今日はmatrixがティンダルの造語だということを知った。 OEDのなかでの彼の初出語は120語あるのだが、そのなかのひとつだそうだ。 ティンダルは基本、当時の日常の言葉を用い、語彙に関しては保守的なのだが、 ORIGIN late Middle English (in the sense ‘womb’): from Latin, ‘breeding female’, later ‘womb’, from mater, matr- ‘mother’. というODEのこの記述は、ティンダルの 造語のことを指している。
Ham. How long will a man lie i' the earth ere he rot?
1 Clown. Faith, if he be not rotten before he die,--as we have many pocky corses now-a-days that will scarce hold the laying in,--he will last you some eight year or nine year: a tanner will last you nine year.
Ham. Why he more than another?
1 Clown. Why, sir, his hide is so tann'd with his trade that he will keep out water a great while; and your water is a sore decayer of your whoreson dead body. Here's a skull now; this skull hath lain in the earth three-and-twenty years.
Ham. Whose was it?
1 Clown. A whoreson, mad fellow's it was: whose do you think it was?
1 Clown. A pestilence on him for a mad rogue! 'a pour'd a flagon of Rhenish on my head once. This same skull, sir, was Yorick's skull, the king's jester.
Ham. This?
1 Clown. E'en that.
Ham. Let me see. [Takes the skull.] Alas, poor Yorick!--I knew him, Horatio; a fellow of infinite jest, of most excellent fancy: he hath borne me on his back a thousand times; and now, how abhorred in my imagination it is! my gorge rises at it. Here hung those lips that I have kiss'd I know not how oft. Where be your gibes now? your gambols? your songs? your flashes of merriment, that were wont to set the table on a roar? Not one now, to mock your own grinning? quite chap-fallen? Now, get you to my lady's chamber, and tell her, let her paint an inch thick, to this favour she must come; make her laugh at that.--Pr'ythee, Horatio, tell me one thing.
Why pity me, you say? Yes! There's nothing to pity me for! I ought to be 【crucified, crucified on a cross, and not pitied】! But crucify, O judge, crucify, and ★having crucified, pity the man★! And then I myself will come to you to be crucified, for I thirst not for joy, but for sorrow and tears! . . . Do you think, wine-merchant, that this bottle of yours brought me sweetness? Sorrow, sorrow I sought at its bottom, sorrow and tears, and I tasted it and found it; and He will pity us who pitied everyone, and who understood all men and all women, ●He alone, and He is the judge●. ★On that day He will come and ask, 'Where is the daughter who gave herself for a wicked and consumptive stepmother★, for a stranger's little children? Where is the daughter who pitied her earthly father, a foul drunkard, not shrinking from his beastliness?' And He will say, '●Come! I have already forgiven you once . . . I have forgiven, for you have loved much● . . .'
And He will forgive my Sonya, He will forgive her, I know He will . . . Today, when I was with her, I felt it in my heart! And He will Judge and forgive all, the good and the wicked, the wise and the humble . . . And when He has finished with everyone, then He will say unto us, too, 'You, too, come forth!' He will say. '☆Come forth, my drunk ones, my weak ones, my shameful ones!☆' And we will all come forth, without being ashamed, and stand there. And He will say, 'Swine you are! Of the image of the beast and of his seal; but come, you, too!' (中略) And He will stretch out His arms to us, and we will fall at His feet . . . and weep . . . and understand everything! Then we will understand everything! . . . and everyone will understand . . . and Katerina Ivanovna . . . she, too, will understand . . . Lord, Thy Kingdom come!
["Crime and Punishment," Fyodor Dostoevsky, translated by Pavear and Volokhonsky (1992), Everyman's Library, p. 23]
>>235 The boy, a year older, (= 3人の子供のうちの、真ん中の子供。7歳) stood in the corner crying and trembling all over. He had probably just been beaten. (母親 Katerina Ivanovna は、よく子供たちを叩くのだ) The older girl, about nine, tall and thin as a matchstick, wearing only a poor shirt, all in tatters (ボロボロ), with a threadbare flannell wrap thrown over her bare shoulders, probably made for her two years before, simnce it now did not even reach her knees, (2年も前にこの一番目の子供のために作られた服を着せられているので、もうその服が小さく なってしまっている) stood in the corner by her little brother, her long arm, dry as a matchstick, around his neck. (9歳のこの女の子は、小さくなってしまった 服を無理やり着せられていて、泣きそうな7歳の弟をしっかりと抱きかかえて慰めている) She was whispering something to him, apparently trying to calm him, doing all she could to restrain him so that he would not somehow start whimpering again, and at the same time following her mother fearfully with her big, dark eyes, which seemed even bigger in her wasted and frightened little face. (幼い弟をかばいながらも、このガリガリの女の子は、目でしっかりと母親の姿を追っている)
>>236 の続き "Ah!" she (= 母親の Katerina Ivanovna) cried in a frenzy, "he's come back! The jailbird! The monster! . . . Where's the money? What's in your pocket, show me! And those aren't the same clothes! (酔っ払いの夫 Marmeladov は、 見つかったばかりの職業に見合うきちんとした仕事用の服を妻から買ってもらったのにも 関わらず、その服を酒に変えてしまって、飲んだくれていたのだった) Where are your clothes? Where is the money? Speak! . . ." (中略)
"Butwhere is the money?" she shouted. "Oh, Lord, did he really drink up all of it? There were twelve roubles left in the trunk! . . ." And suddenly, in a rage, she seized him by the hair and dragged him into the room. Marmeladov made her efforts easier by meekly crawlling after her on his knees. (夫 Marmeladov は、妻から髪を引っ張られ、 素直に引っ張られるがままに、膝まづいたままで妻のあとをついていく)
"Amd it's a delight to me! It's not painful, it's a deli-i-ight, my de-e-ear sir," he kept crying out, being pulled by his hair all the while and once even bumping his forehead on the floor. The child who was asleep on the floor woke up and started to cry. The boy in the corner could not help himself, trembled, cried out, and rushed to his sister in a terrible fright, almost a fit. The older girl, half awake, was trembling like a leaf. (7歳の男の子は、両親のそのような修羅場を見るに堪えず、脅えて9歳の姉のところに 駆けていく。姉は、木の葉のように、わなわなと震える。)
Throughout the war (= World War II), he (= Ludwig Wittgenstein) kept notebooks in which he frequently wrote philosophical reflections alongside personal remarks, including his contempt for the character of the other soldiers.[96] He discovered ★Leo Tolstoy's "The Gospel in Brief"★ at a bookshop in Tarnów, and carried it everywhere, recommending it to anyone in distress, to the point where he became known to his fellow soldiers as "the man with the gospels". In 1916 (= 27歳のころ) Wittgenstein read ★Dostoevsky's The Brothers Karamazov★ so often that he knew whole passages of it by heart, particularly the speeches of the elder Zosima, who represented for him a powerful Christian ideal, a holy man ″who could see directly into the souls of other people″. Russell said he returned from the war a changed man, one with a deeply mystical and ascetic attitude.
>>347 の続き Ludwig Wittgenstein も、(確証があるのかどうかは知らないけど)どうやら gay らしいと いうことを初めて知った。
★Most of his (= Ludwig Wittgenstein's) romantic attachments were to young men★. There is considerable debate over how active Wittgenstein's homosexual life was, inspired by W. W. Bartley's claim to have found evidence of not only active homosexuality but in particular several casual liaisons with young men in the Wiener Prater park during his time in Vienna. (中略) What has become clear, at least, is that ●Wittgenstein had several long-term homoerotic attachments●, including an infatuation with his friend David Pinsent - who was killed in a military flying accident in 1918 - and long-term relationships during his years in Cambridge with Francis Skinner and Ben Richards.
>>350 の続き ★Ludwig Wittgenstein にとっての Dostoevsky★ ネット上で見つけた一節。Ludwig Wittgenstein は Dostoevsky をあまりにも愛読して いたため、彼がのちに第一次大戦の戦場に向かうときも、限りある荷物の一つとして "The Brothers Karamazov" を携えていったが、その小説の中でも、聖人としての Father Zosima の生き方に彼は魅かれていたということだ。
Wittgenstein read "The Brothers Karamazov" so often that he knew large parts of it by heart, and it was one of the very few possessions that he took to the front in 1916. He was particularly impressed by the saintly and wise character Father Zosima, who through years of experience of listening to and advising people had gained almost supernatural psychological insight. The example of Zosima shows how it is possible to be a good Christian despite the powerful case against it presented by Ivan Karamazov. It is Ivan who believes that if God does not exist then nothing is forbidden, a thought later developed by Wittgenstein's student ★G.E.M. Anscombe★, who attacked all godless, modern ethical theories as empty or corrupt. In the same novel (in Chapter 9 of Book Three), Dmitri Karamazov is described as hitting his chest as if his dishonor were an object in a bag hanging around his neck, which perhaps helped inspire Wittgenstein's idea of the ★beetle in the box★.
