Clean energy is getting much attention these days because it is environmentally friendly and because there are unlimited supplies.
Clean energy is energy that does not cause pollution when it is made. Energy coming from the natural energy, can be used for heating and lighting homes and other buildings, for generating electricity and for heating water.
There are other natural energies, too, such as wind energy, geothermal energy and energy from the ocean. Geothermal energy uses the Earth's internal heat, while ocean energy comes from a number of sources, including tidal energy and the energy from the ocean's waves. All these forms of energy can be used to produce electricity.
Energy made from waste products is called recycled energy. It is also a kind of clean energy because it reduces garbage and allows energy resources to be reused. Yet another form of clean energy is called biomass energy. Organic materials such as animal waste from farms and garbage from people's kitchens are examples of biomass. Biomass can be used to produce electricity, transportation fuels, or chemicals.
Nuclear power may also be considered to be a form of clean energy because it does not produce greenhouse gases.
アリストテレスの話なのですが、どなたかお願いいたします; Up to a certain point, the theory of universals is quite simple. In language, there are proper names, and there are adjectives. The proper names apply to "things" or "persons," each of which is the only thing or person to which the name in question applies. The sun, the moon, France, Napoleon, are unique; there are not a number of instances are unique; there are not a number of instances of things to which these names apply. On the other hand, words like " apply. On the other hand, words like "cat," "dog," "man" apply to many different things. The problem of universals is concerned with the meanings of such words, is concerned with the meanings of such words, and also of adjectives, such as "white," "hard," "round," and so on. He says: "By the term `universal` I mean that which is of such a nature as to be predicated of many subjects, by `individual` that which is not thus predicated." What is signified by a proper name is a "substance," while what is signified by an adjective or class-name, such as "human" or "man," is called a "universal." A substance is a "this," but a universal is a "such"--it indicates the sort of thing, not the actual particular thing. A universal is a substance, because it is not a "this." (Plato`s heavenly bed would be a "this" to those who could perceive it; this is a matter as to which Aristotle disagrees with Plato.) "It seems impossible," Aristotle says, "that any universal term should be the name of a substance. For the substance of each thing is that which is perculiar to it, which does not belong to anything else; but the universal is common, since that is called universal which is such as to belong to more than one thing." The gist of the matter, so far, is that a universal cannot exist by itself, but only in particular things.
>>7の続きです。長くて申し訳ありませんがよろしくおねがいします。 Superficially, Aristotle`s doctrine is plain enough. Suppose I say "there is such a thing as the game of football," most people would regard the remark as a truism. But if were to infer that football could exist without football-players, I should be rightly held to be talking nonsense. Similarly, it would be held, there is such a thing as parenthood but only because there are parents; there is such a thing as sweetness are parents; there is such a thing as sweetness, but only because there are sweet things; and there is redness, but only because there are red is redness, but only because there are red things. And this dependence is thought to be not reciprocal: the men who play football would still exist even if they never played football; things which are usually sweet may turn sour; and my face, which is usually red, may turn pale without ceasing to be my face. In this way we are led to conclude that what is meant by an adjective is dependent for its being on what is meant by a proper name, but not vice versa. This is, Ithink, what Aristotle means. His doctrine on this point, as on many others, is a common-sense prejudice pedantically ezpressed. But it is not easy to give precision to the theory. Granted that football could not exist without football-players, it could perfectly well exist without this or that football-player. And granted that a person can exist without playing football, he nevertheless cannot exist without doing something. The quality redness cannot exist without some subject, but it can exist without this or that subject; similarly a subject cannot exist without some quality but can this or that subject; similarly a subject cannot exist without some quality but can exist without this or that quality. The supposed ground for the distinction between things and qualities thus seems to be illusory.
よろしくお願いします。ミツバチの生態の話です。 この章の題はVARIATION IN THE CYCLESとあります。 長いので後半のみで失礼します。 前半には、”人って自分と他人は別物ってわかるのに、蜂はどの蜂でも一緒と思う傾向あるよね” ”蜂と人間の違いに比べたら、蜂と蜂の違いって小さくてわかんないよね”などとあります。 Adding to this problem of perspective is the obvious fact that insects are more nearly creatures of instinct than we are, and so we expect bees to be nearly identical automatons. (Readers found of this illusion are in for some rude shocks.) But even if every bit of behavior is genetically determined, the proper response at one season or in one climatic area may be quite inappropriate in another, we should not be too be surprised to find that a species as cosmopolitan as the honey bee should be endowed with enough flexibility to make a living in both Central America and southern Canada. 虫は私たちよりずっと本能的だ。 しかし行動が遺伝的に決まっているとはいえ、色々な環境に適応できる柔軟性を持っている… だとかいう話なのではないのかなぁと思うのですが、自信がなく、詳細もよくわからないのです…。
(1) It's not quite like home, but astronomers this week announced that they had found Earth's closest known analog outside the solar system. The newly discovered planet, which orbits a neighbor of the sun, is about five times as heavy as Earth and probably has an average surface temperature at which water would be liquid.
(2) The planet, which is too small to be imaged, completes one orbit of its star in just 13 days. The distance between this planet and its star is only one-fourteenth the distance between Earth and the sun. But Stephane Udry of the Geneva Observatory in Sauverny, Switzerland, and his colleagues calculate that because the planet's star is less massive and cooler than the sun, the planet's close-in location puts it in the "Goldilocks zone" ― neither too hot nor too cold, but just right for liquid water.
(3) This is "arguably the first habitable planet" ever identified, says theorist Alan Boss of the Carnegie Institution of Washington, D.C.
(4) Planet-formation models indicate that a body of this mass would have a solid surface, perhaps rocky or watery, and a diameter 1.5 times that of Earth, Udry's team notes.
(5) The planet's parent star, the red dwarf Gliese 581, resides just 20.5 light-years from Earth and is one-third as heavy as the sun. Dwarf stars are the most common type of star in the galaxy, and the discovery suggests new places to search for life, Udry says.
(6) A decade ago, researchers had ruled out dwarf stars as hosts of habitable worlds, notes astronomer Jill Tarter of the SETI Institute in Mountain View, Calif One problem, theorists argued, is that a close-in planet occupying the habitable zone around a dwarf would be vulnerable to outbursts of radiation from the star. But a reappraisal now suggests that this problem and others may not be deal breakers and that planets around dwarf stars could indeed support life, Tarter and other researchers report in the spring issue of Astrobiology.
(7) Udry's team discovered the Gliese 581 planet indirectly by using the standard technique of searching for back-and-forth motions of the parent star. From a star's tiny wobble, astronomers can infer the minimum mass and orbit of an unseen planet tugging on it. Among the more than 225 extrasolar planets now known, most were discovered using this method.
(8) In their initial study of Gliese 581, Udry and his colleagues found a closer-in planet about 15 times as massive as Earth. Those measurements, obtained with a sensitive spectrometer on the European Southern Observatory's 3.6-meter telescope in La Silla, Chile, showed signs of another planet.
(9) Follow-up studies have now revealed the new "super-Earth" as well as indications of a third, more distant planet, Udry's team reports.
(10) Without direct measurements of size and mass, it's difficult to know "if the planet is indeed rocky or icy, or whether it has a significant gas atmosphere," cautions theorist Sara Seager of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. For example, if the planet's atmosphere were thicker than that of Venus, "the surface would likely be too hot for liquid water," she notes.
(11) That's why Seager is looking forward to the discovery of a super-Earth that periodically passes between its star and Earth, blocking some of the starlight. These mini-eclipses, she notes, would reveal the planet's density and composition, indicating its potential to support life.
the Zone=In Goldilocks zone (l.10) Earth's closest known analog「知られている中では地球に最も近くにある類似体」 too small ... imaged「画像で表示するには小さすぎる」 completes ... 13 days「わずか13日間で恒星をまわり終える」公転周期が13日ということ。 the Geneva Observatory「ジュネーブ天文台」1772年設立。 close-in location「(親星と)至近距離にある位置」 the “Goldilocks zone” 生命体の存在に「ちょうどよい」。英国の昔話を下敷きにした表現。 the Carnegie ... D.C.「ワシントンカーネギー協会」1902年設立。 a body of this mass「この質量をもつ天体」 parent star「親星(となる恒星)」 the red dwarf Gliese 581 「赤色矮星グリーゼ581」 dwarf stars「矮星」質量、光度が太陽クラスの恒星。巨大な恒星はgiant star. had ruled out「除外していた」 SETI Institute「地球外知的生命体探査協会」SETIはSearch for Extraterrestrial Intelligenceの略。宇宙の生命体に関する科学調査を行う非営利団体。1984年設立。 would be ... radiation「放射線の激しい放出に弱いであろう」
(1) Last week - April 12, to be exact - was the 60th anniversary of the death of Franklin Delano Roosevelt. "I have a terrific headache," he said, before collapsing at the Little White House in Warm Springs, Ga. He died of a massive cerebral hemorrhage on the 83rd day of his fourth term as president. His hold on the nation was such that most Americans, stunned by the announcement of his death that spring afternoon, reacted as though they had lost a close relative.
(2) That more wasn't made of this anniversary is not just a matter of time; it's a measure of the distance the U.S. has traveled from the egalitarian ideals championed by F.D.R. His goal was "to make a country in which no one is left out." That kind of thinking has long since been consigned to the political dumpster. We're now in the age of Bush, Cheney and DeLay, small men committed to the concentration of big bucks in the hands of the fortunate few.
(3) To get a sense of just how radical Roosevelt was (compared with the politics of today), consider the State of the Union address he delivered from the White House on Jan. 11, 1944. He was already in declining health and, suffering from a cold, he gave the speech over the radio in the form of a fireside chat.
(4) After talking about the war, which was still being fought on two fronts, the president offered what should have been recognized immediately for what it was, nothing less than a blueprint for the future of the United States. It was the clearest statement I've ever seen of the kind of nation the U.S. could have become in the years between the end of World War II and now. Roosevelt referred to his proposals in that speech as "a second Bill of Rights under which a new basis of security and prosperity can be established for all regardless of station, race or creed."
(5) Among these rights, he said, are: "The right to a useful and remunerative job in the industries or shops or farms or mines of the nation. "The right to earn enough to provide adequate food and clothing and recreation. "The right of every farmer to raise and sell his products at a return which will give him and his family a decent living. "The right of every businessman, large and small, to trade in an atmosphere of freedom from unfair competition and domination by monopolies at home or abroad. "The right of every family to a decent home. "The right to adequate medical care and the opportunity to achieve and enjoy good health. "The right to adequate protection from the economic fears of old age, sickness, accident and unemployment. "The right to a good education."
(6) I mentioned this a few days ago to an acquaintance who is 30 years old. She said, "Wow, I can't believe a president would say that."
(7) Roosevelt's vision gave conservatives in both parties apoplexy in 1944 and it would still drive them crazy today. But the truth is that during the 1950's and 60's the nation made substantial progress toward his wonderfully admirable goals, before the momentum of liberal politics slowed with the war in Vietnam and the election in 1968 of Richard Nixon.
(8) It wouldn't be long before Ronald Reagan was, as the historian Robert Dallek put it, attacking Medicare as "the advance wave of socialism" and Dick Cheney, from a seat in Congress, was giving the thumbs down to Head Start. Mr. Cheney says he has since seen the light on Head Start. But his real idea of a head start is to throw government money at people who already have more cash than they know what to do with. He's one of the leaders of the G.O.P. gang (the members should all wear masks) that has executed a wholesale transfer of wealth via tax cuts from working people to the very rich.
(9) Roosevelt was far from a perfect president, but he gave hope and a sense of the possible to a nation in dire need. And he famously warned against giving in to fear.
(10) The nation is now in the hands of leaders who are experts at exploiting fear, and indifferent to the needs and hopes, even the suffering, of ordinary people.
(11) "The test of our progress," said Roosevelt, "is not whether we add more to the abundance of those who have much; it is whether we provide enough for those who have too little."
(12) Sixty years after his death we should be raising a toast to F.D.R. and his progressive ideas. And we should take that opportunity to ask: How in the world did we allow ourselves to get from there to here?
To update an old story, it has been said, "Give a man a fish and you can feed him for a day. Teach him to fish, and you can feed him for a lifetime. But restore the fishes` ecosystem, and you can feed his whole neighborhood for the future." The aim of conservation and restoration science is to repair ecosystems and make them sustainble, so that the entire world community of life-including humans, other animals, and plants-may have a healthy, sustainable future.
@ Spring is a wild time for first-year college students. Between making new friends, meeting teachers, registering for classes and selecting club activities, the days go by so fast it can make your head spin. And caught in the middle of this whirlwind of excitement is Myanmarese refugee Haymar Tin Win, who has just entered Asia University in Tokyo. "It was like a dream come true for me," Haymar said, her eyes shining. "I couldn't sleep at all the night before the announcement of the (university's) acceptance list――and when I found out that I was accepted, I was just dumbstruck with awe." After getting into a university, partying may be the order of the day for most students in Japan――but not 20-year-old Haymar. From first thing in the morning until late into the afternoon, her schedule is packed with classes. After classes are over for the day, she rushes to her part-time job at a convenience store where four nights a week she works a five-hour shift. On her days off, Haymar volunteers as a Myanmarese-Japanese interpreter for the United Nations support groups for Myanmarese who are seeking asylum and in courtrooms. On average she has time for only three to four hours of sleep a day.
A Haymar says nothing slows her down. "All of my fatigue goes away when (Myanmarese asylum seekers) thank me for being able to tell others how they feel through my interpretation," Haymar said, recalling a time when she served as an interpreter at a hospital for a diabetic Myanmarese asylum seeker who almost had to have his leg amputated. According to Eri Ishikawa, a staff member of the nonprofit organization Japan Association for Refugees, this is probably the first year that refugees who have been recognized by Japan under the U.N. Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees have entered universities. Three people who have been granted refugee status――Haymar, along with an Afghan and a Somalian――were enrolled at universities this spring. "This has given hope to other refugees in Japan who fear they cannot pursue their dreams here," Ishikawa said. "I think it has opened the doors to a new world full of possibilities for refugees." Ishikawa explained that financial woes represent the biggest problem keeping refugees from pursuing higher education.
B "College is too much of a risk for refugees who have no money to spare," Ishikawa said. "Even if the refugees were to have enough money to pay tuition, they would then need money for daily life." Haymar arrived in Japan in 1999 with her mother and a younger brother and sister to join her father,Tin Win, who had been recognized as a refugee earlier that year. Tin Win was a journalist who had been engaged in the prodemocracy movement in Myanmar. Working closely with Aung San Suu Kyi as a member of the National League for Democracy, he had been on the constitution drafting committee. He fled the country in September 1996 out of fear of persection by the ruling junta. And it was a close call, according to Haymar. "The night my father left, military officals armed with guns came to our house in the middle of the night and ransacked our house, looking for my father,"she recalled. Life in Japan hasn't been easy. Her family spent four months in a center for refugees to learn Japanese. After the intensive training, Hyamar acquired enough of the language to engage in daily conversation and to read and write hiragana and katakana. She even picked up a little kanji.
●原文 The current, extraordinary spread of the English language around the world would never have begun, were English a difficult language to learn. Rhetoric is one thing and plain talk is another; and it is in the latter realm that English excels.
●自分で和訳してみて分からなかったところ
1.仮定法を用いていると思ったのですが、wereとwould have doneで仮定法は成立するのですか? 2.Rhetoricのこの場合の意味 3.one thingとanotherの意味 4.itが何を指しているのか
C With this, the family moved to Gunma Prefecture, where Tin Win found a job at a factory. Even though both Tin Win and his wife worked, it was a struggle to make ends meet, and the money was not enough to put Haymar through high school. Instead of giving up on her education, however, Haymar studied and enrolled in a high school night course. During the day, she worked at a supermarket packing meat. "I paid for the whole four-year tuition at that high school," Haymar said. "I was the eldest child and I thought it was the natural thing for me to do." After graduating from high school, Haymar spent a year waitressing at a family restaurant while studying for university entrance exams.
D Now, she is majoring in international relations at Asia University on a scholarship funded by the Michiko Inukai Foundation, which offers financial aid for refugees seeking education. She said her goal is to work at the United Nations or a nongovernmental organization to help other refugees and asylum seekers, especially those from Myanmar. "Through my work in assisting refugees, I hope I will be able to contribute to the development of Myanmar," She said. "And ultimately, I am anticipating the day when(Myanmar) will become a democratic country."
3. 「〜と〜とは別物だ。」という意味です。 演説で使われるような装飾的な話し方と、 日常会話で使われるような簡潔な話し方とを区別してるんでしょう。 例: To say is one thing, to do is another (thing). 言う事と実行する事は別物だ。 To know is one thing, and to teach is quite another (thing). 知っているのと教えるのとは別物だ。
4. 強調構文の「It is 〜 that 〜.」だから、 itが指しているのはthat以下の内容だと思います。
GA beta vol 1 reference for the idiot's who didnt notice.
Ooooooooooh geass as in code geass ya i considered that but Gatakito thought i was some kinda idiot thinking that idea. :'D Anyway i dunno he's probably gonna answer you tomorrow.
Yeah, I remeber her mother (she was so hot) but I didn't really saw anything that evidenced any kind of power except for some battle aura that Lily's Mom showed in the end of the chapter (which was to scare Anise more than anything). :P If you ask me, I think it's some lame stuff they came up with at the last minute to try to make things more interesting. Plus we already have a character with an eye like that. ^_^
If you don't like this site then it's so simple to take your ass out of this site and stop talking crap about copyrights. Nobody is gonna believe that, and come on what makes you think we don't have this pictures saved already.
I think this guys saying not to post official/cg pics on here because its illegal... I'm sorry but i cant argue with that...If hes talking about fanart however broccoli is not gonna give a flying rats ass and if you dont want people to have it put a huge ass watermark on your fanarts its the only way people wont take them...
Angel has the top idea here, but then Takito, where the hell do get your god damn officials from!? (well don't say any sites of course) the GA II official images you know!? where do you get those!? (DON'T SAY ANY) I mean, why is our client here focusing on just this one major site? there are many and I MEAN MANY other sites showing these images MAYBE THE EXACT SAME ONES!! HELL I ALREADY KNOW OTHER SITES WHERE IMAGES FROM THE AMBER HAVE SETTLED, and besides The Amber image board is a "Non-Profit" website, let me capitalize that "NON-PROFIT", it's not selling these images, nor is the Amber using it for "PROFITEERING" gain, so just without permission, WHAT ABOUT THE OTHER SITES THAT HOUSE THESE IMAGES!!! I mean takayuki you do have a point with official image like Angel-Chan here says, but you know...
HAHAHA NO. If its your image, email me and ill talk to you about it. Otherwise, please contact Broccoli and ask them to send in the shock troops!
Interviewer:Ms. Evelyn Glennie is a professional instrument. Evelyn,you play many kinds of musical instruments. Drums,triangles,marimbas... Evelyn:Yes,all of them are percussion instruments. I:What is your favorite instrument? E:A snare drum is my favorite. There are so many different styles of playing the snare drum. It is a challenge to me,both physically and musically. I:Your performances are really beautiful. And everyone is amazed since you can hardly hear sounds. I wonder how you hear sounds as a musician. E:Basically I hear sounds through my body. How about you? I:I hear them with my ears. E:Well,what are you actually hearing with your ears? I:I'm afraid I don't know how to answer that question. E:Hearing sounds is a form of feeling sounds. You can feel them through your body. I can also feel sounds by making use of body.
@ If you haven't watched speed skating before,you'll be surprised at how exciting it is, particularly if you see Anni Friesinger in action. Anni is in her early 20s and skates for Germany. Both of Anni's parents were top-class speed skaters long before she was born. It was almost inevitable that she would become a speed skater, too. In fact, she took up the sport when she was only 3 years old.
She has already won several world cup's as well as a gold medal in the Salt Lake City Winter Olympics in 2002, when she beat her own world record in the 1500-meter event. Although she only got one gold then, she will probably be one of the top medal winners in the Turin Winter Olympics in 2006.
Anni has brought glamor to speed skating. She says that skating fast in her Lycra outfit is ''extremely sexy, very erotic.'' Sometimes she wears clothes that show a tattoo of a flame above her navel. But Anni laughs about this: ''I enjoy the publicity.When somebody says that I'm looking good, that's compliment. But my results are more important than what people say about me.''
Anni's photo has been placed on many magazine covers, including TIME in 2002. But some people are not so pleased at her success. They say that she markets herself to make a lot of money. However, Anni is not too worried about the criticism. ''Any attention I get raises the profile of speed skating,'' she says.
@Lesson6 PARTI The effect of technology on linguistic variety has been seen at every stage in the history of the English language. Printing added a whole new dimension to written language, as is seen in the range of variation in style, graphic design, and types of lettering found in books, magazines, newspapers, advertisenents, and all kinds of printed materials. The telephone intro山ced new techniques of spoken commuhication, and the telegraph added a different written style. Radio did for the spoken language what print had done for the written, adding a new dimension in the form of talks, announcements, sports commentaries, news programs, weather forecasts, and an the genres which can be found in the pages of any channel guide. The arrival of television added yet another dimension: television speech varieties are not the same aS radio ones, nor is the written language oftelevision the same as that found elsewhere. Most recently, the cell phone,with its tiny screen, has motivated the development of afurther variety based on lidgtliBtic abbreviation, in the form of text-messaglng.
A PART2 Media teclmology generates linguistic variety, but it also speeds up the process of language change-in three ways. Most obviously, each new development introduces new terms into the langtlage: the technical terms in printing and broadcasting,for example, are very numerous. Less obviously, several of these tertns come to be used outside of the technical area, developing figurative or popular senses, and becoming available for use in dramatic contexts. you,re broadcasting to the whole restaurant, one person might say to another, who has been making a point rather too loudly・ Least obviously, the technology introduces novel linguistic forms more rapidly than the traditional way-word of mouth. on 4 October 1957, the first sputnik was launched; on 5 October 1957・ the word 8putnik was known everywhere, thanks to broadcasting and the press・ A twentieth-century phenomenon is the increase of catch・phrases,from-to take just the cinematic genre-What's up, doc?to May the Force be with you! with the simultaneous (or near-simultaneous) production of movies, television programs, radio broadcasts, and newspapers all over the world, we can now see language change operating -top down. at a global level.
BThe lnternet offers a unique potential for speed of transmission of language change. A new usage can be onmillions of screens within seconds. E-mails, chat-rooms, discussion groups, and the many types of Web-based text show English moving in new directions, partly because of the limits of the screen size and the software. There are obvious differences between the kind of la.nguage used on the Internet -Netspeak- and those used in other forms of speech and writing. Indeed, the difference is so great that it is a new medium -often called compter-mrdiated communication-which mixes styles of traditional spoken and written language. Netspeak is,firstly, not like traditional speech. It lacks the simultaneous feedback which is an esSentialpart of face-to-face conversation. And it cannot communicate certain aspects of speech, such as intonation and tone of voice-although there are primitive attempts to do 80 in the form of 'smileys' such as :-) and :-(. Nor is Netspeak like traditional writing. It allows people to do things to the written langllage which were not possible before, such as to insert responses into the middle of a message (as in e-mails) or to cut and paste from one document to another.
In addition to its roles in language variety change, the Internet is performing another function, and it is in this respect that its impact on the future of the English langtLage is likely to be most dramatic. The Internet offers a new form of written public presence to individuals and small community groups, promoting their personal and local identities. Minority languages have already benefited・ Although mostly an Englishllanguage medium in the begiming, the lnternet has graduauy developed a multilingual identity; more than 50 percent of cyberspace is occupied by languages other than English. At least a fourth of the worldFs languages have an Internet presence now, and many of these areminority and endangered languages. For a small speech community'the lnternet therefore offers a linguistic lifeline, which makes it possible for distant menbers to keep in touchwith each other through e-mails and chat-rooms, and through websites giving their language a world presence which it would have been impossible to achieve using traditional media, such as broadcasting or the press. And the Internet also allows anyone access to the medium to present a personal diary-type statement to the world, in the form of a blog-one of the most growing functions of the Web in the early 2000s.
D PART5 However, the new multilingual character of the Internet must not blind us to the impact that the medium is also having on English・ The majority of websites in English are in British or American Standard English. But other varieties are growing. Many regional dialects have websites now. A search for Newcastle English ('Geordie'),for example, found over a hundred sites. And at an international level, the 'New Englishes' in the world now have a written electronic identity. They may well extend their influence beyond their country of origin through the global reach of the Internet. The newest New Englishes-as opposed to the older new Englishes, such as lndian English or South African English-reflect their mixed-language character, such as Singlish and Tex-Mex. These"hybrid languages" seem to be increasing, and they will undoubtedly become more noticeable on the Internet. As the amount of written language on the Internet will eventually far exceed that available in traditional print form, a new type of relationship between nonstandard varieties and Standard English will one day emerge. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the relationship between standard and nonstandard language is still uncertain. We are leaving an era when therules of Standard English totally controlled our sense of acceptable usage. We seem to be approaching an era when non-standard usages and varieties are achieving a new presence and respectability within society.
1 Permanent-type inflows of foreign nationals to Japan increased only slightly in 2006, to reach about 87 000, in relative terms one of the lowest immigration rates among OECD countries. The flows are about evenly split between labour, family and ancestry-based migrants (persons of Japanese ancestry from Latin America). About 10% of the flows concern changes in status among international students who stay on after the completion of their studies, almost 73% of whom are from China, and a further 11% from Korea. Most of these are specialists in the humanities and international services (interpreters and translators), but about 20% are engineers.
