He has sparkling blue-green eyes, thinning silver hair that spills onto his forehead, big ears, a triangular nose, and tufts of graying eyebrows. ▼ Although his teeth are crooked and his lower ones are slanted back ―as if someone had once punched them in― when he smiles it's as if you'd just told him the first joke on earth. ▼
We grew coffee on my farm. The land was in itself a little too high for coffee , and it was hard work to keep it going ; we were never rich on the farm. But (→) a coffee-plantation is a thing that gets hold of you and does not let you go , and there is always something to do on it : you are generally just a little behind with your work (←).
I always wonder what effects the incident had on them, and on myself. ▼ Something as traumatic as that you'd think would have to have had some lingering(いつまでも心に残る) physical or psychological impact on all of us ▼.
Something as traumatic as that you'd think would have to have ~ . は You'd think something as traumatic as that would have to have ~ . の something as traumatic as thatが情報構造上の観点からfrontingされたものに過ぎない。 原文を見ると、同じ段落の最後の文においてもfrontingがなされている。
Small planes were not (*1)high on Steve Anderson's list of reliable modes of transportation, (*2)let alone means of relaxation. In fact, he'd never flown before and had always figured (*3)when the time came to board a plane it would be a jumbo jet. But the opportunity to fly from Montana to Iowa to see his wife for Christmas was too irresistible (抗し難い) for Steve to pass up(断る). "It's a small plane, but smooth as silk in the air," Joe told him the day before the flight. (*4)"Tell you what ― you can be my navigator." In the recesses(後退) of his mind, Steve felt a slight wave of anxiety course through(巡る) his body. He swallowed his fears and (*5)cleared his throat. "I've never done any navigating," he said with a laugh. "But I'd be willing to fly the plane myself if it meant getting back to my wife at Christmas."
(K.Kingsbury, 'A Treasury of Christmas Miracles')
(*1)high を訳せ (*2),let alone means of relaxation を訳せ (*3)の一節を訳せ (*4)の一文を訳せ (*5)主人公はなぜ、咳払いをしたのか?
When a child at school makes a mistake, say, in reading aloud, he gets an instant signal from the environment. Perhaps some of the other children in the class will make a face, or wave their hand in the air ― anything to show the teacher that they know more than the unfortunate reader. Perhaps the teacher herself will correct the mistake, or will say, "Are you sure?" Perhaps, if the teacher is sympathetic and kindly, as many are, she will only smile a sweet, sad smile ― ▼ which from the point of view of the child is one of the severest punishments the school has to offer, since it shows him that he has hurt and disappointed the person on whose support and approval he is accustomed to depend. ▼ He will feel great shame and embarrassment, enough to paralyze his thinking. The result of this is a great loss. (阪大)
日蓮宗の諸兄、メリクリスマ〜ス。こたえ写す時間きますた。 >>35 訳さない、ってのもありかw >>36 >学校があたえなければならない・・・ ここだけなんかしっくりきませんね〜ハフトゥーをワザと訳さない、 というのは無しか? >>38 which の先行詞は only a sweet, sad smile だとおも。日本語にすると 「単なる菩薩笑い」かなァ?きしょくわるいなw >>39>>41 それそれ。そうこなくっちゃ
What can be said that is general and true about the condition of mankind before civilization? The question is directed to a time from five to six thousand years ago. At that time human populations were to be found on all the world's continents, with the possible exception of Australia. Greenland had not yet been invaded by man, and some of the islands of the Pacific were as yet without human occupants. ▽But there were people in a great many widely scattered parts of the habitable earth, not very many of them in any one place, and not very many of them altogether.▽
つづき The question is whether anything can be said, with show of reason and evidence, about all the human beings that were there then, whether they lived in the arctic or in the tropics, whether they hunted, fished, or farmed, and whatever may have been the color of their skins, the languages they spoke, or the particular beliefs and customs that they had. The question demands a positive characterization of their manner of life. ▼The description should be more than a mere statement of the things that those early men did not have that we today do have.▼ It should say: this is what they did; this is how they felt; this is the way the world looked to them. (首都大)
上段も下段も、並列された述語の扱いが主題のようですが、上段は not の範囲に 注意が必要です。やさしくはないですね。
The books that children meet at school will probably be the ones which have the greatest influence on their lives. Therefore it is essential that they provide for all the varying moods and tastes of the moment , and for different levels of attainment(学力) as well. (ここから) With a small range , the chances are that a child will like everything , or dislike everything. If children are to learn to discriminate(識別する) in their reading , as in everything else, then they must have around them as great a variety of books as possible from which to choose. (ここまで)
* small range とは何のrangeかを明確にすることと、 the chances are that。。。をどう訳すかが得点差に なりそうです。
>>53 >道理にかなっていたかどうか(with show of reason and evidence)
横から失礼するけれども、show of 〜 は「〜を示す」だから with show of reason and evidence の部分は 「理由と根拠を示して」とすべきでは?
