3 Dear Mr. Van Der Hyde: You've asked me to write on what I think about life, etc., as if I had some wisdom. Maybe, by accident, I do - of course I'm not sure -all I know is I have opinions. As I began to read your letter I said to myself - here is a very wise man. Of course, it was because you expressed opinions just like my own. "Whatever he wants to do is fine with me," provided "he does it to the best of his ability." I think the only way to get true deep happiness is to do something you love to the best of your ability. In my crazy book I didn't emphasize - but it is true- that I worked as hard as I could at drawing, at deciphering Mayan, at drumming, at cracking safes, etc. The real fun of life is this perpetual testing to realize how far you can go with your potential. When you are young you only want to go as fast, as far and as deep as you can in one subject -all the others are neglected as being relatively uninteresting. But later on when you get older you find nearly everything is really interesting if you go into it deeply enough.
4 @It may encourage you to know that the parents of the Nobel prize _winner Don Glaser were advised, when their son was in the third grade, that he should be transferred to a school for children with learning disabilities. The parents stood firm and were vindicated in the fourth grade when their son turned out to be a whiz at long division. Don tells me he remembers he didn't bother to answer any of the dumb, obvious questions of the earlier grades. But he found long division a little harder, the answers not obvious, and the process fascinating, so he began to pay attention. ASo don't worry -but don't let him get too much out of hand like Don Glaser. What advice can I give him? He won't take it, of course. But the two of you, father and son, should take walks in the evening and talk about this and that. His father is a wise man, and the son I think is wise too, for they have the same opinions I had when I was a father and when I was a son too. A father and a son don't always agree, of course, but the deeper wisdom of the older man will grow out of the concentrated energetic attention of the younger. Patience.
5 Let me answer the questions in your last paragraph more explicitly. Q: What do you have to do to train yourself to be whatever you want to be? A: There are many roads all different that have been taken by many different scientists. The road I took is the one your son is taking -work hard on the things you like to do the best. Try to keep the other grades from going zero if you can. Don't think of "what you want to be, " but "what you want to do." Luckily he knows that already, so let him do it. Q: What would make a smart 16-year-old stop for a minute and think about what he really wants in his life? A: Nothing, now, I hope. But to fall in love with a wonderful woman, and to talk to her quietly in the night will do wonders. Stop worrying, Papa. Your kid is wonderful. Yours from another Papa of another wonderful kid.
Sincerely, Richard P. Feynman
Some years later, Mr. Van Der Hyde reported that his son had met a wonderful woman in college, was now married with two children, and was in the last year of his Ph.D. program in oceanography at the University of Hawaii. Mr. Van Der Hyde said that it was impossible to know how significant the letter was. But he did say, "I know it was important to me, as a parent, and I know that my son has never forgotten how one of the greats' took a few minutes just for him."
よろしくお願いします Martin's teachers get after him, I harass him more than I should, and he feels bad. He has the most problems in his non-science courses. A few months ago I came across your book. Both Martin and I read the book. VERY funnv. But we notice almost every story has some point to it. This isn't just a book of funny stories; it's a book about how the world works! Clever. You obviously know a lot about science, and you know a lot about how people work too. And who knows what would make a smart 16-year-old kid stop for a minute and think about what he really wants in his life. Maybe you could write to this kid. Tell him what you think about life, what it means to "do science," and what you have to do to train yourself to be whatever you want to be. I don't know, tell him whatever you want to tell him. Just knowing that somebody "out there" understands and cares a little can make a big difference sometimes. It helps keep the wings straight and the nose up.
Japan is a homogenous country. Have you ever heard this before? It's what I was told when I firstcame to Japan more than twenty-five years ago. I didn't know any Japanese, but I was taught the phrase SHIMAGUNI KONJO, or "island country mentality." I was told that because Japan was an archpelago in the middle of the ocean far removed from other cultures,it was difficult for Japanese to understand different kinds of people.
I was only seventeen when I first came to Japan,so I have to admit that I believed what I was told. I stayed with Japanese host families and studied Japanese. Almost all the people I saw on the street looked Japanese, so it certainly seemed homogenous at first.But many years later I know Japan has diversity!
Before we start discussing details, let's take a look at what the world "diversity" means.I hear it a lot when I go back to visit my family in California. California is on the West Coast of the United States,so there are communities of people from most countries of Asia as well as from Mexico and Central and South America. I wish I could say that, along with Caucasians and African-Americans,all of these different cultures lived peacefully together,but that is not always the case.Some people are reluctant to accept so many different languages, cultures and skin colors, while others say "Embrace the diversity!" They say having many different kinds of people means having a more lively and interesting place to live. The word "diversity" is almost always used in a positive way.
I got my first hint that not all Japanese were the same when I was engages to marry to Japanese man. It turned out that his grandparents lived in the U.S. in the early years of the twentieth century. He had aunts and uncles living in Japan who were also U.S. citizens. At the school where I taught, I had students with Korean and Chinese names. They looked like all the other students and they spoke perfect Japanese, but they had ancestry that was not Japanese. Now there are people who have come to Japan from other countries to study or work. Many of these people are of Japanese ancestry,so they have Japanese names and Japanese features but many do not speak the language and are unfamilier with Japanese culture.
B There are also more and more children of mixed heritage. One parent is Japanese and the other is not―――that describes the children of both of the authors of this book.And there are the indigenous peoples of Japan,tha Ainu and the Okinawans, both of whom have rich cultures that are different from traditional Japanese culture.There is much that we can learn from thm.
In short,there are many different types of people living here.Some have Japanese nationality,some have Japanese ancestry,and some speak Japanese,some have a combination of these characteristics,and others have none of them, but they all live here and are a part of Japanese society.
C Then there are people who have Japanese ancestry.They were born and raised in Japan by Japanese parents,but there is something about them that makes them somehow different from what we usually think of as mainstream society.Let's think of a few examples. People with physical disablities are one. In this book you will read about a woman whose husband can neither see nor hear. You'll also learn about a young girl who cannot move her arms or legs. There are people in wheelchairs,or who walk with difficulty and need assistance from others,and even people who are confined to their beds. They have different view-points that add to the diversity of Japanese society as a whole.They can teach us new things about what it means to live.
D Finally there is diversity that is more difficult to spot. People who have lifestyles that are different; a father or mother raising children as a single parent, Japanese people who have returned to this country after living in other countries,and people who do not lead their lives on the same time scale as others.When these people lead their lives in their own way we learn that there are different ways to do things.Their examples open up possibilities for the rest of us.
So I feel concerned when I see people hestate to follow their dreams because they are afraid it will make them seem somehow different and they won't fit into Japanese society. I want to say,"It's good to be different! When you make use of the part of you that is different, it makes the lives of everyone richer.It makes Japan an even better place to live." I hope that after you read this book you will agree.
English is now spoken all over the world and studied very hard in various kinds of places by large numbers of people. In South Korea, children can get the chance to use English in real situations. Here, the local government has founded English Village. It's an all-English immersion community where young guests carry out various everyday activities completely in English.
In large Chinese cities like Beijing and Shanghai, there is also a big market for English learning. As the number of foreign businesses coming into China continues to increase, English is considered to be not just useful, but even necessary for a good future career. In Southeast Asia, national officials of Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam and East Timor are sent to Singapore in order to take part in English language training programs. In Tunisia, a former French-ruled country in North Africa, English has begun to spread in schools and in businesses. The need for English has been increased by a desire to access the latest information around the world more directly through English, rather than through French.
@After that incident,Pat often walked around the town as "85-year-old Granny Pat." AEvery day she became more and more aware that this world is for the young and healthy. BShe also learned that those who are not young or healthy have very limited possivilities for enjoying life. CThe lessons Pat Moore learned have brought a new way of thinking to the world of designers. DThey have led to the concept of universtrial design. EThis idea has been applied not only to industrial products but also to city planning and welfare programs. FAbout thirty years have passed since Pat Moore's grand experiment. GNow Pat is over fifty years old. HBut she never stops working toward realizing her ideals and dreams,while always remembering the experience of "when she was 85."
You then hand the child the toy that is his to keep.
The question is of considerable interest because the adult world is filled with choices and alternative courses of action that are often about equally attractive.
1 Two old men sat on a bench one morning in a park. One was trying to read a book while the other, Harold K. Bullard, told him the story of his life in a clear loud voice. At their feet lay Bullard's Labrador retriever, who was sniffing the ankles of the listener with a large, wet nose. Bullard enjoyed talking about his past. But he faced the same problem that cannibals have: a single victim cannot be used over and over. Anyonr who spent time with him and his dog refused to share a bench with them again. So Bullard and his dog looked through the park each day, and today had found this stranger. "Yes," said Bullard, finishing the first hour of his lecture, "made and lost a lot of money in my time." "So you said," said the stranger. "Oh? already told you that, did I?" said Bullard. "Twice." "I did?" "Pardon me, but do you suppose you could move your dog? He keeps -" "Him?" said Bullard, "Friendliest dog in the world." "He keeps sniffing at my ankles." "Plastic," said Bullard, chucking. "What?" "Plastic. there must be something plastic on your pant leg. Probably those little buttons. That dog is crazy about plastics. Anyway, that's the business of the future." "his nose is wet," said the stranger. "Stop it, boy!" "Invest in plastics, I say!" "Go away!" said the stranger to the dog. "When I was young..." "Sorry," said the stranger. He shut his book, stood and pulled his ankle away from the dog. "Good day, sir."
2 He walked across the park, found another bench, and began to read. Moments later, though, he felt the dog's nose on his ankles again. "oh - it's you!" said Bullard sitting down beside him. "He was following you. You see, he loves plastics." He looked about happily. "Say, do you work in the plastics business?" "My work?" said the stranger, "Sorry - I've never worked since Edison set up his laboratory next to my home and showed me the intelligence analyzer." "Thomas Edison, the inventor?" said Bullard, suspiciously. "What's an intelligence analyzer? I've never heard of that." "Of course not," said the stranger. "Mr. Edison and I promised to keep it a secret." "When I was a boy of mine, a young man set up a laboratory next door to my home. It was Edison. I didn't meet him right away, but his dog Sparky and I got to be friends. He was a dog just like yours." "Is that so?" "Well, one day sparky and I were wrestling around, and we wrestled right up to the door of Edison's laboratory. Somehow, we crashed through the door! "I was scared. Edison was there with wires hooked to his ears and a little black box in his lap! I started to run, but he caught me. '''Boy,' said Edison. '''Yes, sir.' '''For over a year, I've been trying to find a filament that will last in a light bulb. Hair, string, metal - nothing works. So while I was trying to think of something else to try, I started working in another idea of mine. I put this this together,' He said, showing me the little black box. 'I made this intelligence analyzer here. It works!' "And it did work. The smarter a person was, the more the needle on the little black box moved to the right. Now, I'm not intelligent, but at that moment, I said something smart." "What?" said Bullard.
The advice that young people most often hear is: Plan for the future;put off immediate pleasure for long term benefit. Steve Jobs has a different message. His third story is about the importance of following your heart.
"Every morning I look in the mirror and ask myself,'If today were the last day of my life, would I want to do what I am about to do today?' This is the most important thing I've ever encountered to help me make the big choices in life. It is the best way to keep from thinking you have something to lose. There is no reason not to follow your heart. "You don't have all the time in the world,so don't waste it living someone else's life. Don't let the noise of others' opinions drown out your own inner voice and heart. They somehow already know what you truly want to become. "When I was young,there was an amazing magazine called The Whole Earth Catalog. This was in the late 60s,and it was idealistic,full of big ideas. Finally in the mid-70s,when I was your age,The Whole Earth Catalog ran its course. On the back cover of the final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road,the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous.Beneath were the wards,"Stay hungry,stay foolish." I have always wished that for myself,and now,I wish that for you.Stay hungry,stay foolish"
One specialist says, "There's never been a language before that is spoken by more people as a second language than as a first." The new English speakers aren't just studying English as a second language, but they are also changing it and even creating their own version of it. While British or American English has been a model for learners of English in the classroom, new varieties of English are being born in every corner of the world. For example, a Tagalog-English hybrid is now spoken in the Philippines, and Hinglish, a mix of Hindi and English, can be seen and heard everywhere in South Asia from fast-food shops to universities.
In South Africa, many people consider their own kind of English, with many words of their native languages mixed in, as a sign of freedom. One African actor says, "We speak English with our own accent and point of view." Challenging the power of British or American English in Europe, some people in the European Union are promoting another kind called Euro English. They expect it to possibly become the standard language for the EU sometime in the future, because they feel it would be more familiar to non-native speakers of English. English once belonged to only native speakers in Britain or the U.S., but now it seems to be owned by everyone who speaks and uses it.
It may seem to be a paradox, but with the spread of English, speakers of other languages could consider their own local languages more important for their own cultural traditions. In Germany, for example, people have been enjoying the benefits of using English to access global communication; as a recent study shows, most German teachers support using English as a common means of communication in Europe. But at the same time, they respect their natiional language for the role it plays in maintaining their cultural identity. In the United States, the Census Bureau reports that nearly one American in five speaks a language other than English at home, with Spanish leading and Chinese growing fast. As these cases show, there is no need to choose which to use, either one's mother tongue or English: there is a place for both.
As more and people learn English as a foreign language, it may be the case in the future that the world will move toward becoming a bilingual society. We will meet more people for international communication. Japan is perhaps not an exception . From now on, each one of us should think about his or her own purpose and goal for learning the English language.
I am writing to tell you that we have a background artist. When his background art is complete we will tell you. Here are samples of his art in progress.
We hope you are able to do character art when backgrounds are ready.
I shall always be grateful for the opportunity of working here in the orphanage.it is more wonderful than anything you can imagine to feel the love and confidence these children give you,and the knoeledge that you are needed. They may not say thank you in so many words but the way they come to take you for granted and trust you ー as they would their own parents ー means much more.The job is full of difficult and when I started I could not have believed that I should learn to cope with the responsibility of these children that was thrust on me,nor would I have thought that T should be able to inspire the children’s complete confidence
A similar movement can be seen in other countries,too. In Australia,the native Aborigines are trying to preserve their language and cultures. they have been discriminated against in sosiety for a long time and the speakers of their native tongues are rapidly decreasing in number. A group of Aborigines have established a small publishing company. The reason is that they want to maintain their native tongue.
This is also the case with the Ainu in Japan. Once the Ainu were not allowed to speak theirnative tongue or live in their traditional way. As a result,their langage and culture were dying out. In order to perserve them,the Ainu have begun to teach their nativetongue to their children and have built some museums of Ainu folk art.
>>48 私たちには background artist がいることをあなたに告げるために(これを)書いています。 彼の background art が完成したらまた知らせます。これは進行中の彼のアートのサンプルです。 私たちは background art が用意できた後で、あなたにキャラクターアートをしてもらえたらと 思っています。
One thing that is really nice about mathematics is that it lasts forever. As soon as you show that something is true in the world of mathematics it will always be true. So it will be true thousands of years from now just like it is today. Pythagoras(ca.585-500 B.C.)is remembered mostly for his result on the relation between te sides of a special triangle. The theorem that has his name is as true today,in2009,as it was 2,500 years ago when he first discovered it! And it will always be true. You should think about where we use mathematics in everyday life. What's really cool about science is that it uses the language of mathematics in order to make predictions about the future of things. For example,long after we have left this planet of ours, the sun will still continue in its orbit around the milky way, the moon will still keep its revolutions around the earth, almost like clockwork,and the mathematics describing these motions will still be valid even though there is no one here on earth to interpret them! Isn't it incredible?
Mathematics is useful everywhere you look. When you buy something at a store and you have a“discount”, you know you will pay less than normal,but that is mathematics too. Then when you go to the bank, or you read your cell phone bill, all this involves mathematics, simple mathematics but still it is mathematics. Also note that every time you change money to go to on holidays in Europe or to the USA, you have to buy US dollars and sell your yen. This exchange is useally mathematical and requires some knowledge of basic interest rates, and ideas from “foreign exchange”.
Did you ever think about how satellites can stay in orbit around the earth without crashing down? This is a difficult question in physics and the mathematics require “Calculus”. Still,we know why now because of advanced mathematics.
Even the world markets,the New York Stock Exchange, the Nikkei,uses mathematics in order to determine stock prices every second,and investors use it to determine the best price of the stock. Einstein used difficult mathematics called“tensoranalysis” to create his theory of general relativity and recently physicists have been using“string theory”to explain how the forces of nature came together.
Geometry is used in building homes,in designing new buildings, so it is used by architects,engineers,and surveyors(people who measure distances across the land). The United Nations building in New York is in the shape of a Golden Rectangle. This is a very old rectangular shape where the ratio of the sides is x:1 where x is one plus the square root of five,all divided by two. This means that the ratio of the height to its base is about 1.618... a number that we call the“golden number”and that was used by the Greeks thousands of years ago.
Even Leonardo Da Vinci used mathematics in what he did. He used it to construct regular polytopes in three dimensions, these are three-dimensional versions of the square, pentagon,hexagon,etc.they are also called the regular solids. He also studied“perspective” ,an idea discovered by Brunelleschi that would be used to represent three dimensions on a flat surface and thus lead to a Renaissance in Art in Italy.