2 Temporary migrants are more frequent and stood at about 230 000 in 2006, a decline of some 50 000 compared to 2005, due largely to a decrease in the number of entertainers. Other major groups among temporary migrants include students (46 000)and trainees (93 000). The number of trainees hasbeen increasing at the rate of about ten per year. In addition to temporary labour migrants, some 107 000 students and dependents of foreign workersobtained the right to work in part-time jobs in 2006.
3 The proportion of registered foreigners in the population stands at only about 1.6%. The most important origin groups are Koreans (28%), Chinese (27%) and Brazilians (15%). The working-age population (15-64) is currently declining at the rate of almost half a million persons per year and the vacancy-to-unemployment ratio is at its highest level since 1992. Despite this, there are as yet few if any signs of an increasing recourse to immigration to satisfy labour needs. However, there have been significant increases in the participation rate of residents in recent years, in part (but not entirely) attributable to cyclical factors.
4 he number of overstayers in Japan continued to decline and reached 171 000 in 2006, a 43% fall since 1993. This does not include persons who entered or landed illegally, however. Among persons deported for violations of the Immigration Control Act, those who entered or landed illegally were about one-fourth of the number of overstayers. This suggests an unauthorised population of about 0.2% of the total population, among the lowest in OECD countries. The low percentage reflects the impact of favourable geography (no land borders), but also strict immigration controls and workplace enforcement.
5 Although Japan does not carry out large-scale regularisations, it is possible for foreign nationals to obtain a special permission to stay from the Minister of Justice for individual circumstances. These are decided on a case-by-case basis and numbered about 9 400 in 2006. They have been at or greater than the 10 000 level since 2003.
6 Recent policy initiatives include the extension of the right to stay from three to five years to researchers and data processing engineers in facilities or businesses located in special zones. In 2006 the Immigration Bureau created guidelines for granting the status of permanent residence in Japan, which included duration-of-stay criteria, a relaxation of the “contribution-to-Japanese society” criterion and the clarification of other general requirements.
7 Two changes in administrative procedures are noteworthy. The first relates to the establishment of a reporting system on the employment of foreigners. Because foreign workers have been subject tounstable employment, sometimes poor working conditions and the lack of social insurance coverage, employers who employ foreign workers have been required to report on the employment situation of their foreign workers since October 2007. This reporting system is one key element in a broader effort to ensure that the best use the skills of foreigners in Japan with work permission is being made.
8 The second key change concerns new entry procedures for foreign nationals. These have been in force since November 2007 and require most foreign nationals entering Japan to have an interview with immigration inspectors, in addition to taking fingerprints and photographs upon entry.
@ Even for a sumo wrestler, Kaido Hoovelson looks big. The 20-year-old Estonian, who goes by the ring name of "Baruto," stands 197-cm tall, making him one of sumo's tallest wreslers. Last time he checked, he weight a solid 162 kg..."166 after dinner." Behind the table of a pokey Ryogoku bar, he takes sips from an oddly small looking glass of beer and recounts the first bruising year of his sumo career. Baruto's judo coach in Estonia encouraged him to come to Japan. "He told me it's not very difficult...a lot of sleeping, a lot of eating, a little bit (of) training. I said" why not?" A little later Baruto entered his present sumo stable. Unfortunately, it seems his coach's description wasn't totally accurate. "At first it was a big shock," says Baruto. In between training sessions, he was busy with chores like washing the older wrestlers' clothes and sweeping out the dojo. It was, he says,"a lot of cleaning, a lot of training, a little bit (of) sleeping." At least his coach was right about the eating.
It is possible for a university without being aware of it to slip into a servile relationship with the culture in which it finds itself and so betray its real reason for being. This danger as it now presents itself to us in a new form is apt to grow as colleges and universities look increasingly to goverment and business for the sustenance they must have to keep alive.
途中までは自力で行けたんですがやっぱり無理でしたOTL >>76と同じチャプターです @ Becoming a novice sumo wrestler is signing up to a crash course in Japanese language. He arrived with only an Estonian Japanese dictionary and two words of Japanese: geisha and sayonara――and no one in his stable knew more than a handful of English words. But year later his Japanese is fluent enough to follow training instructions and hang out with his stablemates. Becoming a sumo wrestler is an exceptional from of total immersion language learning, says Satoshi Miyazaki, linguist and author of "Why do foreign sumo wrestlers speak fluent Japanese?" Not only do foreign sumo wrestlers have to learn Japanese, they have to learn how "to become Japanese," says Miyazaki. That means picking up body language, etiquette and the minutiae of sumo culture too. For instance, wrestlers will learn keigo (polite Japanese) very early on because they need it to talk to the senior stablemates and stable master. Instead of poring over textbooks, Japanese is quite literally bashed into wrestlers; "The first Japanese language sumo wrestlers have to learn is itai (ouch!)" Miyazaki explains. "Once they know that, at least they can say if they get injured
A Many foreign sumo wrestlers become very fluent, very quickly. There is plenty of language practice meeting sumo officials and guests to their stable, or even being interviewed in Japanese. Baruto had only been in japan for a few months when he was interviewed after his first tournament; "I just said hai,hai and smiled." Still, foreign wrestlers often have a surprise when they first try out their Japanese outside the sumo stable. "They gradually notice that their Japanese is sometimes very difficult for others to understand," Miyazaki says. Special sumo dialect like gochan-desu for thank you could be a dead giveaway if wrestlers try to go out incognito. Another potential linguisutic pitfall is chanko, a word which wrestlers use for all kinds of food.(Chanko-nabe is the calorie-packed meat stew wrestlers use to bulk up).
B On the whole, foreign wrestlers seem to have been pretty successful fitting in. Out of 708 wrestlers in sumo's six divisions, 59 were born outside of Japan. There have now been three foreign Yokozuna grand champions. Hawaian Akebono was the first in 1993, then his compatriot Musashimaru and now Mongolian Asashoryu. The current crop of foreign wrestlers comes from across the globe, including Tonga, Brazil, Bulgaria, Russia, Mongolia...and Estonia. Their number is unlikely to increase much more, however. Perhaps fearing a gradual foreign takeover of Japan's ancient sport, in 2002 the Japan Sumo Association limited the 55 stables to one foreign sumo wrestler each (a few stables already had more than one foreign wrestler when the rule was introduced). For the moment the Mongolians are cleaning up. Yokozuna Asashoryu heads a gang of seven countrymen in the top division. From the other end of the contient, European wrestlers like Russian Roho, Bulgarian Kokkai and Kotooshu from Georgia are also starting to push their weight around.
C The old presumption that foreigners could only ever succeed by brute force has already proved wrong, says Mark Schreiber, veteran sumo watcher. "All the Hawaiians had going for them was their bulk. When I look at the new crop, I see a slightly different style," he says. "Now you get people who are big, and who have technique. You certainly see that with the Mongolians." Wrestlers from overseas have also shown that they can put up with the rigors of training. "Foreign wrestlers have the perseverance they need now," says Schreiber. "To get good at sumo you have to endure the training, and hazing by your seniors. That's why the Japanese thought foeigners could never succeed." On the contrary, he suggests, some foreign wrestlers, particularly the Mongolians, seem a little harder and hungrier than those raised in prosperous Japan.
お願いします!<> @ After a number of years of strong growth (13% annual average between 1995 and 2003), permanent inflows have slowed down significantly since 2004. In 2006, approximately 135 000 foreigners were admitted for residence, a level comparable to that of 2005. This levelling off is due to the decrease in the number of foreigners granted asylum in France (?6 400 in comparison with 2005) and the increase in family migration (+4 300) and labour migration (+1 500). The lower number of refugees is due mainly to the sharp decline in asylum applications since 2004 (approximately 30 750 first asylum applications in 2006, or ?38% in comparison with 2005 and nearly half the level of 2004). As a result, France has been overtaken by the United States as the OECD country in which the most applications were filed. Most of the increase in family migration is due to persons entering under the title of “personal and family ties ” (+7 800 in comparison with 2005), in particular following the regularisation procedure during the summer of 2006, which was aimed at certain parents of children enrolled in school in France. At the same time, inflows for the purpose of family reunification have decreased (?3 500). Labour migration, measured by the direct inflows of foreign nationals into the labour market, remains small in comparison with permanent migration as a whole (10 000 persons, or less than 8% of all inflows), but it has risen sharply since 2004 (+19% per year on average between 2004 and 2006). With regard to the origin of migrants, recent trends continued in 2006: Africa remains the principle region of origin, followed by Asia. In all, one-third of new immigrants come from Algeria and Morocco.
A A new law on the management of immigration, integration and asylum entered into force on 20 November 2007, replacing the law of 24 July 2006 on immigration and integration. The new law stipulates that in order to qualify for family reunification, foreigners between the ages of 16 and 64 are now required to pass a test in their country of residence evaluating their knowledge of the French language and the values of the French Republic. If necessary, they must receive training in their country and then take the test again. This new procedure also applies to foreigners married to a French spouse when they apply for a visa for a stay lasting longer than three months. Resource requirements for foreigners residing in France who wish to bring their family have also been reinforced: the minimum resource threshold has been raised and is now proportional to the size of the family. Lastly, the parents of children admitted for residence under family reunification must now sign a reception and integration contract (contrat d’accueil et d’integration, CAI) for the family. Under this contract, they must receive training on the rights and duties of parents in France and make a commitment to respect the requirement to educate their children. A number of measures are aimed at promoting labour migration: the procedures for issuing “employee on mission” and “competencies and talents” residence cards have been relaxed and those who hold them are not required to sign the reception and integration contract.
B In addition, a provision of the law of 24 July 2006 states that foreigners requesting a work permit in certain occupations experiencing recruitment difficulties would no longer be subject to labour market testing. At the end of 2007, the French Government defined two separate lists specifying which occupations were covered: the first concerns the nationals of ten EU member states subject to transitional measures and comprises 150 occupations, including those with low skills; the second concerns the nationals of third countries and comprises 30 professions which are skilled, in general. Another provision of the new law of 2007 allows temporary “employee” type residence permits to be issued on the basis of an exceptional admission for residence, which opens the way to regularisation on a case-by-case basis to foreigners with highly sought professional skills. The ministerial circular of 7 January 2008 specifies that these regularisations will be limited to the occupations contained on the list of occupations experiencing recruitment difficulties. The law of 2007 also includes a section on asylum. The most important measure, which responds to a condemnation of France by the European Court of Human Rights, concerns foreigners who reach French borders seeking asylum and are refused entry to France: they can now file an appeal with suspensive effect against the decision to deny entry.
D Ex-nightclub bouncer Baruto is only expecting things to get tougher from here on. A fellow Estonian wrestler who arrived in Japan with him has already gone home. Baruto's target for this March's tournament in Osaka is simply to win more bouts than he loses. He has gotten used to the sumo life a little, although he misses the parties in Estonia. At least it is easy to save money. New sumo wrestlers don't have many luxuries but they don't have many outlays either. "No food, no rent, no clothes," says Baruto with unshakable cheerfulness. Then what's so good about being a sumo wrestler? "I don't know," he shrugs and grins. "I just like sumo, it's my life."
While it is perhaps only natural that agricultural technologies like genetic engeneering can improve crop yields , it may be something of a surprise to learn that other assistance can come from seemingly unrelated technologies. For example, orbiting satellites are increasingly being used as toolsto help the agricultural sector.Pictures taken from space can enable farmers to more accurately estimate yield before havesting their crops. They can also indicate degrees of maturity from field to field, helping growers to decide the harvesting order.Many satellites can sense color in a wider spectrum that the human eye , giving farmers an infrared ray or radar view of their farms. This special sensitivity allows satellites to identify rice tastiness ,assess damage to leaves due to weather or disease, and identify features of the soil not visible to regular inspection.
Experts predict that increases in crop yields of over 50% will be needed in the near future to prevent a global food crisis.A sustainable solution is likely to require major lifestyle changes for all of us.Advances in agricultural and related technologies will lead to increased crop yields and the improved efficiency of the various steps---harvesting , processing , and transport--- that deliver the final food product to our tables.
Tenjin , the giant Japanese textile manufacturer , has created "Ecocircle," , the world's first "closed-loop recycling" system for polyester that enables precious resources to be used again and again without limit. Polyester is the most commonly produced fiber in the world. It is popular for a variety of reasons---it is quick-drying, wrinkle-resistant, and mold-free.It is also heat-resistant , and does not produce toxic nitrate compounds when burned. It can be used to create a wide variety of fabrics , films ,and even PET bottles The fabrics are used in school uniforms,sports and work clothing , curtains and upholstery, and mattresses and blankets. Tenjin even produces a line of sweat-absorbing , quick-drying "Cool Biz" suits ,jackets , slacks , and shirt. Being able to recycle such a widely used material can help us preserve the environment.
The first important component of the Ecocircle process is a new raw material recycling technology that extracts additives and coloring agents from old polyester materials are used to make polyester fibers that are as pure as new ones. The second coponent of Ecocircle is an organization of companies that share a commitment to progressive environmental activties. These member companies cooperate with Tenjin by collecting discarded polyester products and making and marketing new products using the recycled fibers and displaying a woven Ecocircle label.The label informs consumers , who are important partners in Ecocircle , that their new clothes can be completely recycled. Recycling polyester takes less than 20% of the energy that would be required to make new polyester, while producing just 20% of the CO2.Thus , Tenjin's system results in 80% reductions in both energy use and CO2 emissions.
A good example of the process's benefits is polyester T-shirts. Normally they are thrown away and incinerated, and then new ones are made from oil products. Under Ecocircle , however, the T-shirts are recycled into fibers which can be used to make brand new T-shirts.By recycling 3,000 T-shirts, we can save as much energy as one Japanese family uses in a year. We can also reduce CO2 emmisions by the equivalent of a stand of 228 cedar trees, which represents a significant contribution to preventing global warming. Tenjin's combination of new recycling technology and new ways of thinking has great promise. Imagine a wolrd where everything could be recycled as perfectly as polyester.
More and more companies are realizing that their corporate activities must be sustainable and environment-friendly.Paper is made from wood fiber called "polp." There are two types of pulp, virgin pulp and recycled polp. The fromer is made from wood chips and the latter from wastepaper. Paper manufacturing companies selectively use or blend these types according to the required properties of their products.For instance, newsprint paper uses more recycled pulp whereas high-end printing paper contains 100% virgin pulp.As envrionment issues attract public concern , paper manufacturers are being encrouraged to increase the recycled pulp content of their products. Japan leads the world in wastepaper recycling --- the percentage recycled has been gradually rising every year. Recycled pulp naturally includes ink and glue debris among the fibers. Refining those impurities to secure quality comparable to virgin pulp can take a lot of enegy and cause additional environmental impact.Hence , it is best to keep a balance between recycled pulp and virgin pulp in recycled products.
A japanese paper manufacturer has been making great effots to reduce the environmental impact of their operation by following two courses. First , the company is trying to decrease energy consumption and the use of hazardous chemicals. At the same time, the company encourages the recovery and reuse of its operation waste.For example, discharges from the pulp-making process are burnt as fuel for the boiler , providing power and steam heat. Second , the company only accepts wood chips from forests that have a forest certification showing they are managed appropriately in envrionmentally sustainable ways. To this end, the company has nearly completed a 100,000-hectare tree-planting project in Australia ,Chile, and South Africa , and has raised the target to 300,000 explore new project oppotunities.Once this project is completed , the company will only use trees plants specifically for paper manufacturing.
If I agree to chop wood for my breakefast, how much wood do I have to chop for how much breakefast? As populations and cities grew,the system of everyone trading things with everyone else didn't work very well.
>>59さんのレッスンをどなたかお願いたします。 あと微妙に>>59さんの違っていたので修正しておきます。 @ The effect of technology on linguistic variety has been seen at every stage in the history of the English language. Printing added a whole new dimension to written language, as is seen in the range of variation in style, graphic design, and types of lettering found in books, magazines, newspapers, advertisenents, and all kinds of printed materials. The telephone introduced new techniques of spoken communication, and the telegraph added a different written style. Radio did for the spoken language what print had done for the written, adding a new dimension in the form of talks, announcements, sports commentaries, news programs, weather forecasts, and all the genres which can be found in the pages of any channel guide. The arrival of television added yet another dimension: television speech varieties are not the same as radio ones, nor is the written language of television the same as that found elsewhere. Most recently, the cell phone,with its tiny screen, has motivated the development of a further variety based on linguistic abbreviation, in the form of text-messaging.
WHAT DO WE NEED TO CHANGE THE WAORLD? −BONO’S CHALLENGE−
Part1 Imagine you are a billionaire who can use a huge amount of money in any way you like. What would you do? Money is powerful, but if you do not have a good way to use it, it is meaningless. When Bono, the lead singer of U2, first got involved with Africa in 1984, many workers and organizations had been struggling to help poor countries in Africa. But there was no agreement on what to do first, and there never was enough money. The task was too big and too complicated. Bono is one of people fighting against the inequality of the world. Some people regard Bono as just another celebrity asking people to pay for the poor. The fact is, however, that Bono gets results.
Part2 In 1984, the rock band U2 took part in Band Aid and recorded a song to save the Ethiopians from famine. After the Live Aide concert in 1985, which raised $200 million, Bono learned that Ethiopia alone paid $500 million a year to repay its debt. Huge debts had been making it difficult for some countries to spend their money in health and education. Then Bono joined Jubilee 2000 and asked the governments of rich countries to cancel Third World debts. Through Bono’s efforts, former President Bill Clinton agreed to cancel $6 billion of the Third World debt. On July 8, 2005, the G-8 leaders agreed to cancel the debt of the 18 poorest African countries. Of course, Bono was not alone in achieving these results. But according to Canadian Prime Minister Paul Martin, “It’s hard to imagine much of the results would have been achieved without him.” Where does Bono’s power come from?
Part3 Knowing the fact is crucial. After playing for the Live Aid concert in 1985, Bono and his wife spend six weeks in Ethiopia. He saw what was happening there with his own eyes. In the poorest countries, every day is as deadly as a hurricane. Malaria kills tow African children a minute, around the clock. In that minute, one pregnant woman dies, nine people get infected with HIV, three people die of TB. He uses these date when he talks about Africa. If he had not traveled Ethiopia, he would not have had the power to make people listen. At churches, bono uses another fact: 2,103 passages of the Bible deal with taking care of the poor. “The only thing that makes people listen to an Irish rock star talking about serious problems is the weight of the facts,” says Bono.
Part4 For Bono, just hoping for something good is not enough. He wants measurable results. “I’m against wishful thinking. I hate it.” In 2002, Bono established an organization to work more effectively. One of Bono’s closest friends named it “DATA.” With the financial support from billionaires Bill and Melinda Gates, DATA has been trying to save Africans from unpayable debts, AIDS, and unfair trade. “Bill wants to know where every pnny gogs,” says Bono. “Not because those pennies mean so much to him, but because they should be used effectively.” Knowing people is also important. Different people think differently, and situations are different from country to country. There is no one solution to fit all countries. Bono and his friends try to pull in everyone, at every level. They think globally, act carefully, and prove what works.
Psychologists tell us, for example, that our brains “fill in the gaps.” If we see a picture of a fallen tree on a road, we wonder what happened. If someone tells us that the tree was hit by a big truck, then it is human to “see” a truck hitting the tree and causing it to fall. The action all happens in the mind’s eye, that is, in the imagination. The tree might have actually been struck by lightning, but the accident with the truck will be remembered. Furthermore, the memory of the accident will be so “real” that a person will insist that it actually happened.
Metaphysicians, ever since Aristotle, have interpreted these syntactical differences metaphysically: John and James are substances, wisdom and folly are universals. (Relation-words were ignored or misinterpreted.) It may be that, given sufficient care, metaphysical differences can be found that have some relation to these syntactical differeneces, but, if so, it will be only by means of a long process, involving, incidentally, the creation of an artificial philosophical language. And this language will contain no such names as "John" and "James," and no such adjectives as "wise" and "foolish"; all the words of ordinary languages will have yielded to analysis, and been replaced by words having a less complex significance. Until this labour has been performed, the question of particulars and universals cannot be adequately discussed. And when we reach the point at which we can at last discuss it, we shall find that the question we are discussing is quite different from what we supposed it to be at the outset. There is another term which is important in Aristotle and in his scholastic followers, and that is the term "essence." This is by no means synonymous with "universal." Your "essence" is "what you are by your very nature." It is, one may say, those of your properties which you cannot lose without ceasing to be yourself. Not only an individual thing. but a species, has an essence. The definiton of a species should consist in mentioning its essence. Ishall return to the conception of "essence" in connection with Aristotle`s logic. For the present I will merely observe that it seems to me a muddle-headed action, incapable of precision.
>>129続きです。 The next point in Aristotle`s metaphysics is the distinction of "form," and "matter." (It must be understood that "matter," in the sense in which it is opposed to "form," is different from "matter" as opposed to "mind.") Here, again, there is a common-sense basis for Aristotle`s theory, but here, more than in the case of universals, the Platonic modifications are very important. We may start with a marble statue; here marble is the matter, sphere, bronze is the matter, and sphericity is the form; while in the case of a calm sea, water is the matter and smoothness is the form. So far, all is simple.
In the last decade, cell phones have become an essential part of our lives. Almost everyone has one or has at least used one. For teenagers in particular, life without their cell phone would be terrible. ''My daughter, Mayumi, sleeps with her phone on her pillow. It has become her best friend, ''says Yokohama resident, Kiyoko Takahashi. In japan and in many other countries, cell phones owners like Mayumi like to personalize their cell phones with a colored cover or a special screenraver or a unique strap.
Straps were the first cell phone accessories to reflect the individuality of the owner. Originally straps were just a useful way of lifting the phone out of a bag or pocket. But then senior high school girls in Japan started to experiment with their straps. Now you can find hundreds of different strap designs in any cell phone shop. Young owners personalize their cell phone straps in various ways. Some choose a cute design from a comic book,others select favorite anime characters. While some go for a strap with a plastic strawberry or heart, others use small teddy bears. Now, many companies even distribute free straps to passersby. One strap may display a company logo, another may carry a corporate catchphrase.
Cell phone personalization began with the strap. Now, for a small fee, you can download new ringtones, screenravess, games and much, muchmore from the Internet. There's on end to the fun you can have with a cell phone!
Media technology generates linguistic variety, but it also speeds up the process of language change―in three ways. Most obviously, each new development introduces new terms into the language: the technical terms in printing and broadcasting,for example, are very numerous. Less obviously, several of these terms come to be used outside of the technical area, developing figurative or popular senses, and becoming available for use in dramatic contexts. You're broadcasting to the whole restaurant, one person might say to another, who has been making a point rather too loudly・ Least obviously, the technology introduces novel linguistic forms more rapidly than the traditional way-word of mouth(口頭). On 4 October 1957, the first sputnik was launched; on 5 October 1957, the word sputnik was known everywhere, thanks to broadcasting and the press. A twentieth-century phenomenon is the increase of catch-phrases,from―to take just the cinematic genre―What's up, doc?(アニメの主人公バッグス・バニーの口癖)to May the Force be with you!(映画「スターウォーズ」のセリフ) With the simultaneous (or near-simultaneous) production of movies, television programs, radio broadcasts, and newspapers all over the world, we can now see language change operating‘top down’at a global level.
The Internet offers a unique potential for speed of transmission of language change. A new usage can be on millions of screens within seconds. E-mails, chat-rooms, discussion groups, and the many types of Web-based text show English moving in new directions, partly because of the limits of the screen size and the software. There are obvious differences between the kind of language used on the Internet―Netspeak―and those used in other forms of speech and writing. Indeed, the difference is so great that it is a new medium―often called computer-mediated communication―which mixes styles of traditional spoken and written language. Netspeak is,firstly, not like traditional speech. It lacks the simultaneous feedback which is an essential part of face-to-face conversation. And it cannot communicate certain aspects of speech, such as intonation and tone of voice―although there are primitive attempts to do so in the form of ‘smileys' such as :-) and :-(. Nor is Netspeak like traditional writing. It allows people to do things to the written language which were not possible before, such as to insert responses into the middle of a message (as in e-mails) or to cut and paste from one document to another.
The extension of life span is largely attributed to improvements in water quality,diet,and public health services,as well as in access to medical care and education.
(1) New analyses of a Tyrannosaurus rex leg bone reveal that the fossil, which is 68 million years old, preserves substantial remnants of proteins. The chemical makeup of the protein fragments adds to earlier evidence that modern birds are closely related to dinosaurs.
(2) Most animal fossils include only hard body parts, such as teeth and bones, and until recently few paleontologists dared hope that soft tissues could survive in long-dead remains. Recently, however, a team of researchers ― including Mary H. Schweitzer, a paleontologist at North Carolina State University in Raleigh ― extracted soft, pliable tissue from the fossilized leg bone of a T. rex.
(3) Now, further analyses of samples from that leg bone have identified small fragments of the long, fiber-forming protein collagen, the major non-mineral component of living bone.