さらに、最後の that we today do have. の部分は particular beliefs and customs that they had の部分のみを受けているのではなく、 whether they lived から or the particular beliefs and customs 〜 と見たほうがいいのではないかな。 端的には manner of life ではないかと思うんだが。
What do you do in trains, cars, or taxis? If you do nothing in perfect contentment, well and good; but if you feel restless you are to blame. ▼ Mankind might be divided between the multitude who hate to be kept waiting because they get weary and happy few who rather like it because it gives them time for thought. ▼
Water , soil , and the earth's green cover of plants make up the world that supports the animal life of the earth. If we see any immediate utility in a plant we foster(育てる) it. If for any reason we find its presence undesirable or merely a matter of indifference , we may condemn it to destruction at once. (→) Besides the various plants that are poisonous to man or his livestock , or crowd out(押しのける) food plants , many are marked for destruction merely because , according to our narrow view , they happen to be in the wrong place at the wrong time.(←) Many others are destroyed merely because they happen to be associates of the unwanted plants.
Tell the students that when trying to achieve a goal people often fail to notice the resources they have around them. (they / themはpeopleを受ける。)
At the same time, animals do not actually live in a raw 'nature'. They have around them an invisible shell of warm air which acts as a protecting boundary between themselves and their environment. (they / themはanimalsを受ける。)
問題文のthey must have around themのtheyとthemがそれぞれ別々の名詞 を受けていると見えるのであれば、英語が分かっていない証拠。
教師がどうこうって話になるのは、 Therefore it is essential that they provide for all the varying moods and tastes ~ の部分の proide for を読み違えて「they って誰だ?あぁ、教師たちってことか」となったんじゃないかと思う。
it is essential that they provide ... のtheyはthe booksを受けると思う。
ここのprovide forは、「に応える」「に対応する」くらいの意味だと思う。
Few textbooks provide for the needs gifted students have. (才能ある生徒の必要に応える教科書はほとんどない。) The original system did not provide for this sudden increase in demand. (元のシステムはこのような需要の急増に対し十分ではなかった。)
Pigs have long been the most common animal for meet in many parts of the world. The reason for this is economic. The pig produces meat more efficiently than any other animal. (→) For every 100 pounds of food, it produces 20 pounds of meat. In comparison, for example, cattle produce only about 7 pounds of meat per 100 pounds of food. (←)
>>71 589 :ベイエリア人 ◆wI.9LiivDc :2008/12/28(日) 10:42:29 In my opinion, it's definitely referring to the children. The fact that teachers aren't even mentioned...
594 :イギリス人:2008/12/28(日) 10:58:45 I would agree with you and say that both pronouns refer specifically to the children. "Discrimination in their reading" - no child would be expected to learn to discriminate in their teachers' reading and thus the books surrounding 'them' would be around the children.
595 :米人:2008/12/28(日) 11:01:41 As I read the fourth sentence, both "they" and "them" refer to the children. Teachers haven't even been mentioned in the passage yet, so it would be odd to have a pronoun refer to them. I think your friends are reading too much into the sentence.
The landlady(宿のおかみ) appears to regard me as a rather grand visitor on account(理由) of Mr Farraday's Ford and the high quality of my suit. This afternoon when I entered(記帳する) my address in her register(宿帳) as 'Darlington Hall,' I could see her look at me with some trepidation (心の動揺), assuming no doubt that I was some gentleman used to such places as the Ritz or the Dorchester and that I would storm out(怒って飛び出す) of her guest house on being shown my room. ▼ She informed me that a double room at the front was available, though I was welcome to it for the price of a single. ▼
新春早々、ホームレス殺人とは悲しいね。 で、こういうホームレスは都内の医科大学に運ばれて 解剖実習に使われるんだよね。 In general, I found Harvard an exciting place, where people were genuinely focused on study and learning. But to take a premed course(医進過程) was to step into a different world ― nasty and competitive. The most critical course was organic chemistry, and it was widely known as a "screw your buddy(仲間だまし)" course. In the labs, if you asked the person at the next bench a question, he'd tell you the wrong answer ▼ in the hope that you would make a mistake or, even better, start a fire. ▼ As first-year students, we had scrutinized(調べる) the schedule and had seen that we would be given cadavers on the first day. We questioned the second-year students. They gave us advice. Try and get a man, not a woman. Try and get a black person, not a white. And try to get one that hadn't been dead too many years. Don Fawcett, professor of anatomy, gave the first lecture. ▽ "You can no more become a good doctor without a thorough understanding of gross anatomy than you can become a good mechanic without opening the hood of a car."▽
So far as university teachers are concerned, the primary academic freedoms are that they should be free to teach what they think fit and that the selection of students and the appointment of university teachers should be in (*1)academic hands. (*2→) We are so much in the habit of taking the necessity for academic freedom for granted that there is a danger of our respect for it becoming mere lip-service.(←) In order to avert the threat to academic freedom, it is necessary to show not only that universities would like to be free but (*3→)that, if deprived of their freedom, they would be less useful to the State and to those who threaten their freedom.(←)
In the movies , popular stars may play the parts of men who are supposed to be rich and stylish ; but whatever role any one of them assumes , ▽ his popularity depends upon his representing a kind of charm that any young American can appreciate and at least approach ; in other words , upon his conforming to what old-fashioned people would call middle-class standards of speech and behavior. ▽ I prefer to call them classless , or all-American , for that , essentially , is what they are.