Most people are afraid of sharks, but they usually do not know very much about them. For example, there are 350 kinds of sharks, and all of them are meat eaters,. Some sharks are very big. The whale shark is 50 to 60 feet long. But some sharks are 100 milliojn years old. In fact, they lived at the same time as dinosaurs. Today, sharks live in every ocean in the world, but most sharks live in warm water. They keep the oceans clean because they eat sick fish and animals. Most sharks have four to six rows of teeth. When a shark's tooth falls out another tooth moves in from behind. Sharks do not have ears. However, they "hear" sounds and movements in the water Any sound or movement makes the water vibrate. Sharks can feel these vibrations, and they help the sharks find food. Sharks use their large eyes to find the food, too. Most sharks see best in low light. They often hunt for food at dawn, in the evening, or in the middle of the night. Scientists want to learn more about sharks for several reasons. For example, cancer is common in many animals, including people. However, it is rare in sharks. Scientists want to find out why sharks almost never get cancer. Maybe this information can help people prevent cancer too.
When Steve Jobs was twenty-one, he started Apple in his parents' garage with his friend Steve Wozniak(Woz). They worked hard for ten years and Apple grew into one of the major computer companies. Steve Jobs was just thirty years old when suddunly life changed. His second story is about love and loss.
"I got fired! How can you get fired from a company you started? Well,as Apple grew,we hired someone who I thought would be very good to run the company with me,but then we had a falling-out. Our board of directors sided with him,and so at thirty,I was fired. It was devastating. I didn't know what to do for a few months. But something slowly began to dawn on me. I still loved what I did. I'd been rejected but was still in love. And I decided to start over.
"Getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could ever have happened to me.The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again.During the next five years I started two new companies, one of which is now the most successful animation studio in the warld. Not only that,I fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife.
"In a remarkable turn of events,Apple bought one of my companies and returned to Apple. Lorene and I have a wonderful family together. None of this would have happened if I hadn't been fired from Apple. Sometimes life's going to hit you in the head with a brick.Don't lose faith. Find what you love.Love what you do.If you haven't found it,keep looking.Don't settle."
和訳お願いします。 Moscow’s typically traffic-clogged central thoroughfare was jammed this day with people, basking in a rare late-winter sun as a fire department marching band in lime-green uniforms and shiny gold helmets warmed up for a spring festival parade. As the band prepared to march, Vladimir K. Kazerzin moved in with his men to help clear a path through the crowd. Mr. Kazerzin is a former philosophy teacher, not a police officer, and that is the point. He leads a contingent of volunteers, called druzhiniki, who patrol with increasing frequency in the capital alongside the professionals to bolster their ranks and, at times, counter their belligerence. “Look at that sad-looking soldier in comparison with my guys,” Mr. Kazerzin said with a glimmer of pride, pointing out a particularly morose conscript soldier working crowd control along with his volunteers. Nearby, Moscow police officers barked aggressively at the crowd from under big fur hats to clear out, prompting snarls of indignation. Meanwhile, Mr. Kazerzin’s men, mostly college students in red armbands and with piercings glittering in their ears, smiled and chatted with passers-by while directing them to spots where they could watch the parade without getting in the way. For those who recall life in the Soviet Union, the druzhiniki are often a nostalgic reminder of the citizen patrols of students and grandmothers walking the streets in red armbands at the behest of the Communist Party to keep a lookout for hooligans and petty criminals.
She often performs with bare feet-mainly because she feels the vibrations of the music through the floor.
"The thing about percussion," Evelyn says, "is that you can create all these emotions-sometimes beautiful,sometimes ugly, sometimes sweet, and sometimes as big as King Kong.
There can be a storm of sound, or the sound can be so refined."
Not all percussion is loud and pounding.
Evelyn gets upset with reporters because they sometimes ask too many questions about her deafness.
As Evelyn puts it, "If you want to know about deafness, you should interview an ear docotor.
@ The different people who make up a given country depend on many things, for example, it's geographical location, It's economic situation,matters of politics――such as war,and the laws of the country. Expect for Native Americans,almost all Americans have come to the US from other countries in the past 400 years.Most people have arrived in the past 200 or so years.It is therefore a land of immigrants,with more people arriving each day. On top of that,any child born in the country automatically becomes a US citizen. Over the years,the US has often been referred to as a "melting pot", a place where all races and cultures are mixed together until they are indistinguishable. These days,however,it is being referred to as a "mosaic".A mosaic is a piece of art created with many different elements. The combination of distinct elements pieced together is what makes the mosaic a beautiful piece of art.
A Diversity in the US is highly visible when compared to that in Japan. Although there are many places where the majority of the population is Caucasian, most urban areas are a rainbow of humanity.Some schools are full of children with parents who do not speak English.And despite the matter of language or color,the majority of these people are US citizens. Added to all of this is the modern trend of intermarriage. After several generations in the US,members of individual ethnic groups feel less and less obliged to marry among themselves. This trend for intermarriage and bearing children of mixed heritage is refferred to as "the browning of America." Many experts predict that it will not be long until people of a single ethnic background will be the minority, and the majority will have a light brown complexion that reflects a diversified background.
B The range of diversity has progressed to the point where it has become almost impossible to make individual categories of race or origin. Many have opted for the terminology "Americans of Color" to include all people of non-Caucasian,Black,Native American and Asian,when the media tried to pigeonhole him as the first African-American golf star. Children in California,where my own children went to school for a time, are required to choose an ethnic category for themselves.We were at a loss to find one on the list that sounded just light.They certainly were not Japanese Americans,this was used for Americans of Japanese, descent.They might better be discribed as American Japanese,or Japanese citizens of American descent,but that was not quite right either because they did have American citizenship.
@A few days after Doob’sarrival my diary start having many entries such as “shoot bull with Doob”,“thirteen games(!) of squash with Doob, 7:6 his favor”,and “Doobs class good”. 〔I wasn’t in his class―I wasn’t ready for it−but I dropped in to audit every now and then.〕 In one of our ready squash games I missed a shot, and swore in exasperation. “just call me Joe”,he said. We talked about mathematics, not to the exclusion of politics and music and professional gossip and many other human concerns, but more than about anything else. Is there a set in the plane such that…?,…but if the derivative itself is not differentiable, dose it still follow that…? The mathematics curriculum at Illinois was skimpy in those days and not perfectly up to date. It was probably no worse than at most other universities; the number of exceptions (such as Chicago, Harvard,and Princeton ) must have been very small. Doob was the first well-informed modern mathematician in the department; Martin and Bear, and subsequently many others,started coming later.Although I spent my professional life thinking about ergodic theory, topological groups, mathematical logic ,and functional analysis, subject that were hot news in the 1930’s, when I got my Ph.D. わからないのでおねがいします
AIn 1938 I had been exposed to hardly any part of any of them, and I certainly never had a course in any of them. A few of us graduate students organized a seminar based on Banach’s book foe a short while, but except for that what went on was routine course material that did not come near the frontiers of research. Doob was not a missionary, but just by being himself he began to instill a new spirit in the place. The graduate students he had to face had the algebra, analysis ,and geometry that I’ve been telling about. Second and third year gradate courses on borderline subject such as homological algebra, differential topology, and functional analysis, which became quite common later, were unknown then; the only thing remotely resembling them was a rarity like a course on elliptic functions that Carmichael offered once. During my last year Doob tried something new: he gave the course in topology that I mentioned before.It was mainly set-theoretic, but it included some homotopy and the classification of 2-dimensional compact manifolds. For many years after coming to Illinois, while he supervised several Ph.D. theses on stochastic processes, Doob was never given a chance to teach a research course on his specialty; his students learned the background by reading the original literature themselves. I am not trying to imply that that’s bad−maybe it’s better than the predigestion system−but nowadays it words certainly horrify many graduate students and many would-be teachers of prestingious research courses おねがいします
@ Some in Mexico might feel that people who refuse to provide a Christmas gift to their underpaid mailman deserve to have their mail tossed in the basura.
But the greater problem is that people in Mexico have to pay bribes for even the most routine interactions with government officials:A 2001 study of 16000 Mexican house holds by Transparency Mexico,the local arm of the corruption-fighting organization Transparency International,determined that residents of Mexico City have to pay bribes for nearly 25 percent of the basic government services they receive.
They calculated the average bribe at around 100 pesos,about$10. Bribes were reportedly highest in activity related to cars:retrieving an impounded car required the mordida 57 percent of the time;avoiding traffic tickets(just or unjust),56 percent of the time;and avoiding other traffic offenses,54・5 percent of the time.
Bribes in Mexico are also common and indeed are often deemed necessary for obtaining business licenses and other types of permits.
A Widespread corruption is not the norm in every country.
Transparency International scores countries from 1 to 10 based on perceptions of corruption by businesspeople and country analysts, those closer to 10 being the most honest and closer to 1 the most corrupt.
By this measure,Iceland tops the charts with a(non−)corruption score of 9.7,followed closely by countries such as New Zealand,Singapore, and Finland with scores ranging from 9.4 to 9.6.
Nigeria,Myanmar,Turkmenistan,and Haiti are at the bottom of the list with scores of 1.7 to 1.9. Mexico scores a 3.5.
Clearly many different outcome are possible with corruption. What accounts for these differences?
So as the growing wealth of China led to a doubling of its meat consumption over the last decade,it has turned to Brazilian soybeans to feed its exploding population of chickens and pigs.
The world contains about 6,900 languages, but linguists believe that at least half of these will become extinct during this country. Languages are always changing and adapting to speaker's needs; death is a natural part of that process. Yet languages are disappearing faster than ever before. As fluent speakers of dying languages grow older and languages such as English, Spanish, Arabic and Chinese overwhelm small cultures, fewer young people learn to use their native language. Every ten days or so, the last fluent speaker of a language dies, together with key linguistic information.
Though we have a limited number of written documents or recordings of some extinct languages, most have never been written down. They disappear without any documentation of their sounds, words or sentence patterns. Such information can give us important clues about how the brain learns, organizes and processes language.
In addition, endangered languages often have unique characteristics that help linguists understand the limits and diversity of language. They may hold knowledge about the natural world and even give us some insights into human migrations.
@The Supreme Court ruling on Brown v. Board of Education,which occurred in the middle of the decade,was the first important break between the order,more staid America that exited at the start of the era and the new ,fast-paced,tumultuous America that saw the decade's end. the second was Elvis Presley.In cultural terms,his coming was nothing less than the start of a revolution. Once,in the late sixties,Lenard Bernstein,the distinguished American composer and conductor,turned to a friend of his named Dick Clurman,an editor at Time magazine. They were by chance discussing political and social trends. "Elvis Presley," said Bern stein, "is the greatest cultural force in the twentieth century."
AClurman thought of the sultry-faced young man from the South in tight clothes and an excessive hair cut who wiggled his body while he sang about hound dogs. Bernstein's statement seemed a bit much. "What about Picasso?" he began,tryng at the same time to think of other major cultural forces of the century. "No," Bernstein insisted, and Clurman could tell that he was deadly serious, "it's Elvis. He introduced the beat to everything and he changed everything━the sixties comes from it. Because of him a man like me barely knows his musical grammar anymore." Or,as John Lennon, one of Elvis's admirers, once said, "Before Elvis there was nothing,"
BSam Philips, Memphis recording man,enthsiast of black music,had been looking for years for someone like Elvis━a white who could sing like a black boy and catch the beat of black music. Elvis,Philips later said, "knew I was there a long time before he finally walked into my studio. I saw that Crown Electric Company truck that he was driving pull up a number of times outside the studio. He would sit in it and try to get his courage up. I saw him waiting there long before he got the nerve to come in. "Elvis Presley walked into that studio in summer of 1953. He was an odd mixture of a hood━the haircut, the clothes, the sullen, alienated look;and a sweet little boy ━ curiously gentle and respectful, indeed willing and anxious to try whatever anyone wanted. Everyone was sir or ma'am. Few young Americans, before or after, have looked so rebellious and been so polite.
CSam Philips immediately liked Presley's early greaser style. There is some dispute as to whether Sam Philips was in the studio the day that Elvis first walked in. Marion Keisker,Philips's secretary, believes he was not , and in her account she takes credit for his first recording. Philips insisted that he was there, and that while Ms, Keisker may have spoken to him first, heactually cut Presley's first disc. "It's a very expensive piece of equipment and I wasn't about to let a secretary use it," he noted. "What do you sing?" Marion asked. "I sing all Kind," she remembered him answering. "Well, who do you sound like?" she prodded. "I don't sound like nobody," he replied. He told her he wanted to cut a record for his mother's birthday, which was still several months away. So he sang into Sam Philips's little record machine, getting his three dollars' worth.
和訳お願いします。 Though their numbers have dwindled since the Soviet collapse, the government is working to revive the druzhiniki in part to help law enforcement agencies combat what officials fear will be a spike in crime and public disorder amid the growing unemployment and rising prices of the economic crisis. A group of lawmakers in Russia’s Parliament is pushing legislation that could enhance the authority of existing volunteer patrols.
Today, these volunteer groups appear little different from the civilian neighborhood watch organizations found in many countries. But in Russia they offer a rare example of volunteerism in a society that remains largely skeptical of civic groups after years of forced social activism in the Soviet Union, though some fear a return to the days of civilian informers. But the groups’ proponents dismiss such fears. When it comes to protecting children and driving teenaged hooligans from the playground, people will come together,” said Vasily I. Solmin, a former submariner in Russia’s Pacific Fleet, who now heads a group of druzhiniki in Moscow. Druzhiniki all but disappeared after the Russian government withdrew its support with the collapse of the Soviet Union, but re-emerged in force in Moscow following terrorist attacks on two apartment buildings that killed hundreds in 1999, said Irina Svyatenko, a Moscow City Parliament member.
“At that time, people just decided to start patrolling their neighborhoods,” she said. “They did not ask anyone for permission, and there was no government initiative. People just decided that this was needed.”
@ Many of these differences are influenced by people's expectations about the behavior of others.
Suppose that in a country like Mexico government officials and common citizens believed that a new campaign would indeed produce a significant public backlash against corruption.
officials would be more hesitant to solicit the mordida if they expected that irate citizens would be likely to report them.
Citizens would be less willing to offer the mordida if they expected that officials would refuse it or maybe even report them for offering it.
In this way, the phenomenon of corruption is a problem of coordination, where entire societies coordinate themselves around corruption or noncorruption.
The problem in the game is that history matters;past experience shapes people's expectations about the present and future.
And it is hard to expect that public officials will behave honestly if the past provides little basis for such,and hard to expect that people won't pay bribes if they always have.
In this sense,Mexico remains a prisoner of its own expectations.
A What makes rich countries rich and poor countries poor?
Over 230 years since Adam smith produced his(1776)classic An Inquiry into Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, economists continue to inquire about the nature and causes of the wealth of nations.
Although there is arguably no more important question in economics, the process of economic growth,the underlying causes of entrenched poverty, and the best set of development policies for reducing poverty all have remained, in many respects,unresolved mysteries.
The short answer to the question of why poor countries are poor is that,relative to the rich countries,poor countries lack capital,technology, education,and the subsequent division of labor that these factors of production naturally create.
However,Saying that developing countries are poor because they lack capital,technology, and education is a little like saying that some people are hungry because they don't have enough to eat−true,but unhelpful.
The more important issue is why capital, technology, and education are so scarce in some countries,While they are so abundant in others.
Absent an understanding of these underlying causes,policies that have simply tried to push more investment,more technology transfer, and more education on the developing world haven't worked very well.
The poorest parts of the developing world are falling farther behind.
これの和訳をお願いします “the barriers of racial feeling [between Japanese and foreigners], of emotional differentiation, or language, of manners and beliefs, are likely to remain insurmountable for centuries.”
So wrote the Greco-Irish Japanophile and resident of Japan Lafcadio Hearn wrote about the great wall of misinterpretation and misapprehension that he saw towering between japanese and non-japanese more than 100years ago.
In Hearn's era very few foreigners living in Japan spoke the language or took more than a passing interest in its people's true aspirations. We can safely say now that that great wall is no more than a waist-high hedge. Non-Japanese people from all countries of the world have come to live in Japan, experiencing everyday life here virtually as natives.
And yet...read letters sent to the editors of Japan's English-language dailies, and you will encounter a long list of grievances. Many non-Japanese people believe that the Japanese are, at best, barely tolerant of outsiders or, at worst, bitterly hostile to them.
Let'sgo back, for a moment, to Hearn's era. Hearn himseif was then one of an exceedingly small number of foreigners who took Japanese citizenship. The Western community at the time, from missionary to merchant, considered doing that to be an outrageous act. Forsaking the superior Christian white man's culture for an Asian one went against all proper notions of what true civilization signified and entailed.
Equally, from the point of view of the japanese, intent then on rapid Westernization, such a move as naturalization by foreigners was an absolute puzzlement.
度々すいません。出来なかったので和訳お願いします。 There are now as many as 17,000 volunteers in Moscow and units in more than 40 other regions of Russia, said Vyacheslav I. Kharlamov, an assistant to the chief of the Moscow druzhiniki. In the capital, volunteers help the police with crowd control at major public events like concerts, sporting events, festivals and protests.
A favorite among the druzhiniki is working the annual Fourth of July reception put on by the American Embassy. “They even feed us and sometimes give us a bottle of beer,” Mr. Kazerzin said.
In Soviet days, he said, they could detain people on misdemeanor charges and write traffic tickets, and they were compensated if injured while on patrol. For the most part, today’s druzhiniki get little outside of free public transportation and the red armband.
“We should be working on those issues that the police simply don’t have time for, like small street crimes and crime prevention, ” Mr. Kharlamov said.