(4) Several lines of evidence point to collagen, says Schweitzer. First, microscopic images of bone samples showed structural features spaced about 70 nanometers apart, matching the scale of tiny structures that collagen forms in living creatures. Second, the chemical analysis of bone samples identified many of the amino acids found in collagen. The most common of those substances, glycine and alanine, appeared in a 2.6-to-1 ratio, similar to the 2.5-to-1 ratio of the substances in the collagen of chickens.
(5) Finally, antibodies that react with a certain type of chicken collagen also reacted to a powdered and purified sample of the T. rex bone, says Schweitzer. She and her colleagues report their findings in the April 13 Science.
(6) The chemical composition of collagen varies from species to species, says coauthor John M. Asara, an analytical chemist at Harvard Medical School in Boston. However, even in disparate creatures, the specific sequences of the amino acids in some types of collagen can be remarkably similar. For example, 97 percent of the amino acid sequence in human collagen matches that of the cow.
(7) Asara, Schweitzer, and other team members used mass spectrometry to identify the sequence of protein fragments in collagen from the T. rex fossil. That was a difficult challenge, since each 30-to-40-milligram tissue sample had just a few nanograms of collagen, says Asara. Nevertheless, the researchers identified seven sequences of between 10 and 20 amino acids that matched those found in the collagen of modern-day creatures.
(8) The amino acid sequences of the T. rex collagen more closely resembled sequences found in chickens than those found in the other current animals that the team examined. In contrast, sequences of amino acids from collagen extracted from a mastodon skull that is between 160,000 and 600,000 years old are more similar to those of modern mammals than to those of other current animals, says Asara. The researchers report these results in the same issue of Science.
(9) Analyses of fossils from many different geologic periods will reveal whether protein preservation is exceptional or commonplace, says paleontologist Derek E.G. Briggs of Yale University. If such preservation is far more frequent than paleontologists have expected, discerning the amino acid sequences in ancient proteins "has enormous potential" for revealing evolutionary relationships among ancient creatures, he adds.
ncient Extract 「太古 (の動物)からの分離抽出物」 T. rex「ティラノサウルス (学名Tyrannosaurus rex) 」8,500〜6,500万年前に生存した最大級の肉食恐竜。Tyrannosaurusは「暴君のトカゲ」、 rexは「王」の意味。 analyses「分析(結果)」analysis (l. 16)の複数形。 substantial remnants of proteins 「相当量のタンパク質残留物」 chemical makeup「化学的組成」 paleontologists「古生物学者」 long-dead remains「大昔の化石」remains(複数形)はここではfossilと同じ意味。 pliable「柔軟性のある」 fiber-forming protein collagen「線維を形成するタンパク質であるコラーゲン」コラーゲンはタンパク質の一種で、皮膚、骨、腱などに含まれ、細胞をつなぎとめる働きをする。 Several lines of evidence「いくつかの(=以下の3つの)証拠」lineは複数形で 「方針、方向」などの意味。 microscopic images「顕微鏡画像」 structural features spaced about 70 nanometers apart 「70ナノメートルほどの間隔をおいて現れる構造的特徴」 matching the scalee of tiny structures「微小な構造の比率に一致している」 glycine and alanine「グリシンとアラニン」
2.6-to-1 ratio「2.6対1の割合」グリシンとアラニンの比率。 antibodies「抗体」 disparate 「異種の」 the specific sequences of the amino acids 「特定のアミノ酸の配列」 mass spectrometry 「質量分析装置」 seven sequences of between 10 and 20 amino acids「10から20個のアミノ酸からなる七つの配列」 In contrast (前文を受けて)「これとは対照的に」 mastodon「マストドン」4億年前に現れ、1万年前に絶滅した象の祖先。
A plan by Toyota Mortor Corp., General Morter Corp. and Exxon Mobile Corp. to jointly next-generation fuel-cell cars is believed to be intended to lead themarket for the vehicles, whose demand is expected to swell in the 21st century. The three partners have just entered the final phase of negotiations toreach an agreement to jointly develop and apply technology, under which hydrogen would be extracted from gasoline for usu in fuel cells, as soon as possible, according to industry sources. Several different technologies exist that utilize hydrogen, a key substance required to generate electricity, to power fuel-cell engines, such as directly injectinng stored hydrogen into engines and extracting hydroen from methyl alcohol before injection. The joint project will focus on the third stage of the technology, which involves the cinversion of gasoline to hydrogen within vehicles, apparently with the aim ob establishing in advance the nesessary infrastructure, including a system to supply the energy source, in addition to ensuring the efficiency of fuel-cell vehicles. This is because the three partners reportedly believe the establishment of such an infrastructure is pivotal to public acceptance of the new technology. If implemented, the technology to convert gasoline to hydrogen will enable existing networks of gas stations to be used as an infrastructure to supply energy for the fuel-cell vehicles.
If implemented, the technology to convert gasoline to hydrogen will enable existing networks of gas stations to be used as an infrastructure to supply energy for the fuel-cell vehicles. Litlle additional investment will be required to develop technology to prepare the energy-supply infrastructure on a global scale, and users will be able to access existing energy-supply networks. However, the direct hydrogen-injection technology continues to face some major challenges, such as methods for storing and supplying hydrogen that are currently hindering practical applications despite the fact that it is the most environmentally-friendly of all fuel-cell technologies. Regarding the process of extracting hydrogen from methyl alcohol,some experts estimate a total of about \300 trillion in new investment will be necessary on a global scale to establish an approproate infrastructure, such as converting gas stations to supply the vehicles. Meanwhile,Toyota reportedly has high expectations that an alliance with GM and Exxon, two cimpanies that have strong connections with U.S. political circles, will give the tripartite pertnership an edge in leading the North American market, a major source of profit, in standardizing fuel-cell specifications to its favor.
20世紀的現象といえば、(映画ジャンルのみを取り上げると)「What's up, doc?」 から「May the Force be with you!」に及ぶ、キャッチフレーズ(標語、流行語)の 増加である。世界中の映画、テレビ番組、ラジオ放送や新聞が同時に(あるいは ほぼ同時に)作られるようになったため、我々は現在、言語が世界規模で 「トップダウン」式に作用しながら変化するのを目の当たりにすることができる。
>>152>>153さんありがとうございます!とても助かります!(ちなみにLess obviouslyで、私は「あまり目に見えないものとして〜」と訳したのですが…どうでしょうかね?w) あと更にお手数かけて申し訳ありませんが、もしよろしかったら>>139の続きである文も訳していただけないでしょうか? 何回も投稿して申し訳ありませんが、お願い致します。 (>>139の続き) In addition to its roles in language variety change, the Internet is performing another function, and it is in this respect that its impact on the future of the English language is likely to be most dramatic. The Internet offers a new form of written public presence to individuals and small community groups, promoting their personal and local identities. Minority languages have already benefited. Although mostly an English-language medium in the beginning, the lnternet has gradually developed a multilingual identity; more than 50 percent of cyberspace is occupied by languages other than English. At least a fourth of the world's languages have an Internet presence now, and many of these are minority and endangered languages. For a small speech community,the lnternet therefore offers a linguistic lifeline, which makes it possible for distant members to keep in touch with each other through e-mails and chat-rooms, and through websites giving their language a world presence which it would have been impossible to achieve using traditional media, such as broadcasting or the press. And the Internet also allows anyone access to the medium to present a personal diary-type statement to the world, in the form of a blog―one of the most growing functions of the Web in the early 2000s.
>>154の続きです However, the new multilingual character of the Internet must not blind us to the impact that the medium is also having on English. The majority of websites in English are in British or American Standard English. But other varieties are growing. Many regional dialects have websites now. A search for Newcastle English (‘Geordie')(イングランド北東部の都市、ニューキャッスル近辺で話される英語),for example, found over a hundred sites. And at an international level, the“New Englishes”in the world now have a written electronic identity. They may well extend their influence beyond their country of origin through the global reach of the Internet. The newest New Englishes―as opposed to the older new Englishes, such as Indian English or South African English―reflect their mixed-language character, such as Singlish(シンガポールなまりの英語)and Tex-Mex(合衆国南西部で話される英語とスペイン語の融合語。). These“hybrid languages" seem to be increasing, and they will undoubtedly become more noticeable on the Internet. As the amount of written language on the Internet will eventually far exceed that available in traditional print form, a new type of relationship between nonstandard varieties and Standard English will one day emerge. At the beginning of the twenty-first century, the relationship between standard and nonstandard language is still uncertain. We are leaving an era when the rules of Standard English totally controlled our sense of acceptable usage. We seem to be approaching an era when nonstandard usages and varieties are achieving a new presence and respectability within society.
but sometimes we pay attention to something. if so,we make an effort to remember it and it gets stored in what is called working memory. but if you want to recall a new piece of information much later,you have to make an effort to put it into long-term memory. unless you concentrate,the item will slip away just as the information in sensory memory did. for example,unless you study hard,you won't be ableto easily remember things when you take a test.no pain,no gain. unfortunately,when we concentrate on one thing we necessarily ignore many other things. it is really surprising what the brain can ignore when it needs to concentrate on another task. in a famous experiment, test subjects are asked to watch a video of a group of people who will pass basketballs back and fortk. the players are arranged in acircle. they pass and bounce the basketballs in a random fashion,and they move around a lot. the test subjects are supposed to count the number of times a basketball is passed from one person to another. after the experiment they are asked,"did you see anything unusual?" most people say,"no." they are then astounded to learn that,while they were concentrating on the counting task,a person wearing a gorilla suit walked inside the circle of players. the"gorilla"(actually a researcher in costume)then faced the camara,pounded its chest with its fists,and slowly walked away. the test subjects usually don't believe there was a gorilla in the video until they rewatch it. 長文ですがよろしくお願いします。
Distinguishing five courses, in order to explain their principles In individual sections, I have written this book in five scrolls, entitled Earth, Water, Fire, Wind, and Emptiness. In the Earth Scroll is an outline of the science of martial arts, the analysis of my individual school . The true science cannot be attained just by mastery of swordsmanship alone. nowing the small by way of the great, one goes from the shallow to the deep. Because a straight path levels the contour of the earth, I call the first one the Earth Scroll. Second is the Water Scroll. Taking water as the basic Point of reference, one makes the mind fluid. Water Conforms to the shape of the vessel, square or round; it can be a drop, and it can be an ocean. Water has the color of a deep pool of aquamarine. Because of the purity of water, I write about my individual school in this scroll. When you attain certain discernment of the princi-ples of mastering swordsmanship, then, when you can defeat one opponent at will, this is tantamount to being able to defeat everyone in the worly. The spirit of overcoming others is others is the same even if there are thousands or tens of thousands of opponents.
The military science of commanders is to construe the large scale from the small scale, like making a mon-umental icon from a miniature model. Such matters are impossible to write about in detail; to know myri-ad things by means of one thing is a principle of mili-tary science. I write about my individual school in this Water Scroll. Third is the Fire Scroll. In this scroll I write about battle. Fire may be large or small, has a sense of violence,so here I write about matters of battle. The way to do battle is the same whether it is a battle be-tween One individual and another or a battle between one army and another. You should observe reflectively, with overall awareness of the large picture as well as precise attention to small details. The large scale is easy to see; the small scale is hard to see; To be Specific,it is impossible to reverse the direction of a large group Of peple all at once, while the small scaleis hard to know because In the case of an individual there is just one will involved and changes can be made quicky . This should be given careful consideration. Because the matters in this Fire Scroll are things that happen in a flash, in martial arts it is essential to practice daily to attain familiarity, treating them as or-dinary affairs, so the mind remains unchanged. There-fore I write about contest in bettle in this Fire Scroll. Fourth is the Wind Scroll. The reason I call this scroll the Wind Scroll is that it is not about my individual school; this is where I write about the various schools of martial arts in the world.
Yes.Look.Here is a tiger costume.You put it on, and go into the cage. But I have five conditions. First of all, I'm not very smart, so I don't want to use my brain.You don't need a brain to put on a tiger costume. I'm not so strong. I don't want to use my muscles. You don't have to be strong to walk around in the tiger cage. And I'm very shy, so I don't Like to talk to people. Tigers don't talk. They just roar. Yes, but I don't like to get up early. No problem. We don't open until noon. Really? Tell me, Osada-san, what will my salary be? 10,000 yen a day. Really! Yes, this is the perfect job for me! When can I begin? Today.Today?Yes,yes.I'd like to start today. Good.Then just put on the costume and I'll show you to your cage. Mr.Maeda puts on the tiger costume. The zoo opens in an haour. Please practice being a tigaer. A tiger dose two things. First of all you have to roar like a tiger. Very good! And the second thing is you have to walk like a tiger. (Mr.Maede walks araound.) No,no,no,no! Not like that. A tigaer doesn't walk on two legs! A tiger walks on four legs. (Mr.Maeda gets down on all fours.) No,no,no. Not like that! That's not how tigers walk.Watch me. (Mr.Osada gets down on all fours.) One,...two,...three.1,2,3,1,2,3.Like this. Please.You do it. 1,no,no,1,2,3.I've got it...1,2,3.... That's it.Now practice being a tiger,and i'll see you later.
続きです。 Some time later. Mr.Maeda is still practicing being a tiger. 1,2,3,1,2,3,Rooooar! 1,2,3,1,2,3,Rooooar! Oh, some people are coming! I have to be popular.Rooooar! Ladies and Gentlemen, our show will now begin. On the right, you will see the terrible tiger.And on the left, the king of beasts, the white lion. Now in between the two cages there is a door. When the dooe is opened, the white lion will come into the tiger's cage, and at that moment, ladies and gentlemen, there will be a big fight.Please enjoy the show. Show?Fight?Nobody told me about a fight. Help! Don't open that door! Nice lion. Stay in your cage. Heeeelp! Nobody told me about this! Mr.Osada! Nice lion,stay over there!Mr.Osada!Help! At that moment,at that very moment,the white lion came very close to the tiger. Relax, dummy!It's me, Osada.
>>120 WHAT DO WE NEED TO CHANGE THE WAORLD? −BONO’S CHALLENGE− 世界を変えるために何が必要か?ボノの挑戦 Part1 Imagine you are a billionaire who can use a huge amount of money in any way you like. What would you do? もしあなたが億万長者でどんなことにでも好きなように莫大なお金を使えるとしたら、どうしますか? Money is powerful, but if you do not have a good way to use it, it is meaningless. お金には威力がありますが、それ使う良い方法がなければ、お金を持っていても意味がありません。 When Bono, the lead singer of U2, first got involved with Africa in 1984, many workers and organizations had been struggling to help poor countries in Africa. U2のリードボーカルであるボノが最初にアフリカとかかわったのは1984年ですが、そのころ多くの働く人や組織がアフリカにある貧困国を救うために格闘していました。 But there was no agreement on what to do first, and there never was enough money. しかし、そこでは何を最初にすべきかという合意もなく、また十分なお金もありませんでした。 The task was too big and too complicated. その(貧困を救う)仕事は、あまりに膨大であまりに複雑でした。 Bono is one of people fighting against the inequality of the world. ボノは、世界の不平等に対して戦っている一人です。 Some people regard Bono as just another celebrity asking people to pay for the poor. ある人は、ボノのことを、よく有名人にある、ほかの人に貧しい人に対してお金を出させるなかの一人だとみなしていました。 The fact is, however, that Bono gets results. しかし、実際にはボノは結果を出していたのです。
Part2 In 1984, the rock band U2 took part in Band Aid and recorded a song to save the Ethiopians from famine. 1984年にロックバンドのU2は、バンドエイド(救援のためのバンド活動か?)に参加し、エチオピアを飢饉から救うために曲を録音しました。 After the Live Aide concert in 1985, which raised $200 million, Bono learned that Ethiopia alone paid $500 million a year to repay its debt. 1985年のライブエイド(バンドエイドの別名か同種のライブか?)で2億ドルを集めたあと、 ボノはエチオピア一カ国だけで国の債務を支払うために年間5億ドルを支払っていることを知りました。 Huge debts had been making it difficult for some countries to spend their money in health and education. この巨大な債務は、その国がお金を健康や教育に使用することを困難にしています。 Then Bono joined Jubilee 2000 and asked the governments of rich countries to cancel Third World debts. それからボノは、ジュビリー2000に参加して、豊かな国々の政府に対して、第三世界の債務を棒引きにするように訴えました
Through Bono’s efforts, former President Bill Clinton agreed to cancel $6 billion of the Third World debt. このボノの努力によって、ビルクリントン大統領は第三世界の債務60億ドルを キャンセルすることに合意しました。 On July 8, 2005, the G-8 leaders agreed to cancel the debt of the 18 poorest African countries. 2005年の7月8日には、G−8のリーダーたちは、18の最も貧しいアフリカの国への債務をキャンセルすることに合意しました。 Of course, Bono was not alone in achieving these results. もちろん、ボノ一人でこの結果をなしとげたわけではありません。 But according to Canadian Prime Minister Paul Martin, “It’s hard to imagine much of the results would have been achieved without him.” Where does Bono’s power come from? しかし、カナダの首相であるポールマーチンによれば「もし彼がいなければ、これだけの結果が達成できたかどうか、想像するのは難しい」と言っています。 このボノのパワーはどこから来るのでしょうか?
Part3 Knowing the fact is crucial. 事実を知っていることが決定的です。 After playing for the Live Aid concert in 1985, Bono and his wife spend six weeks in Ethiopia. 1985年にライブエイドコンサートを行った後、ボノと彼の妻は6週間をエチオピアで過ごしています。 He saw what was happening there with his own eyes. 彼は、自分の眼でそこで何が起きているのかを見てきたのです。 In the poorest countries, every day is as deadly as a hurricane. 貧しい国では、毎日がハリケーンのように生きるか死ぬかです。 Malaria kills tow African children a minute, around the clock. アフリカでは、マラリアで1分に2人の子供が死に続けています。 In that minute, one pregnant woman dies, nine people get infected with HIV, three people die of TB. その1分で、一人の妊娠した女性が死亡し、9人がHIV(AIDS)に感染し、3人が TB(肺炎)で死ぬのです。 He uses these date when he talks about Africa. 彼は、アフリカを語るときにこれらのデータを使うのです。 If he had not traveled Ethiopia, he would not have had the power to make people listen. もし、彼がエチオピアを旅することがなかったなら、人々を説得する力がなかったことでしょう。 At churches, bono uses another fact: 2,103 passages of the Bible deal with taking care of the poor. 協会では、簿のは簿のは別の事実を用います。聖書の中で2103の節が貧しい人をどう世話をするかについて述べています。 “The only thing that makes people listen to an Irish rock star talking about serious problems is the weight of the facts,” says Bono. ボノは「アイルランドのロックスターが、重大な問題について言っていることを人に聞いてもらうのには、事実の重みがたった一つの手段だ」と言っています。
Part3 Knowing the fact is crucial. 事実を知っていることが決定的です。 After playing for the Live Aid concert in 1985, Bono and his wife spend six weeks in Ethiopia. 1985年にライブエイドコンサートを行った後、ボノと彼の妻は6週間をエチオピアで過ごしています。 He saw what was happening there with his own eyes. 彼は、自分の眼でそこで何が起きているのかを見てきたのです。 In the poorest countries, every day is as deadly as a hurricane. 貧しい国では、毎日がハリケーンのように生きるか死ぬかです。 Malaria kills tow African children a minute, around the clock. アフリカでは、マラリアで1分に2人の子供が死に続けています。 In that minute, one pregnant woman dies, nine people get infected with HIV, three people die of TB. その1分で、一人の妊娠した女性が死亡し、9人がHIV(AIDS)に感染し、3人が TB(肺炎)で死ぬのです。 He uses these date when he talks about Africa. 彼は、アフリカを語るときにこれらのデータを使うのです。 If he had not traveled Ethiopia, he would not have had the power to make people listen. もし、彼がエチオピアを旅することがなかったなら、人々を説得する力がなかったことでしょう。 At churches, bono uses another fact: 2,103 passages of the Bible deal with taking care of the poor. 協会では、簿のは簿のは別の事実を用います。聖書の中で2103の節が貧しい人をどう世話をするかについて述べています。 “The only thing that makes people listen to an Irish rock star talking about serious problems is the weight of the facts,” says Bono. ボノは「アイルランドのロックスターが、重大な問題について言っていることを人に聞いてもらうのには、事実の重みがたった一つの手段だ」と言っています。
Part3 Knowing the fact is crucial. 事実を知っていることが決定的です。 After playing for the Live Aid concert in 1985, Bono and his wife spend six weeks in Ethiopia. 1985年にライブエイドコンサートを行った後、ボノと彼の妻は6週間をエチオピアで過ごしています。 He saw what was happening there with his own eyes. 彼は、自分の眼でそこで何が起きているのかを見てきたのです。 In the poorest countries, every day is as deadly as a hurricane. 貧しい国では、毎日がハリケーンのように生きるか死ぬかです。 Malaria kills tow African children a minute, around the clock. アフリカでは、マラリアで1分に2人の子供が死に続けています。 In that minute, one pregnant woman dies, nine people get infected with HIV, three people die of TB. その1分で、一人の妊娠した女性が死亡し、9人がHIV(AIDS)に感染し、3人が TB(肺炎)で死ぬのです。 He uses these date when he talks about Africa. 彼は、アフリカを語るときにこれらのデータを使うのです。 If he had not traveled Ethiopia, he would not have had the power to make people listen. もし、彼がエチオピアを旅することがなかったなら、人々を説得する力がなかったことでしょう。 At churches, bono uses another fact: 2,103 passages of the Bible deal with taking care of the poor. 協会では、簿のは簿のは別の事実を用います。聖書の中で2103の節が貧しい人をどう世話をするかについて述べています。 “The only thing that makes people listen to an Irish rock star talking about serious problems is the weight of the facts,” says Bono. ボノは「アイルランドのロックスターが、重大な問題について言っていることを人に聞いてもらうのには、事実の重みがたった一つの手段だ」と言っています。
A silicon crystal is Known to contain 10^(-4) atomic percent of arsenic as an impurity. It then receives a uniform doping of 3×10^16 cm^(-3) phosphorus(P)atoms and a subsequent uniform doping of 10^18 cm^(-3) boron(B)atoms. A thermal annealing treatment then completely activates all impurities.
(a)What is the conductivity type of this silicon sample? (b)What is the density of the majority carriers?
Arsenic is a group V impurity,and acts therefore as a donor. Since silicon has 5×10^22 atoms cm^(-3),10^(-4) atoms percent implies that the silicon is doped to a concentration of
5×10^22×10^(-6)=5×10^16 As atoms cm^(-3)
The added doping of 3×10^16 P atoms cm^(-3) increase the donor doping of the crystal to 8×10^16 cm^(-3). Additional doping by B(a group V impurity) converts the silicon form n-type to p-type because the density of acceptors now exceeds the density of donors. The net acceptor density is, however, less than the density of B atoms owing to the donor compensation.
(a) Hence, the silicon is p-type. (b) The density of holes is equal to the net dopant density :
"All this waterjust fbr one person?" YUtaka Namoto, a 44Tyear-old primary school teacher, was amazed by the sight of 28 10-liter buckets of water stacked up in front of his house in Meguro Ward, Tokyo. Ajoint study by 77Le Ybnziuri Shimbun and Tokyo University showed that each of the three-member Namoto family uses an average of 280.7 liters of water'a day "I'm shocked. We've actually been trying to save water," Namoto said. "We only change the water in the bathtub once every other day" The study showed that the Namotos used more water than families tested in two other countries: China, and Kenya. The results showed that a single member of the Japanese family used more water in a day than the 223 Iiters used. daily by an entire Kenyan family of 11 featured in the study The amount of waterttre Namotos use per day is about the average daily consumption of water by Tokyo residents. In Gotkabindi, a village in the Vihiga district of Kenya's Western Province, 46-year-old Minayo Ambura has to walk about 500 meters to fetch water from a spring on a mountain, accompanied by her two children. Transporting some of the water in a 20-liter container on her head, she makes five trips to the spring eachday "It's quite hard climbing the slope," Ambura said, rubbing her lower back. Over in China's Shanxi Province, water is running short as demand rises with an increasing population and a fast-growing economy The family of Zhao Guang, a 39-year-old oMcial ofthe province's railway bureau, is trying various approaches to keep its water bills down. The family uses waste laundry water fbr flushing the toilet, and water left over from washing vegetables for watering plants.
>>177 続きです。 The study showed that the family members in Japan used 10 times more water than the Kenyan family members did. Of the total amount of water used, the Japanese family spent 35 percent for washing dishes, other housework and for cooking and drinking, 32 percent on baths and showers, and 14 percent for washing clothes. The Kenyan family used one-third of their water fbr direct consumption by mouth. The Earth is often referred to as "the planet. pf water." However, fresh water suitable for human use in rivers and lakes accounts for about only O.O075 percent of th6 total amount ofwater on its surface. When temperature rises, the amount of water vapor in the atmosphere increases. This makes it easJ'er, scientists believe, for some parts of the world to suffer from floods, and some from drought. A U.N. panel has warned that hundreds of millions of people will face a water shortage by 2050. In Japan, it is estimated that the amount of snowfa11 in the Kanto region will have declined to 30-40 percent of current levels by the end of this century, making water for household and agricultural uses run short.