America, as it is commonly said, has been a country without monuments or ruins ― that is, without those inescapable traces of the ancestral human spirit with which all Europeans live and whose meanings, at least in their broadest outlines, can hardly be ignored by even the simplest peasant or workman. (津田女)
>>106 せっかく文節ごとの訳は合っているのに、関係代名詞による修飾が一部不整合 なため、なかほどで文意が逆になってしまっているよw 根本構造は America has been a country without monuments or ruins。 それはつまり、 America has been a country without inescapable traces。
>>126>>127 え?!2年? おまいさん本当に2年か?おととしは詮ちゃんという実力者がいたけど・・・。 末恐ろしいもんだ・・・。 We must learn to become more tolerant of the word as spoken by Americans, Canadians, Australians, and South Africans ; and English-speaking listeners on the other side of the world's oceans must remember that (*@) when it comes to throwing stones at the so-called British English, they, too, live in glass houses.
The English language is a very much more widespread language than the world has yet seen in its history, and the first thing the English-speaking peoples have to learn is that there are many good ways of speaking it. (*A) Everybody believes his own to be the best, an attitude that, in other spheres of life, civilization has taught us to despise.
Many national misunderstandings are due to simple language differences, as even a short comparative investigation into English and American intonation will convince anybody. Many Americans are offended by the normal intonations of British English, just as Britishers are often hurt by American intonations. (*B) Much of our hasty generalization concerning the French temperament is due to the fact that French speakers use, in normal circumstances, types of intonation that are in English associated with situation that are not normal.
>>134 we=英国人、 they=English-speaking listeners on the other side of the world's oceans =Americans, Canadians, Australians, and South Africans、 が分かれば、@の内容は自ずと見えてくるはず。
>これは言語は英語だけではないんだよ there are many good ways of speaking itのitはthe English languageを受ける。 BrEもNAmEもその他の英語もどれもまっとうな英語だ、ということ。 あくまで英語の話。他の言語は関係ない。
>his ownは自分たちの母国語だったのか his own (way of speaking the English language)。 母国語という表現は語弊が感じられる。
ロシアとウクライナのガス問題について。 ▽Complicating matters further are political rivalries within Ukraine itself, where the prime minister, Yulia Tymoshenko, is vying with the president, Viktor Yushchenko.▽ On December 31st Ms Tymoshenko was poised to fly to Moscow to conclude difficult negotiations over gas, but Mr Yushchenko apparently undermined her effort. (According to a different version, Moscow cancelled her visit.) ▼As tricky is the vested interest of a controversial intermediary between Russia and Ukraine, which is part owned by Ukranian individuals and partly by Russia’s Gazprombank.▼ It was set up under Mr Yushchenko’s watch and Ms Tymoshenko wants to scrap it.
vie: to strive in competition or rivalry with another; contend for superiority
vested interest: a special interest in an existing system, arrangement, or institution for particular personal reasons
intermediary: a person or an organization that helps other people or organizations to make an agreement by being a means of communication between them
The year when I was ten, my mother gave permission許可 to Arthur and Edgar, the two older Eisenhower boys, to go out with a group for Halloween "Trick or Treating.トリックとご馳走" It was upsetting狼狽 when my father and mother said I was too young to go along. I argued and pleaded嘆願 until the last (*@*). Finally, the two boys took off出掛けた. I have no exact memory of what happened immediately afterward, but I was completely (*A*) myself. Suddenly my father grabbedぐいっ my shoulders to shock me back into consci- ousness正気. What I had been doing was standing by an old apple tree trunk and poundingたたく it with my bleeding fists , expressing resentment恨み in rage立腹. My father legislated the matter with the traditional hickory switch and sent me off to bed. Perhaps an hour later, my mother came into the room. I was sobbingすすり泣く into the pillow, my feelings hurt, completely abused and (B→) at odds with the entire world. Mother sat in the rocking chair by the bed and said : "He that conquers his own soul is greater than he who takes a city."
Among all her boys, (C→) I was the one who had most to learn.