The new legislation, which will probably come up for hearings in Russia’s Parliament this spring, would institute the druzhiniki on a federal level and allow them to impose fines for failure to obey their orders and provide compensation for injuries suffered while on patrol. Legislators have even debated the possibility of allowing the volunteers to carry weapons like batons or stun guns.
my english is not good i think you english is GOOD (AND THANK YOU I WANT YOU FRIEND TO I FEEL THAT YOU A GOOD PERSON {ARIGATO\\\} YOU CAN WRITE ME ANYTIME ABOUT (ANIME OR YOUSELF)\\\
His careless remark did not only do harm to his relatioship with his friends; it also made him less confident of himself.
It is widely believed that every word has a correct meaning; that a dictionary tells us the correct meaning of a word ; and that what a dictionary says is always true.
He is an atheist―a disbeliever in God.
When we went on a picnic, we had really serene weather―It was a fine and calm day.
As a " Rule of Thumb ", Psychologists use 95% certainty as being acceptable. If possible , they prefer 99% certainty , i.e. only 1% chance of being wrong. Which basically means : We are 95% sure there's a difference in the direction predicted. New students to the subject are often surprised , and sometimes initially put off , by these statistics - but they're essential to the scientific approach. Anyway , it's not necessary to know why these tests work , just that they do. Statistical tests are simply tools to get the job done.
>>122ありがとうございます!本当に助かりました!自分の訳したものと照らし合わせて頑張ってみます!えっと、Which basically means の後の We are 95% sure there's a difference hn the direction predicted.はどう訳したらいいのでしょうか?
I guess media can distort the actual interview they had and manipulate it so the chinese look bad. But stil judging from Ai-chan's expressions( she is a fluent speaker who understands the convo perfectly fine, right?) you can tell that the interviewer's questions were something of the sort which exceeded the "line". I don't think even western interviewers go this far, even if they were interviewing their most critical opponent. Even if they did, they'd do merge it well with humour.
The biped walking robot demonstrates a stable limit cycle on shallow slope. In previous researches, this passive gait was shown to be sensitibe to ground slope and initial conditions. In this paper, we discuss the feedback stabilization of a biped robot by the "energy shaping" technique. Two designs are proposed to reduce the sensitivity of the biped walking robot to slope and initial conditions. In the first design, a moving mass actuator is located on each link of the robot. The actuators are used to shape the potential energy of the biped robot so that it tracks the potential energy of a known passive gait of a similar biped robot on different slope. Although the method is applied to a simple kneeless planar biped, our results are completely generalizable and may be applied to general n-link bipeds. The second design uses a momentum wheel, which is placed on the hip of the robot to shape the energy of the biped. We use the controlled Lagrangian method to design the controller, and the simulation is carried out to show its performance. In the controlled Lagrangian method, either the total energy or the Lagrangian of the uncontrolled system is modified so that the Euler-Lagrange equations derived from this modified expression, called the controlled Lagrangian function, describe the closed loop equations of the system.
Orientalism is the generic term that I have been employing to describe the Western approach to the Orient; Orientalism is the discipline by which the Orient was(and is)approached systematically, as a topic of learning, discovery, and practice. But in addition I have been using the word to designate that collection of dreams, images, and vocabularies available to anyone whohas tried to talk about what east of the dividing line.
自力で訳せなかったので どなたか和訳お願いします。 The most global markets currently are not market for consumer product-where national differences in taste and preference are still often important enough to act as a brake on globalization-.
DSam philips listened to Presley a few time and was sure that Elvis had some kind of special talent, but he just wasn't sure what it was. He was not a particularly good guitar picker, but there was a sound almost buried in there that was distinctive."Do you have any friend you woodshed with?" Philips asked him. Woodshedding was aterm to mean musician going off and working together. Elvis repiled, no Philips said he had two friend, and he called Scotty Moore at his brother's dry-cleaning shop. Moore was an electric-guitar player and philips suggested he and Bill Black, a bassist work out with Elvis. After a few weeks of working together, the three of them went to Philips's studio to record. Philips by chance entered the date in his log: July 5, 1954.For a time the session did not go paticularly well. Elvis's voice was good, but it was too sweet, thought on a piece, by a famed black bluesman named Arthur Crudup, called "That's All Right, Mama."
ECrudup was a Mississippi blues singer who had made his way to Chicago with an electric guitar. He was well known within the narrow audience for black blues. He had recorded this particular song seven years eariler, and nothing had happened with it. Suddenly, Elvis Presley let go: He was playing and jumping around in the studio like all the gospel singers, black and white, he had watched onstage. Soon his two sidemen joined him. "What the hell are you doing?" Philips asked. Scotty Moore said he didn't know. "Well, find out real quick and don't lose it. Run through it again and let's put it on tape," Philips said. They turened it into a record
Wayne Gould walked into the offices of the Times of London. Gould, a retired judge from New Zealand, had been visiting Japan and had come across an interesting number puzzle. It took Gould only a few minutes to convince a Times editor that the game would make a great feature. About a year later, the number puzzle, called sudoku, was appearing in newspapers across Europe, North America and Africa. Several books on the puzzle also became available worldwide. The word "sudoku" was nominated for the Oxford English Dictionary's "word-of-the-year" in 2005.This puzzle is just part of a wave of Japanese ideas and products that are making a splash around the world. Back in the 1980s, Japan was largely known abroad as a leading manufacturer. These days, Japanese culture is getting most of the attention. A growing number of people who have never visited Japan have taken a renewed interest in Japanese food, lifestyle and design. The meaning of "Made in Japan" is changing rapidly. Tokyo-based Brendan McMahon, an expert on brands in Asia, says, "People aren't looking to Japan only for electronic goods but ideas about how to live. Westerners see the Japanese have a culture of natural health in diet and lifestyle, and they want to learn from it.
Sushi, of course, was the trailblazer for Japanese cultural exports. It firmly established the image of Japanese food as both delicious and healthy. One legend says the history of modern nigiri sushi began at a street-food stall in Edo in 1824. The stall's owner, Hanaya Yohei, first crowned vinegared rice with a slice of raw fish. Soon nigiri-sushi stalls opened one after another in Edo. The United States played an important role in sushi's crossover from native cuisine to a global food. The West Coast accepted sushi first. The California roll, which was invented in 1973 in Los Angeles by a Japanese chef, helped make sushi more popular than ever before. Following this, several new kinds of American-style sushi were born. Sushi became the new health food, especially among the upper-middle class. Gradually sushi spread across the country with the growing health boom of the 70s and 80s. For a long time, however, a lot of Americans hesitated to eat raw fish. Sushi was thought of as a special food for health-conscious people. In 1994, when Matsuhisa Nobuyuki opened a Japanese restaurant in Manhattan, sushi finally arrived in the fashion mainstream. One key to Nobu's success was his "new-style sashimi." For example, one of his creations was raw fish, ginger spears, shallots and ponzu sauce with heated sesame and olive oil poured over the top.
In the past several years, Japanese cuisine has spread beyond Manhattan sushi bars and into ordinary restaurants, where the chefs are blond and the menus are in English. Kitchens are likely to begin a meal with edamame in place of bread sticks, serve fish raw rather than deep-fried and use soba instead of pasta.Sometimes the Japanese influence is as subtle as a drop of ponzu added to a dressing; at other times it's much less subtle , such as mashed potatoes creamed with wasabi It is interesting that this trend began without any relation to sushi. It all began around the 60s, when Japanese students at the famous cooking schools in France gave away their own trade secrets. The simplicity and sophistication of Japanese food presentation impressed chefs in three-star restaurants, and this had a great influence on nouvelle cuisine. Later, when nouvelle cuisine swept American cities, it carried along its strong Japanese element. Following this, with American's increasing attention to health, American chefs turned further to Japanese recipes for inspiration. The greatest effect has been cutting the need for fat, heavy creams and butter as 3 taste booster. Americans have realized Japanese food is healthful without giving up flavor. And few foods other than Japanese have the advantage of appearing both diet-friendly and trendy.
As a "brand," Japan has come to mean health and longevity for many people. Neal's Yard, the British leader in holistic health, has brought shiatsu massage to UK high streets. Many people are interested in the "energy" ideas that underpin shiatsu and have begun to use shiatsu for improving their lifestyle. We often associate health with beauty. In fact, Japan has also established a reputation abroad for beauty products. In the States, there is a strong niche for Japanese hair straightening, which is considered revolutionary because it is both more effective and less damaging than other treatments. And a 50-year-old Japanese skin cream has taken off in sales. Its main selling point: it's Japanese. We now find Japanese things all over the world, from cars and high-tech products to karaoke, anime, ikebana, and sudoku. And it's no longer surprising to find capsule hotels on your way from Heathrow airport to central London. We can say that a wide variety of Japanese cultural things are being appreciated abroad at last. And more to the point, these unique Japanese things have now become usual and common in the world, just as we naturally find a lot of foreign things in our daily lives. For people in other countries, recent Japanese cultural exports have added a whole new meaning to "Made in Japan."
When the moon is low,near the horizon,it looks when it is higher overhead. The effect is especially noticeable when it is a full moon. People have been wondering about this for at least two thousand years, since long before they even knew what the moon was or how it moves around Earth. Now would you believe that in today's space age we still don't know the answer to the puzzle about its apparent size?
As you can imagine,people have come up with many "explanations" over the years. All but a few of them can easily be shown to be wrong. A definitive explanetion of the Moon Illusion continues to evade science. If it were a matter of physical science, we'd know what's going on by now, because physics is a highly advanced science. But apparently it's a matter of human perception,and our understanding of that isn't nearly as advanced as our understanding of the world around us.
If there is one thing we are sure of, it's that as it moves around Earth, the moon certainly does not change in size. It isn't any bigger when it's rising and setting near the horizon than it is when it's overhead. So it's got to be something about the way it appears to our human eyes and brains.But what?
Before we shoot down some of the wrong theories,let's make sure that it is indeed an illusion ―― that when we think we're seeing bigger and smaller moons,we're really not. On the night of a full moon,go out as soon as it gets dark and locate the moon while it is still low,near the horizon. Hold a ruler at arm's length against the moon and measure its size. Do the same when the moon is high in the sky. You will find that the moon remains exactly the same size. Now let's shoot down some of the theories that have been advanced. "When the moon is low,you're unconsciously comparing it with trees, houses and mountains on the ground,and it looks big compared with them." But when it's up in the sky there's nothing to compare it with,so you don't think it's so big." Well,maybe.But even when there's nothing at all on the horizon,it still looks bigger when it's low. "When the moon is low,you're seeing it through a lot more air than when it's directly above." All that air can act like a lens,bending the light rays like a magnifying glass." Sorry,but any such effect is small and can make the moon look a little distorted in shape,but not in size. "When the moon is low you're looking straight upward and your eyeballs are a little squashed,and that makes..." Nonsense.
>>156続きです。 So what's the answer? Psychologists who study human perception have a couple of convincing theories. Theory number one:All our experience since the day we opened our eyes has taught us that when an object is coming toward us it gets bigger. Think of an approaching airplane,or even a fly ball coming toward you in the outfield. But the moon seems to be breaking all the rules;as it moves overhead it isn't getting any closer and it isn't getting any bigger. So your brain interprets it as being unnaturally small,and that's the conclusion you draw. It's not that the moon on the horizon looks bigger,it's that the overhead moon looks smaller. Theory number two:Look up at the sky. If you didn't know better,wouldn't you think it is a huge,overhead dome? Ancient people,in fact,thought that it really was a dome,into which the stars and planets were set like jewels. Even in this space age,we still seem to have a built-in impression of the sky as a dome. Picture it consciously for a moment.
>>157続きです。 Now what if I asked you how far away the dome is? You're very likely to feel that the edge of the dome that touches the horizon is farther away than a point on a dome that's straight overhead. In other words,we think of the sky as a somewhat shallow dome;it just seems more comfortable that way. Why?our experience has always told us that horizons are far away, but there is nothing in our experience to tell us that the "top of the sky"is also far away. Thus,when the moon is near the horizon,we subconsciously believe that it is farther away than when it is overhead. But all of our visual experience tells us that farther-away things look smaller. So when the Man in the Moon thumbs his nose at our expectations by remaining his usual size even when he's "far away"on the horizon, our brain says,"Wow!that guy must be really big." And that's the impression we get. My money rides on this last explanation.
Sweet as the sound of my newformed wings I stretch them open, I let them dry I haven't seen this world before But I'm excused, I'm a butterfly
Sweet as the touch of your newborn wings We fly in circles, we play with the sun We haven't seen this world before So fair, so bright, so blue the sky
Love me, love me on the leaves Before we say goodbye Love me, kiss me with the breeze Be my lullaby Tomorrow I'll die Tomorrow I'll die Tomorrow I'll die You will be my lullaby
Sweet as the wind as it gently blows The day away. And the night time comes Great are the wonders that silence shows I fall asleep and I dream of the sun
"My wife has a wonderful sense of humor" If the husband had been an American, he would never have said anything uncomplimentary about his wife to me. He might simply have said, "She wants to meet you," without describing her. But if he did describe her, he would have to say only nice things about her: "She's a very good cook and wants to fix something special for you," or "She has a wonderful sense of humor; I'm sure you'll like her." But to a Japanese, saying nice things about your own wife would sound like bragging. It would certainly not sound polite. Why such a big difference, when we are both trying to be polite? How can you know what to say, or what to expect, or how to interpret it, when there are so many different customs? I have found it most helpful, in real life, to look at such differences in customs in terms of what I call "polite fictions."
オーストラリアの歌手のthe veronicasの「goodbye to you」の歌詞なのですが 和約をお願いします
Those times I waited for you seem so long ago I wanted you far too much to ever let you go You know you never got by "I feel it too" And I guess I never could stand to lose It's such a pity to say Goodbye to you
how Could I have loved someone like the one I see in you I remember the good times baby now, and the bad times too These last few weeks of holding on The days are dull, and the nights are long Guess it's better to say
'Cause baby it's over now No need to talk about it It's not the same My love for you's just not the same And my heart, and my heart And my heart can't stand the strain And my love, and my love And my love won't stand the pain And my heart, and my heart And my heart can't stand the strain And my love, and my love And my love...
how could I have loved someone like the one I see in you Yeah, I remember the good times baby now, and the bad times too These last few weeks of holding on The days are dull, the nights are long Guess it's better to say
経済の教科書なんですがいまいちよくわかりませんTT 翻訳助けてくださいm(__)m What Is Unemployment? Most governments use the following definitions people with jobs are ‘employed’, people without jobs but who are seeking work are ‘unemployed’, and people without jobs and who are not looking for jobs are not considered to be in the labor force. The ‘employment rate’ is the number of employed people divided by the total number of people in the labor force.
Unemployment is a very serious problem that affects people directly and severely. Widespread unemployment wastes resources and decreases incomes, it also may reduce the standard of living and cause psychological distress.
There are several types of unemployment. ‘Frictional unemployment’ occurs because of the movement of people between regions, jobs, or different stages of life. ‘Structural unemployment’ arises when there is a mismatch between the supply of and the demand for workers. ‘Cyclical unemployment’ occurs when the overall demand for labor is low (when it is high, unemployment decreases).
What should we do? Economists have studied unemployment to identify its causes and to improve policies so as to decrease unemployment. Among the measures used to decrease unemployment are improving labor market services, providing job training to help people acquire skills and abilities and to find jobs, and creating jobs. Government policies encourage removing obstacles to employment. However, laws mandating a high minimum wage are widely thought to increase unemployment in some cases
何度も申し訳ないんですがThe placement以降の文も訳していただけないでしょうか? 一応全文載せておきます。何度もスイマセン Now job openings have been increasing. The service industry offered more jobs this year than in the previous year. The manufacturing industry suffered severe job reductions, but that trend reversed around the middle of this year. The construction industry, however, offered fewer jobs.
The ratio of active job openings to applicants has been increasing gradually. The ratio is 0.41 for full-time and 1.32 for part-time workers.
The placement or recruitment rate for new graduates remained low in 2003. The number of young people who are not engaged in work is increasing, which reflects the restricted labor market for new graduates. Recently the Japanese NEET (Not in Employment, Education, or Training) rate is becoming serious. Young people stand to benefit from improving themselves, for example by acquiring new marketable skills, on the other hand, it is important to provide them with exciting and interesting jobs.
和訳お願いします Supporters of stem cell research argue, however, that the tiny embryos used are not yet human lives. They also argue that these are usually extra embryos obtained from fertility therapy which allows people to have babies, and that these unused embryos would otherwise be wasted. To supporters, this research represent the promise to help save human lives, and therefore it is morally justfied and essential. Some researchers are trying to create embryonic cells by an alternative extraction procedure that does not involve cloning or destroying embryos.
Both supporters and critics believe that they are respecting the highest principles of caring for life. The difficult debate revolves around the basic question of when life begins. Since there is no universally accepted answer to this question, this debate is likely to continue for a long time.
@ The word "patina" refers to the surface color and finish built up by age, wear and polishing. On wooden furniture, a patina shows depth and grain and indicates that the piece has aged. Indeed, this mellowed color is one of the things about antique furniture that collectors love most. Like the laugh lines on the face of a beloved grandparent, they are the signs that it has "lived". Patina is also an important indicator of fake antiques. All woods and wood finishes discolor over time due to use, oxidation, the care (or lack of it) the piece has received at the hands of former owners and exposure to heart and cold, sunlight and humidity. However, false patinas are produced with a variety of weapons that range from chemicals to smoke.
If the patina of the entire piece is a uniform color, be wary! The finish should be uneven, worn wherever it would have been rubbed by hands, backs of knees, shoulders and dust rags as a part of normal use and care. It should be darker where rags and hands couldn't reach or where the wood was protected from the elements. Check the back or underside of the piece in question, which would have been left in its natural state --- neither stained nor varnished --- when it was made. Over time, this untreated, unfinished wood will have oxidized. Its surface will be dark but if you scratch it gently with a fingernail, you'll see the wood is appreciably lighter underneath. If the dark color penetrates below the surface, this may indicate that the wood has been stained or treated with chemicals. (Never, never attempt to do this "scratch test" anywhere it will show!)
