ち下さい。
Applications that "know" about anti-aliasing. Not necessarily at the individual application level, but the libraries and toolkits (gtk, TK, etc.) that the application are built against, must be able to use the new features. At this time, there are scant few. KDE/QT is perhaps first out of the box. Also, xterm supports the new extensions. アンチエイリアシングの事を"知っている"アプリケーション。アプリケーション個別のレベルで特別な サポートが必要なわけではありませんが、アプリケーションをビルドやリンクするライブラリやツールキット は新しい機能を使えるようになっていなければなりません。現在それらはほぼ存在しません。 KDE/QT はもしかしたら初めて登場した物かもしれません。また、xterm をこれらの新エクステンションをサポートします。
The new rendering extensions configuration file, XftConfig, must be configured for the fonts you want to use. 新しいレンダリング拡張の設定ファイルである、XftConfig が使用したいフォントに対して設定される必要があります
Also, most distros that have unstable, or pre-release, versions are likely to have the foundation support for anti-aliasing available now. Redhat, for instance, has it in their 'rawhide' release. So this would be a good approach to take at this time if you want to be on the cutting edge, and may be more palatable for some than building each package from source. また、不安定版やプレリリース版を公開している多くのディストロでは既にアンチエイリアシングの基礎的な サポートを実装しているでしょう。Redhat を例に取ると、'rawhide' リリースで実現されています。 ですので常に最新の環境を維持したい人には良い環境ですし、各パッケージをソースからビルドするよりも 良い選択かもしれません。
To verify the necessary components, first make sure the "freetype" module (and any others) are loaded. Check the X server output: 必要なコンポーネントを確認するには、まず"freetype"モジュールが読み込まれている事を確かめて下さい。 このようにXサーバの出力を調べます:
(II) LoadModule: "freetype" (II) Loading /usr/X11R6/lib/modules/fonts/libfreetype.a (II) Module freetype: vendor="The XFree86 Project" compiled for 4.0.3, module version = 1.1.9 Module class: XFree86 Font Renderer ABI class: XFree86 Font Renderer, version 0.2 (II) Loading font FreeType
Then verify if the "RENDER" extension is available, either check with xdpyinfo, or check the X server log, typically /var/log/XFree86.0.log: 次に"RENDER"エクステンションが存在する事を確認します xdpyinfo で調べるか、Xサーバのログ、 一般に /var/log/XFree86.0.log を調べてみます:
(II) Initializing built-in extension MIT-SHM (II) Initializing built-in extension XInputExtension (II) Initializing built-in extension XTEST (II) Initializing built-in extension XKEYBOARD (II) Initializing built-in extension LBX (II) Initializing built-in extension XC-APPGROUP (II) Initializing built-in extension SECURITY (II) Initializing built-in extension XINERAMA (II) Initializing built-in extension XFree86-Bigfont (II) Initializing built-in extension RENDER
If "RENDER" is there, anti-aliasing and the other advanced rendering extensions should be enabled. もし"RENDER"が存在すれば、アンチエイリアシングやその他の高度なレンダリング拡張は有効になっているはずです。
The rendering engine that provides the advanced rendering features is configured with the XftConfig file. This would typically be installed as /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/XftConfig. This file provides Font Path information, etc., and is a requirement over and above XF86Config. If your PATH to your TrueType or Type1 fonts is different, be sure to modify as needed. And of course, you need to have XFree86 configured for TrueType support (see the above section). 高度なレンダリング機能を提供するエンジンは XftConfig ファイルを用いて設定されます。 これは通常 /usr/X11R6/lib/X11/XftConfig としてインストールされます。このファイルは Font Pathの 情報等を 提供し、XF86Config を上回る必要条件の一つです。もし貴方の TrueType 及び Type1 フォント PATH が異なる場合、 必ず必要に沿った変更を行うようにして下さい。また当然ながら、XFree86 がTrueTypeサポート向けに設定されている必要が あります。(前のセクションを参照して下さい)
Keith Packard's sample configuration file: Keith Packard の設定ファイルサンプル:
# # XftConfig # # Use with Type1 and TrueType fonts #
dir "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/Type1" dir "/usr/X11R6/lib/X11/fonts/truetype"