Ludwig Wittgenstein と Bertrand Russell の関係とか、Wittgenstein の「火かき棒」事件については 何も知らないんだけど、ともかく彼の書いた有名な、なんというタイトルの本だったか忘れたけど、 英文で100ページほどざあっと読んだことがある。英文そのものはわかりやすかったけど、 何を言っているのかは、しっかりとはつかめなかった。
The ENS's doctor examined Foucault's state of mind, suggesting that his suicidal tendencies emerged from the distress surrounding his ★homosexuality★, because same-sex sexual activity was socially taboo in France.[22] At the time, Foucault engaged in ★homosexual★ activity with men whom he encountered in the underground Parisian gay scene, also indulging in drug use; according to biographer James Miller, he enjoyed the thrill and sense of danger that these activities offered him.
今ここでたまたま見つけたセンテンスは、なんと 101 words という長さだ。しかし、ドストエフスキーの筆力がすごいというのか迫力があるというのか、 あるいは強烈な魅力のゆえなのか、この長大なセンテンスさえも、さほど難しくは感じられない のは、不思議だ。普通の作家が書いた文章なら、60 words くらいでもかったるくなり、 読むのも嫌になる。
And if he had been able at that moment to see and reason more properly, if he had only been able to realize all the difficulties of his situation, all the despair, all the hideousness, all the absurdity of it, and to understand, besides, how many more difficulties and perhaps evildoings he still had to overcome or commit in order to get out of there and reach home, he might very well have dropped everything and gone at once to denounce himself, and not even out of fear for himself, but solely out of horror and loathing for what he had done.
("Crime and Punishment," Fyodor Dostoevsky, translated by Pevear and Volokhonsky, Everyman's Library, pp. 79-80, 101 words)
And if at that moment he had been capable of seeing and reasoning more correctly, if he had been able to realise all the difficulties of his position, the hopelessness, the hideousness and the absurdity of it, if he could have understood how many obstacles and, perhaps, crimes he had still to overcome or to commit, to get out of that place and to make his way home, it is very possible that he would have flung up everything, and would have gone to give himself up, and not from fear, but from simple horror and loathing of what he had done.
To the Lighthouse, by Virginia Woolfの冒頭の4、5文目も長いなあ。210語でピリオド2つ。
Since he belonged, even at the age of six, to that great clan which cannot keep this feeling separate from that, but must let future prospects, with their joys and sorrows, cloud what is actually at hand, since to such people even in earliest childhood any turn in the wheel of sensation has the power to crystallise and transfix the moment upon which its gloom or radiance rests, James Ramsay, sitting on the floor cutting out pictures from the illustrated catalogue of the Army and Navy stores, endowed the picture of a refrigerator, as his mother spoke, with heavenly bliss. It was fringed with joy. The wheelbarrow, the lawnmower, the sound of poplar trees, leaves whitening before rain, rooks cawing, brooms knocking, dresses rustling ― all these were so coloured and distinguished in his mind that he had already his private code, his secret language, though he appeared the image of stark and uncompromising severity, with his high forehead and his fierce blue eyes, impeccably candid and pure, frowning slightly at the sight of human frailty, so that his mother, watching him guide his scissors neatly round the refrigerator, imagined him all red and ermine on the Bench or directing a stern and momentous enterprise in some crisis of public affairs.
"Anne of Green Gables" は、僕も読んだ。その主人公の無邪気なおしゃべりが可愛くて、 けっこう楽しんで読んだ。そしてその続編のように思える "The Road to Avonlea" の ドラマ化したものを放映していたので、たぶんすべて見たと思う。気にいったので、 その小説版をすべて読んだ。
Since he (これはたぶん、例の、灯台に行きたがっている6歳の男の子) ★belonged★, ----- even at the age of six, ★to★ that great clan (belonged to ***) --- which (関係代名詞) (1) cannot keep this feeling separate from that, but (2) must let future prospects, with their joys and sorrows, cloud what is actually at hand, (let + 目的語 + cloud)
--- since 【to such people even in earliest childhood】 any turn in the wheel of sensation (主語) --- has the power to crystallise and transfix (動詞) --- the moment (上記の動詞に続く目的語) ★upon which★ its (= of the wheel of sensation?) gloom or radiance rests,
この後が、この文の大事な部分(これを「主節」って言うんだっけ?) James Ramsay, (主語) 【sitting on the floor cutting out pictures from the illustrated catalogue of the Army and Navy stores,】 ★endowed★ (主語に続く動詞の部分) the picture of a refrigerator, as his (6際の男の子の) mother (= Mrs. Ramsey) spoke, ★with★ heavenly bliss. (endowed + 目的語 + with ***)
>>405 の "To the Lighthouse" (by Virginia Woolf) の一節を無理やりに訳してみる。
Since he belonged, even at the age of six, to that great clan 彼(James Ramsey)は、6歳のときからすでに
which cannot keep this feeling separate from that, 二つの感情を別々に処理することができず
but must let future prospects, with their joys and sorrows, あとのことについての見込みや、その喜びや哀しみによって
cloud what is actually at hand, いま手元にあるものが曇ってしまうがままにせざるを得ないのだが、
since to such people even in earliest childhood そういう人たちにとっては、ごく幼いときにすでに、
any turn in the wheel of sensation has the power to crystallise and transfix the moment upon which its gloom or radiance rests, 感情の車輪がどのように回っても、その車輪の暗がりと輝きが依拠している瞬間を具体化し、 それを突き刺して動けなくしてしまうような力を持っているので、
James Ramsay, James Ramsay (6歳の男の子)は
sitting on the floor cutting out pictures from the illustrated catalogue of the Army and Navy stores, 床に座り込んで、陸軍・海軍倉庫のイラスト付きカタログに載っている絵や写真を切り抜きながら
endowed the picture of a refrigerator, as his mother spoke, with heavenly bliss. 母親の話を聞きながら、冷蔵庫の絵に、この世のものと思えないような幸福感で覆っていたのだ。
>>438 の和訳を訂正してみる。前回の和訳では、原文が一文なのだから、なるべく和文も 一文にしたかったし、しかもなるべく前から順番に訳していきたかった。ずっと後ろから訳すという ことはなるべく避けたかった。それでうまくいかなかった。さて、今度は、なるべく前から訳し下ろして、 それから、仕方がないから途中で文をいくつかに切ってみる "To the Lighthouse" (by Virginia Woolf)
Since he belonged, even at the age of six, to that great clan 彼(James Ramsey)は、6歳のときからすでに
which cannot keep this feeling separate from that, 二つの感情を別々に処理することができず
but must let future prospects, with their joys and sorrows, あとのことについての見込みや、その喜びや哀しみによって
cloud what is actually at hand, いま手元にあるものがどうしても曇ってしまうという、例の大いなる種族に属していた。
since to such people even in earliest childhood というのも、そういう人たちにとっては、ごく幼いときにすでに、
any turn in the wheel of sensation has the power to crystallise and transfix the moment upon which its gloom or radiance rests, 感情の車輪がどのように回っても、その車輪の暗がりや輝きを左右する瞬間が具体化し、 不動のものになってしまうので、
James Ramsay, sitting on the floor cutting out pictures from the illustrated catalogue of the Army and Navy stores, 6歳の James Ramsay は床に座り込んで、陸海軍倉庫のイラスト付きカタログに載っている絵や写真を切り抜き、
endowed the picture of a refrigerator, as his mother spoke, with heavenly bliss. 母親の話を聞きながら、冷蔵庫の絵を、この世ならぬ幸福感で満たしていた。
any turn in the wheel of sensation has the power to crystallise and transfix the moment upon which its gloom or radiance rests, 感情の車輪がどのように回っても、その車輪の暗がりや輝きを左右する瞬間が具体化し、 不動のものになってしまう★からだった。そういうわけで、★
>>405 の "To the Lighthouse" (by Virginia Woolf) の一節の中の二つ目の長文について、 文法解析してみる。
The wheelbarrow, the lawnmower, the sound of poplar trees, leaves whitening before rain, rooks cawing, brooms knocking, dresses rustling ― (たくさんの名詞句が並んでいる)
all these were ★so★ coloured and distinguished in his mind (so AAA that BBB の構文)
★that★ he had already his private code, his secret language,
【though】 he appeared [to be が省略] the image of stark and uncompromising severity, with (付帯状況の with) his high forehead and his fierce blue eyes, ●impeccably candid and pure●, frowning slightly at the sight of human frailty,
●so that● his mother (主語), 【watching him guide his scissors neatly round the refrigerator,】 imagined (動詞) him (彼が下記の 1 または 2 の状態にあることを想像した) (1) all red and ermine on the Bench (赤とアーミンの毛皮を身に付けて裁判官席についている) or (2) directing a stern and momentous enterprise in some crisis of public affairs.
>>417 Are you sure? Suppose that you love art or classical literature, though it is so funny of a person to put Dostevsky into the category of the classics. But, now putting such a thing aside, why don't you try to become a creator of such literatures not remaining at the position of a consumer? Don't you think what you are saying contradicts in itself? Don't you feel any shame? An idiot!