B Since all of their individual components are genuinely old, truly "married" antiques usually show the expected pattern of fading produced by many years of use. But, if you have a cupboard, for instance, with a top and bottom that started life on different pieces of furniture, the color of the patina on each section will be somewhat different. There will also be gaps where the old joinings and the new ones do not match. One last word about patina: If the piece you are looking at has a carbony, woodsmoke smell, or you can pick up carbon dust in cracks and crevices with a clean tissue, it probably got its patina in a smokehouse. Pass it by.
長いですがおねがいします。 For a nation whose technological achievements are the envy of the rest of the world, it should not be hard to replace dirty old thermal power stations and dangerous unclear reactors with safe, clean, renewable sourcws of ener-gy. However, so far there has been almost no progress in this direction. Energy from wind is now cheaper than that pro-vided by burning oil or uranium; yet Japan gets less than 0.05% of its energy from this source, compared to Denmaek’s 10%. Japan has an abundance of underground heat, the source of her many hot springs, but so far only two geothermal power stations have been built, one at YAnaizu, Fukushima Prefecture, and the other at Hatchobaru, in Kyushu. If every public and private building in Japan installed rooftop solar energy panels linked to the local installed rooftop solar energy panels linked to the local power network, unclear power could be phased out; yet last year there were fewer than 15,000 homes and businesses with such links. A great deal of energy could be obtained from the sea, by harnessing the energy produced by waves, underwater currents and tidal flows; but at present, the vast marine energy resources around this island nations are com-puters, telephones, air-conditioners and security system; but the technology has yet to cath on in Japan.
>>193続です Why are Japan’s energy policymakers so slow to embrance renewable energy resources? One possible explana-tion is their inability to think small-scale, to recognize the merits of think small-scale, to recognize the merits of a system in which power is produced locally to meet local needs, with individual factories, hospitals, schools and even homes generating their own energy. While they grudgingly admit that local generation is cost-effective for isolated communities, they refuse to accept that even large cities can be self to accept that even large cities can be self-sufficient in energy, through the use of solar energy, fuel cells and state-of-the-art architecture. A more cynical explanation is that there are powerful vested interests involved: those of the oil, gas, coal and unclear power indus-tries, which regard alternative energy resouces as a threat to their cozy profits. Instead of resisting new technology, they should be developing it themselves. Renewable energy sys-tems are part of a new, fast-growing industry in which there are huge profits to be made, as two of the world’s largest oil companies−BP and Royal Dutch Shell−have rialized.
>>194続きです。 In 1997, Kyoto played host to an international confer-ence on climates change, at which the government of Japan made a commitment to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases by 6% from 1990 levels by the year 2010. With energy consumption growing at over 1% per year, it was clear that Japan would not be able to keep its promise. Japanese nego-tiators began to propose loopholes such as emissions trading, whereby Japan would gain credit for heiping other nations to cut their carbon emissions, carbon sinks(the absorption of carbon dioxide by Japan’s forests), and nuclear power, which generates electricity without emitting greenhouse gases. When the US abruptly declared in 2001 that it was pulling out of the Kyoto Protocol, compromises were made in order to ensure the survival of the agreement. As a result, the carbon sink credits demanded by Japan were approved. 本当に長くてすいません…次で最後です。
>>195続きです。これで最後です。 The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change has declared that the cuts agreed to in the Kyoto Protocol are hopelessly inadequate, and that even an immediate 60% inadequate, and that even an immediate 60% cut in greenhouse gas emissions would not be enough. Japan’s current energy policies are no longer viable. It is time to fol-low the example of the EU and begin the transition to renewable energy resources, by eliminating subsidies for fos-sil fuels and nuclear power and incorporating environmental and social costs in electricity charges, and by promoting the use of energy derived from the wind, sunshine, waves, underground heat and other clean, safe, environment-friend-ly resources. 長々すいませんでした。よろしくおねがいします;
In order to calculate such statistics , Psychologists use a variety of statistical tests - t-tests , Wilcoxon , Mann-Whitney , Chi-squared , etc. - depending on the circumstances.
Today, approximately one billion people nearly one sixth of the world`s population suffer from hunger and malnutrition. Every day approximately 30,000 people die from hunger and hunger-related causes. Even in the USA, one of the world`s richest countries, it is reported that 31 million people face insecurity about having enough to eat. And yet, experts say, we have enough food to feet all of these people . Why, then, do such tragedies occur? According to the Indian Nobel Prize-winning economist Amartya Sen, the causes usually lie in problem of distribution, politics, war, environment, and poverty, rather than the lack of food.
Throughout history, famines have occurred in many countries around the world, including Ireland, Russia, Ethiopia, and Japan, killing off large portions of the population. Yet in these countries there was usually enough food overall to feed the people. Economics, war, and environmental destruction can be counted as three basic causes of famine, hunger, and starvation. In most cases, however, these causes are deeply related.
Howevwe, a three-day hike across it provides you with a much richer experience, taking you from coral reefs to sub-tropical forets to rainforests to grasslands. Other attractions include waterfalls, Yaku-deer, macaque monkeys and hot springs.
Just wanted to reiterate how much I enjoy your work! Out of curiosity if you can understand the poor translation attached, what native resolution do you work at? Most of your pictures seem to be about 800x720 or so. Just wondering cause there so beautiful and was wondering if you natively worked larger and just posted these resolutions to save bandwidth. On another note why do you call some of your work trash? Its all great! Would be nice to understand whats going on in the images but that's my deficiency. Keep up the good work!
In recent years, Korea has become a popular tourist destination for Japanese people. Thousands visit there each year. Growing interest in Korean TV dramas in probably the biggest cause of this boom as fans flocked to places featured in the shoes. In 1995, revenue from exports of Korean TV shows was 5.5 million dollars. Koreans living abroad were the main viewers. However, in 2004, revenue from Korean TV show exports surged to 71.5 million dollars. People watching these shows today are not only from Korea, but from all over Asia. Korean actors are suddenly superstars in many countries, and their images are everywhere: on subways, in train stations, and in newspapers and magazines. Some even make TV commercials selling local products. Korean TV shows are even changing people's lifestyles. In Vietnam, for example, people are staying up well past their usual 10 p.m. bedtime because they want to watch their favorite Korean dramas.
@ Let`s consider now how coordination failures affect the development of low-income countries in a globalized economy. India has been welcomed as the most recent member of the Asian high-growth club,having taken spectacular advantage of modern communications technologies. The astonishing growth of the business services and software industries in Indian cities such as Bangalore and Hyderabad is fascinating,partly because it appears to have awakened a dormant economic giant from a very long slumber. But it is also fascinating because it illustrates the resolution of a coordination failure involving both human capital and physical capital investment in the context of an open economy.
with its independence from Britain in 1947,India steadfastly rejected largescale participation in the greater world economy, doggedly clinging to an importsubstitution policy. Outward economic contact was eschewed as India turned inward, High domestic tariff rates nearly asphyxiated foreign trade,while the Indian government appeared to go out of its way to make things as difficult as possible foreign investors. In the postindependence years,India's economic ennui produced a stagnant economy, where per capita GDP growth lagged at only 1.5 percent per year. U.C. Berkeley's Annalee Saxinian describes the environment faced by Indian high-tech companies a generation ago :
A Prior to 1984,the Indian software industry operated within the framework of a highly regulated,autarkic model of import-substitution-led industrialization(ISI)and the ideology of self-reliance that guided the Indian economy. This stifled entrepreneurs and isolated India from the global economy. As a result,efforts to promote software exports during the period never took off. Policies that permitted the import of state-of the-art computers in exchange for a guarantee to export a certain amount of software were not enthusiastically received. Import procedures were cumbersome,duties were high, and obtaining foreign exchange for business expenses was difficult.
After the 1984 national election,the new administration of Rajiv Gandhi would begin to implement a set of coordinated policy changes that continued with his successors,and ultimately affected both India and the information technology industry ever after.
With its independence from Britain in 1947,India steadfastly rejected large scale participation in the greater world economy, doggedly clinging to an import substitution policy.
1. A concept that has become central to interaction design is the user experience. By this it is meant how a product behaves and is used by people in the real world. As stresses by Jesse Garrett,"every product that is used by someone has a user experience:newspapers, ketchup bottles, cardigan sweaters." More specifically, it is about how people feel about a product and their pleasure and satisfaction when using it, looking at it, and opening or closing it. It includes overall impression of how good it is to use right down to the sensual effect small details have on them, such as how smoothly a switch rotates or the sound of a click and the touch of a button when pressing it. It is important to point out that one cannot design a user experience, only design for a user experience. In particular, one cannot design a sensual experience, but only create the design features that can evoke it. For example, the outside case of a cell phone can be designed to be smooth, silky and fit in the palm of a hand that when held, touched, looked at, and interacted with can provoke a sensual and satisfying user experience. Conversely, if it is designed to be heavy and awkward to hold, it is much more likely to end up providing a poor user experience, that is uncomfortable.
2. Apple Computer realized early on that successful interaction design involves creating interactive products that have a quality user experience. The sleek appearance of the iPod music player, its simplicity of use , its elegance in style, its distinct plain white color, novel interaction style that many people discovered was a sheer pleasure to learn and use, the catchy naming of its product and content(iTunes, iPod), among many other design features, led to it becoming one of the greatest of its kind and a must-have fashion item for teenager, students, and others alike. while there were many competing MP3 players on the market at the time. some with more powerful functionality, other with bigger screens, more memory, cheaper, easier to use, etc., the quality of the overall user experience paled in comparison with that provided by the iPod. There are many aspects of the user experience that can be considered and ways of taking them into account when designing interactive products. Of central importance is the usability, the functionality, the aesthetics, the content, the look and feel, and the sensual and emotional appeal.
In addition, Jack Carroll stress other wide-reaching aspects including fun, health, social capital,(the social resources that develop and are maintained through social networks, shared values, goals, and norms). and cultural identity, e.g. age, ethnicity, race, disability, family status, occupation, education. At a more subjective level, John McCarthy and Peter Wright discuss the importance of people's expectations and the way they make sense of their experiences when using technology. How realistic is it for interaction designers to take all of these factor(and potentially many others) into account and, moreover, be able to translate and combine them to produce quality user experience ? Put frankly, there is no magic formula to help them. As of yet, there is not a unifying theory of framework that can be readily applied by interaction designers. Many of the aspects mentioned are only beginning to be understood. New conceptual frameworks that try to combine them are just emerging. What is established in the field of interaction design, however, are tried and tested design methods, a lot of prescriptive advice, and many relevant research findings. Here, we begin by examining these by outlining the core processes and goals of interaction design.
Field linguists often work for years to produce a dictionary of 10000 to 15000 words, a 300- to 400-page grammar book, and a list of example sentences. So far, Boyle has a basic Hidatsa dictionary of 4500 nouns and verbs, and a basic grammar book. Students use these materials to become fluent in their original native tongue. Linguists study the materials to look for unique features. For example, one important language universal involves the order of words in a sentence. An English sentence such as "the boy hit the ball" follows a subject-verb-object (SVO) word order. In many languages, the same sentence would be "the boy the ball hit" ― a pattern known as SOV. These are the two most common patterns, and certain others were long thought to be impossible. But in the 1980s, linguists studying rare tongues in the Amazon discovered the object-verb-subject (OVS) word order, which translated literally as "the ball hit the boy." The pattern really surprised the linguists.
>>232の続きです "If linguists hadn't noticed those languages," says David Harrison of Swarthmore College in Pennsylvania, "we might still have a mistaken idea that OVS is an impossible sentence pattern for a language."
For many thousands of years. people hunted for horses to eat. In fact, horse meat was a very common food. Then, about 6000 years ago. people discovered that horses were useful, too. Somewhere in southern Russia and west central asia, people first began to use horses to work for them.
This discovery changed human history. People were able to travel faster and farther with horses. They were able to leave their own land. Many people went to distant lands, met new people, and saw new places. They taught other people how to use horses. Then, about 3500 years ago, people in Mesopotamia (modern Iraq) began to use horses to help them win wars against their enemies. They drove chariots, or carts, pulled by two or more horses. It was impossible for an enemy on foot to fight against a soldier in a chariot. As a result, armies with horses and chariots were very powerful. About 100 years later, men learned to ride on horses. These armies became even more powerful.
For many centuries, until railroads were built, people everywhere depended on horses to work and to travel. In fact, horses worked to help build the roads and railroads we use today. They also worked on farms. They pulled fire engines and ambulances in cities. Horses were indipensable to people for a very long time.
出会い系の迷惑メールできたんですが、どういう意味でしょうか? I''d stop worrying about it and take some action. The anxiety that comes from doing nothing is worse than any danger you might face
There are lots of others such as mice, trackballs, touch pads, touch screens, pens, joy sticks, scanners, bar code readers, digital cameras and microphones. A stack of round metal platters called disks encased in an airtight metal shell.Hard drives use magnetic currents to store data. A spuareplastic surface that is coated with magnetic film. 長いですが、どなたかよろしくお願いします。
Before we shoot down some of the wrong theories,let's make sure that it is indeed an illusion-that when we think we're seeing bigger and smaller moons,we're really not. On the night of a full moon,go out as soon as it gets dark and locate the moon while it is still low,near the horizon.Hold a ruler at arm's length against the moon is high in the sky.You will find that the moon remains exactly the same size. Now let's shoot down some of the theories that have been advanced. "When the moon is low,you're unconsciously comparing it with trees, houses and mountains on the ground,and it looks big compared with them. But when it's up in the sky there's nothing to compare it with, so you don't think it's so big." Well,maybe.But even when there's nothing at all on the horizon, it still looks bigger when it's low. "When the moon is low,you're seeing it through a lot more air than when it's directly above.All that air can act like a lens,bending the light rays like a magnifying glass." Sorry,but any such effect is small and can make the moon look a little distorted in shape,but not in size. "When the moon is low you're looking straight ahead,but when it's high in the sky your head is titled upward and your eyeballs are a little squashed,and that makes..." Nonsense.
@ First came the recognition by the Gandhi administration of software as an official “industry,” which under Indian law allowed it to receive special treatment form the government,including special credits for investment and reduced import duties on critical inputs such as computer hardware. In 1986,the government passed the Computer Software Export, Development,and Training Policy, which facilitated the flow of venture capital to new startup firms,and invited foreign direct investment from abroad. An early association of software firms convinced the government to finance a telecommunications network that paved the way for the electronic export of low-level programming services to overseas clients. Not long after, the Indian Department of Electronics introduced software technology parks,Which gave export-oriented software firms tax exemptions and guaranteed them access to high-speed satellite links and reliable electricity. Moreover, Indian public univer-sities and polytechnic institutes began to churn out profuse numbers of graduates in software engineering and computer science fields. By the late 1990s, India was graduating 220,000 software and computer science engineers annually. Bangalore alone produced about 25,000 per year almost as many as the United States.
A This set of coordinated policies paved the way for the first multinationals to set up shop in Bangalore. Texas Instruments established a small software center in 1986; Hewlett-Packard later followed,and others began to trickle in. The trickle soon became a flood: By 2004,the number of multinationals located in Bangalore alone had grown to 450,including Cisco Systems,Intel,SAP,Cadence, JVC,Oracle,Analog Devices,General Electric,Wipro,Kodak,and Sun Microsystems, employing in total more than 170,000 workers.New domestic startups began to form around the multinationals; soon the number of software and outsourcing companies had burgeoned to more than 1,300 in Bangalore alone. Hyderabad, in the neighboring state of Andhra Pradesh,has witnessed similarly breathtaking growth in information technology. Led by Andhra Pradesh's techno-savvy chief minister, Chandrababu Naidu,Hyderabad,home to more than 1,000 registered software companies,has created a vast infrastructure to support not only low-level outsourced programming and technology support services,but also software research and design.Naidu's original goal was to create 1 million jobs in technology industries and technology-related customer call centers. The city is well on its way: Among other developments,Hyderabad is host to a twenty-eight-acre Microsoft campus with capacity for 1,600 programmers and other employees.
B The phenomenal growth of the information-technology sector in India makes sense viewed through the lens of coordination failures. Indeed, India's experience is consistent with theoretical work in coordination failures by Harvard University's Dani Rodrik. In an influential paper, Rodrik describes a coordination failure in which multiple equilibria exist for developing countries that are poorly endowed with physical capital, but that possess a reasonably educated labor force. Two outcomes are possible: specialization in high-tech or low-tech goods. If there are economies of scale in intermediate goods markets,the state can solve the coordination failure with coordinated policies that attract a large quantity of foreign investment, which increases the demand for(and hence lowers the cost of)a wide array of specialized intermediate inputs,such as producer services or workers with specialized labor qualifications.
Misleading claims made by manufacturers are more serious,and in many countries these may result in penalties. In the case of governments,however,the only penalty for issuing false or misleading information is embarrassment when they are caught out. The Japanese government-funded Nuclear Fuel Development Corporation once produced a cartoon film showing a character named Pluto Kun drinking plutonium,with the intention of convincing the public that nuclear power was safe. It backfired,however,when it was denounced as highly irresponsible by independent experts and ridiculed by the international media.