う〜ん。 Among all her boys, I was the one who had most to learn. は、母親の言葉に感銘を受けた筆者が最後の締めとして書いた文言で、 これを考慮すると、ここの不定詞に未来の意味を持たせるのは不味いと 判断したんだが。
しかし調べてみると、省略のない文章は、 Hatred was a futile sort of thing, she said, because hating anyone or anything meant that there was little to be gained. The person who had incurred my displeasure probably didn't care, possibly didn't even know, and the only person injured was myself. This was soothing, although she added that among all her boys, I was the one who had most to learn. で、among ... learnは実際には母親の言葉だったんだな。
入試では省略・改変が普通なのにそれを見抜けなかったとは。
例えば、>>86の英文も省略だらけで、しかも設問に回答する上で 鍵となるA thin person, not a fat one.まで省略されていた。
In 1991, Kaori's Filipino mother became involved熱をあげた with a Japanese man while working at a restaurant. He promised to marry her, but once she had given birth to their child, the man broke off all contact. Eventually, when Kaori was 11 years old, her father finally recognized her as his child and apologized to her. (*1→) While she did not like him at all, she felt somewhat relieved to be finally acknowledged by her father.(←) In June, the Supreme Court ruled that the Nationality Law国籍法 , which stated that (*2→) a Japanese man and a non-Japanese woman had to be married when child was born for the baby to be granted Japanese nationality, (←) violated侵害 the Constitution憲法. The law was revised改正 on Dec.5. Under the revised law, Japanese nationality will be granted to a child whose father recognizes paternity父権, regardless of whether the child's parents are married.
A man lives with a few familiar ideas , two or three at most , and here and there , in contact with the world and men , they are polished , shaped , changed. (◎) It takes years for a man to evolve an idea that he can call his own , one he can speak of with authority.(◎) A man in his youth looks the world in the face ; as he grows older he steps aside to see it in profile. So it is with death. A young man has not yet had time to shape and polish his concept of death and nothingness , though he recognizes how horrible it is and fears it with the physical fear of an animal who does not want to lose the sun. It was while wandering in Djemila that I found the idea and meaning of death , in the solemn , dismal cry of stone monuments rising from the barren land , in the gravelike dusk of the falling sun. (◎) From the winds of this deserted city I learned that man must find how to look facts in the face , so that they can regain the lost innocence and shining certainty with which ancient men saw death.(◎) In recognizing and clasping death , man regains his youth. This I learned at Djemila , that the only way to live is with a real understanding of the meaning of death ―that it is a separation from what you have in here and now , that in dying you lose the world of the present moment , and that (*) beyond that there is nothing.
Sitting in a small park across from a nursing home one day, I noticed that the young mothers and their children gathered on one side, and the old people from the home on the other. Whenever a youngster子供 would run over to the wrong side, chasing a ball or just trying to cover all the available space空き地, the old people would lean forward and smile. But before any communication could be established, the mother would come over, murmuring embarrassed apologies, and take her child back to the young side. Now, it seemed to me that the children didn't feel any particular fear and the old people didn't seem to be threatened by the children. The division of space was drawn by the mothers. And the mothers never looked at the old people who lined the other side of the park like so many pigeons perchedとまる on the benches. These well-dressed young matrons保母 had a way of sliding their eyes over, around, through the old people ; they never looked at them directly. ▼ The old people may as well have been invisible ; they had no reality for the youngsters, who were not permitted to speak to them, and they offended the aesthetic eye of the mothers.▼
英語的にも慣用表現で定着してますしね。 may / might (just) as well do sth: to do sth because it seems best in the situation that you are in, although you may not really want to do it ex) If no one else wants it, we might as well give it to him.
they never looked at them directly と they offended the aesthetic eye of the mothers なら 何の問題も無いんだけどな。 「直接見なかった。気持ち悪かったから。」
でも、 The old people may as well have been invisible を「見えないと言っても問題なかった(well=with good reason)」 と解釈したら、 they offended the aesthetic eye of the mothers が釈然としない。 「見えない」んだったら、「気持ち悪い」と思うこともなかっただろう、って思う。
それとも、筆者は、they never looked at them directlyを強く言おうとして、 The old people may as well have been invisibleと言ったものの、 they offended the aesthetic eye of the mothersとの整合性までは考えていなかった、 というだけに過ぎないのかな。
>>174 確かに。 The old people may as well have been invisibleと they had no reality for the youngsters, who were not permitted to speak to themは、 セミコロンでつながっている一方、 and they offended the aesthetic eye of the mothersの前には コンマが入っている。
may as well do as …と同様…してもよい;…するより…したほうがいい □We may as well take a taxi (as to wait for the next train). (次の列車を待つより)タクシーを拾ったらどうだろう.
may as well do (as not) …してもよい;…したほうがよい □I may [might] as well go to the store now. さてお店に買い物に行くかなあ(▼主語が一人称だと軽い意向を表す) □You may [might] as well have dinner with us. 一緒に夕食をしませんか(▼主語が二人称だと提案を示す). 【以上、Yahoo!プログレッシブ】
【用法】 (may [might] just as well do (as…)) (1) もとこの構文は 2 番目の as の後に not があり, 「ないより…するのがよいであろう」の意から; had better より意味が弱く婉曲的. 【以上、Excite研究社】
これらの記述を勘案すると、may as wellの成立過程には2種類あったことになる。 つまり、@「as S+V」省略版、A「as S+not+V」省略版。(正しいかどうか全然分からんが。)
>>179 文脈の前にmay as well have beenが「〜の方が良かった」の意味になる可能性 があるのかどうかを知りたい。
He may as well have been a tribesman with a bone in his nose, so impossible was the idea to my grandfather that any daughter of his could marry a Catholic. (娘がカトリックと結婚するなんて、鼻に骨をさした野蛮人とほとんど同列というぐらい祖父にとっては 言語道断だった。)
上の文はアルクから出版されている「ポール・オースターが朗読するナショナル・ストーリー・プロジェクト5」 からの文だが、訳文は見ての通りで、may as wellには「〜しても同じだ(変わりない)」の注が付いている。
もしmay as well have beenが「〜だった方が良かった」の意味にそもそもならないのだとしたら、 文脈も何も無い。
「may as well 〜」は、文字通り「〜するのも同じくらいwell」という意味であり、そこから 「〜したほうがよい」という意味が派生するにすぎないのでは?