# # alias 'fixed' for 'mono' # match any family == "fixed" edit family =+ "mono";
# # Substitute TrueType fonts for Type1 versions # match any family == "Times" edit family += "Times New Roman"; match any family == "Helvetica" edit family += "Verdana"; match any family == "Courier" edit family += "Courier New";
# # Use TrueType fonts for defaults # match any family == "serif" edit family += "Times New Roman"; match any family == "sans" edit family += "Verdana";
# # Use monotype.com (andale) face where possible # match any family == "mono" all slant == roman all weight < bold edit family += "monotype.com"; # # otherwise, use courier # match any family == "mono" edit family += "Courier New";
# # Alias between XLFD families and font file family name, prefer local fonts # match any family == "Charter" edit family += "Bitstream Charter"; match any family == "Bitstream Charter" edit family =+ "Charter";
match any family == "Lucidux Serif" edit family += "LuciduxSerif"; match any family == "LuciduxSerif" edit family =+ "Lucidux Serif";
match any family == "Lucidux Sans" edit family += "LuciduxSans";
You've gone through all the steps, and verified that the "RENDER" extension is available, but you don't perceive a difference? Well, maybe the applications themselves just aren't there yet, and are not able to utilize these new features. Mozilla and Netscape, for instance, are not able to yet (as of this writing). 全ての段階をこなし、"RENDER"エクステンションが有る事を確認し、それでもまだ違いが見えないですって? ではひょっとしてアプリケーション自体がまだ追い付けていなくて、これらの新機能を活かせていないのかも しれません。例えばモジラとネットスケープは、まだこれらを扱えるようにはなっていません(現段階ではです)
So how to know what does and does not make use of anti-aliasing? A quick test is to use something like xmag, or gimp, and enlarge the text considerably. Look for diagonal lines, and if they are clearly stair-stepped with no softened edges. If so, then while anti-aliasing is technically available, it is not being used. With anti-aliasing you should see gradients instead of well defined sharp edges. You can compare this with xterm and "AA": ではどうやってアンチエイリアシングを活用しているか調べたら良いでしょう?簡単なテストは xmag や gimp のようなソフトを使い、テキストをかなり大きく拡大してみる事です。斜めの線に注目して下さい。 もし階段状に角が付いてぼかしが効いていないのなら、アンチエイリアスは技術的に存在するかもしれませんが 有効に活用されていない状態です。アンチエイリアシングなら鋭利なギザギザではなく滑らかなグラデーションが 見えるはずです。これを xterm と"AA"で比較してみると良いでしょう。
Redhat 7.0 introduces some changes to X configuration over previous Redhat versions. It is also different from the stock XFree86 configuration as addressed above. Notable differences: Redhat 7.0 は X の設定で以前のバージョンとは違う点が幾つか有ります。 また XFree86 の標準設定とも異なる点があります。主な点は:
Both XFree86 3.3.6 and 4.01 are included. If upgrading you may wind up with 3.3.6. The X configuration file is XF86Config for 3.3.6 and XF86Config-4 for 4.x. Of course, you'll need to know which is which for editing and configuration purposes. XFree86 3.3.6 と 4.0.1 両方が含まれている為、もしアップグレードを行った場合3.3.6.を混乱される 恐れがあります。3.3.6用の設定ファイルが XF86Config であるのに対し、4以降では XF86Config-4 となります。 編集や設定を行う際どしらが有効か知っておく必要があります。
xfs is still handling all font duties. A default Redhat 7.x installation does not use the 'modules' section of XF86Config. Instead it relies on xfs. This is different from a stock installation of XFree86 4.x where the X server does all the font work -- including TrueType. 引き続き xfs が全フォント作業を承っています。Redhat 7.x はデフォルトでは'modules'セクションを用いず、 代わりに xfs に依存します。これは XF86 4以降の標準の X サーバがTrueTypeを含む全てを司る形式とは異なります
The socket for xfs is "unix/:7100" with RH 7.x, as opposed to "unix/:-1" in previous versions. xfs は以前のバージョンではソケットの"unix/:-1"を使用していたのに対し、RH7以降では"unix/:7100"を使用します。
>>165 >:One of the most annoying sets of problems I have had to deal with is the abysmal default >:fonts and font settings of X >最も苛立たしい問題の一つとして実に難解な X のフォントのデフォルト設定があります。
I have had to deal with がごっそり抜けてる。
:最も苛立たしい対処しなくてはならない問題の一つとして :最悪な X のデフォルトフォントとフォント設定があります。
~~~~ ~~ v1.4 7 December 2000 Updated for Red Hat 7.0 and Helix Gnome conflicts. ~~ v1.3 18 October 2000 Name change. ~~ v1.2 15 October 2000 Updated. Added "What If Nothing Works" section. ~~ v1.1 13 September 2000 Added tcsh fixes ~~ v1.0 5 September 2000 First release
Unfortunately there is no unified font handling system for Linux. You will have to configure each individual program so you can use TrueType, Type 1 or fonts that pique your fancy. And each program may well have its own way of doing this so you will have to RTFM.