>>445 の文法解析に基づき、和訳してみる。 The wheelbarrow, the lawnmower, the sound of poplar trees, 手押し車、芝刈り機、ポプラの木の音、 leaves whitening before rain, rooks cawing, brooms knocking, dresses rustling ― 雨の前に白くなる木の葉(なぜ????????)、ミヤマガラスの鳴き声、ほうきがコンコンいう音、服の絹ずれ ---
all these were ★so★ coloured and distinguished in his mind そういうものがすべて、彼(James Ramsay)のあたまの中でははっきりと色づき識別されていたので、
★that★ he had already his private code, his secret language, 彼にはすでに自分だけの暗号、秘密の言葉があった。
【though】 he appeared the image of stark and uncompromising severity, ただし彼は、過酷で妥協のない厳しいイメージを持っており、
with his high forehead and his fierce blue eyes, 突き出た額と青い険しい目は
●impeccably candid and pure●, 完ぺきに率直で純粋であり、
frowning slightly at the sight of human frailty, 人間の弱さを見ると少し眉をひそめたので、
●so that● his mother (主語), 【watching him guide his scissors neatly round the refrigerator,】 母親は、息子が冷蔵庫の絵をハサミで切りぬくのを見ながら、
imagined him (1) all red and ermine on the Bench or 赤い布地とアーミンの毛皮を身に付けて裁判官席についているか、
(2) directing a stern and momentous enterprise in some crisis of public affairs. 公共の業務で何らかの危機に見舞われたとき、厳格できわめて重大な事業を指揮している様子を想像してみるのだった。
>>446 Such criticism that you're making can come even from an idiot. Before criticizing anyone, do something yourself!!!!!!
I myself was not criticizing anyone, except that I was counterattacking the personage called 777. If he hadn't criticize me or the likes of me, I wouldn't have criticized him.
which cannot keep this feeling separate from that これはこの前に述べられている感情(an extraordinary joy)を「別の感情と 仕切ること、切り離すことができずに」くらいでは。
that great clanは、Ramsay一家を指しているのでは?ニュアンスの皮肉はやはり あると思います。
what is actually at handのat handは、普通に「間近に迫っている」でいいのではないか。 つまり、「将来へのあれこれの思案ばかりで、すぐ間近に迫っていることには鈍感である」 というような意。
endowed the picture of a refrigerator, as his mother spoke, with heavenly bliss. これは、endow【特性が】あると信じる «with» .つまり、「母が言っているように (当時夢の技術である)冷蔵庫の図像にこのうえない至福が込められていると信じている」
で、難関のwheel of sensationですが、いろいろな感情が色分けされたルーレット盤を いくら回しても、どこかに瞬間ピタッと止まるというメタファーのような気がする。
(1) which cannot keep this feeling separate from that >> これはこの前に述べられている感情(an extraordinary joy)を「別の感情と 仕切ること、切り離すことができずに」くらいでは。
僕もそうではないかと考えても見たんだけど、「別の感情」を英語で表記するときには another (feeling) と言うべきであって、"that feeling" と言うはずがないと思う。 that と書いてあって、しかも「この感情」ではない「別の感情」だという限りは、別の 「例の、特定の」感情であるはずなんだけど、文脈から見ると度の感情をも示していない ように思う。
したがって僕は、この this と that は、特定のものを指示しているのではなく、 漠然と "one feeling versus another" というような意味での呼応的な表現だと 見た。これは、"here and there" が必ずしも「この場所とあっちの場所」を意味する とは限らず、漠然と "in one place and in another" つまり "in various places" を意味するのと同じようなものだと思う。
(2) >>that great clanは、Ramsay一家を指しているのでは?ニュアンスの皮肉はやはり あると思います。
なるほど。そのようですね。momi さんの読みは深い。
(3) >>what is actually at handのat handは、普通に「間近に迫っている」でいいのではないか。 つまり、「将来へのあれこれの思案ばかりで、すぐ間近に迫っていることには鈍感である」 というような意。
(4) >>endowed the picture of a refrigerator, as his mother spoke, with heavenly bliss. これは、endow【特性が】あると信じる «with» .つまり、「母が言っているように (当時夢の技術である)冷蔵庫の図像にこのうえない至福が込められていると信じている」 ==== なんでここに冷蔵庫なんてものが出てくるのかとも思ってたけど、まさか当時は夢の技術の 象徴的存在だったとは気づかなかった。そう言われれば、その通りだ。
ところで、ここにある "as his mother spoke" は、僕の原案通り「母親が話しかけてくるときに」 (母親の話を聞きながら)というような意味ではないかと思う。spoke の代わりに said が 使われていたら、momi さんの言う通りの意味になると思う。
(5) >> wheel of sensation -- いろいろな感情が色分けされたルーレット盤を いくら回しても、どこかに瞬間ピタッと止まるというメタファー
なるほど。その通りだと思う。ありがとう。ところで、いつか momi さんと一緒に、 Virginia Woolf などの難解な文章をじっくりと読む機会を持ちたいなあ、と 思っています。「長文OK の和訳スレ」で活躍する「必殺翻訳人」さんなんかも 参加してくれると思うし。
Had there been an ★axe handy, a poker, or any weapon★ that would have gashed a hole in his [= James'] father's breast and ●killed him●, there and then, James (6歳の息子) would have seized it. Such were the extremes of emotion that Mr. Ramsay (父親、哲学科の教授) excited in his children's breasts by his mere presence; standing, as now, lean as a knife, narrow as the blade of one, grinning sarcastically, not only with the pleasure of disillusioning his son and casting ridicule upon his wife [= Mrs. Ramsay, つまり James の母親], who was ten thousand times better in every way than he was (James thought), but also with some secret conceit at his own accuracy of judgment.
("To the Lighthouse," Virginia Woolf, Everyman's Library, p.4)
>>463 の (1) の this と that とを対比させた表現が、この小説の別のところでも 使われているので、しつこいようで恐縮だけど、ここに示しておこう。
(1) How then did it work out, all this? How did one judge people, think of them? How did one add up ★this and that★ and conclude that it was liking one felt or disliking? And to those words, what meaning attached, after all?
(2) She was quite ready to take his word for it, she said. Only then they need not cut sandwiches--that was all. They came to her, naturally, since she was a woman, all day long with ★this and that★; one wanting this, another that;
(3) rats carried off ★this and that★ to gnaw behind the wainscots.
(4) she brought together ★this and that★ and then ●this●, and so made out of that miserable silliness and spite (she and Charles squabbling, sparring, had been silly and spiteful) something--●this● scene on the beach for example, ●this● moment of friendship and liking--which survived, after all these years complete,
>>480 "this and that" を "one thing and another" というような意味で使うことについて、 OED でも確かめておきたい。煩雑になるけど、長い解説や例文をすべて引用しておく。
a. In opposition to this (cf. B. 2): esp. in phr. ★this and (or) that★ = one thing and (or) another: see this pron. and adj. 3. Also occas. ●that..that● = one thing..another thing.
c888 Ælfred tr. Boethius De Consol. Philos. xxxiii. §2 Þonne lufað sum ★ðæt★, sum elles hwæt. 1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis II. 210 In ech of hem he fint somwhat That pleseth him, in ★this or that★. c1450 tr. Thomas à Kempis De Imitatione Christi iii. xvi. 84 Wheþer a good spirit or an euel stire þe to desire ●þat or þat●. c1450 tr. Thomas à Kempis De Imitatione Christi iii. lv. 130 Lete oon seke ●þat●, a noþer ●þat●. 1818 Scott Heart of Mid-Lothian iv, in Tales of my Landlord 2nd Ser. II. 89 Lay ●that and that● thegither! 1842 F. Marryat Percival Keene I. xiv. 175 Young as I was, I also could put ●that and that● together.
a. In contrast to that: now almost always of things; esp. in phr. ★this and (or) that★ = one thing (or person) and (or) another. So ●†he this..he that● = this (or the one) man..that (or the other) man (quot. 1426). Also occas. ★this..this★ = one thing (or person)..another; also ★this..the other★. ●this, that, and (or or) the other● , every sort (of), every possible or imaginable.
[13.. Cursor M. 8502 (Cott.) , ★Þat★ [the forbidden] tre was ded [v.r. deþ], ★þis★ sal be lijf.] 1390 J. Gower Confessio Amantis II. 210 In ech of hem he fint somwhat That pleseth him, in ★this or that★. 1426 Lydgate tr. G. de Guileville Pilgrimage Life Man 20110 ●He thys● ys wroth, ●he that● ys glad. 1526 Bible (Tyndale) James iv. 15 For that ye ought to saye: yff the lorde will.., let vs do ★this or thatt★.