Part4 For Bono, just hoping for something good is not enough. ボノにとっては、何か良いことをただ望んでいるだけでは十分ではありません。 He wants measurable results. 彼は、測定可能な結果を求めています。 “I’m against wishful thinking. I hate it.” 「僕は、希望的な考え方には反対だ。(むしろ)それを憎んでいる」 In 2002, Bono established an organization to work more effectively. ボノは2002年に、より効果的な活動ができるようにとある組織を作りました。 One of Bono’s closest friends named it “DATA.” ボノの最も親しい友人のひとりはそれを「DATA」と名づけました。 With the financial support from billionaires Bill and Melinda Gates, DATA has been trying to save Africans from unpayable debts, AIDS, and unfair trade. 億万長者のビルゲーツと(妻の)メリンダゲーツの財政的な支援を得て、DATAはアフリカを 支払い不可能な債務やAIDS,そしてアンフェアな貿易から救おうと(活動)しています。
“Bill wants to know where every penny goes,” says Bono. ボノは「ビルは、1ペニーでもそれがどこで使われるのかを知りたがっている」 と言います。 “Not because those pennies mean so much to him, but because they should be used effectively.” 「それは、そのペニー硬貨が彼にとって大事だからというわけではなく、そのお金が効果的に使われる べきだからだ」 Knowing people is also important. 人を知っていることも同様に大切です。 Different people think differently, and situations are different from country to country. それぞれの人は違った風に考えますし、(貧困の)状況は国によってみな違います。
There is no one solution to fit all countries. すべての国に適合した唯一の解決策があるわけではありません。 Bono and his friends try to pull in everyone, at every level. ボノと彼の友人たちは、(この活動に)だれでも、どんなレベルの人でも巻き込もう とします。 They think globally, act carefully, and prove what works. 彼らは。地球規模で考え、慎重に行動し、どれがうまくゆくのかをを 確認します。
《1》 Rather than having bilingual airwaves that frequently confuse and anger pilots from other countries, the goal was to have everyone speak English, as happens at many European airports already, as well as around the world. 《2》 Some refused to cooperate, and the debate about the subject so dominated the workplace and the airwaves that every one agreed that no safety benefit was gained.
《3》 Officials in charge of the air traffic at Charles de Gaulle say there were no serious incidents in the 15 days that had anything to do with the new language policy. Nor do they believe that there have been any accidents before because of the two-language policy.
(1) Pub workers in Scotland breathed easier and showed better respiratory health shortly after a nationwide ban on smoking inside public places went into effect earlier this year, scientists report.
(2) Other research had suggested that worker health improves after a smoking ban, but this is the most comprehensive study to date, says pulmonologist Daniel Menzies of the University of Dundee.
(3) He and his colleagues identified 90 nonsmoking workers at 41 randomly chosen bars in Dundee and Perth. The researchers met each participant one month before the ban on smoking began in late March. The volunteers submitted to breathing tests, blood sampling, and health interviews. The researchers repeated the exams one month and two months after the ban took effect.
(5) In a standard lung-function test in which a person forcibly blows into a tube, the bar workers could exhale more air by one month after the smoking ban than they could beforehand. The quick turnaround is notable because these people had worked at the pubs for nine years on average, Menzies says.
(6) Two other tests measured inflammation in the workers' bodies. One analysis showed that the workers had, on average, fewer white blood cells in their blood-streams two months after the ban took effect than they did before ― a sign of reduced inflammation. Another test measured the workers' breath for nitric oxide, a gas produced by inflammation in the lungs and airways. Workers in good health showed no change after the smoking ban. But bar workers with asthma showed a 20 percent drop in expelled nitric oxide by one month afterward.
(7) Previous research had established that exposure to second-hand smoke increases certain health risks. "There's really no doubt that public policies aimed at limiting passive smoke indoors can lead to improved health," says Mark D. Eisner, a pulmonologist at the University of California, San Francisco. The new report shows that people with chronic airway diseases might benefit the most, he says.
(8) Although some bar and restaurant owners oppose smoking restrictions, research shows that bans don't cut into their profits, says health economist Matthew C. Farrelly of the nonprofit research group RTI International in Research Triangle Park, N.C. "There's a trend [against smoking] in some states, and my guess is that trend will continue," Farrelly says.
(9) Eisner notes that Ireland, Sweden, Norway, Italy, and New Zealand, as well as Scotland, have banned smoking in workplaces, as have nine Canadian provinces, parts of Australia, and eleven U.S. states.
以下注釈です。
Smoke Out「禁煙する」 respiration「呼吸器の」 a nationwide ban on smoking「全国規模の禁煙令」 went into effect「(法律などが)発効した」l.14のtook effectも同じ意味。 had suggested (この禁止令の前がら)「示唆していた」 comprehensive「包括的な」
to date「今までのところ」 pulmonologist「肺の研究者」pulmono-「肺の」と-logist「研究者」の合成語。 randomly chosen bars「無作為に選ばれた酒場」 submitted to〜「〜を受けた」 wheezing「ぜいぜいいう呼吸」 irritation「(炎症などによる)刺激」 Journal of the American Medical Association『アメリ力医師会ジャーナル』科学と医療技術の発展、公衆衛生の向上を掲げた医学雑誌。1883年創刊。 blows into〜「〜に (息を)吹き込む」 on average「平均で」 inflammation「炎症」 nitric oxide 「一酸化窒素」 airways「気管」 asthma「ぜん息」 had established (今回の調査の前に)「立証していた」 second-hand smoke「副流煙」 passive smoke 「受動喫煙」
これ、本当に独立した文章ですか?? 《1》 Rather than having bilingual airwaves that frequently confuse and anger pilots from other countries, the goal was to have everyone speak English, as happens at many European airports already, as well as around the world. 頻繁に混乱をもたらし、他国からのパイロットを怒らせる、2国語での空中電波(での交信)をおこなうかわりに 他の欧州の空港や世界中でで既に行われているように、全員(みんな)が英語で話すことがゴールであった。 《2》 Some refused to cooperate, and the debate about the subject so dominated the workplace and the airwaves that every one agreed that no safety benefit was gained. あるものは、協力することを拒み、またこの件についてのディベート(討論)が職場や 電波での交信を支配したため、全員がいかなる安全面での利益はない、ということで 合意した。 《3》 Officials in charge of the air traffic at Charles de Gaulle say there were no serious incidents in the 15 days that had anything to do with the new language policy. Nor do they believe that there have been any accidents before because of the two-language policy.
In America,even if someone is actually your superior in rank, it is not polite to put too much emphasis on the difference between your status and his. There might be a slight difference in the way you talk to each other. For example, you teacher might call you by your first name, while you call him by his last. But even this is not true in all cases; it depends on the individuals concerned. There are no head-and-fast language rules reflecting status differences such as those governing Japanese "keigo." American bosses and employees are expected to use the same forms of "please" and "thank you" to each other, as are teach-ers and students, and parents and children. Of course, in the stress of everyday living, these rules of politeness may sometimes break down. But in general, it is never polite for anyone to use a less polite form of words just because the other person's status is lower. The fundamental polite fiction, at all times, is that "you and I are equals."
(4) Before the ban, 61 of the 90 bar workers reported wheezing, shortness of breath, eye irritation, a running nose, or more than one of these symptoms. One month after the ban took effect, only 41 had such symptoms and that number decreased slightly more in the next month, the researchers report in the October 11 Journal of the American Medical Association.
My name is Bono, and I am a rock star. … An amazing event happened here in Philadelphia in 1985: Live Aid, that whole We Are The World phenomenon, the concert that happened here. Well, after that concert I went to Ethiopia with my wife, Ali. We were there for month, and an extraordinary thing happened to me. We used to wake up in the morning and the mist would be lifting. We’d see thousands and thousands of people who’d been walking all night to the food station where we were working. One man ―― I was standing outside talking to the translator ―― had this beautiful boy, and he was speaking to me in Amharic,I think was. I said, “ I can’t understand what he’s saying,” and this translator who spoke English and Amharic said to me, “He’s saying, ‘Will you take my son?’ He’s saying, ‘Please take my son.’ He would be a great son for you.’ “ I was looking puzzled, and he said, “You must take my son, because if you don’t take my son, my son will surely die. If you take him, he will go back with you to Ireland and get an education.” I had to say no ―― That was the rule there ―― and I walked away from that man. But I’ve never really walked away from it. I think about that boy and the man, and that’s when I started this journey that’s brought me here into this stadium.
Because at that moment I became the worst scourge on God’s green earth, a rock star with a cause. Christ! Except it isn’t a cause. Seven thousand African dying every day of a preventable, treatable disease like AIDS? That’s not a cause; that’s an emergency. And when the disease gets out of control because most of the population live on less than one dollar a day? That’s not a cause; that’s an emergency. And when resentment builds because of unfair trade rules and the burden of unfair debt ―― that are debts, by the way, that keep African poor? That’s not a cause; that’s an emergency. So We Are The World, Live Aid, started me off; it was an extraordinary thing. And really that event was about charity. But 20 years on, I’m not that interested in charity. I’m interested in justice. There’s a difference. Africa needs justice as much as it needs charity.
Part1から5まであります。どうかよろしくお願いします・・・! 誤字・脱字などは多分ないはずです・・・(一応確認しました) Prat1 I am often called the "Chimpanzee Lady,” and in Asia(何かここに語句が省略されてるみたいです) the "Chimpanzee Mother.” I spent hours and hours, from 1960 onward,watching chimpanzees feeding. When I was not in the forest,where I most loved to be,I spent a lot of time people watching. Just for fun(ただ楽しむために). And underneath the twentieth-century Homo sapiens I could easily see the same kind of behavior I had watched in my chimpanzees. In 1986, I attended a Chicago Academy of Sciences conference called "Understanding Chimpanzees” that changed my life. It became clear that chimpanzees were in trouble. Their habitat is vanishing. They are treated cruelly in many captive situations. They are being hunted and sold for food to make money. I found that this had become a serious problem not only for chimpanzees, but for all forest animals. It was not long before(まもなく〜した) I realized that the problems facing the chimpanzees are closely connected with the problems facing Africa. And I soon came to understand that these problems could be laid directly at the door of the unsustainable lifestyle of elite societies around the world. It is a lifestyle hatched in the Western world and exported, along with its values (or lack of them) and its technology, to the developing countries. To help my chimpanzees, therefore, I had to start thinking about ways of opening the eyes of(〜の目を開かせる) those who were, unknowingly, robbing the natural resources.
Part2 When I first arrived in Gombe National Park of Tanzania to study the chimpanzees, I found a world where all was pure― the springs that gave rise to the streams of Gombe were nurtured deep in the heart of an uncontaminated watershed. There were no man-made chemicals in the forest. And then, gradually, it all changed. The population living in the forests around Gombe multiplied. The people―peasant farmers and fishermen, the poorest of the poor―increasingly suffered. In their struggle to survive they cut down the trees and the soil washed away. The people became increasingly poor, increasingly hungry. The times when I left Tanzania to lecture in Europe and America, I saw people eating, always eating. More and more food bought, more and more thrown away. People were dying of eating too much while the people of Africa, whom I had just left, were starving. I couldn't try to help only the chimpanzees when people were struggling to survive. So it became clear: To help the chimpanzees it was necessary to work with the people living in the villages around Gombe. Through my travels, I have come to understand that humans are following a path that could easily lead to the end of life on earth as we know it. A huge amount of pollution is caused by the agricultural chemicals that are used as fertilizer, pesticide, and herbicide to grow our food. We are also guilty of unbearable cruelty to the animals we raise as food.
Part3 It has become increasingly clear that growing, harvesting, selling, buying, preparing, and eating food plays a central role in the world. And it is equally clear that some things are going wrong. Much of our food is unhealthy. Many people are no longer aware of where their food comes from. Some have no idea what they are eating. In fact(それどころか), over the past hundred years―especially since the end of World War U―the industrial, technological world has increasingly destroyed our understanding of the food we eat: where it comes from and how it reaches our tables. Today there are more than six billion human beings on this planet, all needing to eat, and we have seen the rise to power(権力の獲得) of giant multinational corporations,eager to sell food on the vast global market. How can we change a world? What can we do as individuals in this world of giant corporate greed, human and animal suffering, and environmental destruction? Is it beyond our control?(〜の手に負えない) I cannot stress strongly enough that every individual makes a difference. Every day if all of us who can afford to, make ethical choices as to what food we buy and eat, and from whom we buy it, we can, collectively, change the way our food is grown and prepared. It is not too late to change direction. Each decision we make will have an impact on the environment, on animal welfate―and, importantly, on hurnan health.
Part4 There are positive developments going on around the world. It does seem that more and more people are waking up to what has happened to our food. Market researchers have discovered that there are many people who value a lifestyle of health and sustainability and are willing to pay for products that support their beliefs. This group, they say, has adopted Lifestyles of Health and Sustainability, LOHAS. It's estimated that 68 million Americans qualify as LOHAS. Without realizing it, these people have become the most influential force in the recent food revolution. And they have numerous allies,including farmers who want sustainable land, public health officials concerned about toxins and antibiotics in food, environmentalists who are concerned about pollution, consumer rights groups who want accurate labeling of food sources on food packaging, and union leaders who want safe working conditions for their members who are exposed to pesticides and chemical fertilizers. Yes, collectively we, the people, are the force that can lead to change. Every time we go shopping for food, every time we choose a meal in a restaurant, our choices―what we buy―will make a difference―not only for our own health and our own peace of mind, but also for the future of the planet. Every time an individual makes a change in his or her lifestyle, the number of people eating ethically and healthily increases―by one.
Part5 What lifestyle changes can we make? As one example, we can choose local and seasonal foods more often. Most of us plan meals around any food from anywhere in the world at any time of the year. When I was young, we had no choice but to eat local foods that were in season.(旬の、食べごろで) We waited eagerly for the first green beans or the first brussels sprouts, vegetables that came just once a year. We need to become connected with the seasons again, organizing meals around fresh vegetables, around seasonal delicacies. Only then can we appreciate the gifts of the different seasons and live in harmony with nature's cycle. We can change the world: one purchase, one meal, one bite at a time. Remember, every food purchase is a vote. We might think that our individual actions don't really matter, that one meal can't make a difference. But each meal, each bit of food, has a rich history as to how and where it grew or was raised, how it was harvested. Our purchases, our votes, are important for the future. And thousands upon thousands of(何千何万という) votes are needed in favor of the kind of farming practices(農業のやり方) that will restore health to our planet. Only by acting together can we make a stand. So let us join hands. Let us assert our right, as citizens of free democracies, to take back into our hands(私たちの手に取り戻す) the production of our food. Let us, together, sow seeds for a better harvest―a harvest for hope.
When I first arrived in Gombe National Park of Tanzania to study the chimpanzees, I found a world where all was pure― the springs that gave rise to the streams of Gombe were nurtured deep in the heart of an uncontaminated watershed. There were no man-made chemicals in the forest. And then, gradually, it all changed. The population living in the forests around Gombe multiplied. The people―peasant farmers and fishermen, the poorest of the poor―increasingly suffered. In their struggle to survive they cut down the trees and the soil washed away. The people became increasingly poor, increasingly hungry. The times when I left Tanzania to lecture in Europe and America, I saw people eating, always eating. More and more food bought, more and more thrown away. People were dying of eating too much while the people of Africa, whom I had just left, were starving. I couldn't try to help only the chimpanzees when people were struggling to survive. So it became clear: To help the chimpanzees it was necessary to work with the people living in the villages around Gombe. Through my travels, I have come to understand that humans are following a path that could easily lead to the end of life on earth as we know it. A huge amount of pollution is caused by the agricultural chemicals that are used as fertilizer, pesticide, and herbicide to grow our food. We are also guilty of unbearable cruelty to the animals we raise as food.
1 Wars on a global scale may have ended, but civil wars and racial conflicts continue. Every year thousands of people escape from their homeland into neighboring countries in fear of persecution because of their race, religion, or nationality. These people are called refugees. UNHCR, the Othce of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, tries to protect these people and help them find ways to start their lives again in a peaceful environment. In 1991, the United Nations elected a Japanese woman, Ogata Sadako, as High Commissioner. She became one of the first women to head an agency of the UN. Although she was an expert in international affairs, many people within UNHCR were quite surprised at her appointment because Ogata was not well known internationally. However, year by year she became more and more respected for her accomplishments. Her strong will and leadership were helpful in relieving the difficult crises in Kosovo, Rwanda, East Timor and other countries. During her term, UNHCR became one of the most impomant agencies of the United Nations. Ogata says, "Things do not proceed in a linear way. Thngs do move if we act with patience for a long time. This is the basic foundation of my philosophy.” Ogata was re-elected twice, and served for 10 years.
2 Ogata comes from a long line of statesmen and diplomats. Her great-grandfather was Prime Minister Inukai Tsuyoshi, and her grandfather, Yoshizawa Kenkichi, was a foreign minister. As her father was also a diplomat, she spent much of her childhood abroad in China and the United States. In the early 50s, she won a scholarship for graduate study in America. American university life and her studies in international relations opened her mind to a much wider world. After returning to Japan, she taught at several universities. During this time, she became involved in some UN activities, which eventually led to her becoming a minister at the Japanese mission(日本政府代表部) at the UN in 1976. This work lasted for three years until she returned to teach again in Japan. Ogata says, "While academic and public work are differentm they are also similar in some ways. The way of thinking, analyzing and evaluating is similar whether you are teaching or involved more directly in public work." As a teacher, she always encouraged her students to study hard and gain as much knowledge as possible. She herself was hard-working and well-read. At her first meeting as High Commissioner, she said, "I always read the necessary documents carefully, and I expect the same of you."
3 Soon after she became High Commissioner in 1991, a difficult problem arose in the Near East. Nearly two million Kurds(クルド人。トルコ、イラク、イランなどに住む人。国を持たない民族では世界最大だとか) in the northern part of Iraq became displaced people, more than the world had ever seen at one time. Some of them escaped into Iran, but many were stopped at the Iraqi border on their way to Turkey. Ogata wanted to see their situation for herself. Arriving there, she saw thousands of people, together with their belongings, stretching along the mountain paths as far as the eye could see. She was shocked at the sight and felt she had to protect them. Back in Geneva she was perplexed. According to the regulations, UNHCR could only help people who were officially recognized as refugees―people who had crossed a border to escape. This time,however, the Kurds who were being persecuted were within the border. She had two choices. One was to follow the regulations and do nothing for them. The other was to break the regulations and help them. After many meetings and long discussions, she finally decided to help the Kurds. One month later, relief supplies such as tents and blankets were sent to the displaced Kurdish people, who were suffering from hunger and cold. Ogata felt that helping those in need was more important than following a simple regulation. This operation attracted world attention and UNHCR was praised for its effort.
少しスレチかもしれませんがお願いします。 You did not enter the correct format for the Can you spell? field. Please read the field description for the expected format. どうしてもメンバー登録したいのですが上記のエラーの意味がわからず登録できません。 よろしくお願いします。
(a)Discuss the relative roles of cytokine signals and signals received through the T-cell receptor in the survival and function of memory T cells. (b)Compare and contrast their requirements and responses to such signals with those of naive T cells.
Today, I walked into my new maths class. I stepped inside only to be yelled at by the teacher for nearly 15 minutes. I was then told never to enter her class again and was sent to the principal. My identical twin brother was in her class the period before me. He also has a thing for older women.
Nowadays there are about 700 million native speakers of English, while about 2 billion non-native speakers are using English in the world. And these new English-speakers are 'shaping' English. For example, in an ad in Hinglish, the mix of Hindi and English, you see the expression "Hungry kya?"("Are you hungry?"). In South Africa, many people have adopted thei own version of English. "We speak English with our own accent and attitude," the famous actor John Kani recently told the BBC. All languages are changing. But the globalization of English will change English in ways we can only begin to imagine. In the future, suggests David Crystal, a British linguist, there could be a tri-English.
As non-native English speakers outnumber native ones rapidly, there's a growing sense that non-native speakers of Englsh need not necessarily imitate British or American English. Moreover, some say that they should adopt their own local versions. In fact, researchers are starting to consider non-native speakers' 'errors', for example, "She look very sad," as acceptable grammars. Linguist Jennifer Jenkins, an expert in world Englishes at King's College London, asks why some Asians, who have trouble pronouncing the 'th' sound, should spend hours trying to say 'thing' instead of 'sing' or 'ting'. International pilots, she points out, already pronounce the word 'three' as 'tree' in radio communication, since 'tree' is more widely understood.
There are some people who are anxious about the growth of English. If some languages are replaced by English, we should be very concerned about it.
But using English as a common language is a different matter. "English is not denying local identities," says David Graddol, writer of a British Concil report. "English is creating new identities-and making everyone bilingual." As the world adopts an international brand of English, those who insist on speaking the Queen's English, those whpo insist on speaking the Queen's English could be met with giggles. The day is coming when the native speakers of English must study non-native speaker's English.
Some people say that in order to create our ownidentities when we use English, we should express our traditional values in English. Values are different from nation to nation. When we put our values into English, we may need to change some Engulish logic. For example, consider the following utterances which some Japanese are likely to say:
There is nothing, but please help yourself. This isn't very delicious, but please help yourself.
These expressions are commonly avoided in English, because, according to English logic, if there is nothing, how can you help yourself? Or, if something is not delicious, why would somebody want to eat it? These expressions are based on the Japanese sense of modesty. If we could not express our traditional Japanese way of thinking or feeling in English, we would lose our sense of self-identity. In order to have English really internationalized, we may have to put our local identities into the English we use.
Yes,well,"he said quietly,"in that case I see you really can't leave." He appeared to be deep in thought again for some time, and then turned to me with another question.
The officer looked at me in silence.After a while he sighed, and said softly, "All the same,yuo shouldn't stay here.I'll take you out of city, to a village. You'll be safer there." I shook my head."I can't leave this place,"I said. Only now did he seem to understand my real reason for hiding among the ruins. He started nervously."You're Jewish?"he asked."Yes." He had been standing with his arms crossed over his chest; he now lowered them and sat down in the chair by the piano, as if this discovery called for serious reflection. Yes,well,"he said quietly,"in that case I see you really can't leave." He appeared to be deep in thought again for some time, and then turned to me with another question. "Where are you hiding?" "in the attic.""Show me what it's like up there." We went upstairs.He checked the attic with a careful and expert eye. In so doing he discovered something I had not yet noticed: a kind of extra floor above it,a loft made of boards under the roof valley and directly above the entrance to the attic inself.At first glance you hardly noticed it because the light was so poor there.The officer said he thought I should hide in this loft, and he helped me look for a ladder in the flats below.Once I was up in the loft I must pull the ladder up after me. When we had discussed this plan and put it into action,he asked if I had anything to eat. "No,"I said. After all,he had taken me by surprise while I was searching for supplies. "Well,never mind," he added."I"ll bring you some food." Only now did I ask a question of my own.I simply could not hold back myself any longer."Are you German?" His face turned red,and he almost shouted his answer,as if my question had been an insult. "Yes,I am!And ashamed of it,after everything that's been happening." Suddenly,he shook hands with me and left.
I am studying the behavior of animals. I live with animals, observing and experimenting with them. I thank my wife for being patient. What other wife would allow a rat to run freely around the house, making holes in the sheets? Who else would allow a cockatoo to bite off all the buttons from the washing? What would she say if…? I could go on asking for 20 pages! Is it necessary to let animals live freely in and around the house? Yes, certainly yes! I wish all animals could live freely with us instead of being prisoners in a cage. How sad are cages animals! How incredibly clever, amusing, and interesting are the same animals in compete freedom! Only in this way, can one observe and experiment with the behavior of mentally healthy animals. This is the reason why I have kept animals in complete freedom.
One evening, to my surprise, I found that nearly all the graylags were missing from our garden. I ran to my father’s study and what did I see? On the beautiful Persian carpet stood 24 graylags. They were around my father, who was drinking tea at his desk. They behaved as if the study were their own home. So, the animals in and around my house are completely free. In other households, people might call out: “The bird has escaped from its cage. Quick, shit the window! Don’t let it get out!” But, with us, the cry might be: “Oh, my! Shut the window. Don’t let the cockatoo get in!” What is the reward for the endless annoyance? When I come home from a walk, the graylags, now flying with wild migrants, come back to the veranda and greet me with their necks outstretched. This gesture means the same thing as the tail-wagging of a dog. They give me the greatest through their love foe me.
Baby mallards look like baby graylags, but they behave differently. Baby graylags follow the first living thing they see, believing it is their mother. On the other hand, my baby mallards didn’t do this. When I took them from the incubator, they ran away from me. I remembered I had let a white farmyard duck hatch some other mallards. The newly born mallards followed duck happily as if she were their real mother. I wondered why. The farmyard duck is different in color and body form from the mallard. What the duck has in common with the mallard is her voice. “The secret must lie in her quacking!” I said to myself. I put some mallard eggs in the incubator so that they might hatch on a Saturday in May. That day the baby mallards were born. As soon as they were dry, I quacked for them in my best Mallardese. I quacked and quacked for hours on end. “I wish I could quack like a real mother mallard,” I thought.
To my great joy, the quacking was successful. Clearly the baby mallards weren’t afraid of me this time. As I moved slowly away from them, still quacking, they started to follow me in a group. They looked as if they were happily following their mother! My theory was proved to be correct. Newly hatched mallards have a natural reaction to their mother’s quacking, but not to the visual picture of their mother. Anything that offers the right quack is considered to be the mother, whether it is a white or a big man with a beard. However, the substitute mother must not be too tall. At the beginning, I squatted in the grass among the little mallards and, in order to make them follow me, I moved away from them. As soon as I stood up, however, the baby mallards lost sight of their foster mother. They looked to all sides, but they did not look up. It was not long before they began that sharp crying. They cried as if their loving mother had disappeared.