Many languages use suffixes to define the truth value of a statement. Hidatsa and other languages in its language family stand out by having as many as 18 of these markers. In Hidatsa, for example, the basic sentence "the man kissed the woman" is built using the words macee for man, wia for woman and iigiracoobi for kiss. But a Hidatsa speaker would have to explain how he or she came upon this information. If the speaker witnessed the event and knows it for a fact, then markers would be added to make the sentence read macees wiaha iigiracoobitoorees. But if the speaker is telling a traditional story passed down through generations, the final maker would change, making the sentence: 'macees wiaha iigiracoobiwareec.' At Swarthmore College, Harrison has spent years documenting rare languages in Siberia. He made an interesting discovery. Tofa has a single suffix, -sig, that can be added to any noun, changing it into a word that means "smelling of" or "smelling like."
>>256の続きです For instance, the word for reindeer in Tofa is ivi, so ivisig means "smelling like a reindeer." Linguists argue that little pieces of information like this are essential for understanding the limits of how the brain organizes language.
In these days, when it seems unrealistic to predict a future for mankind that is anything but bleak, I find something in the medical giants of the past that gives me hope. The respect for life, the zeal for learning Nature's secrets, the willingness to sacrifice for progress --- these are characteristics that I believe are inherent in our species, despite the mass self-inflicted tragedies to which our century has been witness.
Whenever Ipresent one of these possibilities as true, it is entirely appropriate for you to ask of me, "How do you know that?" When Ido not affirm a position as true but simply confront you with alternative possibilities, it is appropriate for you to say, "Okay, that`s good, but how can we come to know which of those possibilities, is definitely, or at least probably, true?" There are no simple answers to these questions, but there are valuable answers - answers which employ distinctions and insights that have been developed and refined over centuries of time by brilliant thinkers. Among these distinctions and insights, we will look at differences between assertions and arguments, truth and valibity, knowledge and belief, and hope. Then we will lool into the pursuit of knowledge through ordinary perception, science, and religion. I cannnot take you directly to your goal(absolute knowledge), but I can put you aboard the only ship I know of which is headed for that destination, introduce you to its crew, familiarize you with its rigging,`and hand you an oar. No one I know of can do more than that.
The next leg of our voyage relates to the fact that the word "philosophy" literally means "love of wisdome." This second leg of our voyage involves two forms of wisdom developed by philosophers:axiology and ethics. Together these disciplines constitute value theory, that is, the general theory of values, both moral and non-moral. Axiology, broadly conceived, is the study of the nature and achievement of happiness. Ethics, broadly conceived, is the study of value theory, we will ask how they relate to one another. Some people think we must choose between happiness and morality. Some say that if we want to be happy, we must forget about morality;it will only get in the way of our pursit of happiness. Others say that if we want to be moral, we must forget about happiness;it will only distract us from doing our duty. Perhaps we can find a more satisfying way of relating these two important concerns to one another.
The third and final leg of our joourney will take us from the relatively pleasant waters of value theory into the stormy seas of metaphysics. Because value theory is closely related to the experiences and training you have had since childhood, and to the kinds of decisions you have been making for years,you`ll probably feel at home in value theory. Metaphysics, by contrast, asks not how we feel or what we want or what we ought to do; it asks how things are. What is the nature of reality as a whole and in its parts? To answers that question requires a detachment of mind and a rigor of thought which few people acquire in their first twenty years of life. Consequently, the main difficulty you will probably have in doing metaphysics will be the simple act of trying to really appreciate a radically different way of understanding reality or some part of it. Because of our pluralistic culture, most of us have been exposed to diverse ways of understanding the world;for that reason, we tend to think of ourselves as liberal and open, but the exposure has usually been superficial. Few of have ever really had to or tried to understand the world in a way which is radically different from the prevailing way in our culture or subculture. Indeed, cultures, and especially subcultures, often try to protect us and sometimes try to prevent us from seriously examining other ways of understanding reality. They may shield us altogether from these different perceptions, or they may assure us in advance that they`re not as good as what we`ve got(and may even be the work of wicked people or the devil!). In metaphysics, however, it is necessary to do just the opposite: to seek out and clarify all possible basic answers to a metaphysical problem in order that we might compare and evaluate them rigorously and fairly.
“We are now giving society a chance through this structure to fight against crime, help protect public order and, most importantly, to guarantee security in one’s own backyard,” said Vladimir A. Vasilyev, the head of the Security Committee in Russia’s Parliament.
Critics, however, worry that this emboldened civilian police force could easily succumb to the corruption that already pervades Russia’s law enforcement agencies.
“If today we already have problems controlling our police, what happens when we create a far less trained, less disciplined and less controlled structure?” said Aleksandr Cherkasov of the Moscow-based human rights organization Memorial. “What we will get is this obscure formation beyond the control of the police that will ultimately merge with criminal elements.”
Not so, said Valery I. Maximov, a retired police officer who now commands a 126-member regiment of volunteers in Moscow. He argues that because the volunteers are required to patrol with the police, their presence can actually dissuade officers from yielding to corruption.
“When they patrol along with police,” he said, “I know that the officer will not take a bribe because the druzhinik is watching.”
経済のことです。お願いします>< 消費と貯蓄 Consumption is household spending on goods and services such as food, clothing, transportation , medical care, or housing. Consumption is the largest part of the gross domestic product (GDP). Savings is that part of income that is not consumed and is equal to income minus consumption. Consumption and savings are both significant in our daily lives.
Many theories explain patterns of consumption and savings. These theories view individuals as planning their consumption and saving behavior with the purpose of allocating consumption in the best possible way over their entire lives. According to the ‘life cycle theory’ , savings results mainly from individuals’ desires to provide a means for consumption during their old age. More generally, people save when their income is high relative to their lifetime average income and discontinue saving when their income is low relative to the lifetime average.
Another view is the ‘permanent income theory’ of consumption. This theory proposes that consumption depends on the steady rate of income that individuals can maintain for the rest of their lives. The theory depends on the present level of wealth and present and future income earned.
Some people, however, are liquidity constrained. Students are an example. Consumption in this case is more related to current income than is implied by the above theories. Similarly, individuals who cannot borrow money during a temporary income decline are liquidity constrained.
@Americans have always been a people on the movie. As a rule, they have migrated westward. yet until the middle of the twentieth century, the northeastern quarter of the United States was the most populous region. In 1900, 62 percent of the American people lived in the Northeast and North Central states. By 1950, however, a revolutionary shiht in population was underway. Americans were moving from the Northeast and Midwest to the West and South by the millions. This great migration peaked in the 1970s but continued into the 1980s. The population of the Northeast grew by only 0.2 percent between 1970 and 1980 and the Midwest by four percent. During the same period, the population of the South increased by 20 percent and the West by 24 percent .
ABy the late 1980s, six of the 10 largest cities were in the West and South. Los Angeles ranked second with 3.3 million people. In 30 years, the population of dallas and San Antonio had doubled. Houston and San Diego more than tripled in size between 1950 and 1990. Phoenix, a dusty desert town of 106,000 people in 1950, increased in numbers eightfold to rank as tahe nation's tenth largest city. During the same years, most big cities of the Northeast and Midwest lost population, Detroit's drop was the greatest, from 1.8 million to 1.1 million, more than one-third. Home to more than half the nation's people in the past, the population by 1990. BWhat caused this astonishing shift in population? At bottom, the answer is climate. Millions of Americans simply chose sunny warm winters over snow and cold. This dramatic population change claimed the attention of demographers, men and women who study population patterns. Demographers called the South and Southwest, where population soared, the ''Sunbelt,'' and the Northeast and Midwest the ''Snowbelt.'' In Los Angeles, for example, it is sunny during 75 percent of the daylight hours; in Phoenix, 86 percent. The mean annual temperature in the Sunbelt is 60 degrees to more than 74 degrees. Even where temperatures dip below freezing in the Sunbelt(such as in Phoenix), the frost season is only about a month long. It snows in places such as Los Angeles only about once every 10 years.
COf course, the Sunbelt was sunnier and warmer than the Snowbelt long before the twentieth century, when the great migration began. It was also more arid, however, with far too little water to support a large population. Government-built hydroelectoric dams eventually eliminated this drawback. Dams created huge reservoirs and lakes for recreation, and produced cheap electricity to power factories and air conditioners. With their scorching hot summers, cities such as Atlanta, Houston, and Phoenix could not have attracted so many people from the Snow belt unless cool homes and offices were widespread. DCalifornia, now the state with the lagest population, got its biggest boost during World War II. Factories sprung up there to fuel the war with Japan. Soldiers and sailors from the Northeast and Midwest spent time in southern California on their way to the Pacific front and personally experienced the state's mild winters. Many of them vowed to return to California when the war was over, and they did. EThe energy crisis of the 1970s helped account for the population explosion in Texas, now home to three of our 10 largest cities. With oil prices soaring worldwide, oil and gas-rich Texas prospered. The communications revolution of the 1970s made it possible for Sunbelt cities such as Dallas, Fort Worth, and Atlanta to become regional centers of business and banking. Still, at bottom it was a geographical force━climate━that attracted people, industry, finance, and research to the South and West in such great numbers.
すいません。 どなたか和訳お願いしますm(__)m The consumption patterns of Japanese people reflect uncertainty about their economic futures. Wage-cutting and unemployment have prevailed, and predictions indicate increasing burdens for payment of social security and taxes. People expect taxes to increase in the near future. However, the economic atmosphere has been changing. Private consumption has decelerated in part due to the temporary effects of bad weather, but income is increasing gradually and consumer confidence has recovered.
Many economic indicators on consumption consider trends on a monthly basis. For example, measures of family income in January of 2005 indicated that consumption expenditures decreased from the previous month. Retail sales continued to increase from the previous month, but department store sales decreased. Home electronic appliance sales decreased due to sluggish sales of personal computers, but sales of DVD players and LCD/PDP television continued to be brisk. Traveling abroad increased due to yen appreciation, although domestic travel decreased because of bad weather.
It is often said that we can never tell what another person is thinking. This means that a person's thoughts are available, in a direct way, to that person alone. What we may be sure is true about this claim is that we can normally conceal our thought from others. What does not follow, however, is that thoughts are essentially inaccessible and subjective in the sense of not being available in principle to scientific observation. The behavior of people may give only a rough or a false impression of what they are thinking. But, when they are speaking, it seems fair to say that, except under unusual circumstances, what they say is what they think; we know what they are thinking from what they are saying. In conversation, people express their thoughts, and even when they think in silence, their thoughts are potential utterances.
More than a billion people in developing countries are des-perately poor. They lack food, shelter, safe water, medical care and education,things we citizens of rich countries take for granted. While we may blame their poverty on high birth rates and corrupt governments, the riality is far more com-plex, involving historical, political and social factors, natural disasters, war international debt and trade, and so on. Western governments offer a little help in the form of grants and loans for projects that often benefit the rich more than the poor; and further heip is provided by UN agencies and Non-Governmental Organizations. However, some of the most effective programs have been strated with little or no help from outsiders. In most developing countries, banks hesitate to lend money most developing countries, banks hesitate to lend money to poor people because they are afraid it will never be repaid. The only way the poor can get enough money to build a home or start a buisiness is to borrow from local moneylenders, who charge very high interest rates. Mohammed Yunus, a professor of economics at Chittagong University, Bangladesh, thought this was not only unfair but also based on a false premise. In 1976, he began his Grameen Bank Project with a small loan to each of 42 peo-ple in a nearby village. The villagers used the money wisely and were able to villagers used the money wisely and were able to return it all. Yunus was then able to expand the program to over 38,000 villaged. Grameen loans have been used to build more than 440, have been used to build more than 440,000 houses, and to set up a large number of small buisinesses, including fish farming, systems. So far, 98% of the money loaned has been repaid, a higher recovery rate than any been repaid, a higher recovery rate than any US bank can claim.
>>281続きです。お願いします; The Grameen Bank lends only to the poorest people. How does it manage to achieve such a high loan recovery rate? One factor is the Bank`s insistence that borrowers form groups, which are collectively responsible for repayment of each loan. Another factor is the meetings which must be held Another factor is the meetings which must be held before any loan is made. Thirdly, 94% of the clients are women. According to Yunus, women are better at money management than men. When asked about his ultimate goal for the Bank, Yunus replied "Our goal te to fifteen years from now is to be known as the bank of the former poor." Tilonia is a small village in Rajasthan, India. Until 1972, it was very similar to 600,000 other villages in India. Then Bunker Roy founded his Social Work and Reseach Centre, and the village canged for ever. The SWRC provides train-ing that enables ordinary villagers―most of whom are com-pletely illiterate―to become health care workers, engineers and teachers. After completing their training in what is now known as the Barefoot College, many of the villagers are sent to ather villagers to pass on their knowledge and skills. Thanks to the SWRC, more than 100 villages now have clean drinking water, basic education and meaningful jobs for young people.
What is that brings scuba divers back to their favorite destination year after year? Many divers would tell you that they love the beauty and wonder of the undersea world. The brightly colored fish, which come in all sizes and shapes, are very attractive. Many people visit aquariums to see these fish, or keep them as pets in a home aquarium. But not everyone likes to see these beautiful, exotic fish. When tropical fish are introduced into a natural body of water, they may become nothing more than a nuisance. Exotic species are invasive (non-native) members of an ecosystem. These animals or plants are introduced into a new area by accident or by design. Globalization is causing more accidental exotic species invasions to occur. For instance, the Great Lakes are filling up with zebra mussels--small animals that have a large appetite and no naturals that have a large appetite and no natural enemies in their new habitat. Apparently, these newcomers arrived on a ship that took in ballast water in Europe and discharged it in Lake St. Clair. Unfortunately for the Great Lakes ecosystem, the small mussels not only survived but thrived in their adopted home. Without predators to any surface they find-including fish. Once these mussels attach themselves to a surface they are very difficult to remove. When water supply equipment in Lake Michigan suddenly stops working, it is often found to be completely covered with zebra mussels.
>>286の続きです Caribbean frogs-tiny animals that can be as small as 15 mm in length-apparently hopped into a potted plant in Jamaica and hopped out in Honolulu. The frogs may be cute, and their way of arriving in Hawaii may be amusing, but many native insects in Hawaii are now in danger of disappearing. As these insects serve as a food supply for many of the unique animals in Hawaii, the implications of the frog invasion are very serious indeed. Other exotic species are originally pets that escape into the wild. If they can breed, and if there are no predators to naturally limit their numbers, the ecosystem may not be able to handle them. For instance, the South Florida Water Way is now plagued by tropical fish. These fish, originally meant to be pets, were being raised on fish farms near the water way. Unfortunately, heavy rains washed them away from their fish farms and into the local waters. They are now taking over the food supply in their new home and the native species are having trouble surviving. Exotic species invasion is recognized as the second-leading cause of extinction, after habitat destruction. We humans cause habitat destruction as our farms and cities grow in size. Furthermore, as discussed above, species invasions occur due to globalization. Thus, we will have to work together in a globalized effort if we want to prevent species from unnecessarily going extinct.
World Trek English Course Lesson9-2 @From:Carlos Gomes To:Tanaka Ai Subject:Thanks for the e-mail AHellow,Ai! BIt was nice to hear from you. CLet me answer your question. DBecause of deforestation,many species have been losing their habitat and are now facing ectinction. EOf course,some extinction is natural. FBut human activities have really increased the number of endangered species. GAs you know,the biological diversity of the earth is the result of four billion years of evolution. HIf we lose it,it will take millions of years to get it back. INobody has the right to cause such destruction. JWe humans also depend on biological diversity for our survival. KFor example,various modern medicines have been developed with newly-descovered chemicals from rain forest plants. LWe might even find a cure for cancer there. MBut if we destroy the forest,such plants may be lost forever. NI hope I've answered your question. OBest regards,Carlos
"Small and endangered languages can also hold indigenous knowledge, for example about the medical value of certain plants," says Harrison. "Small cultures contain a wealth of knowledge about nature that is about to be lost," he says. Languages of small cultures can even shed light on human migration. "A language is probably the most important artifact a culture possesses," says Robert Rankin, a professor at the University of Kansas. "Language can tell us about things that archaeology cannot." For example, the material artifacts of the Wiyot and Yurok tribes of northern California are different from those of the Ojibwa, Shawnee and similar tribes of the northeast. But their languages share essential characteristics of grammar and vocabulary. "So the tribes of must have come from the same group at some time in the distant past," says Rankin. "This is really important information that archaeology could never have revealed."
>>291の続きです Researchers hope that the new push to save endangered languages will make a difference, but it is not clear whether the efforts will slow the pace of language loss. For many, time is running out. Nearly 550 languages have fewer than 100 fluent speakers.
2007年12月14日のロンドンタイムズの医療系記事です。 どなたか和訳をお願いします。 It comes as a shock to find that almost the only part of Zimbabwe’s Government still functioning is the health system in the country’s remote, deprived rural areas.
It functions so well, says Victor Nyamandi, a senior Health Ministry official for the Makoni district 170 kilometres (105 miles) east of the capital, Harare, that the monitoring system ensures that tuberculosis medication is taken by every patient to whom it is prescribed.
Cholera has been kept away from the district’s 300,000 people, who live in scattered villages connected by rutted tracks in the rolling landscape, for seven years. They have not seen a case of measles for more than three years. Measles immunisation days in any part of the district receive a 90 per cent attendance. Even the white-robed, crook-wielding Vapostori (Apostolic) sect, whose religion abhors Western medicine, are having their children immunised.
“It’s undoubtedly the best health structure in Africa,” said the paediatrician Greg Powell, chairman of the Zimbabwe Child Protection Society. It was functioning in the bush far better than in the urban areas, where hospitals have been overwhelmed by national infrastructural failure, he added.