1583 A. Nowell & W. Day True Rep. Disput. with E. Campion sig. L4, It shalbe reported that I sayd ★this and that★, and my wordes shalbe depraued. a1631 J. Donne Serm. (1958) IX. 101 A Ruby will conduce best to the expressing of ★this★, and an Emeraud of ★this★. 1693 Dryden tr. Persius Satires iv. 49 This is not Fair; nor Profitable ★that★; Nor ★t'other★ Question Proper for Debate. 1800 E. Hervey Mourtray Family II. 227 Because one man did ★this★, ★that★ truly I must do that. 18.. M. Arnold Epil. Lessing's Laocoön 116 ★This★ through the Ride upon his steed Goes slowly by, and ★this★ at speed. 1823 Scott St. Ronan's Well II. i. 24, I am sure I aye took your part when folk miscaa'd ye, and said ye were ★this, that, and the other thing★. 1870 W. Morris Earthly Paradise I. i. 381 At their..feast they sat Thinking their thoughts, and spoke of ★this or that★. 1918 Nation (N.Y.) 7 Feb. 161/1 They..offered us a contract in ★this, that, or the other★ company, whose dividend-paying record had been thus and so. 1938 N. Marsh Artists in Crime xvii. 255 It's a bit awkward what with ★this and that and the other★ thing.
this について 6. In contrast to that: properly denoting the nearer of two things, but often vaguely indicating one thing as distinct from another, esp. in phr. ★this and (or) that..★ = one and (or) another.. So also ★†this..this..★ (quots. a1500, a1631); ★this..the other..★ (quot. 1717); ●this..the next..● (quot. 1768). Cf. 3 above.
a1500 (▸a1460) Towneley Plays (1994) I. ii. 19 Thou wold I gaf hym ★this★ shefe? or ★this★ sheyfe? 1552 T. Wilson Rule of Reason (rev. ed.) sig. Kijv, Showyng it to be true in ●this● substaunce, and ●that● substaunce. 1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. xlv, The cause of ★this or that★ precept. 1598 A. M. tr. J. Guillemeau Frenche Chirurg. c j b, Those turne ●this way and that way● in the hande.
a1616 Shakespeare Love's Labour's Lost (1623) v. ii. 914 You ●that● way; we ●this● way. a1631 J. Donne Serm. (1953) VI. 179 How Rheubarb, or how Aloes came by ★this, or this vertue, to purge this, or this humour. 1697 Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis i, in tr. Virgil Wks. 204 ★This Way, and that★, th' impatient Captives tend. 1717 M. Prior Alma iii. 494 This man pursues What if he gain'd he could not use: And ●t'other● fondly hopes to see What never was, nor e'er shall be. 1732 G. Berkeley Alciphron I. i. xvi. 58 Truth..must not be measured by the Convenience of ●this or that● Man. 1768 O. Goldsmith Good Natur'd Man i. 1 He laughs this minute with one, and cries ●the next with another●. 1842 Tennyson Morte d'Arthur in Poems (new ed.) II. 6 Both his eyes were dazzled, as he stood, ★This way and that★ dividing the swift mind, In act to throw. [Cf. Virgil Æn. iv. 285.] 1867 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest I. iii. 128 The temporary..superiority of ★this or that★ Bretwalda. 1930 R. Graves Ten Poems More 11 Neat ★this-way-that-way★ and without mistake. 1937 C. Day Lewis Starting Point i. iii. 51 The field was scored..with streaking,..incessant ★this-way that-way★ movement.
★"La Divina Commedia" (The Divine Comedy)★ by Dante Alighieri (1265-1321)
「地獄篇」の Canto III の冒頭をたまたま僕は知っている。太宰治の小説にも引用されているから。
(1) Project Gutenberg 上のもの TRANSLATED BY HENRY WADSWORTH LONGFELLOW (1807-1882)
Inferno: Canto III
"Through me the way is to the city dolent; Through me the way is to eternal dole; Through me the way among the people lost. Justice incited my sublime Creator; Created me divine Omnipotence, The highest Wisdom and the primal Love. Before me there were no created things, Only eterne, and I eternal last. All hope abandon, ye who enter in!"
A side-door at the upper end of the hall now opened behind the banquet table, and Rowena, followed by four female attendants, entered the apartment. Cedric, though surprised, and perhaps not altogether agreeably so, at his ward appearing in public on this occasion, hastened to meet her, and to conduct her, with respectful ceremony, to the elevated seat at his own right hand, appropriated to the lady of the mansion. All stood up to receive her; and, replying to their courtesy by a mute gesture of salutation, she moved gracefully forward to assume her place at the board. Ere she had time to do so, the Templar whispered to the Prior, "I shall wear no collar of gold of yours at the tournament. The Chian wine is your own."
"Said I not so?" answered the Prior; "but check your raptures, the Franklin observes you."
Unheeding this remonstrance, and accustomed only to act upon the immediate impulse of his own wishes, Brian de Bois-Guilbert kept his eyes riveted on the Saxon beauty, more striking perhaps to his imagination, because differing widely from those of the Eastern sultanas.
Formed in the best proportions of her sex, Rowena was tall in stature, yet not so much so as to attract observation on account of superior height. Her complexion was exquisitely fair, but the noble cast of her head and features prevented the insipidity which sometimes attaches to fair beauties. Her clear blue eye, which sat enshrined beneath a graceful eyebrow of brown sufficiently marked to give expression to the forehead, seemed capable to kindle as well as melt, to command as well as to beseech. If mildness were the more natural expression of such a combination of features, it was plain, that in the present instance, the exercise of habitual superiority, and the reception of general homage, had given to the Saxon lady a loftier character, which mingled with and qualified that bestowed by nature. Her profuse hair, of a colour betwixt brown and flaxen, was arranged in a fanciful and graceful manner in numerous ringlets, to form which art had probably aided nature. These locks were braided with gems, and, being worn at full length, intimated the noble birth and free-born condition of the maiden. A golden chain, to which was attached a small reliquary of the same metal, hung round her neck. She wore bracelets on her arms, which were bare. Her dress was an under-gown and kirtle of pale sea-green silk, over which hung a long loose robe, which reached to the ground, having very wide sleeves, which came down, however, very little below the elbow. This robe was crimson, and manufactured out of the very finest wool. A veil of silk, interwoven with gold, was attached to the upper part of it, which could be, at the wearer's pleasure, either drawn over the face and bosom after the Spanish fashion, or disposed as a sort of drapery round the shoulders.
"Ivanhoe" はまだほとんど読んだことがないので、前後関係はよくわからないけど、 ともかく Lady Rowena という美女が登場して、宴会の席にいるテンプル騎士団の団員が 見惚れてしまう場面を、強引に訳してみる。
When the repast was about to commence, 宴会が始ろうとしていた矢先、 the major-domo, or steward, 宮宰(つまり執事)は、 suddenly raising his wand, said aloud, やにわに官杖(かんじょう)を挙げ、声を上げて言った。 "Forbear! -- Place for the Lady Rowena." 「慎め! Rowena 嬢のお通りだ」
A side door at the upper end of the hall now opened behind the banquet table, 宴会の食卓の背後の、広間の上端にある脇扉が開き、 and Rowena, followed by four female attendants, entered the apartment. Rowena 嬢が、女の付き人を従えて、部屋に入ってきた。
("Ivanhoe," Volume 1, Chapter 4, Penguin Books, p. 43)
>>594 の続き Cedric, though surprised, and perhaps not altogether agreeably so, at his ward appearing in public upon this occasion, Cedric は、この公の席上に現れた自分の被後見人を見て驚き(ひょっとしたら あまり気分のいい驚き方ではなかったかもしれないが)、
hastened to meet her, 急いで Rowena 嬢のところに走り寄り、
and to conduct her, with respectful ceremony, to the elevated seat at his own right hand, appropriated to the lady of the mansion. うやうやしく、ぎょうぎょうしく、自分の右手にある、邸宅の女主人に与えられた高みの席に、Rowena 嬢を連れて行った。
>>596 の続き "Said I not so?" answered the Prior; 「じゃから、そう申しておろうが?」と小修道院長が答えた。
"but check your raptures, the Franklin observes you." 「しかし、あまり夢中になってご令嬢を見つめなさるのは、おやめなされ。自由農民のお方が見ておられるぞよ」
Unheedling this remonstrance, この忠告は意に介さず、 and accustomed only to act upon the immediate impulse of his own wishes, 自分の望みのその場での衝動にのみ従うことに慣れているため、
Brian de Bois-Guilbert kept his eyes rivetted on the Saxon beauty, Brian de Bois-Guilbert(ブリアン・ドゥ・ボワ・ギルベール)は、サクソン人の美女から目を放さなかった。
more striking perhaps to his imagination, because differing widely from those of the eastern sultanas. 令嬢が東洋の美女の場合とは大きく違っているため、彼の想像力をさらに刺激したのかもしれない。
Formed in the best proportions of her sex, Rowana は、女性としては最高のスタイルをしており、 Rowana was tall in stature, 背が高かったが、 yet not so much so as to attract observation on account of superior height. とはいえ、背の高さで人の目を引きつけるほどではなかった。
("Ivanhoe," Volume 1, Chapter 4, Penguin Books, p. 43)
Although the Upper West Side, like every neighborhood in Manhattan, has lost a little of its distinctiveness over the past twenty soul-crushing, real-estate-lifting years, some specific, residual flavor of the place clings to its odd corners and company. Only a few decades ago, it was a gray place of strange, sober quest―the Village-dwelling Jane Jacobs called it “a surly kind of slum”―where documentary filmmakers filled vast basement spaces with editing chambers, and self-taught philosophers pursued solitary studies in the local cafeterias. Now its streets are mostly condo and co-op corridors, where the prices go up and the well-heeled, pushing their kids in broad-shouldered strollers, go by.