Imagine my two-hour walk with the baby mallards, all the time squatting low and quacking without stopping. This was not vary comfortable. But I was willing to go through the ordeal in the interest of science. The next day was Sunday. I was moving about with my little mallards in the May green grass in our garden. I was squatting and quacking, “quahg, gegegeg, quahg, gegegeg.” I was pleased that my little mallards were following me. Suddenly, I looked up and saw a group of tourists standing at the fence. They stared at me in surprise. “Naturally!” I thought. All that they could see was a big man with a beard who was squatting, looking constantly over his shoulder, and even quacking. On the other hand, the little mallards, which could explain my strange behavior, were hidden in the tall grass from the view of the tourists. No wonder the tourists were surprised to see me.
Three days passed before he appeared again.It was evening,and very dark, when I heard a whisper under my loft."Hello,are you there?""Yes, I'm here"I replied. Soon after,something heavy landed beside me.Through the paper,I felt several loaves of bread and something soft,which later turned out to be jam wrapped in paper. I quickly put the package to one side and called,"Wait a moment!" The voice in the dark sounded like he was in a hurry to be off."What is it?Hurry up. The guards saw me come in here, and I mostn't stay long."Where are the Soiet soldiers?" "They're already in Warsaw, in Praga on the other side of the Vistula RIver. Just hang on a few more weeks ―the war will be over by spring at the latest." The voice fell silent.I did not know if the officer was still there, or if he had gone.But suddenly he spoke again,"You must hang on,do you hear?" His voice sounded harsh,almost as if he were giving an order,convincing me of his strong belief that the war would end well for us.Only then did I hear the quiet sound of the attic door closing.Monotonous,hopeless weeks passed by. I heard the big guns going off from the direction of the Vistula. There were days when not a single shot broke the silence.I don't know whether I might not finally have given way at this time and killed myself, as I had planned so many times before, If it hadn't been for the newspapers in which the German wrapped the bread he brought me.They were the latest, and I read them again and again, encouraged by the news of German defeats on all the fronts.Those fronts were advancing with increasing speed further and further into the German territory.
>>287続き The staff of the unit continued its work as before in the side wings of the building. Soldiers went up and down the stairs,often bringin large packages up to the attic and taking others down, but my hiding place was well chosen; no one ever thought of searching the loft.There were guards constantly marching back and forth along the road outside the building.I heard the sound of their feet all the time,day and night,and their stamping as they warmed up their cold feet.When I needed water I walked quietly by night into the destroyed flats,where the bathtubs were full.On December 12 the officer came for the last time.Hebrought me a larger supply of bread than before and a warm bed cover.He told me he was leaving Warsaw with his men, and I must definitely not lose heart, since the Soviet attack was expected any day now."In Warsaw?" "Yes." But how will I survive the sreet fighting?"Iasked anxiously. "If you and I have survived this hell for over five years,"he replied, "it's clearly God's will for us to live.Well,we have to believe that,anyway." We had already said goodbye,and he was about to go,when an idea came to me at the last moment.I had long been trying to think of some way to thank him,and he would not take my only thing of value,my watch. "Listen!"I took his hand and began speaking quickly."I never told you my name ―you didn't ask me, but I want you to remember it.Who knows what may happen? You have a long way to go home.if I survive,I'll certainly be working for Polish Radio again. I was there before the war.If anything happens to you, If I can help you then in any way,remember my name:Szpilman,Polish Radio." He smiled his usual smile,half proud, half shy and embarrassed, but I felt I had given him pleasure with what, in the present state, was my dearest wish to help him.
A foueth interesuting example is about birds. For some species of birds,there are only a small number of nests available, so these males "float" from place to place,looking for their future nest. At first it seems natural that the birds already in a place should always keep floaters away because they may take over their nest. Interestingly ,though, floaters are usually allowed by the nest couples. This is becouse floaters often help chase away predators when they attack the nestfull of babies. In one experiment with tree swallows,stuffed models offloaters were placed in the coupleds'neighborhood/ At first, the couples did not respond to the models. Then two live baby birds were taken from the nest and were researchers with two dead ones. When parents discovered quickly,chasing the floaters off their plance. thus,floaters are regarded as "goodneighbors" as longas they behaving badly, bad not so once they start behaving badly. I enjoy reading such interesting exmmples of animals'human-like behavior. Have you found any interesting animal behavior?
A fourth interesting example is about birds. For some species of birds, there are only a small number of nests available, so these males "float" from place to place, looking for their future nest. At first it seems natural that the birds already in a place should always keep floaters away because they may take over their nest. Interestingly ,though, floaters are usually allowed by the nest couples. This is becouse floaters often help chase away predators when they attack the nest full of babies.
In one experiment with tree swallows, stuffed models of floaters were placed in the couples'neighborhood". At first, the couples did not respond to the models. Then two live baby birds were taken from the nest and were replaced with two dead ones. Also, researchers made it look like floaters were attacking the nest. When parents discovered quickly, chasing the floaters off their plance.
Thus,floaters are regarded as "good neighbors" as long as they behaving, bad not so once they start behaving badly.
I enjoy reading such interesting examples of animals' human-like behavior. Have you found any interesting animal behavior?
>>239-241の続きです。お願いします。 4 Refugee problems can sometimes be very complicated. ln Rwanda, the Hutu and the Tutsi tribes had had a hostile relationship for a long time. 0n Apri1 6, 1994, 0gata woke up to the BBC news report that the plane carrying the Hutu president of Rwanda had been shot down. Right after the crash, huge numbers of Tutsis were killed by rioting Hutus. ln only a few months, eight hundred thousand people were said to have been killed. Then, the angry Tutsis fought back and overthrew the Hutu govemment. Hundreds of thousands of Hutus ned to Zaire and other neighboring countries. They were officially refugees, but among them were many Hutu soldiers who had fought in Rwanda and wanted to take revenge on the Tutsis. 0gata asked Ghali,Secretary-General of the United Nations,to send forces to separate these soldiers from the civilians because she didn’t want to assist soldiers who were planning for war. But Ghali failed to gaincooperation from other countries on this pIan. 0gata had to work wIthout sufficIent help from the united NatIons. Since the Hutu soIdiers and the cIvIIians were not separated,severaI NGOs from around the worId withdrew from Rwanda, but UNHCR continued to assist the refugees. For Ogata, there was no choice. Because nearIy haIf of the refugees were women and chiIdren,she couId not abandon them.
5 Through her work as High Commissioner, 0gata is convinced that people will not be able to live peacefully if each country is only concerned with its “national security.” Forexarnple, in civil wars, in which a nationcannot even ensure its own people's safety,“national security” becomes almost meaningless. Protecting people’s lives is of the utmost importance. 0gata believes “human security” should be more important than“national security," To improve “human security," it is necessary to get rid of poverty, social inequality, and unemployment. This is also the shortest way to prevent terrorism. Gradually, this same way of thinking has taken root in the united Nations.ln 2000, Secretarv-General Annan emphasized that all human beings should be able to live free from fear and without shortages of basic necessities. 0ne interviewer asked ogata what her driving force is. She answered, "Anger,”When something goes wrong, she feels angry rather than depressed. lt's not in her nature to remain indifferent. 0n September l1,2001,0gata witnessed the collapse of the World Trade Center from her apartment in New York. Before the terrorist attack, she had been living a rather quiet life writing her memoirs about UNHCR.After the attack, she has mostly given up her quiet,retired life,and is dedicating her time to realizing the dream of “human security” for all the people of the world.
先ほどのものとは違いますがこちらもお願いします ln a recent onllne poll by CNNMoney.com,to whlch l1,000 people responded, 49 percent were serlously thlnklng of changing thelr jobs ln the comlng year, elther through promotlon or a move to another company.Thls survey also showed that employees would prefer to recelve an extra week of vacatlon tlme rather than an extra week's pay. The survey also lndlcated that, ln general, peo- ple attach a lot of value to the perks(perquisite) ln thelr jobs, such as healthcare, gym mem- bershlp,chlldcare,and so on-Recently,Fortune magazlne has publlshed a gulde llstlng the companles that are the best to work fon For 2007, the number one company was Google. Thlrty-slx percent of the survey respondents sald they would not hesltate to leave thelr current jobs lf they were offered a job at Google. Google also offers perks such as free meals, a swlmmlng spa and free doctors.
Although the poll was taken mainly for entertainment, it reflects three gener- al trends which should be taken seriously. The llrst is that particularly in more developed economies, employees are extremely mobile in their jobs, feelless loyal to their companies, and are often looking for a change. Second,employees now value greater job satisfadion in terms of work-life balance and the perks they can receive over money they can earn. Third,it is the responsibility of com- panies to provide the very best working conditions, in order to attract the very best workers.
Attitudes towards work used to be quite different.ln the pre-globalization era,when the pace of change was slow, people could depend on a rdatively stable job market and a “job for life.”Promotion was often based on age and length of service at the company rather than ability and results. Workers would typically tie their lives and their futures to those of their companies.
Things have changed because these days employees must look after them- selves much more. Employees have to increasingly focus on their own needs, and think about their own skills and areas of experience.At the same time, employees must try to understand the bigger, more fundamental changes in the workplace and the world, and try to match their skills to market needs.As a resultjn the future, more and more people wm change jobs regularly to gain experience in a variety of areas, or return to education to upgrade their skills Changing jobs can be a good way to build up a network of contacts. ln the mod- ern job market, networking is an essential skill.
Which skills and what kind of education are essential for survival in the job market? Advice to school-leavers, provided by the BBC focuses on six key basic skills which increase access to the different jobs available and also help employ- ees remain flexible during their working lives. The skills highlighted are: com- munication,improving learning and performance, number or mathematical skills,working with others, information technology and problem-solving. Naturally,one of the key points is flexibility. Whatever the future may bring, employees must be ready to face the new challenges in the fast-changing world.
While for many, this new world appears exciting and challenging, for others it appears scary unfortunately,those who do not rise to the new challenges risk being forced into taking unsatislying jobs and have less enjoyable lives than they may have wished fon lt is important to make every effort to remain employable and move with the times.ln some senses though, we have to be optimisuc、The 21st century, with its ever-increasing pace of change,will offer millions of new opportunities to people around the world. Many of these opportunities will be with the most desirable companies. The trick is making sure you are in a position to take advantage of them. 以上です。よろしくお願いします。
【Part1】 Look at the picture on the left above. What do you think the seals are in? In a round glass tank on the floor? But the tank dosen’t look large enough for the seals to swim around freely. In addition , the shape looks rather unusual for an aquarium. Now turn to the picture of a polar bear, and you’ll find the visitor in an unusual place. She is watching the bear from under the ground , through a small round glass roof. These unique facilities,which were opened a few years ago in Asahiyama Zoo in the city of Asahiyama ,Hokkaido , have become very popular. In fact, they have contributed to a recent boom in the popularity of zoos in Japan. Asahiyama Zoo opened in 1967, and had as many as 590,000 visitors in 1983. But after a number of theme parks opened in Hokkaido and other parks of Japan, this number decreased to a record low of 260,000 in 1996. As a result,city officials said the zoo should be closed. To stop this from happening , both the director , Kosuge Masao , and the staff tried hard to draw crowds back by making the zoo facilities more attractive . They came up with unique ideas about how to show the animals to visitors. Soon their efforts began to bear fruit and Asahiyama Zoo was revived . In 2005 , more than 1.5 million people visited the zoo . Mr.Kosuge, who is also an animal doctor, says that the main goal of their policies in “enrichment”.
つつ゛きです><;; 【part2】 Zoos have a very long history. In fact , there are records of zoos dating as far back as ancient Egypt. There , wild animals were regarded as objects of enjoyment or symbols of wealth , and were presented as gifts to the Pharaohs. The Romans also viewed animals as objects, believing that they were created for the pleasure of humans. The Romans went in large numbers to watch big shows where hundreds of lions, tigers , elephants , leopards and bears were forced to fight each other ― as well as humans ― to the death . The theme seemed to be one of entertainment. This way of thinking was common for many years, and until recently , people knew very little about wild animals’ real habits or the foods they ate. So when people caught such animals and brought them to a zoo from their natural homes, they kept them in cages for fear of their unpredictable behaviors. Most zoo facilities were made in such a way that the keepers could clean them easily , and people did not think much about the comfort or happiness of the animals . They were simply given food according to manmade rules decided by the keepers. However, in time people came to know more about wild animals, and they began to realize that zoo animals should live more stimulating and happier lives. They understood that an environment which is too simple is not healthy for animals. As a result, they didn’t want to visit zoos where the animals appeared to be leading boring and unhappy lives in small cages. So zoos realized they had to change in order to attract the public . Thus the idea of “zoo enrichment” or “environmental enrichment” was born and has become more and more popular among zoo officials ever since.
In a recent online poll by CNNMoney.com,to which l1,000 people responded, 49 percent were seriously thinking of changing their jobs in the coming year, either through promotion or a move to another company.Thls survey also Showed that employees would prefer to receive an extra week of vacation time rather than an extra week's pay. The survey also indicated that, in general, peo- ple attach a lot of value to the perks(perquisite) in their jobs, such as healthcare, gym mem- bershlp,childcare,and so on-Recently,Fortune magazine has published a gulden listing the companies that are the best to work fun For 2007, the number one company was Google. Thirty-six percent of the survey respondents sold they would not hesitate to leave their current jobs lf they were offered a job at Google. Google also offers perks such as free meals, a swimming spa and free doctors.
Although the poll was taken mainly for entertainment, it reflects three gener- al trends which should be taken seriously. The lest is that particularly in more developed economies, employees are extremely mobile in their jobs, feeless loyal to their companies, and are often looking for a change. Second,employees now value greater job satisfadion in terms of work-life balance and the perks they can receive over money they can earn. Third, it is the responsibility of com- panies to provide the very best working conditions, in order to attract the very best workers.
Attitudes towards work used to be quite differently the pre-globalization era, when the pace of change was slow, people could depend on a reactively stable job market and a “job for life. “Promotion was often based on age and length of service at the company rather than ability and results. Workers would typically tie their lives and their futures to those of their companies.
Things have changed because these days employees must look after them- selves much more. Employees have to increasingly focus on their own needs, and think about their own skills and areas of experience. At the same time, employees must try to understand the bigger, more fundamental changes in the workplace and the world, and try to match their skills to market needs. As a resulting the future, more and more people wm change jobs regularly to gain experience in a variety of areas, or return to education to upgrade their skills Changing jobs can be a good way to build up a network of contacts. In the mod- ern job market, networking is an essential skill.
Which skills and what kind of education are essential for survival in the job market? Advice to school-leavers, provided by the BBC focuses on six key basic skills which increase access to the different jobs available and also help employ- ees remain flexible during their working lives. The skills highlighted are: com- medication,improving learning and performance, number or mathematical skills,working with others, information technology and problem-solving. Naturally,one of the key points is flexibility. Whatever the future may bring, employees must be ready to face the new challenges in the fast-changing world.
While for many, this new world appears exciting and challenging, for others it appears scary unfortunately,those who do not rise to the new challenges risk being forced into taking unsatislying jobs and have less enjoyable lives than they may have wished fun it is important to make every effort to remain employable and move with the times.ln some senses though, we have to be optimistic、The 21st century, with its ever-increasing pace of change,will offer millions of new opportunities to people around the world. Many of these opportunities will be with the most desirable companies. The trick is making sure you are in a position to take advantage of them.
【Part1】 Look at the picture on the left above. What do you think the seals are in? In a round glass tank on the floor? But the tank doesn’t look large enough for the seals to swim around freely. In addition, the shape looks rather unusual for an aquarium. Now turn to the picture of a polar bear, and you’ll find the visitor in an unusual place. She is watching the bear from under the ground, through a small round glass roof. These unique facilities, which were opened a few years ago in Asahiyama Zoo in the city of Asahiyama, Hokkaido, have become very popular. In fact, they have contributed to a recent boom in the popularity of zoos in Japan. Asahiyama Zoo opened in 1967, and had as many as 590,000 visitors in 1983. But after a number of theme parks opened in Hokkaido and other parks of Japan, this number decreased to a record low of 260,000 in 1996. As a result, city officials said the zoo should be closed. To stop this from happening, both the director, Kosuge Masao, and the staff tried hard to draw crowds back by making the zoo facilities more attractive. They came up with unique ideas about how to show the animals to visitors. Soon their efforts began to bear fruit and Asahiyama Zoo was revived. In 2005, more than 1.5 million people visited the zoo. Mr.Kosuge, who is also an animal doctor, says that the main goal of their policies in “enrichment”.
Zoos have a very long history. In fact, there are records of zoos dating as far back as ancient Egypt. There, wild animals were regarded as objects of enjoyment or symbols of wealth, and were presented as gifts to the Pharaohs. The Romans also viewed animals as objects, believing that they were created for the pleasure of humans. The Romans went in large numbers to watch big shows where hundreds of lions, tigers , elephants , leopards and bears were forced to fight each other ― as well as humans ― to the death . The theme seemed to be one of entertainment. This way of thinking was common for many years, and until recently, people knew very little about wild animals’ real habits or the foods they ate. So when people caught such animals and brought them to a zoo from their natural homes, they kept them in cages for fear of their unpredictable behaviors. Most zoo facilities were made in such a way that the keepers could clean them easily, and people did not think much about the comfort or happiness of the animals. They were simply given food according to manmade rules decided by the keepers. However, in time people came to know more about wild animals, and they began to realize that zoo animals should live more stimulating and happier lives. They understood that an environment which is too simple is not healthy for animals. As a result, they didn’t want to visit zoos where the animals appeared to be leading boring and unhappy lives in small cages. So zoos realized they had to change in order to attract the public. Thus the idea of “zoo enrichment” or “environmental enrichment” was born and has become more and more popular among zoo officials ever since.
Thank you, thank you dear friends, from the bottom of my heart, for such a loving and spirited welcome, and thank you, Mr President, for your kind invitation to me which I am so honoured to accept.
I also want to express a special thanks to you Shmuley, who for 11 years served as Rabbi here at Oxford.
You and I have been working so hard to form Heal the Kids, as well as writing our book about childlike qualities, and in all of our efforts you have been such a supportive and loving friend.
And I would also like to thank Toba Friedman, our director of operations at Heal the Kids, who is returning tonight to the alma mater where she served as a Marshall scholar, as well as Marilyn Piels, another central member of our Heal the Kids team.
I am humbled to be lecturing in a place that has previously been filled by such notable figures as Mother Theresa, Albert Einstein, Ronald Reagan, Robert Kennedy & Malcolm X.
I've even heard that Kermit the Frog has made an appearance here, and I've always felt a kinship with Kermit's message that it's not easy being green.
I'm sure he didn't find it any easier being up here than I do.
The walls of Oxford have not only housed the greatest philosophical and scientific geniuses - they have also ushered forth some of the most cherished creators of children's literature, from JRR Tolkien to CS Lewis.
Today I was allowed to hobble into the dining hall in Christ Church to see Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland immortalised in the stained glass windows.
And even one of my own fellow Americans, the beloved Dr Seuss, graced these halls and then went on to leave his mark on the imaginations of millions of children throughout the world.
I suppose I should start by listing my qualifications to speak before you this evening. Friends, I do not claim to have the academic expertise of other speakers who have addressed this hall, just as they could lay little claim at being adept at the moonwalk - and you know, Einstein in particular was really terrible at that.
But I do have a claim to having experienced more places and cultures than most people will ever see.
Human knowledge consists not only of libraries of parchment and ink - it is also comprised of the volumes of knowledge that are written on the human heart, chiselled on the human soul, and engraved on the human psyche.
And friends, I have encountered so much in this relatively short life of mine that I still cannot believe I am only 42.
I often tell Shmuley that in soul years I'm sure that I'm at least 80 - and tonight I even walk like I'm 80.
So please harken to my message, because what I have to tell you tonight can bring healing to humanity and healing to our planet.
Through the grace of God, I have been fortunate to have achieved many of my artistic and professional aspirations realised early in my lifetime.
But these, friends, are accomplishments, and accomplishments alone are not synonymous with who I am.
Indeed, the cheery five-year-old who belted out Rockin' Robin and Ben to adoring crowds was not indicative of the boy behind the smile.
Tonight, I come before you less as an icon of pop (whatever that means anyway), and more as an icon of a generation, a generation that no longer knows what it means to be children.
But I am the product of a lack of a childhood, an absence of that precious and wondrous age when we frolic playfully without a care in the world, basking in the adoration of parents and relatives, where our biggest concern is studying for that big spelling test come Monday morning.
Those of you who are familiar with the Jackson Five know that I began performing at the tender age of five and that ever since then, I haven't stopped dancing or singing.
But while performing and making music undoubtedly remain as some of my greatest joys, when I was young I wanted more than anything else to be a typical little boy.
I wanted to build tree houses, have water balloon fights, and play hide and seek with my friends.
But fate had it otherwise and all I could do was envy the laughter and playtime that seemed to be going on all around me.
But on Sundays I would go Pioneering, the term used for the missionary work that Jehovah's Witnesses do. And it was then that I was able to see the magic of other people's childhood. Since I was already a celebrity, I would have to don a disguise of fat suit, wig, beard and glasses and we would spend the day in the suburbs of Southern California, going door-to-door or making the rounds of shopping malls, distributing our Watchtower magazine. I loved to set foot in all those regular suburban houses and catch sight of the shag rugs and La-Z-Boy armchairs with kids playing Monopoly and grandmas baby-sitting and all those wonderful, ordinary and starry scenes of everyday life. Many, I know, would argue that these things seem like no big deal. But to me they were mesmerising. I used to think that I was unique in feeling that I was without a childhood. I beleived that indeed there were only a handful with whom I could share those feelings. When I recently met with Shirley Temple Black, the great child star of the 1930s and 40s, we said nothing to each other at first. We simply cried together, for she could share a pain with me that only others like my close friends Elizabeth Taylor and McCauley Culkin knew. I do not tell you this to gain your sympathy but to impress upon you my first important point - it is not just Hollywood child stars that have suffered from a non-existent childhood. Today, it's a universal calamity, a global catastrophe. Childhood has become the great casualty of modern-day living.
All around us we are producing scores of kids who have not had the joy, who have not been accorded the right, who have not been allowed the freedom, of knowing what it's like to be a kid. Today children are constantly encouraged to grow up faster, as if this period known as childhood is a burdensome stage, to be endured and ushered through, as swiftly as possible. And on that subject, I am certainly one of the world's greatest experts. Ours is a generation that has witnessed the abrogation of the parent-child covenant. Psychologists are publishing libraries of books detailing the destructive effects of denying one's children the unconditional love that is so necessary to the healthy development of their minds and character. And because of all the neglect, too many of our kids have, essentially, to raise themselves. They are growing more distant from their parents, grandparents and other family members, as all around us the indestructible bond that once glued together the generations unravels. This violation has bred a new generation, Generation O let us call it, that has now picked up the torch from Generation X. The O stands for a generation that has everything on the outside - wealth, success, fancy clothing and fancy cars, but an aching emptiness on the inside. That cavity in our chests, that barrenness at our core, that void in our centre is the place where the heart once beat and which love once occupied
And it's not just the kids who are suffering. It's the parents as well. For the more we cultivate little adults in kids' bodies, the more removed we ourselves become from our own child-like qualities, and there is so much about being a child that is worth retaining in adult life. Love, ladies and gentlemen, is the human family's most precious legacy, its richest bequest, its golden inheritance. And it is a treasure that is handed down from one generation to another. Previous ages may not have had the wealth we enjoy. Their houses may have lacked electricity, and they squeezed their many kids into small homes without central heating.
But those homes had no darkness, nor were they cold. They were lit bright with the glow of love and they were warmed snugly by the very heat of the human heart. Parents, undistracted by the lust for luxury and status, accorded their children primacy in their lives. As you all know, our two countries broke from each other over what Thomas Jefferson referred to as "certain inalienable rights". And while we Americans and British might dispute the justice of his claims, what has never been in dispute is that children have certain inalienable rights, and the gradual erosion of those rights has led to scores of children worldwide being denied the joys and security of childhood. I would therefore like to propose tonight that we instal in every home a Children's Universal Bill of Rights, the tenets of which are: The right to be loved, without having to earn it The right to be protected, without having to deserve it The right to feel valuable, even if you came into the world with nothing The right to be listened to without having to be interesting The right to be read a bedtime story without having to compete with the evening news or EastEnders The right to an education without having to dodge bullets at schools The right to be thought of as adorable (even if you have a face that only a mother could love). Friends, the foundation of all human knowledge, the beginning of human consciousness, must be that each and every one of us is an object of love. Before you know if you have red hair or brown, before you know if you are black or white, before you know of what religion you are a part, you have to know that you are loved.