だから、160についての問題は「may as well」の「日本語訳」ではなく、「何と比較してas wellなのか?」 ということだと思う。つまり、「not invisible」と比べているのか、「they never looked directly at them」 と比べているのか?伊藤氏は後者だということ。
About a hundred years ago, the director of the United States Patent Bureau resigned. He explained his decision by pointing out that few new inventions were being made, because there was little left to invent. In fact, he added, almost everything possible had already been invented, and ▼ the patent office might as well close its doors.▼ Since that time, however, there has been as much―if not more― scientific progress as in all the centuries before.
>>186 確かにyahooの辞書にもあるように、提案とか意向とかを表すことはあるんだよな。 'I suppose we may as well say good-bye,' she said.
そもそもalcでmay as wellを調べたら、「〜した方がいい」的な意味ばっかり。
でもそのalcから出版されている本がmay as well have beenを「同じ」で訳している。
また、東京大学出版会のThe Universe of English 2のsession 1で、 For all the attention he pays to the crowds that surge about him they might as well be ghosts, ... . という文があって、 注に、He pays so little attention to the people that it would make little difference if they were ghostsとある。
>> 24 :大学への名無しさん:2008/12/24(水) 03:24:23 ID:V6bp4Y6R0 Something as traumatic as that you'd think would have to have ~ . は You'd think something as traumatic as that would have to have ~ . の something as traumatic as thatが情報構造上の観点からfrontingされたものに過ぎない。 >>
なんで新情報(something)が前置されるんだよ。情報構造っていうのを知らんのかw
>You'd think something as traumatic as that would have to have ~ .
>>192 あなたの解説はほぼ正しい。 しかし俺の思うに、may as well というフレーズで考えるというのは日本人特有の思考に感じられる。 大体ここまで議論の的になっていたのは『may as well をどう解釈するか』であったが、あなたの言うとおりネイティブはまったく迷わずに「見えないも同然」と受け取る。 彼らはあまり may as well で考えない。どちらかと言うとmay + as well であろうと思う。 as well は乱暴に言い切ってしまえば婉曲あるいは強意の副詞相当の句であって、あまり意味はない。 もちろんもともとは比較表現からの派生なんだけれど。 「した方がいい、〜のほうがまし」という訳の意味合いはもともと may にあってそれを as well が婉曲・強意している。
したがって俺が仮に受験生にこの英文を解説するならば、『思い切って as well をとっちゃいな』とアドバイスする。 The old people may (as well) have been invisible. というようにね。 乱暴な言い方ではあるけれど、as well は隠喩か直喩か、とか「気持ち的に言い切りたくない」ぐらいの違いにしかならないという感じで。
今までの議論は「may as well」の解釈ではなく、「日本語訳」の好みの問題だったのだと思う。 たとえば、 「You never listen. I might as well talk to a brick wall.」という例文がある。 意味は簡単だと思う。人の話を聞かない人を煉瓦の壁にたとえている。 191のリンク先に倣えば、 what this is trying to do is stress that "you" never listen as if you were a brick wall but "you" are not a brick wall. so the sentence, "I might as well talk to a brick wall" is stressing how little "you" listen to others. というところか。これを日本語にする場合に、
(1)(君と話すのは)壁と話すのと同じだ。 (2)(君と話すより)壁と話すほうがいい。
のいずれが正しいのか?私はこの2つに絶対的な差はないように思う。(2)の日本語を言ったからと言って、 「だから、俺は壁に話しかけることにするよ」 ということにはならないだろう。 いずれも「You never listen.」を強調しているだけ。
伊藤はまず、may well have been ~ で「〜であったことも十分考えられる」とした上で、 次にmay as well have been invisibleは後に『as visible』を補う、としています。 意味は「老人は若い母親と子供たちに見えていたはずだが、見えていないと考えてもよかった」としています。
そして、>>160の英文の直前には、 The ideal way to age would be to grow slowly invisible, gradually disappearing, without causing worry or discomfort to the young. In some ways that does happen. という下りがあります。
また、>>160の英文の次の段落では、 I sometimes have a dreadful fear that mine will be the last generation to know old people as friends, to have a sense of what growing old means, to respect and understand man's mortality and his courage in the face of death. Mine may be the last generation to have a sense of living history, of stories passed from generation to generation, of identity established by family history. という嘆きが記されています。
『might as well〜の正しい意味』 ”might as well〜”を「〜したほうがいい」と教わって誤解させられている 日本人が少なくないようだが、この英語の意味は、本当はだいぶ違う。たとえば 人を2時間待ってもこないときに、もうこれ以上待ってもしょうがないだろう、 どうせこないから帰ろうか、といったあきらめの気持ちを表すのに We might as well go back home. が、ぴったりの表現である。 これは「帰ったほうがいい」という意味ではなく We might as well go back home as not go back home. 帰るのと帰らないのとを比較して、どちらでも結果は同じなので 「帰っても特に損はないだろう。」の意味になる。 従って、may(might)as well は 『どうせ同じなのでしょうがない』というあきらめの気持ちを表す 慣用表現である。