改めて感じたのが、ハイフォン付き表現の多さ。"over the past twenty soul-crushing, real-estate-lifting years"。で、Garner's Modern American Usageで"Phrasal Adjectives" (pp.625)のエッセイを読む。これは誤読を防ぐために増えているとのこと。面白いのは、 そういった傾向が故に、なのかはわからないが、ハイフォン付きが適切なのに、付け忘れた せいで悪文になってしまうミスがあるらしい。
Her complexion was exquisitely fair, 令嬢の肌は見事に白かったが、
but the noble cast of her head and features prevented the insipidity which sometimes attaches to fair beauties. 頭の形と目鼻立ちが気高いので、一部の色白の美人にありがちな陳腐さを免れていた。
Her fair blue eye, which sate enshrined beneath a graceful eye-brow of brown sufficiently marked to give expression to the forehead, 美しい青い目は、額に表情を生み出せるくらいにくっきりした優美な茶色の眉の下に安置されていたが、
seemed capable to kindle as well as melt, to command as well as to beseech. 火をつけたり溶かしたり、命令したり懇願したりする力を持つように思えた。
If mildness were the more natural expression of such a combination of features, このような目鼻立ちの組み合わせによって柔らかさというものが自然に生れてくるとしたら、
it was plain, that in the present instance, 令嬢の場合は、 the exercise of habitual superiority, and the reception of general homage, 人々の中でいつも優れた地位を占め、みんなから臣従の礼を受けているため、
had given to the Saxon lady a loftier character, サクソン人であるこの令嬢の性格は高慢になっており、
which mingled with and qualified that bestowed by nature. 高慢な性格が生来の資質に加わり、それに彩りを与えていたのだった。
Shall I compare thee to a summer's day? Thou art more lovely and more temperate. Rough winds do shake the darling buds of May, And summer's lease hath all too short a date. Sometime too hot the eye of heaven shines, And often is his gold complexion dimmed; And every fair from fair sometime declines, By chance, or nature's changing course, untrimmed; But thy eternal summer shall not fade, Nor lose possession of that fair thou ow'st, Nor shall death brag thou wand'rest in his shade, When in eternal lines to Time thou grow'st. So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.
【SLEEP BRINGS NO JOY TO ME】 (眠ったあとでも喜びはない) --- by Emily Bronte (author of "Wuthering Heights") (「嵐が丘」の作者による詩)
Sleep brings no joy to me --- 眠ったあとも(私には)喜びは生れない Remembrance never dies --- 記憶は消えない My soul is given to misery --- 私の魂はみじめで And lives in sighs --- ため息の中で生きるだけ
Sleep brings no rest to me --- 眠ったあとも(私には)休息は生まれない The shadows of the dead --- 死者(たち)の影が My waking eyes may never see --- 私の寝床を囲むのを Surround my bed --- 目覚めているときに見ることは絶対にないかもしれない
Sleep brings no hope to me --- 眠ったあとも(私には)希望は生れない In soundest sleep they come --- 最高にぐっすりと眠っているときに、彼らはやって来る And with their doleful imagery --- そして沈痛な面影を見せながら Deepen the gloom --- 彼らは絶望を深める
Sleep brings no strength to me --- 眠ったあとも(私には)強さは生まれない No power renewed to brave --- 力が蘇生して勇気になることはない I only sail a wider sea --- もっと広い海を船で進み A darker wave --- もっと暗い波の中を進むだけ
Sleep brings no friend to me --- 眠ったあとでも To soothe and aid to bear --- 慰め、耐える手助けをしてくれる友がやってくるわけではない They all gaze on how scornfully --- 彼らはみんな、軽蔑して眺めているだけ And I despair --- そして私は絶望する
Sleep brings no wish to knit --- 眠ったあとでも、編み物をする気分にはなれない My harassed heart beneath --- 内には、悩める心 My only wish is to forget --- 望みはただ、忘れることだけ In the sleep of death --- 死んだあとの眠りの中で
("Bronte: Poems," Everyman's Library, p. 100、訳したのは俺自身)
【DREAM WITHIN A DREAM】(夢の中の夢) --- a poem by Edgar Allan Poe (すべて大文字にした単語は、原文ではイタリック)
Poe は、若くして死んでいった愛する女を思いながらこの詩を作ったと思われる。
Take this kiss upon the brow! --- この接吻を額に受けてくれ! And, in parting from you now, --- そして、僕が君のもとを去っていく今、 Thus much let me avow --- これだけは素直に認めよう You are not wrong, who deem --- 僕の毎日は一つの夢に過ぎなかったという That my days have been a dream; --- 君の考えは間違ってない。 Yet if Hope has flown away --- とはいえ、もし希望の女神が In a night, or in a day, --- 一夜のあと、あるいは一日すぎたあと。 In a vision, or in none, --- 幻の中で、あるいは幻も何もない中で飛び去っていったのなら、 Is it therefore the less GONE? --- それは、その分だけ、この世に残っているのか? All that we see or seem --- 僕らに見えているもの、あるいは他の人が見たときの僕らの様子はすべて Is but a dream within a dream. --- 夢の中の夢でしかない。
I stand amid the roar --- 波に悩まされる岸の Of a surf-tormented shore, --- 轟(とどろき)のさなかで僕は立ち、 And I hold within my hand --- 手には Grains of the golden sand --- 例の金色の砂粒を握ってる How few! yet how they creep --- その粒の少ないこと! Through my fingers to the deep, --- でも指のあいだを這ってこぼれ落ち、海水の奥深くに沈んでいく。 While I weep -- while I weep! --- そのあいだ、僕は泣く。僕は泣くんだ! O God! can I not grasp --- ああ、神よ! 僕は Them with a tighter clasp? --- もっとしっかり砂をつかめないのか? O God! can I not save --- ああ神よ! 一粒たりとも ONE from the pitiless wave? --- この容赦ない波から救うことはできないのか? Is ALL that we see or seem --- 僕らに見えているもの、あるいは他の人から見た僕らの様子は、 But a dream within a dream? --- 夢の中の夢でしかないのか?
("Poe -- Poems and Prose," Everyman's Library Pocket Poets, p. 60)
From childhood's hour I have not been *** 子供のときから As others were -- I have not seen *** 人とは違っていた -- 物の見方が As others saw -- I could not bring *** 人とは違っていた -- 同じことには My passions from a common spring -- *** 夢中になれなかった From the same source I have not taken *** 同じことを My sorrow -- I could not awaken *** 哀しいとは感じられなかった -- 同じ音色を聴いて My heart to joy at the same tone -- *** 楽しいと感じることができなかった And all I lov'd -- I lov'd alone -- *** そして大好きなことは -- 一人で楽しんだ THEN -- in my childhood -- in the dawn *** そして、子供のとき、 Of a most stormy life -- was drawn *** 嵐のような人生の曙(あけぼの)に From ev'ry depth of good and ill *** 善悪のあらゆる深みから The mystery which binds me still -- *** いまだに私を縛り付ける不思議なことが引き出された From the torrent, or the fountain -- *** 激流から、あるいは泉から From the red cliff of the mountain -- *** 山の赤い崖から From the sun that 'round me roll'd *** 私の周りを回る太陽から
In its autumn tint of gold -- *** 金色に輝く秋の日に From the lightning in the sky *** 空の稲妻が As it pass'd me flying by -- *** 私の脇を飛び去っていくときに From the thunder, and the storm -- *** 雷から、そして嵐から And the cloud that took the form *** そして雲は (When the rest of Heaven was blue) *** (空は青かったのに) Of a demon in my view -- *** 私の目の前で悪魔の形になって、その不思議なものは私を捉えるのだ
("Poe -- Poems and Prose," Everyman's Library Pocket Poets, p. 66)
Startled at the stillness broken by reply so aptly spoken, その場にぴったりの返事で静寂が破られたことに驚き、
"Doubtless," said I, "what it utters is its only stock and store 私は言った。「こいつは、これしか言えないに違いない。
Caught from some unhappy master whom unmerciful Disaster Followed fast and followed faster till his songs one burden bore -- こいつの歌が一つの重荷を背負うまで速く、そしてもっと速く、容赦ない災害に見舞われた どこかの人間に捕まえられたのだろう。
Till the dirges of his Hope that melancholy burden bore Of 'Never -- nevermore.'" 「決して、二度と」というその憂鬱な重荷を彼の希望の女神の哀歌が背負うまでのあいだ。
Then, methought, the air grew denser, perfumed from an unseen censer Swung by seraphim whose foot-falls tinkled on the tufted floor. すると、ふさのついた床の上を歩いてチリンチリンと音を出すセラフィムの天使の揺らす 目に見えない香炉によって香りがついて、空気が濃くなったように感じられた。
"Wretch," I cried, "thy God hath lent thee -- by these angles he hath sent thee 私は叫んだ。「悪党め、汝の神から、これらの天使を通して神から、Lenore についての
Respite -- respite and nepenthe from thy memories of Lenore; 汝の思い出の休息と、憂いを忘れさせてくれる薬(訳注:おそらくアヘン)をもらっただろう。
Quaff, oh quaff this kind nepenthe and forget this lost Lenore!" この優しい薬を一気に飲み干し、死んでしまった Lenore を忘れてしまえ!」
Jane Austen の "Northanger Abbey" を映画化した90分の短い作品を夕べ YouTube で 見たら、けっこう気楽に見られたし、ほどよく楽しい思いができたので、原作の小説を読み始めた。 Jane Austen の長編小説の中では、いちばん短いものだろう。Everyman's Library では 240 ページしかない。日本語版の文庫本でもかなりページ数が少ないだろうと思ったら、 ちくま文庫の「ノーサンガー・アビー」では 400ページほどだ。
Jane Austen の文章は、長くなりがちなんだけど、この作品では今のところはあまりセンテンスが 長くない。でも、一文だけ 78 words のものを見つけた。何度も読み返して考えないと、 僕にはわからない。
Yes, novels; -- for I will not adopt that ungenerous and impolitic custom so common with novel writers, of degrading by their contemptuous censure the very performances, to the number of which they are themselves adding -- joining with their greatest enemies in bestowing the harshest epithets on such works, and scarcely ever permitting them to be read by their own heroine, who, if she accidentally take up a novel, is sure to turn over its insipid pages with disgust.