About 12 years ago, when I was just about to start my Bad tour, a little boy came with his parents to visit me at home in California. He was dying of cancer and he told me how much he loved my music and me. His parents told me that he wasn't going to live, that any day he could just go, and I said to him: "Look, I am going to be coming to your town in Kansas to open my tour in three months. " I want you to come to the show. I am going to give you this jacket that I wore in one of my videos." His eyes lit up and he said: "You are gonna give it to me?" I said "Yeah, but you have to promise that you will wear it to the show." I was trying to make him hold on. I said: "When you come to the show I want to see you in this jacket and in this glove" and I gave him one of my rhinestone gloves - and I never usually give the rhinestone gloves away. And he was just in heaven. But maybe he was too close to heaven, because when I came to his town, he had already died, and they had buried him in the glove and jacket. He was just 10 years old. God knows, I know, that he tried his best to hold on. But at least when he died, he knew that he was loved, not only by his parents, but even by me, a near stranger, I also loved him. And with all of that love he knew that he didn't come into this world alone, and he certainly didn't leave it alone. If you enter this world knowing you are loved and you leave this world knowing the same, then everything that happens inbetween can he dealt with. A professor may degrade you, but you will not feel degraded, a boss may crush you, but you will not be crushed, a corporate gladiator might vanquish you, but you will still triumph.
How could any of them truly prevail in pulling you down? For you know that you are an object worthy of love. The rest is just packaging. But if you don't have that memory of being loved, you are condemned to search the world for something to fill you up. But no matter how much money you make or how famous you become, you will still feel empty. What you are really searching for is unconditional love, unqualified acceptance. And that was the one thing that was denied to you at birth. Friends let me paint a picture for you. Here is a typical day in America - six youths under the age of 20 will commit suicide, 12 children under the age of 20 will die from firearms - remember this is a day, not a year. Three hundred and ninety-nine kids will be arrested for drug abuse, 1,352 babies will be born to teen mothers. This is happening in one of the richest, most developed countries in the history of the world. Yes, in my country there is an epidemic of violence that parallels no other industrialised nation. These are the ways young people in America express their hurt and their anger. But don't think that there is not the same pain and anguish among their counterparts in the UK. Studies in this country show that every single hour, three teenagers in the UK inflict harm upon themselves, often by cutting or burning their bodies or taking an overdose. This is how they have chosen to cope with the pain of neglect and emotional agony. In Britain, as many as 20% of families will only sit down and have dinner together once a year. Once a year! And what about the time-honoured tradition of reading your kid a bedtime story?
Research from the 1980s showed that children who are read to had far greater literacy and significantly outperformed their peers at school. And yet, less than 33% of British children ages two to eight have a regular bedtime story read to them. You may not think much of that until you take into account that 75% of their parents did have that bedtime story when they were that age. Clearly, we do not have to ask ourselves where all of this pain, anger and violent behaviour comes from. It is self-evident that children are thundering against the neglect, quaking against the indifference and crying out just to be noticed. The various child protection agencies in the US say that millions of children are victims of maltreatment in the form of neglect, in the average year. Yes, neglect. In rich homes, privileged homes, wired to the hilt with every electronic gadget. Homes where parents come home, but they're not really home, because their heads are still at the office. And their kids? Well, their kids just make do with whatever emotional crumbs they get. And you don't get much from endless TV, computer games and videos. These hard, cold numbers which for me, wrench the soul and shake the spirit, should indicate to you why I have devoted so much of my time and resources into making our new Heal the Kids initiative a colossal success. Our goal is simple - to recreate the parent/child bond, renew its promise and light the way forward for all the beautiful children who are destined one day to walk this earth. But since this is my first public lecture, and you have so warmly welcomed me into your hearts, I feel that I want to tell you more. We each have our own story, and in that sense statistics can become personal
They say that parenting is like dancing. You take one step, your child takes another. I have discovered that getting parents to re-dedicate themselves to their children is only half the story. The other half is preparing the children to re-accept their parents. When I was very young I remember that we had this crazy mutt of a dog named Black Girl, a mix of wolf and retriever. Not only wasn't she much of a guard dog, she was such a scared and nervous thing that it is a wonder she did not pass out every time a truck rumbled by, or a thunderstorm swept through Indiana. My sister Janet and I gave that dog so much love, but we never really won back the sense of trust that had been stolen from her by her previous owner. We knew he used to beat her. We didn't know with what. But whatever it was, it was enough to suck the spirit right out of that dog. A lot of kids today are hurt puppies who have weaned themselves off the need for love. They couldn't care less about their parents. Left to their own devices, they cherish their independence. They have moved on and have left their parents behind. Then there are the far worse cases of children who harbour animosity and resentment toward their parents, so that any overture that their parents might undertake would be thrown forcefully back in their face.
Tonight, I don't want any of us to make this mistake. That's why I'm calling upon all the world's children - beginning with all of us here tonight - to forgive our parents, if we felt neglected. Forgive them and teach them how to love again. You probably weren't surprised to hear that I did not have an idyllic childhood. The strain and tension that exists in my relationship with my own father is well documented. My father is a tough man and he pushed my brothers and me hard, from the earliest age, to be the best performers we could be. He had great difficulty showing me affection. He never really told me he loved me. And he never really complimented me either. If I did a great show, he would tell me it was a good show. And if I did an OK show, he would say nothing. He seemed intent, above all else, on making us a commercial success. And at that he was more than adept. My father was a managerial genius and my brothers and I owe our professional success, in no small measure, to the forceful way that he pushed us. He trained me as a showman and under his guidance I couldn't miss a step. But what I really wanted was a Dad. I wanted a father who showed me love. And my father never did that. He never said I love you while looking me straight in the eye, he never played a game with me. He never gave me a piggyback ride, he never threw a pillow at me, or a water balloon. But I remember once when I was about four years old, there was a little carnival and he picked me up and put me on a pony
It was a tiny gesture, probably something he forgot five minutes later. But because of that moment I have this special place in my heart for him. Because that's how kidsare, the little things mean so much to them and for me, that one moment meant verything. I only experienced it that one time, but it made me feel really good, about him and the world. But now I am a father myself, and one day I was thinking about my own children, Prince and Paris and how I wanted them to think of me when they grow up. To be sure, I would like them to remember how I always wanted them with me wherever I went, how I always tried to put them before everything else. But there are also challenges in their lives. Because my kids are stalked by paparazzi, they can't always go to a park or a movie with me. So what if they grow older and resent me, and how my choices impacted their youth? Why weren't we given an average childhood like all the other kids, they might ask?
And at that moment I pray that my children will give me the benefit of the doubt. That they will say to themselves: "Our daddy did the best he could, given the unique circumstances that he faced. " He may not have been perfect, but he was a warm and decent man, who tried to give us all the love in the world." I hope that they will always focus on the positive things, on the sacrifices I willingly made for them, and not criticise the things they had to give up, or the errors I've made, and will certainly continue to make, in raising them. For we have all been someone's child, and we know that despite the very best of plans and efforts, mistakes will always occur. That's just being human. And when I think about this, of how I hope that my children will not judge me unkindly, and will forgive my shortcomings, I am forced to think of my own father and despite my earlier denials, I am forced to admit that he must have loved me. He did love me, and I know that. There were little things that showed it. When I was a kid I had a real sweet tooth - we all did. My favourite food was glazed doughnuts and my father knew that. So every few weeks I would come downstairs in the morning and there on the kitchen counter was a bag of glazed doughnuts - no note, no explanation - just the doughnuts. It was like Santa Claus. Sometimes I would think about staying up late at night, so I could see him leave them there, but just like with Santa Claus, I didn't want to ruin the magic for fear that he would never do it again. My father had to leave them secretly at night, so as no one might catch him with his guard down. He was scared of human emotion, he didn't understand it or know how to deal with it. But he did know doughnuts.
And when I allow the floodgates to open up, there are other memories that come rushing back, memories of other tiny gestures, however imperfect, that showed that he did what he could. So tonight, rather than focusing on what my father didn't do, I want to focus on all the things he did do and on his own personal challenges. I want to stop judging him. I have started reflecting on the fact that my father grew up in the South, in a very poor family. He came of age during the Depression and his own father, who struggled to feed his children, showed little affection towards his family and raised my father and his siblings with an iron fist. Who could have imagined what it was like to grow up a poor black man in the South, robbed of dignity, bereft of hope, struggling to become a man in a world that saw my father as subordinate. I was the first black artist to be played on MTV and I remember how big a deal it was even then. And that was in the 80s!
My father moved to Indiana and had a large family of his own, working long hours in the steel mills, work that kills the lungs and humbles the spirit, all to support his family. Is it any wonder that he found it difficult to expose his feelings? Is it any mystery that he hardened his heart, that he raised the emotional ramparts? And most of all, is it any wonder why he pushed his sons so hard to succeed as performers, so that they could be saved from what he knew to be a life of indignity and poverty? I have begun to see that even my father's harshness was a kind of love, an imperfect love, to be sure, but love nonetheless. He pushed me because he loved me. Because he wanted no man ever to look down at his offspring. And now with time, rather than bitterness, I feel blessing. In the place of anger, I have found absolution. And in the place of revenge I have found reconciliation. And my initial fury has slowly given way to forgiveness.
Almost a decade ago, I founded a charity called Heal the World. The title was something I felt inside me. Little did I know, as Shmuley later pointed out, that those two words form the cornerstone of Old Testament prophecy. Do I really believe that we can heal this world, that is riddled with war and genocide, even today? And do I really think that we can heal our children, the same children who can enter their schools with guns and hatred and shoot down their classmates, like they did at Columbine? Or children who can beat a defenceless toddler to death,like the tragic story of Jamie Bulger? Of course I do, or I wouldn't be here tonight. But it all begins with forgiveness, because to heal the world, we first have to heal ourselves. And to heal the kids, we first have to heal the child within, each and every one of us. As an adult, and as a parent, I realise that I cannot be a whole human being, nor a parent capable of unconditional love, until I put to rest the ghosts of my own childhood. And that's what I'm asking all of us to do tonight. Live up to the fifth of the 10 Commandments. Honour your parents by not judging them. Give them the benefit of the doubt. That is why I want to forgive my father and to stop judging him. I want to forgive my father,
because I want a father, and this is the only one that I've got. I want the weight of my past lifted from my shoulders and I want to be free to step into a new relationship with my father, for the rest of my life, unhindered by the goblins of the past. In a world filled with hate, we must still dare to hope. In a world filled with anger, we must still dare to comfort. In a world filled with despair, we must still dare to dream. And in a world filled with distrust, we must still dare to believe. To all of you tonight who feel let down by your parents, I ask you to let down your disappointment. To all of you tonight who feel cheated by your fathers or mothers, I ask you not to cheat yourself further. And to all of you who wish to push your parents away,
I ask you to extend your hand to them instead. I am asking you, I am asking myself, to give our parents the gift of unconditional love, so that they too may learn how to love from us, their children. So that love will finally be restored to a desolate and lonely world. Shmuley once mentioned to me an ancient Biblical prophecy which says that a new world and a new time would come, when "the hearts of the parents would be restored through the hearts of their children". My friends, we are that world, we are those children. Mahatma Gandhi said: "The weak can never forgive. Forgiveness is the attribute of the strong." Tonight, be strong. Beyond being strong, rise to the greatest challenge of all - to restore that broken covenant. We must all overcome whatever crippling effects our childhoods may have had on our lives and in the words of Jesse Jackson, forgive each other, redeem each other and move on. This call for forgiveness may not result in Oprah moments the world over, with thousands of children making up with their parents, but it will at least be a start, and we'll all be so much happier as a result.
And so ladies and gentlemen, I conclude my remarks tonight with faith, joy and excitement. From this day forward, may a new song be heard. Let that new song be the sound of children laughing. Let that new song be the sound of children playing.
終わり。 以上です。 パート1〜22(最後)まであり、 長文で大変申し訳ありません。 お教え頂けますと幸いです。 何卒宜しくお願い申し上げます。 Let that new song be the sound of children singing. And let that new song be the sound of parents listening. Together, let us create a symphony of hearts, marvelling at the miracle of our children and basking in the beauty of love. Let us heal the world and blight its pain. And may we all make beautiful music together. God bless you, and I love you from the bottom of my heart...
And so ladies and gentlemen, I conclude my remarks tonight with faith, joy and excitement. From this day forward, may a new song be heard. Let that new song be the sound of children laughing. Let that new song be the sound of children playing.
Let that new song be the sound of children singing. And let that new song be the sound of parents listening. Together, let us create a symphony of hearts, marvelling at the miracle of our children and basking in the beauty of love. Let us heal the world and blight its pain. And may we all make beautiful music together. God bless you, and I love you from the bottom of my heart...
全部で4つの文章になります。 In most British mind, there are two different images of Japan. 0ne image is of the first-class products made by world-1eading industries, and the other is of a mysterious ancient culture full of ancient ritual. Modern aspects of Japan are considered only to be a result ofwestemization, while the true essence of Japan can be found in the traditional culture. However, there are severa1 problems with these images. One is whether we can say that Japan’s desire to moder一 nize was no more than a desire to westernize. Certainly, a century and a half ago the Japanese admired the material products of the West. But it is also true that for most of its history, Japan has been keen to modenize its nation by imitating foreign cultures-not just those of the West,but also those of Korea and China. This leads to the second problem: the traditions of Japan. In fact,much of what is usually considered as Japanese has its roots not in Japan but on the Asian continent, or in some cases, even in the West. The ancient Japanese court music and the tea ceremony, to mention a few, came from China.Even tempura was introduced by the Portuguese in the 16th century・ The third problem is what is seen as the mysterious aspects of traditiona1 Japanese culture. This image is rather a result of the Westemers'viewpoint. They try to see in Japanese culture something which is different from their own. That is why they are so often disappointed by Japan’s westemization.
Westeners tend to see something mysterious not only in the traditional culture of Japan, but also in its westernization. in particular, the management-labor system based on unique Japanese culture is often regarded as the main factor in their success. Yet, Japanese business structure has been exported to such countries as England and Wales、 where it is、working quite we11. Therefore, the success of such a system cannot be due To something unique within Japanese culture. For many years, it has been said that Japanese culture is unique・ Recently、however、the theory of Japanese uniqueness has been seriously citizen. Japanese culture is unique. in the sense that British culture is unique. Japan was too far away to be attacked from the continent, but near enough to easily import the crearn of the continental culture. The Japanese have come to have two characteristic attitudes: they have a great curiosity about high quality foreign cultures ,which they seek to adapt and improve; but at the same time, they feel a certain inferiority complex. In many wayバhe humble curiosity of the Japanese has helped them greatly until now.But cultures change with time. Japan has now become a superpower. It is not used to playing the role of a leader m international relations. For Japan to become more active in the world, Japan itself needs to have a deeper understanding about its culture.
Reading is active. To read a story is to participate actively in the story. To read it is to tell the story,tell it to yourself, reliving it, rewriting it with the author,word by word, sentence by sentence, chapter by chapter…. If you want proof, Just watch an eight-year-old reading a story she likes・ She is concentratedly, tensely, fiercely alive. She is as ill tense as a hunting cat. She is a tiger eating・ Reading is a most mysterious act. It has never been replaced and will not be replaced by any kind of viewing・ viewing is an entirely different undertaking, with different rewards. A reader reading makes the book, brings it into meaning, by translating printed letters,into an inward,private reality. Reading is an act, a creative one. Viewing is relatively Passive. A viewer watching a film does not make the film. To watch a film is to be taken into it-to participate in it―be made part of it. Absorbed by it. Readers eat books. Film eats viewers. This can be wonderful. It's wonderful to be eaten by a good movie, to let your eyes and ears take your mind into a reality you could never otherwise know. However, Passivity means vulnerability・
Reading is an active transaction between the text and the reader. The text is under the control of the reader―she can skip,linger,interpret,misinterpret, return, ponder, go along with the story or refuse to go along with it, make judgments, revise her Judgments; she has time and room to genuinely interact. A novel is an active,ongoing collaboration between the writer and the reader. viewing is a different transaction. it isn't collaborative. The viewer consents to hand over control to the filmmaker or programmer. Mentally there is no time or room for anything but the program it self There's no wav to control the constant stream of information and imagery-unless one refuses to accept it, detaches oneself emotionally and intellectually. Or one can turn the program off. Story is a collaborative art. The writ・s imagination works in league with the reader's imagination, calls on the reader to collaborate, to fill in, to flesh out, to bring their own experience to the story. Fiction is not a camera, and not a mirror.It's much more like a Chinese painting一a few lines, a few blobs, a whole lot of blank space. From which we make the travelers, in the mist, climbing the mountain towards the inn under the pines.
Since 1994,several books and movies have been produced to tell the world about the horrifying events that took place in Rwanda. Jean Pierre Sagahutu served on the crew of one of the more recent movies,Shooting Dogs. As he put it, “l wanted to participate in anything related to telling the story of the genocide, in which my parents, three sisters and four brothers were killed." Jean Pierre nearly lost his life as well. Soon after the Rwandan president's death in a plane crash in Apri1 1994, Sagahutu's father was killed while he was away from home. Having learned of his father's death and realizing that he too might be killed at any time, Sagahutu fled his home and sought shelter with a Congolese friend. Hutu militia were after every single Tutsi, and they quickly reached the house of the Congolese family and demanded that any Tutsi come out. Sagahutu went outside because he did not want the Hutus to kill his Congolese friend. He was surrounded by 10 Hutus. 0ne of them shot at him. The bullet passed Just over his head and hit the wall behind him. He was so frightened that he fainted. it was dark at the time, and the militia thought he was dead, so they left.
When he woke up, he looked for a place to hide. He found an empty water tank behind the house and hid in it. 0ther than the time the Congolese friend brought some food, he was shut away in the darkness, hearing shooting sounds and people's cries. One day, after 14 weeks alone inside the tank, he realized that the shooting had stopped He got out of the tank and went out to the street. He walked among dead bodies. Then he spotted soldiers approaching him. He thought for sure he would be killed, but when he heard them speaking Swahili, he realized they were not Hutu militia. He was taken to a survivors camp and slept well for the first time in months. When he woke up, someone said, “it’s over." Sagahutu believes we should never forget the Rwandan tragedy. 0n the other hand, these days he often tells his children, “it’s not much sense to divide people into Tutsis and Hutus. It’s time that we should be unified as Rwandans."
l want to convey my strong feeling that the environmental problems we are facing are not only a cause for alarm, they are also a cause for hope. The climate crisis is,indeed, a true planetary emergency・ Two thousand scientists,in a hundred countries, working for more than 20 years, have formed a strong consensus that all the nations on Earth must work together to solve global warming. The great amount of evidence suggests that we must act boldly and quickly to deal with the causes of global warming. We are melting the North Polar ice cap and nearly all of the mountain glaciers in the world, which will bring about a worldwide increase in sea levels. We are altering ocean and wind currents that have been in place since before the first cities were built almost 10,000 years ago. This will cause more and stronger storms like Hurricane Katrina. We are also dumping record amounts of carbon dioxide into the Earth's atmosphere. Much of that C02 is being absorbed into theoceans.0vertime,this can greatly increase the saturation of calcium carbonate in the water, preventing the formation of corals and interfering with the making of shells by sea creatures. The destruction of forests is also causing the loss of living species at a level comparable to the extinction event that wiped out the dinosaurs 65 million years ago. That event was believed to have been caused by a giant asteroid. This time it is not a giant asteroid wrecking havoc; it is us.
Today, we are hearing and seeing dire warnings of the Worst potential catastrophe in the history of human civilization: a global climate crisis that is deepening and rapidly becoming more dangerous than anything we have ever faced. But along with the danger we face from global warming, this crisis also brings unprecedented opportunities. What are the opportunities such a crisis offers? We can build clean engines,and we can harness the Sun and the wind. We can use our planet’s plentiful coal resources without heating the planet. Many of these advancees are being developed by companies, which will also create new 'jobs and profits. The climate crisis also offers us the chance to experience what few generations in history have had before: a generational mission. It will fill our spirits and bind us together. It can give our lives meaning and hope. protecting the Earth`s environment and the survival of our civilization depend on us. 以上になります。お願いします。
ご指摘を受けたので一部修正しました。 In most British mind, there are two different images of Japan. 0ne image is of the first-class products made by world-leading industries, and the other is of a mysterious ancient culture full of ancient ritual. Modern aspects of Japan are considered only to be a result of westemization, while the true essence of Japan can be found in the traditional culture. However, there are several problems with these images. One is whether we can say that Japan’s desire to moder一 nize was no more than a desire to westernize. Certainly, a century and a half ago the Japanese admired the material products of the West. But it is also true that for most of its history, Japan has been keen to modenize its nation by imitating foreign cultures-not just those of the West,but also those of Korea and China. This leads to the second problem: the traditions of Japan. In fact, much of what is usually considered as Japanese has its roots not in Japan but on the Asian continent, or in some cases, even in the West. The ancient Japanese court music and the tea ceremony, to mention a few, came from China.Even tempura was introduced by the Portuguese in the 16th century・ The third problem is what is seen as the mysterious aspects of traditional Japanese culture. This image is rather a result of the Westemers'viewpoint. They try to see in Japanese culture something which is different from their own. That is why they are so often disappointed by Japan’s westemization.
Westeners tend to see something mysterious not only in the traditional culture of Japan, but also in its westernization. In particular, the management-labor system based on unique Japanese culture is often regarded as the main factor in their success. Yet, Japanese business structure has been exported to such countries as England and Wales、 where it is、working quite well. Therefore, the success of such a system cannot be due To something unique within Japanese culture. For many years, it has been said that Japanese culture is unique・ Recently、however、the theory of Japanese uniqueness has been seriously citizen. Japanese culture is unique. in the sense that British culture is unique. Japan was too far away to be attacked from the continent, but near enough to easily import the cream of the continental culture. The Japanese have come to have two characteristic attitudes: they have a great curiosity about high quality foreign cultures, which they seek to, adapt and improve; but at the same time, they feel a certain inferiority complex. In many ways the humble curiosity of the Japanese has helped them greatly until now. But cultures change with time. Japan has now become a superpower. It is not used to playing the role of a leader in international relations. For Japan to become more active in the world, Japan itself needs to have a deeper understanding about its culture.
できればこの英文訳していただけないでしょうか?。 part1 "Michiko was six and Shinichi was three years old. Their sister, Yoko, was only one and only one and she had just started to walk around. A girl called Kimi-chan who lived next to our house was Shinichi's best friend. In those days there were few toys and they would often play house. But Shinchi wanted a tricycle very much. He would always show a book with pictures of tricycles to Kimi-chan and say,Look! Tricycles!Don't you think / they're great? Once his sister, Michiko, played a trick on him and hid the picture book. It made him very angry. He raised his fist and said,'Mit-chan,I know you have hidden my book. I'm going to hit you. He loved that book so much. However,he never asked me to buy him a tricycle. He knew that it was impossible. I wanted to buy him a tricycle,but trcycles couldn't be found anywhere in those days. "One day in June,Shinichi's uncle came to our house with a big package. He was in the Japanese Navy. 'Shin-chan,I have something nice for you.' 'What is it ?' 'Guess. If your guess is right,you can have it.' When his uncle began to open the package, a handlebar appeared. 'Oh,a tricycle!' Shinichi's eyes shone with joy. "As soon as the handlebars came out,he grabbed them happily. Then he got on the tricle and rode it to Kimi-chan's house to show it to her."
What, asked Ted Koppel, did Morrie fear the most about his slow, continual, never-stopping decay? Morrie paused. He asked if he could say this certain thing on television. Koppel said go ahead. Morrie looked straight into the eyes of the most famous interviewer in America. “Well, Ted, one day soon, someone’s gonna have to wipe my ass.”
I give myself a good cry if I need it. But then I concentrate on all the good things still in my life. On the people who are coming to see me. On the stories I'm going to hear. On you -- if it's Tuesday. Because we're Tuesday people.
こちらの文翻訳できる方いましたら、是非お願いします Yoshie and Takuya / were listening to their grandfather / attentively. // Then Yoshie said, / "Where did his uncle get a tricycle, Grandpa?' // Nobuo answered, / "He happened to find the tricycle / when he was cleaning It was the one / he had ridden / in his childhood. // He thought / he would not need it anymore / because he was going to war. // He didn't think / he would return home alive." // Nobuo continued his story. // "On the morning of August 6, / 1945, / Kimi-chan and Shinichi were in the garden.// They were taking turns riding the tricycle. // It was soon after I went inside the house / that it happened. // "Flash! // Everything turned white. // "I didn't know / how much time had passed. // I came to / and found / that it was dark all around. // I was unable to move. // When I felt around me, /1 touched something / like a pillar. Where am I?// There were fallen pillars around me and the ceiling was iust above me. Then I realized that our house had eollaDsed. "I managed to crawl out and stood on the roof.