《240語・神戸市外語大・標準〜やや難》 この時期に長文というのもなんだが変な単語はないので。 Changes in the methods of manufacturing that began to come about in the latter part of the seventeen-hundreds proved so important that we now call the period that of the Industrial Revolution.(*1) This does not mean that there had been no factories earlier or that women had never worked outside the home. These things had occurred, especially on the continent of Europe , but while they had been most exceptional , (*2) they now became the common thing in industry. The consequences of this change as it affected the family proved to be more significant in its influence upon the home than anything that had happened previously. The new industrialism upset the family pattern that had gone on for many centuries with comparatively little change. By offering employment to men, women, and children outside the home, industry changed daily life in all its aspects. The family as a unit of production, except in agriculture, was destroyed. Weaving and spinning, tailoring, shoe-making, and other trades (*3)ceased to be carried on by the husband, wife, and children working together, and became instead a factory enterprise.(*) The various sorts of manufacturing that previously had been scattered about were centralized, and the making, distributing, and selling of goods came into the hands of men with capital. (*4) Just as industry was centralized, so people were brought together at convenient places for the use of water or steam power, and its moving from the open country and rural villages to the industrial centers was followed by difficulties of housing and the overcrowding that resulted in slums.(*)
(*1)call the period that の that とは何か? (*2)の they とは何か? (*3)和訳 (*4)和訳
>>189 >なんで新情報(something)が前置されるんだよ。 ここのsomethingは新情報と呼べるほどのものではない。 something as traumatic as that全体で旧情報的な扱い。 何故こんな語順になっているのかは12章を読めば分かる。
>みたいな文がありうるか?比較構文の理解が全く分かってない。 分かってないのはお前。次の用例はほんの一例。後は自分で好きなだけ探せ。 ●"You mean that something as simple as that would settle it?" ●I'm not suggesting that something as ambitious as that would be within the reach of most churches. ●"Ah, of course, you can tell something as stylish as that would hail from Sydney," Heels says. ●It was amazing that something as silly as that would still bother him after everything that had happened. ●Even though it was nine years away, I knew something as big as that would require a good bit of time.
>そもそも that って何だよ?? >ヒント:that は something、反復を避けるために使われた。 the incidentがお前には見えないのか。
まあ、if not less基地外は英語力ゼロということがよく分かったよ。 それに熊の問題でGETに絡んで返り討ちにされたことから何一つ学べてないんだな。 学習能力もゼロのようだな。
「I always wonder what effects the incident had on them, and on myself. Something as traumatic as that you'd think would have to have some lingering physical or psychological impact on all of us. (海辺のカフカ)」
So for the moment regard these years from random and disjointed views. See the hunchback marching in Miss Amelia's footsteps when on a red winter morning they set out for the pinewoods to hunt. See them working on her properties― with Cousin Lymon standing by and doing absolutely nothing, but he was quick to point out any laziness among the hands.
>>220 The blackpeanuts KUROMAME shown in the right photo reflect a wish for the wellness of whole family all the year round. The herring roe KAZUNOKO using for New Year Dishes, shown in the left, symbolize a whish to be gifted many children. 以下同様・・・。
The great majority of men and women , in ordinary times , pass through life without ever contemplating or criticizing , as a whole , either their own conditions or those of the world at large. They find themselves born into a certain place in society , and they accept what each day brings forth, without any effort of thought beyond what the immediate present requires.
Suppose you want to know if a person in a permanent vegetable state should be disconnected from a feeding tube. If you google "expert advice" and "medicine," you get 1650000 hits. But beyond the diagnosis itself , medical expertise and information alone , even if trustworthy and accurate , cannot determine the answer.
イギリス映画界では映画館に観客を呼び戻そうというムードが高まった。 British Film Year (英国映画年), in 1985, inspired a comeback , with improved facilities and the growth of multi-screen movie theaters , ▼ allowing more films to be screened at any one time.
You see, we did not so much gain independence in the break-up of Soviet Union, as be rejected by all the surrounding countries as they drew their new national borders.
Nearly ten years after his premature death , eight years short of his old age pension , his reputation as the most talented comedian of his generation shows no sign of shrinking.