("Northanger Abbey," Jane Austen, Part 1, Chapter 5, Everyman's Library, p. 26)
that ungenerous and impolitic custom --- 上記の動詞の目的語
[which are を補うとわかりやすい] so common with novel writers, --- 上記の目的語を後置修飾
of --- 上記の custom に続く of。つまり "the 〜 custom of 〜ing" という形。 of のあとに、次の三つの項目 (〜ing)が続いている。
(1) degrading 【by their contemptuous censure】 the very performances,
to the number of which they are themselves adding ["the very performances" を後置修飾する節]
(2) joining with their greatest enemies in bestowing the harshest epithets on such works,
and (3) scarcely ever permitting them to be read by their own heroine, 【who, if she accidentally take up a novel, is sure to turn over its insipid pages with disgust】.
(4) and scarcely ever permitting them to be read by their own heroine, who, if she accidentally take up a novel, is sure to turn over its insipid pages with disgust.
Had she (= 主人公 Catherine Morland) been older or vainer, such attacks might have done little; but, where youth and diffidence are united, it requires uncommon steadiness of reason to resist the attraction of being called the most charming girl in the world, and of being so very engaged as a partner; and the consequence was, that, when the two Morlands (主人公 Catherine の両親), after sitting an hour with the Thorpes (親友 Isabella の親?), set off to walk together to Mr. Allen's (主人公 Catherine を Bath の町に招待した人), and James (主人公 Catherine の brother), as the door was closed on them, said, 'Well, Catherine, how do you like my friend Thorpe (= John Thorpe)?' instead of answering, as she (= Catherine) probably would have done, had there been no friendship and no flattery in the case, 'I do not like him (= John Thorpe) at all;' she directly replied, 'I like him very much; he seems very agreeable.'
("Northanger Abbey," Jane Austen, Part 1, Chapter 7, Everyman's Library, p. 39-40)
上に挙げた一節のすぐ前で、主人公 Catherine がその brother の友人である John Thorpe に初めて会って話をしたのだが、主人公 Catherine が夢中になっている 小説をことごとく彼はけなし、小説なんてものは下らんとしか言わないし、それに John は ひどく不細工な男なので、Catherine は John のことが嫌いである。
>>664 の和訳 (1) Had she (= 主人公 Catherine Morland) been older or vainer, [= If she had. . .] Catherine がもっと歳を重ねていたり外見を気にするタイプなら、
(2) such attacks might have done little; そういう攻撃を受けても、影響はほとんどなかったかもしれない。
(3) but, where youth and diffidence are united, しかし、若くて自信がない場合には、
(4) it requires uncommon steadiness of reason to resist [resist の目的語は、次の(5)] (5) the attraction (5-a) of being called the most charming girl in the world, 「あんなにきれいな子は見たことがない」と言われたり、
and (5-b) of being so very early engaged as a partner; ダンスのパートナーとしてそんなに早く約束ができてしまうという喜びに打ち勝つには、尋常でないくらいに気をしっかり持たないといけない。
(12) [when で始まる (10) と (11) が従属節で、この (12) が主節] instead of answering, [answering の目的語は、このあとの (15)] (13) 【as she (= Catherine) probably would have done,】 (14) ●had there been no friendship and no flattery in the case,● [= if there had been. . .] そのときにもし兄と Thorpe が友達ではなく、お世辞も言わなくて済むのならば Catherine は
(15) 'I do not like him (= John Thorpe) at all;' 「大嫌いだわ」と恐らく答えただろうが、そう答える代わりに、
(16) [(12) の "instead of. . ." 以下が前置きで、この (16) がこの文の主な部分] she directly replied, 'I like him very much; he seems very agreeable.' 即座に「大好きよ。とっても感じのいい人みたいね」と答えたのである。
In one perhaps there may be a dagger, in another a few drops of blood, and in a third the remains of some instrument of torture; but ◆there being nothing in all this out of the common way, and your lamp being nearly exhausted◆, you will return towards your own apartment.
("Northanger Abbey," Jane Austen, 1803, Everyman's Library, p. 149)
Jane Austen を読んでいると、something に不定冠詞である a が付く例がときどき見つかる。 Charles Dickens や Thomas Hardy を読んでいたときには、見つからなかったような 気がする。いま読んでいる "Northanger Abbey" という小説(原文では240ページほど、 日本語訳のちくま文庫では 400ページ)では、全部で 6 回、このような "a something" と いう形が見つかる。現代では、このような場合には a を付けないような気がするのだが、どうだろうか?
(1) Neatness and fashion are enough for the former, and ★a something★ of shabbiness or impropriety will be most endearing to the latter.
(2) Catherine's mind was greatly eased by this information, yet ★a something★ of solicitude remained,
(3) There was ★a something★, however, in his words which repaid her for the pain of confusion;
(4) ★A something★ of languid indifference, or of that boasted absence of mind which Catherine had never heard of before, would occasionally come across her;
(5) but there was ★a something★ in this mode of approach which she certainly had not expected.
(6) . . . there was ★a something★ in the turn of his features which spoke his not having behaved well to her.
「そんなこと、当然だろ」と言われるかもしれないが、僕はちょっとびっくりした。なんせ 1803 年 つまり今から200年以上も前の、しかも日本とは地球の反対側にあるイギリスの人気小説の中で、 別に日本のことを話題にしてるわけでも何でもないのに、主人公が招待された古いお屋敷に 漆(うるし)(japan) という言葉が出てきたので、僕はちょっと意外だった。 なお、「漆(うるし)」という意味では japan と小文字にするのだと英和中辞典には 載っているが、Jane Austen の小説では大文字の Japan になっている。
She [= 主人公の Catherine] took her candle and looked closely at the cabinet, It was not absolutely ebony and gold; but it was ★Japan★, black and yellow ★Japan★ of the handsomest kind;
("Northanger Abbey," Jane Austen, 1803, Everyman's Library, p. 158)
kimono kɪˈməʊnəʊ ♫ noun & adjective. m17. A noun. Pl. -os. A long Japanese robe with wide sleeves, tied with a sash. Now also, in Western countries, a garment (esp. a dressing gown) modelled on this. m17.
>>681 別にそれを否定しているわけじゃないけど、たとえば同じ東洋のことであっても、 瀬戸物という意味での china とか国を意味する China という言葉は大昔から 西洋人は口にしているけど、それに比べると japan, Japan という言葉を口にする 機会が圧倒的に少ないということを言っているんだよね。
>>686 別にあなたに反論してるわけでも何でもないし、そんなに難しい話を持ちかけてるつもりもない。 ただ僕が最初に言ってたのは、地球の裏側の England で、しかも210年も前に、(Thomas Hardy や Charles Dickens の作品ではまったく、あるいはほとんど出てこなかったと思われる) japan とか Japan という言葉を、Jane Austen の、比較的短い長編小説の中で3度も使っている から珍しいなと思っただけ。
"think of (something)" という意味で ●"think on (something)"● という表現を 使う例は、Shakespeare には頻繁に見られる。そしてそのころのその形が、そのまま England の方言として後々にまで残っていたらしく、少なくとも Thomas Hardy の長編7本に おいては、England の西南部の Dorset 地方の方言として実に頻繁に出てくる。ただし 19世紀半ばの Thomas Hardy と Charles Dickens においては、少なくとも書き言葉の中では、"think on (something)" とは言わず、 "think of (something)" というふうに、現代の標準語と同じような言い回しをしていたと 記憶している。
She [= 主人公の Catherine] blamed herself for the extent of her fears, and resolved never to ★think★ so seriously ★on★ the subject again. (この一節は、会話文ではなく、ト書きというかナレーションの部分である。)
("Northanger Abbey," Jane Austen, 1803, Everyman's Library, p. 142)
現代の everything を "every thing" というふうに2つに分けて表記していたことについては、 OED では次のように解説し、例文を載せている。そして、例文をずらずらと見てみると、最初は2つの単語 として表記することが多かったが、だんだんと1つの単語として表記することが多くなっていったものと 思われる。
■ everything (every thing) についての OED の解説 Formerly written as two words; this is now rare, exc. where the two words are used without modification of sense.