Most GUI apps should be able to use TrueType, and Type 1 fonts too. Wordperfect for Linux, however, cannot use TrueType. (See the links section below for more on Wordperfect.) Text editors, terminal programs and the like need fixed width fonts, and do not play well with TrueType or other scalable fonts.
ほとんどのGUIアプリはTrueTypeとType 1を使えるであろう。 ただし、Wordperfect for Linux は TrueTypeを使えない(Wordperfect については、以下のリンクのセクションを参照)。 テキストエディタやターミナルプログラムといった類のプログラムは 固定幅フォントが必要とされるため、TrueTypeなどの可変幅フォント とは相性が良くない。
Though not discussed here, Type 1 fonts provide many of the same benefits as TrueType. You likely have many of these installed already. Unfortunately however, Type 1 are not a web standard like TrueType. But they are suitable for many other purposes. They are where it's at for printing. See ghostscriptfor more on this.
Unfortunately there is no unified font handling system for Linux. You will have to configure each individual program so you can use TrueType, Type 1 or fonts that pique your fancy. And each program may well have its own way of doing this so you will have to RTFM.
xfsft Homepage, TrueType font support for X. This is the origin of the "freetype" font module for XFree86 4.x, and Redhat's xfs. Good site, and good links to other information related to fonts and TrueType.
Wordperfect for Linux -- Fonts and Printers by Rod Smith, the author of Using Corel Wordperfect 8 for Linux from Que. Excellent information on Wordperfect and where TrueType fits in.
Wordperfect for Linux -- フォントとプリンター …… Que社発行の「Using Corel Wordperfect 8 for Linux」の著者で あるRod Smith氏による。Wordperfect全般と、どうやってTrueType を入れるかに関する優れた情報。
Microsoft Web Fonts direct from the Lion's den -- and they are free! These can be unpacked in Linux (see above). マイクロソフトウェブフォントをライオンの住処から直接 - そしてこれらはフリーです! Linux 上で解凍できます(上を参照)。
Web Fonts RPM package, contains a few of the MS web browser fonts. ウェブフォントのRPMパッケージ - MS ウェブブラウザのフォントの幾つかを含んでいます。
Freeware Connection -- Free Fonts Sites lots of links to lots of sites. Freeware Connection - フリーなフォントのサイトで多くのサイトへ多くのリンクがあります。
And Lucida Sans Unicode, which is included in IBM's JDK 1.3.0beta for Linux, and covers Roman, Cyrillic, Greek, Hebrew, combining diacritical marks. This can be downloaded from ftp://ftp.maths.tcd.ie/Linux/opt/IBMJava2-13/jre/lib/fonts/ as LucidaSansRegular.ttf and LucidaSansOblique.ttf. Thanks to Tzafrir Cohen for these references. He also has a nice page on Hebrew fonts and related topics at http://www.iglu.org.il/faq/?file=133. そして Lucida Sans Unicode、これはIBMの JDK 1.3.0beta for Linux に含まれ ローマン、キリル、ギリシャ、 ヘブライ、アラビック、発音記号を混合してカバーします。これはここからダウンロードできます ftp://ftp.maths.tcd.ie/Linux/opt/IBMJava2-13/jre/lib/fonts/ as LucidaSansRegular.ttf そして LucidaSansOblique.ttf 。これらを紹介してくれた Tzafrir Cohen に感謝します。彼は又ヘブライフォントや 関連した話題について素敵なページを次の場所に持っています http://www.iglu.org.il/faq/?file=133 。
Unfortunately there is no unified font handling system for Linux. You will have to configure each individual program so you can use TrueType, Type 1 or fonts that pique your fancy. And each program may well have its own way of doing this so you will have to RTFM.
How to improve ugly and unreadable X Window fonts. Various tips for improving font handling for XFree86, including sections on fonts servers, TrueType fonts, Netscape, and related topics.