Bats are mammals like we are. They suckle(授乳する) their young, and such ancient-looking faces that they seem strangely familiar. Yet they are odd and alien to us, too, so much so that we have made up stories about them ― that they are evil and bring bad luck , or ▼ at the very least will fly into our hair. ▼
Einstein believed that although we start and end with experience, in the middle lies something else ― something not accessible to the telescope or to the microscope, but only to the mind. At the heart of his philosophy was the distinction he made between two kinds of scientific theories : "constructive" theories and "principled" ones. According to Einstein, constructive theories are models that describe phenomena based on known facts. While they are accurate representations of the world of experience, constructive theories lack unifying principles to explain why the world is as it is. Principled theories, in contrast, are deductive(演繹的) : you start with the principles that underlie the theory and then work down to reduce the facts.
A friend died and asked in her will(遺言) that her ashes be divided between two places. She was French, so one place is in France. The other is in the United States. We who were to do this two-part burial(埋葬) asked the undertaker(おくりびと) to give us her ashes in two urns(骨壷), but he said he was not allowed to devide bodies : "The corpse," he said, "is indivisible." We wondered at this : that a corpse can be divided harmlessly is, after all , one of its defining traits(明らかな特質). ▼ But the undertaker was adamant(頑固) , so we said one urn(骨壷) was fine , and to one another said we would do the dividing ourselves. ▼
町の高い柱の上に建てられた王子の像。目にはサファイアがはめ込まれ、 全身には金箔が貼られていた。一匹のツバメがこの王子の像が泣いている ことに気づく。王子は町の不幸な家庭を見つけて泣いていたのだ。 彼は貧しい家庭に自分の目のサファイアや金箔を届けるよう、ツバメに 依頼する。やがてツバメは越冬できずに死に、ボロボロになった王子の像は 市長によって撤去される。二人の魂は天国に召される。(ワイルド「幸福の王子」) The ideological perspective(透視図) of the story contains both sympathy and critique of the prince , and thus Wilde is able to stress the great disparities(格差) in English society by ironically making the dead prince's pedestal(土台) so high that he can realize how miserable the common people are and how responsible he is for their misery ; that is , as the major representative of the ruling class(支配階級). Yet ― and this is the major point of Wilde's story ― ▼the individual actions of a Christlike person are not enough to put an end to poverty, injustice and exploitation. ▼
Put five apes in a room. Hang a banana from the ceiling and place a ladder underneath the banana to enable them to reach it. Any time an ape starts to climb the ladder, spray the room with ice-cold water. The apes will soon learn not to climb the ladder. Now take one ape out and replace it with another one ―call it Ape No.6 ― then disable the sprayer. The new ape will start to climb the ladder and will be stopped by the other four apes. It will have no idea why. ▼ Replace another of the original apes with a new one and the same thing will happen , with Ape No.6 objecting the most.▼ Continue this pattern until all the original apes have been replaced. Now all of the apes will stay off the ladder, stopping any ape that attempts the climb, and have absolutely no idea why. Thus, we can see how company and corporate policy, traditions and culture might be formed.
Contact with someone afflicted with a disease regarded as a mysterious malevolence inevitably feels like a trespass ; worse , like the violation of a taboo.
>>267-269 第一段落 a disease thought to be intractable and capricious a disease not understood Such a disease is, by definition, mysterious TB was thought to be an insidious, implacable theft of a life the disease that doesn't knock before it enters an illness experienced as a ruthless, secret invasion
第二段落 the way in which disease mystifies Any disease that is treated as a mystery and acutely enough feared
先行する文脈においてこれだけの情報があれば、 「不可解な悪意と見做される病気」で意味は鮮明に通る。
そもそもこの英文は単なるa diseaseの話をしているわけではない。 単なるa diseaseなら患者に接触してもa trespassやthe violation of the tabooにはならない。
「悪意」が気に入らないなら「悪意を持つ存在」でもいい。 a mysterious malevolenceとaがついていることを考えれば、 むしろ「悪意を持つ存在」の方がいいのかもしれない。
以下は入試問題の第二パラグラフでは省略されている部分。
And Karl Menninger has observed (in the The Vital Balance) that 'the very word "cancer" is said to kill some patients who would not have succumbed (so quickly) to the malignancy from which they suffer.' (中略) As long as a particular disease is treated as an evil, invincible predator, not just a disease, most people with cancer will indeed be demoralized by learning what disease they have.