■ every thing (every thing) を含んだ例文 c1385 Chaucer Legend Good Women Prol. 398 In noble corage oghte been areste, And weyen ●euerything● by equytee. c1440 Generydes 4 Wyse and manly preuyd in ●euery thyng●. 1567 J. Sanford tr. Epictetus Man. 2 b, In ●euery thing●..which thou louest, thou must diligently consider the qualitie. a1616 Shakespeare As you like It (1623) ii. vii. 166 Sans teeth, sans eyes, sans taste, sans ●euery thing●. 1672 Bp. J. Wilkins Of Princ. Nat. Relig. i. ii, ●Every thing● is endowed with such a natural Principle, whereby it is necessarily inclined to promote its own preservation and well being. 1681 Dryden Absalom & Achitophel 17 Zimri..Was ●every thing● by starts, and nothing long. 1751 Johnson Rambler No. 180. ⁋8 Among the sons of learning, many seem to have thought of ●everything● but themselves. 1813 J. Austen Pride & Prejudice II. iv. 42 ●Every thing●, however, went on smoothly. 1855 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. IV. 567 She had not..his partiality for ●everything● Dutch and for ◆everything◆ Calvinistic. 1857 H. T. Buckle Hist. Civilisation Eng. I. ix. 572 The government [in France] is believed to see ●every thing●, know every thing, and provide for every thing. 1879 M. Arnold Guide Eng. Lit. in Mixed Ess. 180 ●Everything●, surely, depends upon what the lesson is.
‘The manuscripts reveal Austen to be an experimental and innovative writer, constantly trying new things, and show her to be even better at writing dialogue and conversation than the edited style of her published novels suggest,’ she [= Professor Sutherland] says.
‘She is above all a novelist whose significant effects are achieved in the exchanges of conversation and the dramatic presentation of character through speech. . . .' http://www.ox.ac.uk/media/news_stories/2010/102310.html
Forms: eME owres (west midl.), ME ȝhurs, ME ȝores, ME ȝoures, ME ȝouris, ME ȝours, ME ȝourys, ME ȝowers, ME ȝowres, ME ȝowris, ME ȝowrs, ME ȝowrys, ME ȝures, ME ȝuris, ME yores, ME yors, ME youreȝ, ME yourez, ME youris, ME yourys, ME yowris, ME yowrys, ME yurs, ME–15 yorys, ME–15 yowres, ME–15 yowrs, ME–16 youres, ME–16 yowers, ME– yours, ★ 17 (18 nonstandard) your's;★ Eng. regional 18 yars (E. Anglian), 18 yoars (Lancs.), 18 yurs (Devon), 18– yahrs (Yorks.), 18– yers (Devon), 18– yores (Shropshire), 18– yors (chiefly north.), 18– yowers (north.); Sc. pre-17 ȝhoures, pre-17 ȝhouris, pre-17 ȝouris, pre-17 ȝours, pre-17 ȝowris, pre-17 ȝurez, pre-17 yhouris, pre-17 yhourz, pre-17 yhowris, pre-17 youres, pre-17 youris, pre-17 yourris, pre-17 yovris, pre-17 yowris, pre-17 yowrs, pre-17 17– yours. N.E.D. (1921) also records a form ME ȝurs.
Such feelings ought to be investigated, that they may ★know themselves★. ("Northanger Abbey," Jane Austen, 1803, Part 2, Chapter 10 の最後、Everyman's Library, p. 197)
>>707 の続き 【"such feelings ought to know themselves"??? フランス語的な表現か?】
この会話文は、僕にはどう見ても、 ●「そういう感情はじっくり吟味して、はっきりさせないといけないよ」● (つまり、そういう感情がどういう感情であるかをはっきりさせるために、じっくり吟味しないといけない。) という意味のように思える。つまり、これを別の英文にパラフレーズすると、次のようになると思う。 ◆Such feelings ought to be investigated so that they can be identified (clarified or realized). ごく簡単な英語に変えると、 ★You ought to investigate such feelings to identify (or clarify or realize) them. というふうな感じになると思うのだが、僕の解釈はこれで正しいだろうか?
そして、もし本当にそういう意味だとしたら、この原文は現代の英語とは違っていて、フランス語 的な表現をそのまま英語に直輸入したような表現だと思うのだけど、どうだろうか? つまり、後半の they は such feelings を受けているので、"know themselves" は "such feelings ought to know themselves" と言い換えてもいいことになり、 このように "feelings" を主語として動詞を "know themselves" にするのは、 現代の英語では不自然だというか、あまり(あるいはまったく) 使われない語法であると思う。
フランス語ではこの "know themselves" の部分は "se connaitre" になるはずで、このようなフランス語は "be known (= be realized, be identified)” というような意味になるはずだ。僕の解釈が間違っていたら、ぜひ教えてほしい。
>>707-708 念のために言うと、この原文での they は「彼ら」つまり「一般的な人々」を意味する they ではないと思う。この時代の口語表現で、しかもこの文脈では、どうしても「一般的な人々という 意味での they」は出てくることがなく、もしも「一般的に、人は自分自身を知るために、 そういう感情を吟味しないといけない」という意味の文章を作るとしたら、(現代英語とは違って この小説にあるような雰囲気に合わせると)次のようになるのではないかと思う。
(1) Such feelings ought to be investigated, that people may know themselves.
しかしそう書くと不自然であって、やはりこの時代には people よりも one などと言うことが多く、 次のように書くだろう。
(2) One ought to investigate one's feelings, that one may know oneself.
しかし原文は、そのようにはなっておらず、one ではなくあくまで they になっている。 くどいようだが、現代英語では they という言葉がいきなり出てきても、「一般的な意味での人々」 という意味で使われる。しかしこの時代ではどうだろうか?そういう意味での they は使われず、 やはり one が使われるのではないかと思う。
20:7 They say unto him, Because no man hath hired us. He saith unto them, Go ye also into the vineyard; and whatsoever is right, that shall ye receive.
20:8 So when even was come, the lord of the vineyard saith unto his steward, Call the labourers, and give them their hire, beginning from the last unto the first.
20:9 And when they came that were hired about the eleventh hour, they received every man a penny.
20:10 But when the first came, they supposed that they should have received more; and they likewise received every man a penny.
20:11 And when they had received it, they murmured against the goodman of the house,
20:12 Saying, These last have wrought but one hour, and thou hast made them equal unto us, which have borne the burden and heat of the day.
20:13 But he answered one of them, and said, Friend, I do thee no wrong: didst not thou agree with me for a penny? 20:14 Take that thine is, and go thy way: I will give unto this last, even as unto thee.
20:15 Is it not lawful for me to do what I will with mine own? Is thine eye evil, because I am good?
20:16 So the last shall be first, and the first last: for many be called, but few chosen.
1 As Jesus was telling what the kingdom of heaven would be like, he said: Early one morning a man went out to hire some workers for his vineyard. 2 After he had agreed to pay them the usual amount for a day's work, he sent them off to his vineyard. 3 About nine that morning, the man saw some other people standing in the market with nothing to do. 4 He said he would pay them what was fair, if they would work in his vineyard. 5 So they went. At noon and again about three in the afternoon he returned to the market. And each time he made the same agreement with others who were loafing around with nothing to do. 6 Finally, about five in the afternoon the man went back and found some others standing there. He asked them, “Why have you been standing here all day long doing nothing?” 7 “Because no one has hired us,” they answered. Then he told them to go work in his vineyard. 8 That evening the owner of the vineyard told the man in charge of the workers to call them in and give them their money. He also told the man to begin with the ones who were hired last.
9 When the workers arrived, the ones who had been hired at five in the afternoon were given a full day's pay. 10 The workers who had been hired first thought they would be given more than the others. But when they were given the same, 11 they began complaining to the owner of the vineyard. 12 They said, “The ones who were hired last worked for only one hour. But you paid them the same that you did us. And we worked in the hot sun all day long!” 13 The owner answered one of them, “Friend, I didn't cheat you. I paid you exactly what we agreed on. 14 Take your money now and go! What business is it of yours if I want to pay them the same that I paid you? 15 Don't I have the right to do what I want with my own money? Why should you be jealous, if I want to be generous?” 16 Jesus then said, “So it is. Everyone who is now first will be last, and everyone who is last will be first.”
For ye were as sheep going astray; but are now returned unto the Shepherd and Bishop of your souls. (AV) For you were straying like sheep, but have now returned to the Shepherd and Guardian of your souls. (RSV)
Michael OndaatjeのThe English Patientに関していくつか。(半分しか読んでないが) まず、彼はCubismの技法を取り入れていると自身で述べている。端的にいうと、現実を いろいろな視点から描いて、それを再構築するという手法だ。ただ、Cubism的な テクスチャーが実際に、どういう効果を作品全体にもたらすのかには、世にはいろいろと 種類がある。スピード、めまい感や、伏線を効果的に設定するためなど。そしてOndaatjeは このCubismを「劇的な話運びを抑制する」ために用いている節がある。ここが文学性(が もしあるなら)を人が感じるところだろう。The English Patientの場合、ロマンスが あり、錯綜した華やかなプロットがありそうな、いかにもな舞台設定で、「うまく盛り 上がらない」。で次は文体の話。
She bends down and picks up the piece of metal, pauses in that position, motionless, her skirt still tucked up above her thighs, hands hanging down loose, breathing hard.