The system could not work without a highly mobile corps of dedicated health workers who stay in constant contact with rural communities, using a fleet of tough, reliable motorbikes. “Three quarters of the ministry’s vehicles are managed by Riders for Health,” Mr Nyamandi said. “They are the key to our success. We cannot do without them.”
Starting before independence in 1980, and accelerating dramatically afterwards, health authorities created a unique and almost self-contained system of primary preventive healthcare among the country’s unsophisticated rural communities, which had been devastated regularly by disease.
続きです。 It comprises a constantly reinforced basic education programme that drives home to nearly every village a recognition of common diseases and their symptoms, the simple steps to prevent them (such as building safe wells and the remarkable Blair toilet, a simple brick structure, named after the state laboratory that designed it, with a deep pit and built-in fly trap, that has wiped out faeces-bearing flies all over the country), a limited range of treatments, and a nutritious diet to strengthen their immune systems. The education is so thorough and simple that it needs outside control only in serious cases and is run virtually by the villagers alone. “When we are not there, our backs are covered,” Mr Nyamandi said. “They are quite conscious of their health.” The bottom rung of the system’s infrastructure comprises thousands of unpaid volunteers drilled in a limited range of specific, simple tasks ? home-based care givers who wash Aids sufferers, “choloroquine holders” who hand out malarial prophylactics at the correct intervals, village health workers with basic treatment skills keeping records of illnesses and symptoms, village Aids action committees staging cautionary plays about husbands visiting prostitutes, and garden clubs that grow nutritious foods. The key to their success is their link with the outside world ? the environmental health technician (EHT), who is responsible for bringing a steady supply of essential drugs, cement for building lavatories, and the constant surveillance of suspected disease outbreaks. The position also involves mobilising mothers for the immunisation of their children, raising awareness of HIV, and acting as the villagers’ principal teacher.
続きです。 Motorbikes were introduced in the 1980s so that the EHTs could move between villages and to the nearest hospital. After 1998, when the country’s economic crisis began, the repair and replacement of motorbikes by the Government evaporated, and the rural health system began to stumble.
In 1998 Barry Coleman, the founder of Riders for Health, came to Harare to talk to worried Health Ministry officials. He shocked them when he pointed out that the ministry’s vehicle repairs amounted to the second highest item on the ministry’s budget. Fif-ty-five scrambler-type motorbikes were introduced with the charity’s programme of vehicle maintenance to ensure that its two-wheeled and four-wheeled vehicles did not break down.
The results were breathtaking. In Gokwe, one of the most remote districts in Zimbabwe, Toyota Land Cruiser ambulances with a million kilometres on the clock are still going after eight years. The first bikes introduced in Binga ? as remote as Gokwe ? and Makoni are still on the road. After the charity’s first year in Binga, malaria incidence fell by 20 per cent, because of the suddenly enhanced distribution of prophylactics and pesticide spraying.
The outbreak of HIV and Aids in the late 1990s was turning into an uncontrollable catastrophe. “We reached a period of great uncertainty. It was getting like the Ugandan experience, with whole villages dying out,” Mr Nyamandi said. “We all lost lots of relatives. People were thinking, ‘Maybe we are all going to die’. We were frightened.” Whole new structures for HIV awareness, surveillance and counselling were built into the rural primary healthcare system, largely through the EHTs. “People are now aware,” Mr Nyamandi said. “Talk to anyone in Makoni, they will tell you what causes HIV. We can safely say that people’s behaviour has changed.”
続きです。 Mr Coleman said: “Zimbabwe now has the highest level of public health worker mobility in Africa. It may well account for the drop in HIV infection rates [from 24 per cent three years ago to 16 per cent now, according to World Health Organisation figures]. There isn’t a system like this anywhere. It is simple. It is made for Africa. This is good news for global health.”
There are 529 Riders for Health motorbikes in the Health Ministry, serving every district. In the whole of last year, thanks to the charity’s training programme, the only accidents were two fall-offs with minor injuries; there have been no accidents this year.
But economic collapse is now causing the extraordinary achievements of the health system to crumble. Fuel and spare parts have become erratically available and EHTs are losing touch with their villages. “In Makoni district 10 out of 14 EHTs were immobilised for lack of fuel,” Mr Nyamandi said. “More and more motorbikes are breaking down. Now a bike can spend six months without being ridden.
“We made big gains in the health system. We have to keep that momentum ? the Riders system has to be sustainable.”
In the 21st century. tsunamis and hurricanes have caused some of the most extensive damage and fear, other than terrorism and war. The Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 killed approximately 230,000 people and destroyed large areas of Indonesia, Malaysia, India, Thailand, Sri Lanka, and Africa. Hurricane Katrina in 2005 killed almost 1,500, destroyed much of New Orleans, and flooded an area the size of Great Btitain. Since it seems to many people that such natural disasters are happening more often in recent years, many are wondering what has happened to the world. Are these events due to global warming, bad luck, or other factoes?
To answer this question, we should understand the different causes of tsunamis and hurricanse. Tsunami are created by geological events earthquakes under the sea, undersea landslides, volcanic eruptions, or occasionally even meteorite impact. In contrast, hurricanes and typhoons (which are the Pacific Ocean version of hurricanes) are weather events.
Tsunami are not extremely tall waves, as many people imagine. Rather, they are extremely wide waves. A singles wave may be hundreds of kilometers long, and carry tremendous volume and force. Tsunamis can travel at speeds of up to 1,000 kilometers per hour. These is no evidence that tsunamis are occurring more frequently today than at other times in history. What has changed is that today more people are affected by tsunamis because larger populations live in dangerous areas closeb to the sea, and because we have destroyed environments such as coastal mangrove forests and wetlands that formerly protected people. Also, we are more aware of the damage because of media news coverage.
Our person who did just that was British environmentalist Chris Goodall. In order to verify the conventional belief that walking is the most environment-friendly way to get around, he compared a 4.8-km journey to the local shop by car and on foot, and factored in not only the carbon dioxide discharged by the car but also the 180 calories of energy burned by the walker and the food that would be needed to replace those calories. Surprisingly,he found that if the walker ate 100 grams of beef in order to regain the lost calories, it would result in four times as much carbon being discharged compared to going by car, because so much energy is used in meat production. Even if the walker drank a half liter of milk instead,it would still result in more carbon emissions than the short drive to the store would. A shallow interpretation of Goodall's findings might lead to the conclusion that driving is better for the environment than walking. However,that is not what Goodall's is telling us. If we examine the problem more carefully,we find that the real issue is the role of large-scale agriculture in grobal warming. To confirm this,we might refer to a report by the US Depertment of Agriculture -a firm supporter of modern farming methods- which tells us that agriculture is responsible for 17% of US energy consumption.
When the Parker family left to have their own holiday meal with relatives, Michael climbed through an open window in their garage, found the hidden key to the gun case, and stuffed a 30-30 rifle and four. 22 rifles into his duffel bag,along with the earplugs and boxes of ammunition.
「stuffed a 30-30 rifle and four.」というのがよく分かりません 30-30ライフルに弾を四発込めたとかいう訳なんでしょうか?
When the Agriculture Department unveiled its new dietary guidelines this month, it laid down a challenge to all Americans: Eat better, smarter and healthier, or else. The "or else" included a long list of ailments that plague the developed world, from heart disease and osteoporosis to diabetes.
Along with the stick, however, came some nice, healthy carrots: Follow the guidelines and you will be stocking up on nutrients that help prevent cancer. You should also lose some weight. Odds are you'll live longer and feel better. Just stick to the road map.
I gave it a try, curious to see how hard it would be to change my eating patterns to fit the program, which seemed to be calling not just for nutritional change, but cultural change - a redefinition of what makes a meal.
For four days, I regulated my calories, stepped up my consumption of fruits and vegetables, cut down on fat and even, against every instinct in my body and soul, resumed an exercise regimen that I had tried and swiftly abandoned decades ago. It has been a testing period.
I took little notice of the previous guidelines, issued in 2000. At the time I was the restaurant critic for this newspaper, paid to trample on every rule in the dietary guidebook. I do recall looking quickly at the daily maximums and wondering how a recent meal at a Viennese-style cafe, where I sampled 12 desserts, would fit into the grid..
A year ago I left the restaurant beat, and since then I have eaten a fairly normal American diet, though with a pretentious urban slant. Never margarine, always butter, for example. Fine farmhouse cheeses rather than Kraft Singles. Ground buffalo instead of chuck. So I assumed that the new guidelines would not require any wrenching changes: A small adjustment here and there, but nothing I couldn't live with.
My daily calorie allowance, determined by my age, height and weight, was 2,211, with a discretionary allowance of 290 calories. That much seemed doable. And in many respects, I ought to be an ideal candidate to follow almost any diet. I am thin, my cholesterol level is low and my blood pressure seems to be not just acceptable, but fabulous. Doctors constantly comment on it. In other words, I would be starting off at a point that, for many of my overweight, cholesterol-burdened fellow citizens, remains a distant goal.
But I have more in common with them than I would have thought. Looking over the Agriculture Department's suggested meal plans, I saw wide discrepancies between my usual meals and the guidelines.
Whole grains do not figure largely in my diet. Milk appears only in my tea and coffee, whereas the guidelines propose two to three servings a day for a 2,000-calorie diet, with an 8-ounce glass of milk (or a cup of yogurt, or an ounce and a half of low-fat cheese) equaling one serving. The guidelines limit salt intake to a mere teaspoon a day.
The real surprise involved fruit and vegetable consumption. The 2000 guidelines had suggested two servings of fruit and three servings of vegetables a day. A fruit serving would be a medium-sized piece of fruit or 6 ounces of juice; a vegetable serving would be a cup of raw leaf vegetables or a half-cup of cooked vegetables.
The new guidelines up the ante to four or five servings of each a day. And they strongly favor dark-green powerhouses like kale and spinach rather than the nutritionally wimpy iceberg lettuce and the like.
Although I did not dwell on it at first glance, the meat and fish ration seemed a little skimpy: less than 6 ounces a day. But I had full confidence that I could plan a government-regulation menu and stick to it.
As a nondieter, I found myself in unfamiliar territory. First, I had to learn to read a nutrition label and to calculate calories. I experienced sticker shock, something like that idiotic moment of awakening that out-of-touch politicians experience on the campaign trail when they walk into a store and see the price of milk. I knew, in a general way, that butter contains a lot of fat, and that my consumption would have to go down. I was dismayed to find that a mere stick of butter contains a whopping 800 calories, or more than one-third of my daily allotment.
The calculations did not come easy. Reading the fine print on the guidelines reminded me of setting up my DVD player. "Low fat" cheeses were recommended, but what qualified as low fat, exactly?
Calories, it turns out, are only part of the equation. The guidelines also include limits on the share of daily caloric intake that ought to come from fats, divided into three categories: the benevolent polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fats; the merely bad saturated fats; and the really, really horrible transfats, the kind that turn up in essential foods like spicy tortilla chips.
The explanation of "discretionary" calories was fairly opaque, like a legal codicil. It seemed to say that everyone gets some wiggle room, if they stick to nutrient-dense foods (those with little or no fat and no added sugars). But it goes on to say that solid fat and sugar calories always need to be counted as discretionary calories. Did this mean that they count double?
Consultation with experts clarified the issue. The discretionary calories are like a reward for good behavior: If you adhere strictly to the guidelines, eat only nutrient-dense foods and manage to achieve all your nutritional goals within the daily calorie allowance, you get to splurge a bit on anything you like - candy bars, or a (very tiny) deep-fried pie, or perhaps a few extra-cheesy nacho chips.
Plunging ahead, I revised my usual breakfast, based on several slices of butter-streusel coffee cake, and instead consumed two servings of orange juice, a half-cup of oatmeal with a teaspoon of brown sugar, and two cups of tea with milk. Plus one slice of brioche toast with jam.
Two hours later, I experienced hunger pangs and ate a banana, which added to my fruit intake (now at three servings with the orange juice) but also posed a conundrum. A medium banana has 105 calories, 7 of them from fat. It is not equal to an orange, which has 65 calories, 3 of them from fat. But they each count as one serving.
Lunch was tuna salad on a whole-grain roll with lettuce and two servings of peach juice, containing added sugar that (I think) counted against my discretionary allowance. I indulged in some Gruyère cheese, pretending that it was low-fat.
By accident, the tuna salad proved to be a real fat-buster. I had run out of mayonnaise and used yogurt instead. (Mayonnaise tastes better.) I followed up with an oatmeal chocolate-chip cookie with walnuts. An hour or two later I was hungry again, and ate another banana.
The guidelines call for 30 minutes of moderately vigorous exercise most days to reduce the risk of chronic disease; 60 minutes to prevent weight gain; or 90 minutes to lose weight. I went for the low number.
My exercise regimen, a combination of weight lifting and hitting a tennis ball against a wall while running around wildly, was every bit as boring and miserable as I remembered. To introduce variety, I reactivated an old exercise bicycle, rusted nearly solid after years of neglect.
I tried to fantasize that I was cycling along the Loire on a sunny day. It did not work. My thoughts kept turning to pike quenelles, a regional specialty, and the superb meals that I once enjoyed at the Lion d'Or in Romorantin, where, I can tell you, no one was counting calories.
By dinner time, stark choices loomed. My calories were running out, and the vegetable account was in deep deficit. Catfish was the entrée, and I lovingly eyed a recipe involving a pecan-butter sauce.
But pecans, I quickly discovered, are butter in the form of a nut. One cup contains 822 calories, 772 of them from fat. Add that to the butter in the recipe, and you wind up with a dish that tops 1,200 calories per serving. I opted for a spice rub and ran the filets under the broiler with a little butter.
I also steamed a mountain of spinach and heaped a truckload of coleslaw on the plate to satisfy the vegetable requirement. But it still wasn't enough.
And so it went. By Day 2, with buffalo burgers on the dinner menu, I had become fixated on the meat and fish category. A quite modest four-ounce burger patty uses up more than two-thirds of the daily quota. To stay on program, I would have to scale back the tuna sandwich.
The guidelines were beginning to feel like wartime rationing. I walked around with a nagging feeling of being just slightly deprived. After two days, it began to haunt me.
I also began to chafe at the relentless assault on pleasure that the guidelines seemed to represent. At every turn, Americans were being urged to consume foods in their least tasty forms. There they were, the dreaded chicken breast with the skin removed, the unadorned steamed fish and the unspeakable processed cheeses.
In the world of the guidelines, food is a kind of medicine that, taken in the right doses, can promote good health. In the real world, of course, people regard food and its flavors as a source of pleasure. And therein lies just one of the problems with the guidelines, which my wife took one look at before saying with a shake of her head, "No one is ever going to eat like this."
As a cultural document, the guidelines are strange. They set themselves the worthy but futile goal of imposing a style of eating for which Americans have no model. It's all very well to announce that everyone should eat five servings of vegetables a day. But where does that fit in the culinary template that Americans instinctively consult when planning a meal? The typical American dinner is an entrée with a starch and a vegetable, preceded in some cases by a salad or soup and followed with dessert.
For Asians, it's quite normal to eat multiple vegetable dishes at the same meal (even at breakfast), and to prepare very small quantities of fish or meat with much larger quantities of rice. But Americans rarely eat multiple vegetable dishes except on Thanksgiving. If they are going to triple their vegetable consumption, they'll have to greatly enlarge the vegetable portions they do eat, throwing the meal off balance, or else walk around nibbling on carrots and cauliflower florets from a plastic bag.
The new guidelines are not just health policy, they're cultural policy, too. To comply fully, Americans will have to rethink their inherited notions of what makes a meal, and what makes a meal satisfying.
That is a very tall order - even taller than the daily mound of uncooked leafy vegetables that everyone is supposed to eat.
He was in many ways a very strange man. He spoke Turkish and Arabic and was fascinated by the Middle east, most of which was ruled at that time by Turkey. He enjoyed this tour so much that he went back again,five or six.
哲学的内容なので難しくてよくわかりません… どなたかお願いします。 The next leg of our voyage relates to the fact that the word "philosophy" literally means "love of wisdome." This second leg of our voyage involves two forms of wisdom developed by philosophers:axiology and ethics. Together these disciplines constitute value theory, that is, the general theory of values, both moral and non-moral. Axiology, broadly conceived, is the study of the nature and achievement of happiness. Ethics, broadly conceived, is the study of value theory, we will ask how they relate to one another. Some people think we must choose between happiness and morality. Some say that if we want to be happy, we must forget about morality;it will only get in the way of our pursit of happiness. Others say that if we want to be moral, we must forget about happiness;it will only distract us from doing our duty. Perhaps we can find a more satisfying way of relating these two important concerns to one another.