>>370の続きです I couldn't believe / what I saw then. // The trees. / houses / and people / had all disappeared. // 'Anybody here?'// I cried out.// Then I heard someone say, / 'Help me!' // I looked in the direction of the voice / and saw my mother. // I ran to her / and found Shinichi / under a big pillar. // I couldn't see Kimi-chan anywhere. //
"In July 1985, / 40 years later, /1 thought I should move Shinichi's bones / to agrave. // Early in the morning, / Kimi-chan's mother and I / began to open the hole /where we had buried Kimi-chan and Shinichi. // After a while, / something like a rusty iron pipe appeared. // It was the tricycle! // I had forgotten all about it. // Tears were rolling down my cheeks / before I realized it. // "Something white showed. // Shinichi! // Kimiko! // Everyone gazed at their little hands. // They are still holding each other's hands,' / I said. // Just then, /1 thought I heard Shinichi telling me / 'Father, you have gottenold.'"// Nobuo looked down at his wrinkled hands / and said, / "This should neverhappen again." // 14) Takuya and Yoshie nodded /and looked up at the picture ofShinichi.//
"While I lifted the pillar,my mother pulled Shinichi out. He was still holding the handlebars of his tricycle. His face had swollen up like a balloon and he was bleeding.When I started to run to Teishin Hospital, I heard someone else crying for help.It was my wife.The voice seemed to be coming from the place where the kitchen used to be. I cried,'Mother,take care of Shinichi.I must help my wife.'I climbed up on the fallen roof and pulled off the tiles one by one until I finally got to my wife. "I looked up and saw Kimi-chan's house on fire.Suddenly I realized that I had not found my daughters yet. I called many times.'Michiko! Yoko!'Soon I found some of their clothes showing under the house. I tried to lift the fallen pollars but the fire was spreading toward me.It was so hot!The fallen pillars over my two daughters started to catch fire. I was helpless.I couldn't do anything for them. I prayed,'Michiko,Yoko,please forgive me.'
For humankind, preserving the natural environment of the Galapagos Islandsshould be a priority. It was on these remote islands over 170 years ago that the evolution of life was discovered. In 1835, during a visit to the Galapagos, the British naturalist Charles Darwin made a study of the unique plants and animals of these islands. what he saw and studied helped him to develop the theory of evolution. His book On the Origin of Species, published in 1859, draws greatly on the plants and the animals of these islands to illustrate the process of evolution by natural selection. It is fitting indeed that one of nature's last refuges on earth happens to be the place where humankind finally got the idea of evolution. Let's hope it survives.
Asahiyama Zoo's seal pavilion won the Special Prize at the "Enrichment Awards" in 2004. This contest has been held every year since 2002 by the "Citizens'Network of Japan's Zoos," an NPO which started a zoo enrichment campaign in 2001. Seals are animals which, as they swim arounds, are very curious about the things around them. When they find something interesting near the surfase, they move straight up to take a look at it. So, in the pavilion, the staff built a vertical water tunnel connected to the outdoor aquarium so that the seals can perform this natural behavior. Visitors can watch each seal close at hand and even face as it swims up and down through the tunnel, looking at the visitors with interest. Here, people enjoy watching the seals swim, and the seals in turn seem to enjoy observing the people. These days a lot of people are again visiting Asahiyama Zoo. But surprisingly, most of those who find the zoo exciting are not children, but adults! They really enjoy watching the natural behaviors of the animals living in the zoo's enriched environment. For example, they might suddenly find themselves watching polar bears from the viewpoint of seals. Or they might be surprised to look up and see penguins swimming at great speeds in the aquarium just like birds flying in the sky! A zoo used to be a place for looking at exotic animals just like framed paintings. But today's zoo is rather a place for watching their natural behaviors and habits, and even learning about natural ecosystems. What a big change this is from the zoos of ancient Egypt!
Asahiyama Zoo's seal pavilion won the Special Prize at the "Enrichment Awards" in 2004. This contest has been held every year since 2002 by the "Citizens'Network of Japan's Zoos," an NPO which started a zoo enrichment campaign in 2001. Seals are animals which, as they swim arounds, are very curious about the things around them. When they find something interesting near the surfase, they move straight up to take a look at it. So, in the pavilion, the staff built a vertical water tunnel connected to the outdoor aquarium so that the seals can perform this natural behavior. Visitors can watch each seal close at hand and even face as it swims up and down through the tunnel, looking at the visitors with interest. Here, people enjoy watching the seals swim, and the seals in turn seem to enjoy observing the people. These days a lot of people are again visiting Asahiyama Zoo. But surprisingly, most of those who find the zoo exciting are not children, but adults! They really enjoy watching the natural behaviors of the animals living in the zoo's enriched environment. For example, they might suddenly find themselves watching polar bears from the viewpoint of seals. Or they might be surprised to look up and see penguins swimming at great speeds in the aquarium just like birds flying in the sky! A zoo used to be a place for looking at exotic animals just like framed paintings. But today's zoo is rather a place for watching their natural behaviors and habits, and even learning about natural ecosystems. What a big change this is from the zoos of ancient Egypt!
It wasn’t long ago that beauty contests seemed to be disappearing worldwide. In Japan, criticism from women’s groups following the burst of the bubble economy led towns and cities to stop holding such contests in the 1990s. Even the Miss Universe Japan Pageant was suspended for two years in the middle of the decade. So it is somewhat surprising that the pageant seems to have made a big comeback. The number of applicants has soared over the past few years, from about 50 in 1999 to 1517 this year. The revival is largely attributed to Donald Trump, American billionaire and co-owner of the Miss Universe franchise, who struck sponsorship deals with K. Mikimoto & Co., Citigroup Corp, Renault Japan Co. and Nina Ricci Prestige KK., and even tied up with Yoshimoto Kogyo for airing inside-stories of the pageant. For some, “Miss” pageants are no different from X-rated magazines. “Ten years from now, people will be laughing at how stupid we were to have these things called beauty pageants,” says Mitsui Mariko, executive director of the Toyonaka Center for Gender Equality, Osaka. “They’re still judging women on their appearance and are therefore treating them like commodities,” she says.
Not surprisingly, the sentiment is not shared by the organizers, sponsors, and pageant contestants. Nina Ricci Prestige President Luis Aranha sees the event as an opportunity for ambitious young women to improve their skills, focus their goals and learn more about the world. “Critics still see the event as a beauty pageant in which the best-looking girl with the cutest nose and nicest curves is going to win, however stupid she is,” says one of the organizers. “It’s not like that any more. Now the winner is the person with the best personality and charisma. It’s not only about beauty. ” Whether or not this is true, one thing is for certain: There’s at least one beauty pageant in Japan that isn’t ready to give up its crown.
Saimon&Garfunkel: Paul Simon and Art Garfunkel, born on October 13 and November 5, 1942 respectively, started their musical career as Tom and Jerry and had a minor hit with "Hey, Little Schoolgirl" in 1957. But the success was shortlived and the duo split up. Five years later they met again at university, but it was only in 1996 that their first album Wednesday Morning 3 AM was releasad. This record contained the original version of "Sound of Silence" which was to became their most famous song of all. Their style of music proved very popular. It was awinning combinaition of Paul Simon's intelligent, poetic songs and the duo's distinctive close-harmony performances (strongly in fluenced by the Everly Brothers) with either a simple guitar accompaniment or soft rock backing. In 1996 they had four singles. among them "I am a Rock", and three albums in the Top Thirty. They reached the peak of their career in 1970 when "Bridge ober Troubled Water" became a number one hit and sold nine million copies world wide. ☆But after this recording the duo boroke up. Since then Paul Simon has been very succsessful as a solo singer/songwriter, and Art Garfunkel has acted in a number of films;they have played together only on a few occasions. The most spectaculay reunion was for a benefit concert in New York's Central Park in 1981 where they played for an estimated 400,000 fans.
【Costa Rica】 ◆Costa Rica is a small country located in Central America. It is as large as Kyushu and Shikoku combined. It is a country which is special in several ways. What surprises us first about Costa Rica is that its nature is beautiful. Twenty-seven percent of the land is national parks and national nature conservation areas whose environment cannot be destroyed. Wastes and polluted water from industry are well controlled. More than five percent of all animal and plant species in the world live in this small country: the density of the species is by far the highest in the world. We can also see a lot of rare animals and birds in the country. For example, in the rainforests we can see the quetzal, the bird in the story of "Hi-no-tori" written by Tezuka Osamu. On the beaches, we can see sea turtles that come to lay eggs.
◆Costa Rica is well know for its ecotourism. The number of visitors has risen to over I million per year, and continues to increase. They can explore nature in the rainforests. Now rainforests are being destroyed in many countries in the world, but in Costa Rica they are increasing by 1.5 percent each year. This is because the government changed the country’s economic policy: the main industry has changed from growing coffee and raising cattle to ecotourism and making new medicines from plants in the rainforests. How do Costa Ricans encourage ecotourism and still protect nature in their country? One way is that tourists move along hanging wire paths. When they visit the rainforests, they walk from tree to tree on the wire paths that connect the trees. This protects the roots of the trees and other plants.
◆The protection of nature and wild animals leads to the protection of human rights. People in Costa Rica believe that all children should have the right to study in school. Physically challenged students study with other students in the same classroom. Not only in special classes but also in ordinary class can children learn how to build a peaceful society. They are often asked to solve problem through discussion. This is part of their peace education. For example, in one class, the children talk about social issues and even tale part in trial voting for national elections. Thus students learn that peace means not only that there is no war but also that there is no discrimination in society.
This is the first day of my life I swear I was born right in the doorway I went out in the rain suddenly everything changed They're spreading blankets on the beach Yours is the first face that I saw I think I was blind before I met you Now I don’t know where I am I don’t know where I’ve been But I know where I want to go And so I thought I’d let you know That these things take forever I especially am slow But I realize that I need you And I wondered if I could come home Remember the time you drove all night Just to meet me in the morning And I thought it was strange you said everything changed You felt as if you'd just woke up And you said “this is the first day of my life I’m glad I didn’t die before I met you But now I don’t care I could go anywhere with you And I’d probably be happy” So if you want to be with me With these things there’s no telling We just have to wait and see But I’d rather be working for a paycheck Than waiting to win the lottery Besides maybe this time is different I mean I really think you like me
Asahiyama Zoo's seal pavilion won the Special Prize at the "Enrichment Awards" in 2004. This contest has been held every year since 2002 by the "Citizens'Network of Japan's Zoos," an NPO which started a zoo enrichment campaign in 2001. Seals are animals which, as they swim arounds, are very curious about the things around them. When they find something interesting near the surfase, they move straight up to take a look at it. So, in the pavilion, the staff built a vertical water tunnel connected to the outdoor aquarium so that the seals can perform this natural behavior. Visitors can watch each seal close at hand and even face as it swims up and down through the tunnel, looking at the visitors with interest. Here, people enjoy watching the seals swim, and the seals in turn seem to enjoy observing the people. These days a lot of people are again visiting Asahiyama Zoo. But surprisingly, most of those who find the zoo exciting are not children, but adults! They really enjoy watching the natural behaviors of the animals living in the zoo's enriched environment. For example, they might suddenly find themselves watching polar bears from the viewpoint of seals. Or they might be surprised to look up and see penguins swimming at great speeds in the aquarium just like birds flying in the sky! A zoo used to be a place for looking at exotic animals just like framed paintings. But today's zoo is rather a place for watching their natural behaviors and habits, and even learning about natural ecosystems. What a big change this is from the zoos of ancient Egypt!
In America the imagination is generally looked on as something that might be usefu1 when the TV is out of order. Poetry and plays have no relation to practical politics. Novels are fbr students, housewives, and other people who don't work. Fantasy is fbr children and primitive peoples. Literacy is for reading the operating instructions. I think the imagination is the single most usefu1 tool humankind possesses. I can't imagine living without my lmagmatlon. I hear voices agreeing with me. "Yes, yes!" they cry. "The creative imagination is a tremendous plus in business! We value creativity, we reward it!" In the marketplace, the word creativity has come to mean the production of ideas to make larger profits. This reduction in meaning has gone on so long that the word crean've can hardly be degraded further. I s don't use it any more, yielding it to capitalists and academics to abuse as they like. But they can't have imag'nation. Imagination is not a means of making money. It is a fundamental way of thinking, an essential means io of becoming and remaining human. It is a tool of the mind.
Section2 We have to learn to use the imagination. Children have imagination to startwith, as they have body, is intellect,the capacity for language. They need exerclses. ln lmagrnation as they need exercise in all the basic skills of life, bodily and mental. This need continues as long asthe mind is alive. All of us have to learn how to invent our lives, make them up, imagine them. We need to be taught these skills; we need guides to show us how. If we don't, our lives get made up for us by other people. Human beings have always joined in groups to imagine how best to live and help one another carry out the plan. The essential function of human commu- nity is to arrive at some agreement on what we need, what life ought to be, and then teach our children so that they can go on the way we think is the right way. Small communities with strong traditions are usually clear about the way they want to go, and good at teaching it. But tradition may crystallize imagination as dogma, fbrbidding new ideas. Larger communities, such as cities, open up room for people to imagine alternatives, learn from people of different traditions, and invent their own ways to live.
Section3 As alternatives proliferate, however, those who take the responsibility of teaching find little social and moral consensus on what they should be teaching- what we need, what life ought to be. In our time there are too many people who want to own us, shape and control us through seductive and powerfu1 media. It's a lot to ask of a child to find a way through a!1 that, alone. Nobody can do anything very much, really, alone. What a child needs, what we all need, is to find some other people who have imagined life along lines that make sense and that also allow some freedom, and listen to them. Not hear passively, but listen. Reading is a means of listening. Reading is not as passive as hearring or viewing. It's an act: you do it. You read at your pace, your own speed, not the ceaseless, incoherent, gabbling, shouting rush of the media. You take in what you can and want to take in, not what they shove at you so fast and hard and loud that you're overwhelmed. And though you're usually alone when you read, you are in communion with another mind. You've joined in an act of the lmagmatlon.
Section4 When children are taught to read and understand the literature of their people, their imagination is getting a very large part of the exercise it needs. Nothing else does as well, not even the other arts. We are a wordy species. Words are the wings both intellect and imagination fiy on. To train the mind to take off from immediate reality and return to it with new understanding and new strength, there is nothing like poem and story. Through story, every culture defines itself and teaches its children how to be people and members of their people. The media are so controlled by advenising and profiteering that even the best people who work in them get drowned out by the endless rush for novelty, by the greed of the entrepreneurs. Much of literature remains free of such control. Many poets and novelists continue to be motivated less by the desire for gain than by the wish to practice their art-make something well, get something right. Books remain comparatively, and amazingly, honest and reliable. The reason literacy is important is that literature is the operating instructions. The best manual we have. The most useful guide to the country we're visiting, life. 大量依頼で恐縮ですが、どうかよろしくお願いします
Amazon MP3's Twitter account just surpassed 1 million followers, and to celebrate they're offering 1 free MP3 download of your choosing (provided you can buy it for the $1.29 in credit they're handing out, which I think should buy pretty much any song in the Amazon MP3 store). ()内の話者の伝えたいニュアンスとどういう構文になっているのかも今ひとつよく分かりません。 もしそれを$1.29 で購入できるとすると 彼らがが配布している、アマゾンmp3ストアで絶対に買うべきだと思う? うまく日本語としてまとまりません。誰か教えてください。
The product would have long with them must be. I will enquire with the post and the customs office and to them then e mail send. To many thanks to for her email.
How important is sleep? In many cases, production in an industrial plant tends to be low on Monday. By Tuesday or Wednesday, workers seem to be “warmed up.” Production is at its highest for the week. One possibility is that Friday, Saturday, and Sunday nights may be spent in long and tiring entertainment. The resulting loss of sleep shows up in lower production on Monday. Various tests indicate that loss of sleep is followed by poorer performance. It is true that very motivated people can do surprisingly well after long periods of staying awake. But they are able to do so only by using up a great amount of energy. People can lose sleep in two ways. They may go without any sleep for a long period. Or, they may sleep much less than usual for a period of several nights. In one experiment, first of all, subjects were kept awake continuously for 72 hours. They were under medical care during this dangerous experiment. Even so, some fainted at the end.
In another part of the experiment, the same subjects reduced the amount of their sleep from about 8 hours to about 5 hours a night for five nights. In both cases, the subjects were given tests before and after the periods of no sleep or reduced sleep. Intelligence-test scores dropped 24.5 percent following a period of 72 hours without sleep. However, the scores dropped only 14.9 percent following five nights with only 5 hours, sleep each night. How much the individual swayed forward and backward when trying to stand still was also measured. After 72 hours without sleep, there was a 51.8 percent loss in control of bodily swaying. After five nights of 5 hours, sleep each, there was a loss of only 6.1 percent. The amount of sleep a person needs varies with age. It also varies from individual to individual. But suppose it is absolutely impossible to get normal amounts of sleep. Studies have shown that it is better to take a number of short naps than to use all available sleeping time in one period. Other studies have found that performance drops in the early afternoon. One way of improving performance is to take a nap about halfway through the waking period.
After slowly and laboriously reaching the peak,youpause at the very top,andsurvey the landscape far below. Then,suddenly,your heart seems to stop and your stomach to leap into space. You are racing to the ground on a steep drop-and at an angel of 45 degrees or more! お願いします
Environmental enrichment of zoos is important for three reasons.
Firstly, enriched environments satisfy both the physical and psychological needs of animals and allow them to perform more of their natural behaviors.
In the wild, animals must find food, defend territories, escape natural enemies and build homes.
In zoos, most of these basic needs are taken care of by the keepers, so other methods of physical and mental stimulation must be provided to encourage them to behave more like they would in nature.
For example, food should be given to them in a way that requires them to make some effort to find or get it.
This enables the animals to have longer and more stimulating mealtimes and happier lives, thus making them more attractive to visitors.
Secondly, enriched environments are more interesting and educational for zoo visitors.
The are also more likely to generate feelings of respect and interest toward animals that result in environment-friendly attitudes and actions.
Lastly, enriched environments may help preserve animal species in several ways.
A traveler knows that in every city there are places the locals frequent that the tourists rarely visit. They're not necessarily better,or secret; they're just not what most tourists are looking for. Still,whether you're in Seoul or Salt Lake City,there are cafes,bars,parks,restaurants and streets where an hour's observation can give you a better sence of a city's life than a week of going to the best restaurants in town.
↓英文です A newspaper has been lamenting the decay of the diary- keeping habit. with the natural result that several corre- spondents have written to say that they have kept diaries all their lives. No doubt all these diaries now contain the entry, "Wrote to the Daily-to deny the assertion that the diary-keeping habit is on the wane." Of such littlel things are diaries made.
I suppose this is the reason why diaries are so rarely kept nowadays-that nothing ever happens to anybody. A diary would be worth writing up if it could be written like this:- Monday.-"Another exciting day. Shot a couple of hooli- l gans on my way to business and was forced to give my card to the police. On arriving at the office was surprised to find the building on fire. but was just in time to rescue the confidential treaty between England and Switzerland. Had this been discovered by the public, war would infalli- bly have resulted. Went out to lunch and saw a runaway elephant in the Strand. Thought little of it at the time. but mentioned it to my wife in the evening. She agreed that it was worth recording."
Tuesday.-Letter from solicitor informing me that I have come into .£1,000,000 through the will of an Australian gold-digger named Tomkins. On referring to my diary I
find that I saved his life two years ago by plunging into the Serpentine. This is very gratifying. Was late at the office as I had to look in at the Palace on the way, in order to get knighted, but managed to get a good deal of work done before I was interrupted by a madman with a razor, who demanded £100. Shot him after a desperate struggle. Tea at ABC, where I met the Duke of-. Fell into the Thames on my way home, but swam ashore with- out difficulty.”
Alas! we cannot do this. Our diaries are very prosaic, very dull indeed. They read like this:- Monday.-"Felt inclined to stay in bed this morning and send an excuse to the office, but was all right after a bath and breakfast. Worked till 1.30 and had lunch. Afterwards worked till five, and had my hair cut on the way home. After dinner read a novel. Rotten. Went to bed at eleven." Tuesday.- 'Had a letter from Jane. Did some good work in the morning, and at lunch met Henry. who asked me to play golf with him on Saturday. Told him l was playing with Peter, but said I would like a game with him on the Saturday after. However, it turned out he was playing with William then, so we couldn't fix anything up. Bought a pair of shoes on my way home. but think they will be too tight. The man. says, though, that they will stretch.' Wednesday.-"Played dorninoes at lunch and won five- pence."
If this sort of diary is now falling into decay, the world is not losing much. But at least it is a harmless pleasure to some to enter up their day's doings each evening, and in years to come it may just possibly be of interest to the diarist to know that it was on Monday. 27th April, that he had his hair cut. Again, if in the future any question arose as to the exact date of Henry's decease, we should find in this diary proof that anyhow he was alive as late as Tuesday. 28th April. That might, though it probably won't, be of great importance. But there is another sort of diary which can never be of any importance at all. I make no apology for giving a third selection of extracts.
Monday.-"Rose at nine and came down to find a letter from Mary. How little we know our true friends! Beneath the mask of outward affection there may lurk unknown to us the serpent's tooth of jealousy. Mary writes that she can make nothing for my stall at the bazaar as she has her own stall to provide for. Ate my breakfast me- chanically, my thoughts being far away. What, after all, is life? Meditated deeply on the inner cosmos till lunch- time. Afterwards I lay down for an hour and composed my mind. I was angry this morning with Mary. Ah, how pretty! Shall I never be free from the bonds of my own nature? Is the better self within me never to rise to the sublime heights of selflessness of which it is capable? Rose at four and wrote to Mary, forgiving her. This has been a wonderful day for the spirit."
Yes; I suspect that a good many diaries record adventures of the mind and soul for lack of stirring adventures to the body. If they cannot say, "Attacked by a lion in Bond Street to-day," they can at least say, "Attacked by doubt in St. Paul's Cathedral." Most people will prefer, in the absence of the lion, to say nothing, or nothing more im- portant than "Attacked by the hairdresser with a hard brush"; but there are others who must get pen to paper
somehow. and who find that only in regard to their emotions have they anything unique to say. But, of course, there is ever within the breasts of all diarists the hope that their diaries may some day be re- vealed to the world. They may be discovered by some future generation, amazed at the simple doings of the twentieth century, or their publication may be demanded by the next generation, eager to know the inner life of the great man just dead. Best of all, they may be made public by the writers themselves in their autobiographies.
Yes; the diarist must always have his eye on a possible autobiography. "I remember," he will write in that great work, having forgotten all about it, "I distinctly remember"- and here he will refer to his diary-"meeting X. at lunch one Sunday and saying to him..." What he said will not be of much importance, but it will show you what a wonderful memory the distinguished author retains in his old age.
>>455 give you a (better) sense of a city's life 部分で「その町の生活の雰囲気がわかる」と訳し てみました。sense の訳としては辞書的には「感覚、感じ、感触」くらいでしょうか。「雰囲気」は私の勝手な解釈です。 still 以下は直訳すると日本語が意味不明になるので、かなり意訳しています。 better 〜 than の比較は訳文の中では『 』部分で表現しています。 「ソウルであろうとソルトレイクシティーであろうと、町で いちばん良いレストランに一 週間通う『より』、そこで一時間観察すればその町の生活 の雰囲気が『よくわかる』よう なカフェや、バー、公園、レストランや通り(←追加)などがあるものだ」
Since the beginning of the 20th century, we have witnessed the change of a basically hard-working, physically active, rural-based society into a population of anxious and troubled city and suburban residents who start to sweat and breathe hard at the mere thought of exercise and vigorous physical activity.
Driving has replaced walking, to the point where anxiety and frustration result from being unable to locate a parking space directly in front of the destination.
Japan has been slow in its promotion of women to top posts in politics and business, and is often put down for its lack of effort in global politics. But one woman, Ogata Sadako, spent most of the 1990s as UN High Commissioner for Refugees. It was a difficult job, but she brought a patient and hard-working spirit to the post. Not content to sit behind a desk, she is known for her belief in seeing a situation firsthand. Having taken on the post of UNHCR at an age when most people retire, she was ready to travel to trouble spots around the world.
Ogata became High Commissioner in 1991, a time of extraordinary change. Having ended the Cold War, political leaders were now speaking of a new world order. Democracy was growing in Central and Eastern Europe and most of Latin America. Apartheid in South Africa was coming to an end. But soon after she started as High Commissioner, almost two million Iraqi Kurds fled to Iran and Turkey. In the following years, Ogata and her team were constantly challenged to rethink he best ways to assist places like the former Yugoslavia and Central Africa.
After slowly and laboriously reaching the peak,youpause at the very top,andsurvey the landscape far below. Then,suddenly,your heart seems to stop and your stomach to leap into space. You are racing to the ground on a steep drop-and at an angel of 45 degrees or more! よろしくおねがいします
1.It is owing to the absence of character that great geniuses have been known to die in poorhouses. It is on account of character that men with little talent have died millionaries - and most respected ones , too.
2.It is not so much what a man wears as the way he wears it that marks the born gentleman. The same thing can be said of girls and women : it is the manner in which her clothes are worn that distinguishes a true lady.
3.The foreigner in Japan , so long as he is not thought to be a permanent immigrant , is treated very politely , but always as an outsider. If he speaks any Japanese at all , no matter how badly , he is praised for this remarkble accomlishment , as thought he were a little child who suddenly showed a streak of intellingence. If he is knowledgeable about Japan , he may be asked deferentially his opinions and told he knows more than they do themselves , but his opinions are regarded always as those of an outsides , not an insider.
What Is Exchange Rate? People buy and sell goods and services. In the foreign exchange markets, too, money is bought and sold. In general, the buyer of any given product tries to buy at the lowest price, and the seller seeks to sell the goods for the highest possible price. The process of buying and selling money is a similar process in which people exchange one currency for another.
The exchange rate is the price of one currency in exchange for another or the amount of currency that can be bought ors sold with another currency. Supply and demand for any currency in the marketplace determines its price, which can also be influenced by the intervention of governments acting through their central banks.
The foreign exchange market is the world’s largest market. Participants in the market include importers, exporters, portfolio managers, central banks, brokers, and banks. There is no one physical location where traders get together to exchange currencies. Traders are located in offices around the world and communicate using computers, telephones, and other information channels.