Michael OndaatjeのThe English Patientの文章に関して。 名目上Cubismなので、語り手は(混乱するとまではいかないけど)パラグラフ単位で 切り替わることがある。これはわりと予想できる。ただこれと時制が組み合わされると、 想像しているよりも複雑になる。
物語は次のように現在形で始まる。 She stands up in the garden where she has been working and looks into the distance. (関係副詞のwhereはOndaatjeが好む印象)活写的効果をねらった現在形(historical present) なんだけど、完全に過去形の代用として使われている。で、登場人物の過去の描写は、普通に 過去形を用い、穏やかなCross-cuttingが繰り返される。ただし、その過去の描写のなかにも 現在形が現れたり、さらに、その場面から基準となる時間に戻った時、なぜかそれまでの historical presentを放棄して過去形が原則になったりする。さらにさらに登場人物の各視点 (話法のバリエも含む)が混在するので、語りはゆっくりなのだが、焦点の定まらない流れが 生まれる。この効果は短い文章ではあまり味わえないが、わかりやすいところを次のレスで 引用する。Ondaatjeは以下のような構成を好む。
… He(火傷で床につく謎の男) remembers picnics, a woman who kissed parts of his body that now are burned into the color of aubergine. I have spent weeks in the desert, forgetting to look at the moon, he says, as a married man may spend days never looking into the face of his wife. These are not sins of omission but signs of preoccupation. His eyes lock onto the young woman’s face. If she(看護婦) moves her head, his stare will travel alongside her into the wall. She leans forward. How were you burned? It is late afternoon. His hands play with a piece of sheet, the buck of his fingers caressing it. I fell burning into the desert. They found my body and..
…He(火傷で床につく謎の男) remembers picnics, a woman who kissed parts of his body that now are burned into the color of aubergine. ★I have spent weeks in the desert, forgetting to look at the moon, he says, as a married man may spend days never looking into the face of his wife. These are not sins of omission but signs of preoccupation. ★His eyes lock onto the young woman’s face. If she(看護婦) moves her head, his stare will travel alongside her into the wall. She leans forward. How were you burned? ★It is late afternoon. His hands play with a piece of sheet, the buck of his fingers caressing it. ★I fell burning into the desert. ★They found my body and..
This is very much a zombie doctrine ― that is, a doctrine that should be dead by now, having been repeatedly refuted by evidence, but just keeps on shambling along.
It was at the time when he was secretly visiting the lady of the Sixth Ward. One day on his way back from the Palace he thought that he would call upon his foster-mother who, having for a long while been very ill, had become a nun. She lived in the Fifth Ward. After many enquiries he managed to find the house; but the front gate was locked and he could not drive in. He sent one of his servants for Koremitsu, his foster-nurse's son, and while he was waiting began to examine the rather wretched-looking by-street. The house next door was fenced with a new paling, above which at one place were four or five panels of open trelliswork, screened by blinds which were very white and bare. Through chinks in these blinds a number of foreheads could be seen. They seemed to belong to a group of ladies who must be peeping with interest into the street below. At first he thought they had merely peeped out as they passed; but he soon realized that if they were standing on the floor they must be giants. No, evidently they had taken the trouble to climb on to some table or bed; which was surely rather odd!
> Doherty says that the Jesus myth was given a historical setting only by the > second generation of Christians, somewhere between the 1st and 2nd century. > He further says that even the author of the Gospel of Mark probably did not > consider his gospel to be a literal work of history, but an allegorical midrashic > composition based on the Old Testament prophecies. In the widely supported > two-source hypothesis, the story of Mark was later fused with a separate > tradition of anonymous sayings embodied in the Q document into the other > gospels; Doherty says that these became interpreted as the literal history of > the life of Jesus.
‘Beware of practising your piety before others in order to be seen by them; for then you have no reward from your Father in heaven.
‘So whenever you give alms, do not sound a trumpet before you, as the hypocrites do in the synagogues and in the streets, so that they may be praised by others. Truly I tell you, they have received their reward. But when you give alms, do not let your left hand know what your right hand is doing, so that your alms may be done in secret; and your Father who sees in secret will reward you.
‘And whenever you pray, do not be like the hypocrites; for they love to stand and pray in the synagogues and at the street corners, so that they may be seen by others. Truly I tell you, they have received their reward. But whenever you pray, go into your room and shut the door and pray to your Father who is in secret; and your Father who sees in secret will reward you.
‘And whenever you fast, do not look dismal, like the hypocrites, for they disfigure their faces so as to show others that they are fasting. Truly I tell you, they have received their reward. But when you fast, put oil on your head and wash your face, so that your fasting may be seen not by others but by your Father who is in secret; and your Father who sees in secret will reward you.
When Jesus had come down from the mountain, great crowds followed him; and there was a leper who came to him and knelt before him, saying, ‘Lord, if you choose, you can make me clean.’ He stretched out his hand and touched him, saying, ‘I do choose. Be made clean!’ Immediately his leprosy was cleansed. Then Jesus said to him, ‘See that you say nothing to anyone; but go, show yourself to the priest, and offer the gift that Moses commanded, as a testimony to them.’
--------------- And to the centurion Jesus said, ‘Go; let it be done for you according to your faith.’ And the servant was healed in that hour.
When Jesus entered Peter’s house, he saw his mother-in-law lying in bed with a fever; he touched her hand, and the fever left her, and she got up and began to serve him. That evening they brought to him many who were possessed by demons; and he cast out the spirits with a word, and cured all who were sick. This was to fulfil what had been spoken through the prophet Isaiah,‘He took our infirmities and bore our diseases.’
--------------- And when he got into the boat, his disciples followed him. A gale arose on the lake, so great that the boat was being swamped by the waves; but he was asleep. And they went and woke him up, saying, ‘Lord, save us! We are perishing!’ And he said to them, ‘Why are you afraid, you of little faith?’ Then he got up and rebuked the winds and the sea; and there was a dead calm. They were amazed, saying, ‘What sort of man is this, that even the winds and the sea obey him?’
One of the most telling features when looking for the historical existence of Jesus or the Christ is not what we do find, but the screaming silence from what we don't find. The early years of the Roman Empire is one of the best-documented eras of ancient history; Jerusalem was a center of education; Jesus is claimed even to have had scribes following him and that the population at large was aware of him. Yet not one single non-Christian document written before 93 CE mentions any "Jesus", or even the crucifixion of a holy leader of the Jewish people. This includes well documented records from the Romans regarding criminal activities and crucifixion records. "Jesus" (or "Yeshu" or "Yeshua" or "Joshua") was a very common name, with many contemporary troublemaking preachers of that name. But even with that in mind, nothing of relevance seems to exist.
11 For I would have you know, brothers, that the gospel that was preached by me is not man's gospel. 12 For I did not receive it from any man, nor was I taught it, but I received it through a revelation of Jesus Christ.
会話のキャッチボールになってないんだけどさ、 小説の描写って、論説文とはいろいろ違うじゃん。 前から存在は知っていたけど、 The Emotion Thesaurus: A Writer's Guide To Character Expression こういうリスト面白いよね。語彙詰め込めるというか、わざわざ読む必要 があるかと問われたらアレなんだけど。
>>832 For agreement a practical guide to personal freedom written by ダン ニゲオ ルイーズ and read by Peter タイオリーン
The smoky mirror Three thousand years ago, there was a human, just like you and me, who lived near city surrownded by mountains. The human was studying to become a medicine man. to learn knowledge of ancestors. (続かない)
The passage continues with a famous account of an interruption: "At this moment he was unfortunately called out by a person on business from Porlock, and detained by him above an hour, and on his return to his room, found, to his no small surprise and mortification, that though he still retained some vague and dim recollection of the general purpose of the vision, yet, with the exception of some eight or ten scattered lines and images, all the rest had passed away like the images on the surface of a stream into which a stone has been cast, but, alas! without the after restoration of the latter!"
ケインズの"The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money"を読んでいる 理解できるが、まとまっていなくて読みにくい印象。とにかく話が飛ぶ 哲学系で思考を纏められない人の文体は慣れているので読書自体は問題ないが悪文だと思う 研究する気で読まないと費用効果は見合わない感じかな
Ling said that when Chung(技術者) worked at Boeing he sometimes napped in his office, and he would complain about being woken up by the illusion that she was singing. “He would say, ‘I always tell you, “Don’t sing around me―I cannot go to sleep,” ’ ” Ling told me. “In his mind, he thought I was singing behind him.”
で、今日読んだのは‘The Unknown Citizen’ by W. H. Audenは、1940年に紙面で発表された詩。 He was found by the Bureau of Statistics to be One against whom there was no official complaint, And all the reports of his conduct agree That, in the modern sense of the old-fashioned word, he was a saint, For in everything he did he served the Greater Community. と続いていく。(全文 http://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poem/unknown-citizen) なんとなく気づくと思うが風刺詩。readingはいくつかyoutubeに上がってるが、 感心したのは以下のもの。こういう学校の課題は楽しそうだ。 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tVRV7NthEHs