>>342続きです The third and final leg of our joourney will take us from the relatively pleasant waters of value theory into the stormy seas of metaphysics. Because value theory is closely related to the experiences and training you have had since childhood, and to the kinds of decisions you have been making for years,you`ll probably feel at home in value theory. Metaphysics, by contrast, asks not how we feel or what we want or what we ought to do; it asks how things are. What is the nature of reality as a whole and in its parts? To answers that question requires a detachment of mind and a rigor of thought which few people acquire in their first twenty years of life. Consequently, the main difficulty you will probably have in doing metaphysics will be the simple act of trying to really appreciate a radically different way of understanding reality or some part of it. Because of our pluralistic culture, most of us have been exposed to diverse ways of understanding the world;for that reason, we tend to think of ourselves as liberal and open, but the exposure has usually been superficial. Few of have ever really had to or tried to understand the world in a way which is radically different from the prevailing way in our culture or subculture. Indeed, cultures, and especially subcultures, often try to protect us and sometimes try to prevent us from seriously examining other ways of understanding reality. They may shield us altogether from these different perceptions, or they may assure us in advance that they`re not as good as what we`ve got(and may even be the work of wicked people or the devil!). In metaphysics, however, it is necessary to do just the opposite: to seek out and clarify all possible basic answers to a metaphysical problem in order that we might compare and evaluate them rigorously and fairly. すみません、お願いします。
Some people say that in order to create our own identities when we use English, we should express our traditional values in English. Values are different from nation to nation. When we put our values into English, we may need to change some English logic. For example, consider the following utterances which some Japanese are likely to say: There is nothing, but please help yourself. This isn't very delicious, but plase help yourself. These expressions are commonly avoided in English, because, according to English logic, if there is nothing, how can you help yourself? Or, if something is not delicious, why would somebody want to eat it? These expressions are based on the Japanese sense of modesty. If we could not express our traditional Japanese way of thinking or feeling in English, we would lose our sense of self-identity. In order to have English really internationalized, we may have to put our local identities into the English we use.
Rodrik's theory, though developed out of the experiences of South Korea and Eastern Europe,can help us understand the recent Indian experience. While each of India's policies may have been insufficient alone,complementarities in coordinated policies favoring large-scale foreign investment, infrastructure, and continu-nglnVeStmentSintechnicaleducationallappeartohavebeencritical in generating the dramatic growth of the Indian information technology sector. Moreover, the Indian experience points to a role for political leadership in solving coordination failures and creating the expectations of a new and improved equilibrium.In some cases having a Naidu may not be sufficient,or even necessary, when economies are able to coordinate by themselves,such as the technology industry in California's Silicon Valley. But a charismatic leader who is perceived as being wise and beneficent by a large number of people may help to create a focal point Nash equilibrium for key economic players that could be unachievable otherwise.
Rodrik's theory, though developed out of the experiences of South Korea and Eastern Europe, can help us understand the recent Indian experience. While each of India's policies may have been insufficient alone,complementarities in coordinated policies favoring large-scale foreign investment, infrastructure, and continuing investments in technical education all appear to have been critical in generating the dramatic growth of the Indian information technology sector. Moreover, the Indian experience points to a role for political leadership in solving coordination failures and creating the expectations of a new and improved equilibrium.In some cases having a Naidu may not be sufficient,or even necessary, when economies are able to coordinate by themselves,such as the technology industry in California's Silicon Valley. But a charismatic leader who is perceived as being wise and beneficent by a large number of people may help to create a focal point Nash equilibrium for key economic players that could be unachievable otherwise.
the author of the world-famous harry potter book series is j.k.rowling. when she created the story of the remarkable boy wizard,this shy englishwoman was a hard- up,single mother. but since that first book was publised over 10 years ago,she has become the most successful woman author of all time. まだあります
more than 230 million harry potter books have mow been sold worldwide. the tales have been published in an amazing 61 languages,including japanese,welsh,and even latin.in 2003,rowling published the longest harry potter book,harry potter and the order of the phoenhx. in that year alone,she made $220 million drom the royalties of the five books in the series. she also earned money from the sales of harry potter movies.
money has been pouring in steadily from all these sales,making joanne rowling one of the richest women in the world. every year,the english newspaper the sunday times lists the people earning the most money in britain. in 2003,rowling was the fifth highest earner and had the highest income for a woman. philip beresford,the journalist who compiled the sunday times list,said:''j.k.rowling is a money-making machine ...she could be the first billionaire author in history.''
【A vanishing Voice】 There are 52 languages in the world which have only one native speaker left. These languages are called ‘vanishing voices’. Eyak, a native American language, is an example of them. Marie Smith Jones, 87, has been the last Eyak since her sister Sophia died in 1993. She is the only native speaker that knows that ‘kaelltaaak’ means ‘seal’. She tries to remember Eyak words in some ways. For example, she sometimes says them aloud. “I just want to hear what they sound like,”she says. She also uses the chance to get calls from Michael Krauss, a linguist who talks to her in Eyak. When Jones dies, there will be no native speaker of Eyak. This means that Eyak culture will also die out. It follows that we will lose one treasure of human culture. What should we do to stop this?
【Storks Coming Back】 Storks were once seen in many places in Japan. However, because of habitat loss and overhunting, the last wild stork became extinct in 1971. The local people around Toyo’oka in Hyogo were very disappointed, because they had tried to preserve storks through a project set up in 1955. As last resort, the city was given six storks by Russia in 1985. Through breeding them, the first baby storks were hatched in 1989. Now the species has grown to more than 100. In September 2005 their efforts began to bear fruit and five storks were released to the sky in Tokyo’oka. In 2006 there was a second release. The environment in which storks can survive is a safe and rich one for humans too. Let’s hope the day will come in the near future when many storks can fly freely in Toyo’oka’s sky.
voyager reading course new editionのLesson2-part1文章です よろしくお願いします part1 "Mr. President, before I left Tuvalu, my grandchildren asked me why I was coming to Kyoto and whether I would be bringing back any presents for their Christmas. I am more than sure that the whole world, including our children and grandchildren, is watching closely what will come out of the Kyoto meeting. Let me state again that the best Christmas present I can take back from Kyoto is not something nice to eat, of course; what I want for my grandchildren is the promise from the Parties here that they will cut down greenhouse gas emissions. I believe that their action will protect our grandchildren and the people of the world in the future." At the Kyoto Convention on Climate Change in December, 1997, Bikenibeu Paeniu, a special speaker from Tuvalu, ended his address by making this strong appeal to the world.
In the future there will be no more human beings. This is not something we should worry about.
Much of today’s scientific research may enable us eventually to repair the terrible vulnerability to which our present state of evolution has exposed us. It is widely thought inevitable that we will have to face the end of humanity as we know it. We will either have died out altogether, killed off by self-created global warming or disease, or, we may hope, we will have been replaced by our successors.
The Human Fertilisation and Embryology Bill would allow for inter-species embryos that will not only enable medical science to overcome the acute shortage of human eggs for research, but would provide models for the understanding of many disease processes, an essential precursor to the development of effective therapies.
Darwinian evolution has taken millions of years to create human beings; the next phase of evolution, a phase I call “enhancement evolution”, could occur before the end of the century. The result may be the emergence of a new species that will initially live alongside us and eventually may entirely replace humankind.
This prospect horrifies some and exhilarates others. Yet the question of whether or not we should make improvements to human beings and possibly to human nature is the most vital, urgent and portentous of all the questions facing us. d techniques that will radically extend life expectancy from tens to hundreds of years - these are all on today’s scientific agenda and some are already in use.
続きです。 Some of these possibilities are so radical that the creatures benefiting from them would no longer be “human”, in the way we think of it. The end of humanity then is not in itself a concern; making sure that those who replace us are better than we are is a huge and timely concern.
One of the most dramatic and important of the new technologies that will produce new creatures is synthetic biology. When people talk about synthetic biology and synthetic life, they may have in mind Frankenstein scientists in the lab, or perhaps some bubbling vat of biochemical “primeval soup” out of which will arise either a monster or a perfect specimen of humanity.
Synthetic biology is in fact the name now used for a cluster of new technologies in which, as John McCarthy, the computer scientist, says, biomolecular components (natural or synthetic) are newly combined or reorganised to create novel genetic and biochemical circuitry, pathways, and ultimately organisms. It is, in a sense, a hybrid discipline between science and engineering.
Synthetic biology has caught the imagination not least because it marks the beginnings of potentially manufacturing life forms from scratch and eventually of creating tailor-made creatures in our own image -or in principle in the image of anything we can engineer.This is heady stuff,and if it works may give us unprecedented powers.
If we can try to understand how to make better creatures than ourselves, longer-lived, more resistant to disease and injury, healthier and better adapted to a changing environment, we should surely do so.
Enhancement technologies give those who can use them an edge and have often been criticised for the injustice that this supposedly creates. But we have always enhanced ourselves and our environment in ways that are not immediately available to all: education and medicine are obvious examples, but synthetic sunshine is perhaps closest to synthetic biology.
Before fires, candles, lamps and other forms of man-made light, most people went to sleep when it got dark. Candles enabled social life and work to continue into and through the night and conferred all sorts of advantages on those able and willing to benefit from it, at the expense of those who couldn’t or didn’t.
Contemporary and future biological enhancements may create problems of injustice both in that they provide a means for some to gain an advantage (those who read by candlelight gain in a way that others do not), and because they may create unfair pressures as a result of the capabilities conferred by enhancement (like the pressure to stay up late and read or work because one can).
The solution is establishing “fair” working hours and provision, at public expense if necessary, of sources of light - not banning candles. The solution is a combination of regulation and distributive justice, not a Luddite rejection of technology.
Emily will find a better place to fall asleep She belongs to fairy tales that I could never be The future haunts with memories that I could never have And hope is just a stranger wondering how it got so bad
I die each time you look away My heart, my life will never be the same This love will take my everything One breath, one touch will be the end of me
You could be the final straw that brings me back to earth Ever-waiting airports full of the love that you deserve Wishing I could find a way to wash away the past Knowing that my heart Will break, but at least the pain will last
Emily will find a better place to fall asleep Maybe she will save me in the oceans of her dream And maybe someday love Maybe someday love
Today, especially in wealthy countries, the double problem of eating too much food and eating unhealthy kinds of foods has resulted in a wide range of health problems. Being aware of such problems is necessary, but thinking only of these dangers can be somewhat depressing. It seems we need a more positive way to think about good eating.
The Slow Food movement is encouraging people to think about not only what we eat, but how we eat. Fast eating takes away the joy of eating, and it leads us to ignore the culture of food, our relationship to the farmers, and the health of our environment. The Slow Food encourages us to share the experience of eating with other people in a leisurely way. It can provide a happier alternative to many stricter forms of dieting. Too often, modern `healthy diets` are rather boring and lonely, and they can lead us to ignore the cultural aspects of eating.
The Slow Food movement, which started in the 1980s in Italy, uses the snail as its symbol. The founders of the Slow Food movement felt that the snail's habit of slowness provided an important message for people today. They realized that the snail has something to teach modern people, who are often too impatient to feel and taste, and too rushed to remember what they have eaten.
The Slow Food movement, which started in the 1980s in Italy, uses the snail as its symbol. The founders of the Slow Food movement felt that the snail's habit of slowness provided an important message for people today. They realized that the snail has something to teach modern people, who are often too impatient to feel and taste, and too rushed to remember what they have eaten.
Slow Food groups have now spread to countries on five countinents around the world, including Japan, and they have over 80,000 menbers. The movement emphasizes respect for the diffrrent local food cultures of each country and local area. It also supports the existence of small-scale farmers who use traditional, organic, environmentally-friendly methods. The movement reminds us that our attitudes toward food, diet, and health must be connected to caring for a healthy environment where our food is grown. The Slow Food movement shows that local culture, traditional farming, and natural environment are closely related to healthy food.
In a world that seems to continually race faster and faster, the ideas of the Slow Food movement may help us regain a healthier attitude toward food, people, culture, time, annd the world around us. And they may help us face the big question: What is life for?
japan is famous for its low crime rate.this is partly due to the country's koban system of neighborhond police boxes. there are approximately 6500 police boxes across japan,mostly in urban areas. on average,a koban serves around 9000 people. every urban resident in japan lives within six blocks of a koban. police boxes are very effective in crime control. each year,they are responsible for 70 percent of all arrests. that's trice as many as regular police stations. and as well as keeping an eye on criminals,police officers give assistance to local citizens.in fact,a koban receives as many visitors as a regular police station.
1 These are many words to describe what our olfactory system senses. Some words describe pleasant smells; scent, aroma, bouquet, fragrance. Other words are used commonly or exclusively for less pleasing sensations; smell, odor, stink. One reason for this rich vocabulary can be found in how early humans lived. Our ancestors had to be very sensitive to the faintest animal smells. As hunters, they wanted to capture their dinner. As potential prey, they had to be aware of smells in order to avoid dangerous animals. 2 Humans can identify an estimated 10,000 different smells. That sounds like a lot, but nature produces over 400,000unique smell molecules. Thus, it is clear that we are sensing only part of our odor-rich environment. For example, bananas can emit over 200 distinct smells. We humans can not completely distinguish each of these sells, but some insects and animals can. 3 As for artificial smells, people all over the world spend a lot of money on perfume and deodorants. These products can create a pleasant smell or mask a bad one. It may be surprising to learn that it is sometimes useful to introduce a bad smell where none existed before. For example, natural gas has no natural odor. Since this gas is used for heating and cooking, it needs to be made safe for domestic use. A very strong-smelling odorant, methyl mercaptan, is thus added to natural gas. In this way, odorless natural gas is given the smell of rotten cabbage. Since we can sense methyl mercaptan at the very faint concentration of 1.6 parts per billion, we can discover even the smallest leak immediately.
4 From childhood we learn that smell and taste are very closely related. It is surprising how closely related they can be. For example, in one experiment a group of researchers gave blindfolded test subjects a piece of candy and asked them to describe its flavor. Next, the researchers had the subjects try again, this time while holding their nose. During the second round many people could not identify the taste of the candy. On the basis of this experiment, it was concluded that over 80 percent of what we perceive as “taste” actually is due to the sense of smell. 5 Smell and psychology are closely linked as well. Aromatherapy can help a person overcome depression. Lavender oil eases tension, and peppermint oil ref refreshes one’s spirits. Hospitals are known to spray chamomile into the air to decrease patient anxiety. Also, our memories are often associated with a smell. Just a whiff of something can bring back a related memory very strongly. 6 However, the strong connection that smells have with our perception of the world and human psychology may lead to exploitation. For example, experiments have shown that workers exposed to the smell of oranges become more creative. The odor used was so faint that most people who were affected didn’t consciously recognize it. Although such involuntary aromatherapy is meant to be beneficial, does it smell like trouble to you?
すみません、どなたかお願いします; Whenever Ipresent one of these possibilities as true, it is entirely appropriate for you to ask of me, "How do you know that?" When Ido not affirm a position as true but simply confront you with alternative possibilities, it is appropriate for you to say, "Okay, that`s good, but how can we come to know which of those possibilities, is definitely, or at least probably, true?" There are no simple answers to these questions, but there are valuable answers - answers which employ distinctions and insights that have been developed and refined over centuries of time by brilliant thinkers. Among these distinctions and insights, we will look at differences between assertions and arguments, truth and valibity, knowledge and belief, and hope. Then we will lool into the pursuit of knowledge through ordinary perception, science, and religion. I cannnot take you directly to your goal(absolute knowledge), but I can put you aboard the only ship I know of which is headed for that destination, introduce you to its crew, familiarize you with its rigging,`and hand you an oar. No one I know of can do more than that.
この英文の和訳をお願いしてもよろしいでしょうか Why is the moon so much bigger when it's rising and setting, compared with its size when it's high in the sky? Perhaps all of us have noticed this oddity at one time or another. Professor Robert talks about the Moon Illusion. よろしくお願いします。
Cowbirds in Illinois that sneak their eggs into other birds' nests retaliate violently if their scam gets foiled, researchers say. The brown-headed cowbirds of North America outsource nest building and chick raising. Female cowbirds dart into other birds' nests, quickly lay eggs, and rush away. The nest owners are left to care for big, demanding cowbird chicks.
Why don't the dupes throw out the odd eggs? When scientists removed cowbird eggs from warbler nests, more warbler eggs later got smashed or carried off than did eggs in nests with cowbird eggs left in place. It was cowbird retaliation, conclude Jeffrey P. Hoover of the Illinois Natural History Survey in Champaign and Scott K. Robinson of the Florida Museum of Natural History in Gainesville.
That's the first evidence of gangsterlike behavior in cowbirds, says Hoover.
A decade of monitoring prothonotary warblers in nest boxes in southern-Illinois swamps gave Hoover the idea for the new experiment. The nest boxes sit on poles coated with axle grease to thwart raccoons, snakes, and most other raiders. Egg-laying cowbirds still strike, and Hoover had for years left the cowbird eggs alone. In 2002, he and other researchers removed cowbird eggs. Nest vandalism suddenly increased.
No one saw the vandals, but Hoover and Robinson turned to an idea put forward in 1979 by Israeli biologist Amotz Zahavi. He'd suggested that by tending the weirdlooking eggs and chicks, the foster parents protect their own progeny. In a rare test of the idea, cuckoos retaliated against magpies in Spain that rejected cuckoo eggs, scientists reported in 1995.
In the new experiment, the researchers recorded egg damage in only 6 percent of the warbler nests where cowbird eggs remained unmolested. In contrast, 56 percent of nests were vandalized after the researchers removed the cowbird eggs. When the scientists removed the cowbird eggs but added new fronts to the nest boxes with holes too small for cowbirds, there was no damage.
So, the nest trashers are cowbirds, Hoover and Robinson conclude in the March 13 Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences.
When the cowbird eggs stayed in the nest, some warbler chicks starved because the pushy cowbird nestlings took so much of the food. Yet with the retaliation attacks, the nests where cowbird eggs had been removed produced, on average, only 40 percent as many warblers as the cowbird-fostering nests did, says Hoover.
"This is a surprising result," says Stephen Rothstein of the University of California, Santa Barbara.
Rothstein hasn't tested whether cowbirds retaliate, but he says, "My bet, before this paper, would have been definitely no. " He's now reconsidering but says, "I'd like to see more direct evidence," such as video.
So would Naomi Langmore of the Australian National University in Canberra. Still, she describes the evidence as "compelling."