どのようにして醜くて読めない X Window System のフォントを改善するか。 XFree86 においてフォントの取り扱いを改善する種々のヒントを紹介します。 これには フォントサーバ、TrueType フォント、Netscape とそれらに関連する 話題が含まれます。
One of the most annoying sets of problems I have had to deal with is the abysmal default fonts and font settings of X (I'm talking specifically about <Ulink url="http://www.xfree.org">XFree86</Ulink>, other versions of X may be better.) Many programs use fixed width default fonts when a variable width font would be more appropriate. Other programs use fonts that are ridiculously tiny and unreadable. The fonts that are bundled with XFree86 are barely adequate for the job. It does come with a halfway decent courier font, but its Times and Helvetica fonts are simple bitmap fonts that pixelize when they are scaled. Yuck!
This HOWTO attempts to show how to adjust various font settings, install new fonts, and do other things that will greatly improve the appearance and readability of fonts on the X Window Desktop. This is done by adjusting the <Literal>FontPath</Literal> in the <FileName>XF86Config</FileName> file, by adding switches to X server command line in <Command>startx</Command> or <Command>xdm</Command> (and variants), by adding new fonts, by installing a TrueType font server and fonts, and by using a feature in the K Desktop Environment 1.1 that automagically adjusts font settings in many applications, including non-KDE apps to set their fonts and colors to match KDE's style settings.
この HOWTO はさまざまなフォント設定の調整の仕方、新しいフォントのインストールの仕方、 およびそれ以外にも様々な X Window System デスクトップでのフォントの見た目や読み易さを 大幅に改善する方法を紹介しようと試みています。これは <FileName>XF86Config</FileName> ファイル内の <Literal>FontPath</Literal> を調整することや、<Command>startx</Command> や <Command>xdm</Command> (とその亜種) の X サーバコマンドラインにスイッチを 追加することや、TrueType フォントサーバとフォントをインストールすることや、 多くのアプリケーションのフォント設定を自動魔法的に調整してくれる K Desktop Environment 1.1 の機能 (非 KDE アプリケーションのフォントと色を KDE のスタイル設定に合わせるように設定することも含みます) を使うことにより実現します。
・Unfortunately there is no unified font handling system for Linux. You will have to configure each individual program so you can use TrueType, Type 1 or fonts that pique your fancy. And each program may well h ave its own way of doing this so you will have to RTFM.
・Most GUI apps should be able to use TrueType, and Type 1 fonts too. Wordperfect for Linux, however, cannot use TrueType. (See the links section below for more on Wordperfect.) Text editors, terminal programs and the like need fixed width fonts, and do not play well with TrueType or other scalable fonts.
最新 >>296 : ほとんどのGUIアプリはTrueTypeとType 1を使えるであろう。 ただし、Wordperfect for Linux は TrueTypeを使えない(Wordperfect については、以下のリンクのセクションを参照)。 テキストエディタやターミナルプログラムといった類のプログラムは 固定幅フォントが必要とされるため、TrueTypeなどの可変幅フォント とは相性が良くない。
・Though not discussed here, Type 1 fonts provide many of the same benefits as TrueType. You likely have many of these installed already. Unfortunately however, Type 1 are not a web standard like TrueType. But they are suitable for many other purposes. They are where it's at for printing. See ghostscript for more on this.
How to improve ugly and unreadable X Window fonts. Various tips for improving font handling for XFree86, including sections on fonts servers, TrueType fonts, Netscape, and related topics.
ここでは X Window System での汚くて読みづらいフォント環境を改善する方法や XFree86 においてフォントの取り扱いを改善する為のいろいろなヒントを紹介します。 またフォントサーバ、TrueType フォント、Netscape とそれらに関連する 話題にふれます。
One of the most annoying sets of problems I have had to deal with is the abysmal default fonts and font settings of X (I'm talking specifically about <Ulink url="http://www.xfree.org">XFree86</Ulink>, other versions of X may be better.) Many programs use fixed width default fonts when a variable width font would be more appropriate. Other programs use fonts that are ridiculously tiny and unreadable. The fonts that are bundled with XFree86 are barely adequate for the job. It does come with a halfway decent courier font, but its Times and Helvetica fonts are simple bitmap fonts that pixelize when they are scaled. Yuck!
ここで対処すべき問題の中でひどく頭を悩ませることの一つは X (私はここで <Ulink url="http://www.xfree86.org">XFree86</Ulink> について語っています。他のバージョンの X では改善されているかもしれません) でデフォルトのフォントとフォント設定が腐っていることです。 多くのプログラムで可変幅のフォントを使った方がいいところでも デフォルトのフォントが等幅のものを使っています。 また他のプログラムでは滑稽なほどに小さく、読めないフォントを使っていたりします。 XFree86 に付属しているフォントだけではなんとか実用に堪える程度にしかなりません。 まあ courier についてはそこそこのフォントがついていますが、Times と Helvetica にいたっては単なるビットマップフォントしかついてこないので拡大させるとぎざぎざが目立ってしまいます。逝ってよし!