malignancyは「悪意」と「悪性腫瘍」の意味があり、後者は前者からの連想だろう。 an evil, invincible predatorは「病気=悪意(を持つ存在)」を明らかに示唆している。
狩猟民はまず最初に一番栄養価の高い獲物を探して山の中をうろつく。 Simultaneously, they seek to minimize their risk of starving(飢え) : (→) moderate but reliable returns are preferable to an unpredictable lifestyle with a high average rate of return but a substantial likelihood of starving to death.(←)
(問題2)09慶応
なんかあったら家族に電話相談するよね。 When we talk to family members, we search for signs of love but become attuned to signs of disapproval. (→) One woman whose daughter called her often but ended up getting annoyed at her each time , protested , "You called me! Why do you call me if you don't like what I say?" (←)
みすず書房から出ている富山太佳夫の訳では、 practices of decontaminationは「消毒」、 a disease regarded as a mysterious malevolenceは「神秘的な悪とされる病気」、 a trespassは「違反行為」、 (morally ... contagiousの流れを受けているので、transgression of a moral or social law, code, or dutyの意味に取る方が適切。後のworse, like the violation of a tabooとのつながりもいい。) となっています。
Since I arrived in Tokyo in the middle of the night and couldn't afford to pay for an expensive hotel room, I ended up crawling into a sleeping bag at Ueno Park. And what's worse, it started pouring with rain in the morning, and (→) a homeless guy came up and asked if he could share my sleeping bag.(←)
Interestingly, some of the children who appear as mediocre(平凡) or even as slow in one setting may show to much greater advantage when placed in a different class or school.
Mr.Hurst started to appear in the news frequently. Having sorted out(片付ける) the sanitation(下水整備) of one capital, (→@)he flew from oil capital to diamond capital , from nitrate capital to wherever there was money without adequate sanitation.(←) In every photograph, he appeared proudly showing off(見せびらかす) his Order of the Phoenix, (→A) except that the brass was beginning to turn green and stones lost their sparkle in spite of every attempt to polish them.(←)
2009 青学 By the late nineteenth century , economists realized that (@→) the ethic of hard work and self-restraint that had helped to industrialize America had serious drawbacks now that most industries had the capacity for mass production.(←) If everyone waited patiently to be rewarded for their hard work, who would buy the new product? The word 'consumption' increasingly lost its earlier meaning of destroying, wasting, or using up, and (A→) came instead to refer in a positive way to the satisfying of human needs and desires.(←)
Ten years or so ago, boring minutes were just a fact of life: time passing away as you stared idly into space, stood in line, or sat in a traffic jam. (明治大)
Economists have a particular interpretation of the meaning of the term 'confidence.' Many phenomena are characterized by two equilibria(均衡) . For example, if no one rebuilds his house in New Orleans after Hurricane Katrina , no one else will want to rebuild. Who would want to live in desolation(荒れ地), with no neighbors and no store? But if many people rebuild in New Orleans, others will also want to. Thus there may be a good ―rebuilding― equilibrium, in which case we say that there is confidence. And there may also be a bad ―non-rebuilding― equilibrium, with no confidence. ▼ In this view there is nothing more to confidence than a prediction , in this case regarding whether or not others build. ▼ A confident prediction is one that projects the future to be rosy (ばら色); an unconfident prediction projects the future as bleak (吹きさらし).
("Animal Spirits", GA.Akerlof and RJ.Shiller, 2008)
Do you want to know about my secret dream? It's based on a story I once read in The Daily World about a mix-up(混乱) at a bank. I loved this story so much, I cut it out and stuck(貼り付けた) it onto my wardrobe door. Two credit card bills(請求書) were sent to the wrong people, and ―get this― each person paid the wrong bill without realizing. They paid off(納付を済ませた) each other's bills without even checking them. And ever since I read that story, my secret fantasy has been that the same thing will happen to me. I mean, I know it sounds unlikely ― but if it happened once, it can happen again, can't it? Some dotty(シミだらけの) old woman in Cornwall will be sent my humongous(莫大な) bill and will pay it without even looking at it. And I'll be sent her bill for three tins(ブリキ缶) of cat food at fifty-nine pence each. Which, naturally, I'll pay without question. Fair's fair, at all.
In Pakistan's KARAKORAM, bristling across an area barely one hundred miles wide, more than sixty of the world's tallest mountains lord their severe alpine(高山の) beauty over a witnessless high-altitude wilderness. ▼ Other than snow leopard and ibex(野生ヤギ) , so few living creatures have passed through this barren icescape that the presence of the world's second-highest mountain, K2, was little more than a rumor to the outside world until the turn of the twentieth century. ▼
I was living in New York at the time, on Ninety-fourth between Second and First, part of that unnamed, shifting border between East Harlem and the rest of Manhattan. It was an uninviting block, treeless and barren, lined with soot-colored(すすけた) walk-ups that cast(投げる) heavy shadows for most of the day. The apartment was small with slanting floors and irregular heat and a buzzer(ピンポン) downstairs that didn't work, so that visitors had to call ahead from a pay phone(公衆電話) at the corner gas station, ▼ where a black Doberman the size of a wolf paced through the night in vigilant patrol, its jaws clamped around an empty beer bottle. ▼
Child-rearing practices in the west have increasingly become child-centered, particularly among the middle classes. As the child grows up more and more parents have tried to conceive of him as an individual with special and unique needs. ▼ Since parents themselves were rarely brought up in this way this method of child rearing has led to a great deal of parental uncertainty ; many look over their shoulders to see what the experts say. ▼