There are three major theories by which to determine exchange rates. Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) is based on the “law of one price.” PPP holds that in the long run, exchange rates will adjust to equalize the purchasing power of currencies. The Monetary Approach to determining the exchange rate seeks to find the point at which the amount of money (supply) is equal to the demand to hold the money. The Portfolio-balance Approach determines the exchange rate as with asset prices of, for example, stocks, bonds, and other money market instruments. Purchasing Power Parity:購買力平価 law of one price:一物一価の法則
長くて申し訳ありません。↑の続きです On April 19, 1995, the yen-dollar exchange rate dropped dramatically and broke the level of 80 yen for the first time. In 1997, the yen-dollar rate reversed. During those two years, the yen-dollar rate increased by more than 50%. Exchange rates sometimes make such unexpected moves. Some dealers and analysts have said, “Only markets know.”
Recently, large economical changes have called our attention to the psychological or behavioral aspect of economic phenomena. One typical example the large fluctuation of exchange rates discussed above.
In 2004, the yen appreciated against the U.S. dollar, reflecting concerns about the “twin deficits” in the United States and geo political risks.
After that, money market conditions have continued to be extremely easy, as the Bank of Japan continues to provide ample liquidity. This prevents a rise in the value of the yen. drop:円高になる 見にくかったらすいません>< 和訳お願いしますっ
people will wat media that entertain them when they want to be entertained.findthe news that they are insterested in whenever theywant it and that allows them to drill down into detail.
it will become expected that news will blend television,newspapers,editorials and education with the ability to explor deep archives.
unless you know where you are going, and way ,you cannot possibly get there.
leaders wonder abouteverything want to learn as much as they can,are willing to take risks,experiment,try new things.
many government policies that are harmful to the enviroment are also those that international trade negotiators are attempting to limit.
in fact. not only are politicies that reduce trade in forest products inffective in reducing deforestation,but limiting trade in forest products may exacerbate the problem.
in addition.eliminating trade restriction would directly improve the efficiency of wood use.
Now, let's read part of an interview with Ogata Sadako, done in the United States.
Inteviewer: How did the end of the Cold War change the nature of the work of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees? Ogata: In two ways. First,the number of refugees fleeing has gone up, and the causes for refugees to flee have also changed, from fairly clear interstate conflicts to internal ones. Second,not meaning as much as they used to, international borders are really fuzzy when there are internal conflicts. That has also changed the way we work. We can no longer wait for refugees to cross international borders before we receive them. Interviewer: But in this new environment, powerful countries are more reluctant to intervene, especially after Somalia. Ogata: I think that is fair to say, especially about the United States; many Americans lost their lives there. But also there is a limit to intervening in internal conflicts among local leaders. Not knowing the whole story, you cannot say, ‘This person is the right person,”or,‘That person is the wrong person.”It’s sometimes tribal, sometimes political, sometimes human greed, and an outside force cannot bring control in the face of these developments.
On dry land, the watertight foundation rests on a set of steel pillars. As floodwaters reach the base of the house, it begins to rise off the pillars-up to 18 feet if needed. To prevent it from floating away, tall mooring posts thread through sleeves attached to house. This allows for the buoyant structure to gently rise and fall with floodwaters the way a floating dock at a harbor seesaws up and down through tides.
Tomoe,Reiko,Mari and Ikuko were students at Chofu Women's High school in Shimonoseki City. They were chosen as athletes to take part in the Pusan-shimonoseki Goodwill Track and Field Games. The four girls were excited to see the city of Pusan when the ferry was entering the port on July 5th,1977. They saw the high school students from Pusan waving and welcoming them on the pier. "Look,that boy is cool! Can you see him?" cried Tomoe. "The boy standing by the poster?" asked Reiko. "He's mine. Don't bother with him, Reiko." "I like that tall boy," said Reiko." "I prefer a boy on our team. His name is..." said Mari. The girls cracked up laughing, expect Ikuko. She was not interested in their talk. Her interest was only in the high jump competition she would participate in.
In the evening they attended the welcome receptinon and learned the name of the Korean boy Tomoe had mentioned when the two teams were introduced. His name was Ann Teiho, and he was also a second-year student like the girls. The next day the games started. The four girls were surprised to see how hard the Korean audience cheered for the Korean team. They tried their best in each game but Mari, Tomoe and Reiko were more interested in boys. Mari was enthusiastic about a Japanese athlete, yelling and cheering him on. Tomoe was still watching Ann Teiho when he did the high jump. The final day of the games was July 7th. Ikuko and Teiho were on the same high jump field. Teiho seemed to be interested in Ikuko and came toward her. "Step back five centimeters. OK?" Teiho said to Ikuko pointing to her toes smiling. Ikuko knew what he meant and smiled back. Thanks to his advise she made a new game record. Teiho looked Ikuko in the eye and smiled. Ikuko felt something warm in her bosom
In the evening, when the Japanese athletes were enjoying some free time playing cards, they heard a click on the window. Someone had thrown a little stone. The girls looked down through the window and saw Teiho stnding outside under a tree. Tomoe cried out, "How brave! He's come to see us in spite of the curfew which stops people from going out at night." But to Tomoe's disappointment, Teiho began to talk to Ikuko in Japanese. "Ikuko, ohanashishiyo." Ikuko went out to the balcony. Teiho climbed up the tree. He could almost rearch Ikuko. She answered in English, "I wanted to talk too. Ineed to thank you for your advise. Kamsa hamnida. Five centimeters back." "It's July 7th today. Do you know Tanabata?" continued Ikuko. "Tanabata?" said Teiho. "Yes. A prince and a princess meet once a year across the Milkey Way." "Oh, that's called Chilsoek in Korean. Can I see you again next year at the games?" "Of course. I primise." "They look like Romeo and Juliet," Tomoe said with jealousy. "Let's leave them alone," Mari said and led the two gilrs away.
Teiho and Ikuko began writing to each other in English. But little by little they added sentences in Korean or Japanese. They wrote about their school lives, families, and dreams. At first Tomoe was jealous of Ikuko, but she soon accepted the situation and supported her. Moreover, the three girls started learning the Korean language as Ikuko did. But things did not always go all right. Ikuko's father was a nagashi-singer, who was losing work due to the boom in karaoke in those days. He became even more frustrated when he knew his daughter had a Korean boyfriend. ikuko noticed the same attitude among some of her neighbors. Teiho's mother also had negative feelings about the situation. She didn't like Japanese people, because her uncle had been killed by the Japanese army in the war. She wrote to Ikuko, asking her not to write to Teiho any more. She added that Ikuko's letters disturbed her son who was preparing for the coming entrance exams to college.
Teiho's letters stopped coming. Ikuko was upset. She was at a loss what to do. As she was delivering newspapers one morning, she shouted to the sea, "I hate everybody!" Ikuko didn't feel like practicing the high jump. She went home as soon as school was over. Worried about Ikuko, the other three girls called her into the club room. "We know you are upset but we need you," Reiko said. "What does track and field practice mean to you? We all like running and jumping, don't we?" asked Tomoe. "Remember how we enjoyed eating okonomiyaki after the practice? Teiho is not the only reason for you to jump. We are always together. If you forget that, you don't have to come back," said Mari with tears in her eyes. The next day, Ikuko came back to practice with them. On July 7th, 1978, Ikuko met Teiho again at the reception of the games held at shimonoseki. "Watashi no nihongo, jozuni natta desho?" Teiho said. "I've been listening to Japanese radio programs." Ikuko replied, "I've been listening to Korean programs too. Radio waves cross the sea, and so do our hearts."
That evening, the three girls handed a note to Teiho. It said in Hangul that Ikuko would wait for Teiho at eight at the observatory. They also told Ikuko that Teiho would wait for her. When Ikuko got to the observatory, the three girls were hiding inthe dark, watching for what would happen. "It's wrong to carry over our parents' hatred to our generation. But I did'nt want to make my mom sad, so Iquit writing to you. I'm sorry I hurt you. Gomen nasai," said Teiho. "It's all right now. I'm happy to know you don't hate me. I wonder if I can see you again on July 7th next year." "If I pass the college entrance exams, I'll have to work as hard as possible before I enter the military when I'm 20. So I'll see you in four years' time." "Four years! So many long years! But promise me we'll see each other again." Teiho hugged Ikuko and kissed her softly. He tried to say, "Sayonara..." but Ikuko closed his mouth with her hand. Teiho nodded and went back to his dormitory. Ikuko stood still with tears running down her cheeks. The three girls came out and held Ikuko tight. They cried together. They knew that they were sharing a precious moment and that they would always be friends.
私からもお願いします。誤字・脱字はないはずです。 とりあえずPart2分だけ 1 "Why risk it?' I am often asked. And I answer, "By his nature a sailor must sail, by his nature a flyer must fly." I have flown 400,000 kilometers; and as long as I have a plane and the sky is there, I shall go on flying more kilometers. I can recall a friend of mine, Carberry, saying, "A number of pilots have flown across the North Atlantic, west to east. Only Jim Mollison has done it alone the other way―from Ireland. Nobody has done it alone from England. lf you want to try it, Beryl, I'll back you. Want to chance it?" "Yes." I remember saying that better than I remember anything. Several months later, Tom, my old flight teacher, said, "I'm glad you're going to do it, Beryl. It won't be simple. The plane will be very heavy with fuel. If you can get off the ground in the first place, you'll be alone in that plane for about a night and a day―mostly night. Doing it east to west, the wind's against you. In September, so is the weather. If you misjudge your course only a few degrees, you'll end up in Labrador or in the sea." Wishing me luck with my flight, Jim Mollison lent me his watch. "This is not a gift," he said. "I wouldn't part with it for anything. It got me across the North Atlantic and the South Atlantic too. Don't lose it―and, for God's sake, don't get it wet. Salt water would ruin it."
2 On September 4,1936, there were press cars parked outside the field at Abingdon, but everyone was kept away from the grounds except technicians and a few of my friends. At 6:50 P.M. my plane, the Vega Gull, overloaded with petrol tanks, took off. An hour later, it is already dark. I am over the south of Ireland. There are the lights of Cork and the lights are wet; they are drenched in Irish rain, and I am above them and dry. The plane roars in a sobbing world, but it imparts no sadness to me. I feel the security of solitude and the thrill of escape. We are bound for a place 6,000 kilometers from here―3,200 kilometers of it unbroken ocean. Most of the way it will be night. We are flying west with the night. So there behind me is Cork; and ahead of me is Berehaven Lighthouse. It is the last light, standing on the last of the land. I watch it, counting the frequency of its flashes―so many to the minute. Then I pass it and fly out to sea. The fear is gone now―not overcome nor reasoned away. It is gone because something else has taken its place; my confidence and trust in my plane. I feel the wind rising and the rain falling hard. The smeil of petrol in the cabin is so strong and the roar of the plane so loud that my senses are almost deadened. よろしくお願いいたします
"If the government of Japan asked us to change things, we'd argue, we'd kick and scream, but ultimately we'd have to do it. We'd try to talk (Japan) out of it, we'd do everything we could, but, at the end of the day, we'd do it," Armitage said.
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Interviewer: Along with this reluctance, expectations about what your office should do have increased, haven't they? Ogata: There is reluctance, but there is also pressure. Before the television age, nobody really knew much of the human suffering. But now, these tragedies appear on our television screens and governments know there is something they have to do. Interviewer: So as you do your work, people see starving children or victims of war on TV. But on the other hand,leaders of powerful countries are still reluctant to give what is needed to resolve the situation. Ogata: That's right. They don't want to put the lives of their own people in danger. Interviewer: Part of your job is to persuade countries to accept refugees fleeing from their own countries. Ogata: Yes, and having made sure the borders are open, we have to establish safety and bring in the necessary relief materials. But l would like to emphasize that it is not just a matter of giving food and money to refugees. You have to ensure their safety; that is the most important part of protection work.
一枚目 A newspaper has been lamenting the decay of the diary- keeping habit. with the natural result that several correspondents have written to say that they have kept diaries all their lives. No doubt all these diaries now contain the entry, "Wrote to the Daily-to deny the assertion that the diary-keeping habit is on the wane." Of such little things are diaries made.
I suppose this is the reason why diaries are so rarely kept nowadays-that nothing ever happens to anybody. A diary would be worth writing up if it could be written like this:- Monday.-"Another exciting day. Shot a couple of hooligans on my way to business and was forced to give my card to the police. On arriving at the office was surprised to find the building on fire. but was just in time to rescue the confidential treaty between England and Switzerland. Had this been discovered by the public, war would infallibly have resulted. Went out to lunch and saw a runaway elephant in the Strand. Thought little of it at the time. but mentioned it to my wife in the evening. She agreed that it was worth recording."
二枚目 Tuesday.-Letter from solicitor informing me that I have come into .£1,000,000 through the will of an Australian gold-digger named Tomkins. On referring to my diary I
find that I saved his life two years ago by plunging into the Serpentine. This is very gratifying. Was late at the office as I had to look in at the Palace on the way, in order to get knighted, but managed to get a good deal of work done before I was interrupted by a madman with a razor, who demanded £100. Shot him after a desperate struggle. Tea at ABC, where I met the Duke of-. Fell into the Thames on my way home, but swam ashore without difficulty.”
三枚目 Alas! we cannot do this. Our diaries are very prosaic, very dull indeed. They read like this:- Monday.-"Felt inclined to stay in bed this morning and send an excuse to the office, but was all right after a bath and breakfast. Worked till 1.30 and had lunch. Afterwards worked till five, and had my hair cut on the way home. After dinner read a novel. Rotten. Went to bed at eleven." Tuesday.- 'Had a letter from Jane. Did some good work in the morning, and at lunch met Henry. who asked me to play golf with him on Saturday. Told him l was playing with Peter, but said I would like a game with him on the Saturday after. However, it turned out he was playing with William then, so we couldn't fix anything up. Bought a pair of shoes on my way home. but think they will be too tight. The man. says, though, that they will stretch.' Wednesday.-"Played dominoes at lunch and won five- pence."
If this sort of diary is now falling into decay, the world is not losing much. But at least it is a harmless pleasure to some to enter up their day's doings each evening, and in years to come it may just possibly be of interest to the diarist to know that it was on Monday. 27th April, that he had his hair cut. Again, if in the future any question arose as to the exact date of Henry's decease, we should find in this diary proof that anyhow he was alive as late as Tuesday. 28th April. That might, though it probably won't, be of great importance. But there is another sort of diary which can never be of any importance at all. I make no apology for giving a third selection of extracts.
四枚目 Monday.-"Rose at nine and came down to find a letter from Mary. How little we know our true friends! Beneath the mask of outward affection there may lurk unknown to us the serpent's tooth of jealousy. Mary writes that she can make nothing for my stall at the bazaar as she has her own stall to provide for. Ate my breakfast mechanically, my thoughts being far away. What, after all, is life? Meditated deeply on the inner cosmos till lunch- time. Afterwards I lay down for an hour and composed my mind. I was angry this morning with Mary. Ah, how pretty! Shall I never be free from the bonds of my own nature? Is the better self within me never to rise to the sublime heights of selflessness of which it is capable? Rose at four and wrote to Mary, forgiving her. This has been a wonderful day for the spirit."
五枚目 Yes; I suspect that a good many diaries record adventures of the mind and soul for lack of stirring adventures to the body. If they cannot say, "Attacked by a lion in Bond Street to-day," they can at least say, "Attacked by doubt in St. Paul's Cathedral." Most people will prefer, in the absence of the lion, to say nothing, or nothing more important than "Attacked by the hairdresser with a hard brush"; but there are others who must get pen to paper
somehow. and who find that only in regard to their emotions have they anything unique to say. But, of course, there is ever within the breasts of all diarists the hope that their diaries may some day be revealed to the world. They may be discovered by some future generation, amazed at the simple doings of the twentieth century, or their publication may be demanded by the next generation, eager to know the inner life of the great man just dead. Best of all, they may be made public by the writers themselves in their autobiographies.
六枚目 Yes; the diarist must always have his eye on a possible autobiography. "I remember," he will write in that great work, having forgotten all about it, "I distinctly remember"- and here he will refer to his diary-"meeting X. at lunch one Sunday and saying to him..." What he said will not be of much importance, but it will show you what a wonderful memory the distinguished author retains in his old age.
Interviewer:In this process, you have always been something of an optimist. Is that fair to say? Ogata: Well, I think so. All things considered, the contribution my office makes will still have an impact. That is my basic optimism. 0f course, in facing any situation, there are some times when you feel very desperate. Interviewer: For you and your team, I guess, the individual cases must be very moving. Ogata: Yes,and they encourage us to go on. This is the most rewarding part of our job, but it is also the frustrating part. Interviewer: Where do you think the UNHCR office has been most successful? Ogata: I would like people to know how we have been working toward solving the problems of refugees and helping people around the world. We have to keep in mind how many people were refugees before. Their troubles over, many of them are now a very active and important part of their society. I'm talking about finding solutions for millions of people. That is the kind of message we should send to the world. Interviewer: Dr.0gata,thank you very much for being with us today.
What is happiness? Many well-known people have said various things about happiness. Robert Frost said, "Happiness makes up in height for what it lacks in length." Helen Keller said,"When one door of happiness closes, another opens;but often we look so long at the closed door that we do not see the one which has been opened for us." How about you? People have often tried to define happiness and discover the road to it, but with little success. To do so is difficult, as many people define happiness in different ways.
According to a recent World Values Survey carried out by a group of scientists around the world, people rate themselves less happy in the group-oriented cultures of Asia, including Japan. People from these cultures, however, report higher levels of contentment. On the other hand, the people who rate themselves the happiest are from the individualistic cultures of Western Europe, North America, and Oceania. In these cultures, personal success is highly valued: if you are unhappy, you must be a failure.
Such differences seem to be linked to what the different cultures believe happiness comes from. Eastern cultures believe that happiness will only come if you are content; it cannot be chased. Western cultures, however, make happiness an individual goal to be chased, and people are not content if they are not happy. These different ideas of the importance of contentment and happiness seem to lie behind many of the cultural differences in perceived happiness.
One of the statistics which innuences population growth most is the Total Fertility Rate, or TFR. This specifies the average number of children women give birth to. At the global level, the TFR has been falling. For the 1970-75 period, the global TFR was 4.49,but by 2000- 05,the rate fell to 2.65. According to UN predictions, by 2050 the rate will have been falling for over 80 years. Current statistics for global population show that as a rule, the TFR is lower in more developed regions. For the 2000-05 period, it was 1.56 children per woman, and in some Southern and Eastern European countries, below 1.3. A few countries such as Germany, France, and the US showed minor increases in TFRs. By 2050, the overall TFR for more developed regions will rise to 1.84; however, this is still relatively low. Fertility is generally higher in less developed countries. For the 2000-05 period, the TFR for these areas was 2.9,but by 2050, the predicted TFR for these areas will have fallen to 2.07. In other words, 45 years from then, the gap between TFRs in these two regions will have been narrowing for some time. Falling global TFRs will contribute to the slowing of global population growth.
The UN has made its world population report public. Called World Population Prospects: the 2004 Revision,it presents global population data and predictions up to the year 2050. The report estimates that between 2000 and 2005, world population increased by 76 million per year on average. Although the growth rate will have slowed
down to 34 million per year by 2050, total population will be around 9.1 billion. Population trends will differ between more developed and less developed regions of the world.Figure 1 shows how the population in certain regions will grow over five- year periods. As shown by the red line, percentages in more developed countries will dip below zero in the 2030-2035 period, then decline even further.The resulting total population will also be lower. Growth rates in less developed countries will also be decreasing.The percentage will remain above zero as late as the 2045-2050 period. As a result, the population in these countries will continue to grow, but at a slower rate. ln conclusion, population growth rates are slowing down,espedally in less developed regions. 0n the other hand,in 45 years, our planet's total population will have increased by another 2.6 bmion.
One ohten sees a notice beside the elevators in Japanese department stores, libraries, and other piblic places: " Persons in wheelchairs please use only when accompanied." But it's possible for me to steer my electric-powered chair into the elevator, press the button for the floor I want, and get off there on my own. Do I really need someone to accompany me?
Sad to say, in Japan today it is hard for people with disabilities to move about freely, and it's not easy for us to live on our own. So, there's no denying the fact that we need a great deal of help. But it's the environment that forces us into that position and makes us "disabled." Suppose there were elevators in every station; suppose trains were designed for easy boarding, with no gap or height difference between the edge of the platform and the floor of the car. Then,in using the public transport system, I would have no disability. The present environment also makes others feel sorry for us because of all the things we "can't do" due to physical barriers.
Christmas Eve in 1914 was a very cold night. There was hardly any gunfire at the front. On this silent and dark night, British soldiers saw lights glimmering on the German side. And they heard a sound like a song. "That's a Christmas tree! That's a Christmas carol!" They realized the Germans were celebrating Christmas. This Christmas carol was familiar to the British soldiers. They began to sing in their own language , with one voice. There was big applause from both sides after the singing. They began to enjoy a peaceful Christmas. Then, a German soldier appeared in no-man's-land and approached the British side. He waved a white flag and shouted in broken English , "You no shoot, we no shoot!Send man out! We talk!"
When talking to children, I ohten say, "Some of you wear glasses, right? Because your vision isn't perfect, right? I use a wheelchair because my legs aren't perfect." They laugh and say,"It's the same thing." When I ask if they feel sorry for people who wear glasses, nobody does, yet when I ask,"Do you feel sorry for people in wheelchairs?" just about everybody answers,"Yes."
"But you just told me it's the same as wewaring glasses," I say." Why feel sorry for the person in the wheerchair?" They answer, "A person with bad eyesight can see just fine with glasses, but a person in a wheelchair still can't do a lot of things, so you really have to feel sorry for them." What this means is that the conditions that make people with disabilities "pitiful" can be changed.
Japanese readers may have had the experience of seeing a disabled person having difficulties at a station but not knowing what to say or how to offer help. It's sheer unfamiliarity that makes people hesitate like that and end up walking on by. Afterward, they're often disgusted with themselves, wondering why they didn't speak up. But I don't think they should blame themselves. Even now, you don't come across many disabled people in the streets or on the trains in Japan, and it's not easy to know how to approach people with whom you've had so little contact.
With so few opportunities for contact, it may be close to impossible for most Japanese to get used to being around disabled people. And so I think that children's experiences hold the key. Children don't yet have mental barriers in place. When kids being to feel at ease with disabled people, then we begin to see truly "barrier-free" minds and hearts.
A friend of mine worked for many years as a headhunter in Tokyo. In this work, she had to interview hundreds of potential Japanese candidates in order to determine their suitability for employment at her clients' firms. I asked if she had developed an efficient way to find out whether someone would be able to adapt easily to the environment of a foreign firm. Her answer surprised me.
"I only have to ask one question to find out if he or she is the right kind of person to work in a foreign firm," she said. "I ask, 'Where do you want to be in your career five years from now?'"
"This seems like an ordinary question to Americans,but for many Japanese it's quite difficult to answer, because most people here rely on their companies to plan their careers."
"I typically hear answers like 'I will do whatever my company needs me to do,' or 'I'll work hard at whatever job my company assigns to me.' People who give answers like that get crossed off my list immediately, because foreign firms don't take responsibility for employees' career planning in that way."
"They don't want people who are willing to do just anything--- they want people who have a skill, talent, or professional area they are passionate about and want to pursue."
"Also, having thought carefully about one's future and how one would like to grow and develop shows qualities and responsibility for oneself, rather than dependency on a paternalistic company."
Sixty percent of the world's population lives in the 58 countries constituting the Asia and Pacific region. To address the issues of population growth, the Fifth Asian and Pacific Population Conference was held in Bangkok,Thailand in 2002. The issue of poverty was another key theme of the conference.People existing on less than US $l per day number about 1.2 billion worldwide, and in 2002, 768 mimon of them lived in the Asia and Pacific region. Most were in South Asia, lacking both health care and education. The percentage of people living below the poverty line in this region was reduced to 24 from 34 in the 1990s. Unfortunately, in countries with high poverty levels,population issues are seldom considered when creating policies to reduce poverty. This is especially true in Pakistan, Nepal,Laos,and the Philippines. lt is expeded that by 2050, progress will have been made in understanding the connedion between poverty and population. The conference emphasized that meeting these two challenges requires economic growth,social development, and family planning services which are easily accessible and affordable.
In 1994, the International Conference on Population and Development was held. Representatives from 179 countries agreed that women's status must be raised, As part of a 20-year plan, several targets were set, and ten years later, an official report on Asia and the Pacific was released. Equal education for women was the first target. China made progress in this area; by 2000, more Chinese girls than boys were enrolled in elementary schools. The next target was greater economic opportunities for women. By the late 1990s more women were employed outside agriculture than ever before: 16 percent of women in India, 39 percent in China,and 46 percent in Sri Lanka. Increased participation in politics was another important target. Even in more developed countries, the percentage of women in national parliaments is low. In Japan, only seven percent of the seats are held by women,while 25 and 31 percent are held by women in Australia and New Zealand,respectively. The Vietnamese government has successfully raised female representation from 18 in the 1990s to 26 percent. Since 1994, the region's governments have worked to achieve better lives for all their citizens including women and the poor. If they continue on this path, the situation will have been improved even more by 2014 when the 20-year report is released.