This HOWTO attempts to show how to adjust various font settings, install new fonts, and do other things that will greatly improve the appearance and readability of fonts on the X Window Desktop. This is done by adjusting the <Literal>FontPath</Literal> in the <FileName>XF86Config</FileName> file, by adding switches to X server command line in <Command>startx</Command> or <Command>xdm</Command> (and variants), by adding new fonts, by installing a TrueType font server and fonts, and by using a feature in the K Desktop Environment 1.1 that automagically adjusts font settings in many applications, including non-KDE apps to set their fonts and colors to match KDE's style settings.
この HOWTO はフォントの設定に関するいろいろな方法や、新しいフォントのインストールの仕方、 さらには様々な X Window System 上のデスクトップでのフォントの見た目と読み易さを 大幅に改善する方法を紹介することを意図しています。 すなわち次のようなことを紹介しようと思います。
* <FileName>XF86Config</FileName> ファイルの <Literal>FontPath</Literal> の設定。 * <Command>startx</Command> や <Command>xdm</Command> (とその亜種) に X サーバに渡すコマンドラインやスイッチを追加する。 * TrueType フォントサーバや新しいフォントをインストールする。 * K Desktop Environment 1.1 の機能を使って多くのアプリケーションのフォント設定を自動的に調整する。非 KDE アプリケーションのフォントと色を KDE のスタイル設定に合わせるように設定することも含みます。
<!--<Title>Conventions Used in this Document</Title> --> <Title>本文書の注意事項</Title>
<Para> <ItemizedList>
<ListItem> <!--<Para> Where examples of commands are used, a <quote>#</quote> character is used to denote where typically the command would be run as the root user. A <quote>$</quote> is used where typically a non-root user would be executing the command. </Para> --> <Para> コマンドの例において、<quote>#</quote> は一般に root としての操作を示します。 <quote>$</quote> は、一般に 非 root ユーザとして実行できる操作を示します。 </Para> </ListItem>
<ListItem> <!-- <Para> The examples use <FileName>/usr/local/share/fonts/ttfonts</FileName> as our TrueType font directory. There is no magic to this location, and could conceivably just as well be in any number of other locations. </Para> --> <Para> 本文書の例においては、<FileName>/usr/local/share/fonts/ttfonts</FileName>を TrueType のフォントディレクトリとしていますが、特に深い意味はありません。 他のどの場所でも結構です。 </Para> </ListItem>
<ListItem> <!--<Para> References to "xfs" are to the xfs as packaged by Redhat for versions 6.x and later. This differs significantly in some respects from the stock XFree86 xfs. </Para> --> <Para> "xfs" に言及するとき、それは RedHat 6.x もしくはそれ以降のバージョンに 付属している xfs に関するものです。これは、Xfree86 に付属している xfs とは、 いくつかの点で大きな違いがあります。 </Para> </ListItem>
<ListItem> <!-- <Para> References to "Netscape" are to the entire suite of programs from Netscape: Communicator, Navigator, Messenger, etc. For all intents and purposes, font configuration in Mozilla is very similar. </Para> --> <Para> "Netscape" に言及するとき、それは Communicator, Navigator, Messenger 等 Netscape 社より提供される一式すべてに関するものです。なお、Mozilla の設定は、 あらゆる点において Netscape によく似ています。 </Para> </ListItem>
<ListItem> <!--<Para> 'XF86Config' is the X configuration file. For Redhat based distros, as of Redhat 7.0, this is now 'XF86Config-4' for XFree86 4.x. For the most part, we'll just use 'XF86Config' here.
<!--<Para> Also, while some aspects of XFree86 4.x configuration are the same as 3.3.x, there are some significant differences. We'll only highlight the differences. So unless noted otherwise, any comments or examples will apply to both 3.x and 4.x versions.
<ListItem> <!--<Para> File system layout varies somewhat from distribution to distribution. It is impossible to stay on top of every conceivable variation of who keeps which files where. So take the examples here with a grain of salt if the PATHs don't seem to match your system. </Para> --> <Para> ファイルシステムのレイアウトは、ディストリビューション毎に少し異なります。 これにより、どのファイルがどこに存在するのかをこちらで把握し、対応しつづけるのは 不可能です。そのため、PATH 等が貴方のシステムに合わない場合でも、大目に見て ください。 </Para> </ListItem>