"Best evidence to date," says Rebecca Kilner of the University of Cambridge in England.
Hoover and Robinson also report evidence of another cowbird trick: farming. The cowbirds lay their eggs in a host nest during the same several days that the hosts lay their eggs. The researchers noted that warbler nests that at first had escaped cowbird egg invasions had a 20 percent rate of vandalism. When these warblers rebuilt after the disaster, 85 percent of the nests got hit by cowbirds. Hoover and Robinson suggest that the cowbirds had created new egg-placing opportunities for themselves.
police officers at a koban watch out for people who need help. foreign visitors to japan quickly learn that police boxes are good places to ask for directions. some police officers even learn to speak some english. because of the success of the local community police box,countries like indonesia,singapore,fiji and brazil are adopting the same idea. in the US,where crime control is not as thorough as it is in japan,several american cities are experimenting with the japanese-style police box. for instance,thomas frazier,police chief in baltimore,says,''a koban is not as large as police station,but it is more accessible. i am sure that face-to-face contact between the public and the police reduces crime significantly.''the figures back him up.
Data last week suggested a still-strong economy and moderating inflation, conditions that are likely to leave the Fed on hold for longer than some hope.
長くて申し訳ないのですが、どなたか和訳お願いします; What is investment? The second major component of private spending is investment, which plays an important role in economic activity. First, changes in investment patterns can have a major impact on aggregate demand and hence on output and employment. Second, investment leads to accumulation of capital. Building up stock can increase potential output and enhance economic growth.
For businesses, investment can spur revenues if the investment increases product sales. The costs associated with investment play an important role in determining the amount that a company invests. Businesses sometimes borrow money to pay for investments. The cost of this type of borrowing is the interest rate. Interest rates are important because they determine the cost of investment and impact investment levels.
The neoclassical theory of business fixed investment states that the rate of investment is determined by the speed with which businesses adjust their capital stocks toward the desired level. As the value of the desired capital stock increases, the planned production output increases. Finally, monetary and fiscal policy both affect business fixed investment and housing. The effects accrue from changes in interest rates and taxes.
400です。できればこれもお願いします; Business investment is increasing due to increase in corporate profits and in demand. However some supply-side indicators of machinery equipment investment have been decreasing mainly because of the decrease in semiconductor manufacturing equipment. The Synthetic Business Investment Index, which synthesizes the demand- and supply-side statistics, has been picking up.
According to the Bank of Japan’s short-term business sentiment survey (tankan), business investment is likely to increase for two years. The rate of increase for large manufacturers have been the highest since 1989. As for leading indicators, however, machinery orders have been weakening, partly due to decreases in orders for electrical machinery. The trend for business investment is expected to continue to increase as corporate profits continue to improve, although attention should be paid to investment trends for some industries.
What happens when a large number of people adopt English in their community? they develop "an English" of their own. In fact, their are now many varieties of spoken English developing around the world, in countries such as India, Singapore, and Ghana.
携帯の字数制限がキツイので細切れになってます。すいません They have been called "New Englishes." Some use the expression "World Englishes" to refer to varieties of English s poken in different places.
With the concept of "World Englishes" growing more common, the distinction between English as a first language and English as a second or foreign language is becoming less significant.
It is important to note here that the proper noun "English" has received a plural "-s" ―becoming "Englishes." The term "World Englishes" functions as a collective noun such as animals and vegetables.
The basic point about World Englishes is that English no longer belongs exclusively to native speakers but is a global resource shared by all peoples of the world, and that the English norms are not to be decided locally but globally.
This means that all these users of English have their share in the future of English. So today, to have learned English means to have your own rights as one of the users of the language.
Language learners will be facing these World Englishes, and they will develop a sense of international standards of English ―as well as their national norms of English, which are currently the focus of learning.
It may not be many years, however, before an international standard becomes the starting-point for every learner of English, with British, American, and other varieties all seen as optional versions of English.
すみません、どなたかお願いします>< The college campus, which was designed by one of the villagers, gets all its electricity from solar power. Local people are in charge of maintaining the water and electricity sys-tems, and are taught how to install similar systems elsewhere.On the campus, there are 20 computers, and local women have been taught how to use them. The college also runs schools and day-care centers, where children are provided with an education suited to their circumstances and their parents are taught about health care and nutrition. Because many children have to help their parents with their work during the day, the college also runs about 150 night schools, where children are taught by local graduates of the Barefoot College. Perhaps the most remarkable feature is the Children`s Parliament, with a prime minister and 15 other ministers elected by the students to make sure the school functions properly. As the founder and director of the SWRC explains,"These night-school children are our future teachers, mid-wives, computer programmers, water chemists and political leaders."
>>419の続きです。 Like many large cities in developing countries, Larachi, the capital of Pakistanm, attracts a constant influx of poor peo-ple from the countryside seeking a better life in the city. Most of them are very poor, and cannot afford to buy a house, so they build their own in the suburbs of the city. Orangi is the biggest such infoemal settlement in Karachi, with a population of infoemal settlement in Karachi, with a population of over a million. Untill the 1980s, it was an extremely unhealthy place to live, with open sewers beside roads and lanes breeding a variety of diseases. Infant mortali-ty was high, and constant medical bills prevented families from saving any of their income. Appeals to the city govern-ment for help were ignored. Then Dr.Akhter Hameed Khan was invited to come up with a solution. He founded the Orangi Pilot Ploject to consult the residents about what they needed and then proposed a sewage system which woukd be simple design developed by OPP`s own engineers and archi-tects, the residents of each street were able to build their own covered sewers that linked up to the city system.
The consultation and self-help approach to the sewage problem led to further initiatives in health, family planning and education. Now infant morality in Orange has fallen far below that of neighboring settlements, fallen far below that of neighboring settlements, the literacy rate is double the Pakistani average and the expertise of Orangi res-idents is now being the expertise of Orangi res-idents is now being passed on to othere informal settlements in Pakistan. Western critics of aid to developing countries frequently complain that the recipients are doing nothing to help them-selves. On the contrary, some of the world`s poorest people are contrary, some of the world`s poorest people are taking the initiative to overcome enomous problems, with just a little help from overcome enomous problems, with just a little help from people like Professor Yunus, Bunker Roy and Hameed Khan. 長くなってしまいましたが宜しくお願いします。
Tuval is now in a critical stage of its long history. The people will lose their homeland if global warming countries. This means that a unique culture that took thousands of years to build will not be passed on to future generations. Can you imagine losing your homeland forever? Such a tragedy may happen to us in the future, if we do not act quickly. The future of Tuvalu and the earth is in our hands.
Hurricanes are giant revolving masses of clouds and low-pressuer air that can form when air passes over ocean water that is warmer than about 27 degrees. Unlike in the case of tsunamis and earthquakes, researchers belives that hurricanes are getting stronger in recent times, and that human activities may be partly to blame. A study in the journal Nature reported that the strength and duration of hurricanes and typhoons have increased by about 50 percent over the past 30 years. It linked this increase to a rise in ocean temperatures, generally belived to be caused by global warming. According to the study`s author Prof. Kerry Emmanuel, if global temperatures rise, hurricanes will likely continue to get stronger in the future. In 2005, hurricane occurred in the South Atlantic Ocean for the first time.
Extreme natural events such as hurricanes and tsunamis can be thought of, symbolically, as cries from the earth. Rather than just fearing these calls, we can respond more positively by studying the problems they alert us to and by changing our habitsb of living. This can help us to deal with underlying enviromental problems such as the destruction os ecosystems and global warming. People in many traditional cultures throughout the world have believed that the earth "speaks" to us. Is such belief just outdated, unscientific myth? Or do we in modern industrial societies also need to learn to listen more carefully to the cries of the earth?
Hurricanes are giant revolving masses of clouds and low-pressuer air that can form when air passes over ocean water that is warmer than about 27 degrees. Unlike in the case of tsunamis and earthquakes, researchers belives that hurricanes are getting stronger in recent times, and that human activities may be partly to blame. A study in the journal Nature reported that the strength and duration of hurricanes and typhoons have increased by about 50 percent over the past 30 years. It linked this increase to a rise in ocean temperatures, generally belived to be caused by global warming. According to the study`s author Prof. Kerry Emmanuel, if global temperatures rise, hurricanes will likely continue to get stronger in the future. In 2005, hurricane occurred in the South Atlantic Ocean for the first time.
Extreme natural events such as hurricanes and tsunamis can be thought of, symbolically, as cries from the earth. Rather than just fearing these calls, we can respond more positively by studying the problems they alert us to and by changing our habitsb of living. This can help us to deal with underlying enviromental problems such as the destruction os ecosystems and global warming. People in many traditional cultures throughout the world have believed that the earth "speaks" to us. Is such belief just outdated, unscientific myth? Or do we in modern industrial societies also need to learn to listen more carefully to the cries of the earth?
For people who thrive on information, this is an exciting time to be alive, with daily delivery of newspapers, magazines and teltevision programs, and 24-hour Internet access. However, not all of the information we get is reliable.In their rush to meet publishing deadlines, journalist often omit or fail to confirm essential details; and the Internet is full of traps for information seekers who wander off the beaten track.Mistakes are no big deal if we just want to know the result of a football match, but they are of major significance if we are seeking an apporopriate drug for a rare disease or trying to find out about an accident at a nearby nuclear power plant.
Even before the advent of the Internet, there were plenty of myths created by pranksters,advertising agencies, advocacy groups and even governments. Among the most famous spoofs were the widely-quoted scientific report on the mysterious powers of pyramids and the iconic photograph of the Loch Ness Monster, both of which were eventually revealed as hoaxes by their creators. While providing harmless entertainment, these also serve as a reminder of the need to be skeptical of any information that does not come from inpeccable sources.
Hogarth felt that Ned, by now nineteen, was just such a young men. Hogarth began to train Ned for his work. He began by getting him to read military history, to learn how wars had been won and lost. He sent him to France during the university vacations to study castles and to look at old battlefields. At meetings at Hogarth's house, or in his room at college, Ned and other young men would talk about history with Hogarth, and as they learned more, they would argue about old battles had been different. Ned became interested in the Crusaders and could talk for hours about how those European knights had ridden all the way Middle East to drive the Arabs out of Christ's birthplace, Palestine. So when the time came for Ned to take his final examination at the university he decided to write an essay on the castles that the Crusaders had built in the Middle East. In order to do this he had to go there. So in 1909, when he was twenty-one, he set off.
Adovocacy groups, too, have been guilty of spreading false and misleading information. For example, there are various phony research institutes dedicated to convincing people that global warming is a myth, which were set up by major companies likely to be adversely affected by policies to prevent global warming. Despite losing the media battle, they and their corporate sponsors managed to delay action for a lost decade that the next generation should never forgive them for.
On the other side of the political spectrum, environmentalists do not always get their facts right either. For example, when SOC announced plans to dump an old oil platform in the sea, Greenpeace protested that it was full of toxic chemicals and would be an environmental catastrophe. After an aggressive campaign, Greenpeace succeeded in persuading Shell to tow the rig to land and dismantle it there. It then became clear that the amount of toxic chemicals was much smaller than Greenpeace had estimated, and that dumping the oil rig in the sea would have been better for the environment. The lesson to be drawn is not that environmentalists are deliberately distorting the facts, or that the best way to get rid of stuff is to dump it in the ocean, but that we should be prepared to question what we read and hear, even when it comes from people and organizations that we trust and respect and when it supports our own views.
Transport and agriculture also feature in another interesting example of challenged assumptions. A large amount of cut flowers is flown from Kenya to the UK every year. This provides poor Kenyans with a useful source of income, but also results in significant carbon emissions. Environmentalists were at odds with development agencies over whether this trade should be discouraged. However, it turns out that producing the same amount of flowers in a heated greenhouse in the Neitherlands results in the emission of five times as much carbon. But before jumping to conclusions and outsourcing all flower production to Kenya, we should first ask ourselves if we need cut flowers at all.
In a recent issue of Positive Living entitled "The Tree that Could Save the Planet", a project to plant a million Japanese paulownia trees across the US was introduced. According to the article, the paulownia absorbs ten times more carbon dioxide than any other species of tree. Much as I admire both the magazine and the tree, I found this somewhat hard to believe. I immediately turned to Google to see whether or not the claim was true. If you would like to know the answer too, log on to the Internet and find out what the experts have to say.
洋書のEveryday Useで、わからないところがあり困ってます。どなたか翻訳よろしくお願いします。 I hear Maggie go “Uhnnnh” again.It is her sister's hair. It stands straight up like the wool on a sheep. It is black as night and around the edges are two long pigtails that rope about like small lizards disappearing behind her ears. “Wa-su-zo-Tean-o!”she says,coming on in that gliding way the dress makes her move. The short stocky fellows up with “Asalamalakim,my mother and sister!” He moves to hug Maggie but she falls back,right up against the back of my chair. I feel her trembling there and when I look up I see the perspiration falling off her chin.
I did not know what to think of her when we first met. She was wearing a red beret and old torn jeans.Her hair was a mess and her belongings were scattered all aroud her.She did not look anything like the person in the photos. I could not believe that this girl was the same person who had been writing me emails for over a year.When I saw her sitting in the cafe, I almost turned around and walked out. How could I do that , though , to someone who had become such a dear friend?
Even though we had never met in person, I considered Claudia to be one of my best friends. Ever since we became acquainted on the Internet pen-pal site, we'd exchanged letters almost every day for over a year. They were not ordinary letters either.They were very special letters in which we told each other about our dreams, our secrets , our beliefs, and our fears. Through her emails , she became a part of my life.In some ways, she was even closer to me thatn the friends whom I saw every day.
Now, there she was sitting in the cafe waiting for me. I had traveled fourteen hours from New York to Singapore just to meet her, but now that she was right in front of me, I felt scared. How could this messy looking girl be my friend Claudia? What would I say to her? Would our friendship chage now that we could actually sit across a table from each other and look into each other's eyes?How would we spend the enxt ten days together? All these questions went through my mind as I stood there trying to get enough courage to actually walk up and introduce myself.
While I was thinking these things.Claudia must have looked up and seen me standing there. Suddenly , she was right there in front of me saying, "Julie!It's you"It's really you!" Her arms were around me and somehow mine were around her , too. We hugged each other tight and from that moment we became almost inseparable and were rerely apart.
That was six months ago. Now I am the one sitting in an airport cafe waiting for her. When she arrives in New York, it will be the beginning of the next phase of our friendship. Claudia
Consider the similarities of"family photographs" throughout the modern industrial societies.
No matter what the society , a wedding can scarcely be said to have taken place unless the participants are photographed.
A baby is not properly born until it is "snapped" and not to photograph it regularly thereafter can seem form of child neglect.
Merely to display a family photograph alubm can have ahighly symbolic effect.
If,after a certain period of trial,some new comer is seen as possibly becoming"part of the family" the family albums are taken outand presented as evidence of trust and sometimes as a test of the newcomer's intentions.
Simply by holding the family albums in their hands and turning over the pages,individuals in a family might ressure themselves that their family has a structure and a history.
In cases where there has been a long delay since the last meeting,and in reality not much remains in common between two members of a family,looking at the family albums might provide greater emotional satisfaction than the reunion itself.
和訳お願いします The history of life on earth has been a history of interaction between living things and their surroundings. To a large extent,the physical form and the habits of the earth's vegetaion and its animal life have been moulded by the environment.
Only within the moment of time represented by the present century has one species-man-acquired significant power to alter the nature of his world. よろしくお願いします
>>456 これです。よろしくお願いします。 I hear Maggie go “Uhnnnh” again.It is her sister's hair. It stands straight up like the wool on a sheep. It is black as night and around the edges are two long pigtails that rope about like small lizards disappearing behind her ears. “Wa-su-zo-Tean-o!”she says,coming on in that gliding way the dress makes her move. The short stocky fellows up with “Asalamalakim,my mother and sister!” He moves to hug Maggie but she falls back,right up against the back of my chair. I feel her trembling there and when I look up I see the perspiration falling off her chin.
わからないです。お願いします。 Audery hepburn was born in Brussels, Belegium on May 4, 1929. She is best known for the roles she played in such classic movies as Roman Holiday and Breakfast at Tiffany's. But perhaps her most important role was the one she played Special Ambassador for the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund, or UNICEFF.
Near the end of her carrer as an actress in the late 1980,s Hepburn was living with her partner in Switzerland. But instead of living out her final years quietly and comfortably, she decied that she wanted to do something much more important with her life than acting ever was. Her second career with UNICEFF began on March 8, 1988. Her mission to meet with the starving people of the Third World and to make other people aware of the terrible conditions that existed there.
From 1988 to 1992, Hepburn traveled to over 50 Third World countries. Between trips she would give press conferences, make television appearances, perform in charity concerts anything to make people want to help the dying children of the world.
Because almost everyone you know at home holds these same assumptions and beliefs about right and wrong,you probably take these things for granted and hardly realize that they exist.
すみません>>448ですが所々スペルのミスがありました Consider the similarities of"family photographs" throughout the modern industrial societies.
No matter what the society , a wedding can scarcely be said to have taken place unless the participants are photographed.
A baby is not properly born until it is "snapped" and not to photograph it regularly thereafter can seem form of child neglect.
Merely to display a family photograph album can have a highly symbolic effect.
If,after a certain period of trial,some new comer is seen as possibly becoming"part of the family" the family albums are taken out and presented as evidence of trust and sometimes as a test of the newcomer's intentions.
Simply by holding the family albums in their hands and turning over the pages,individuals in a family might reassure themselves that their family has a structure and a history.
In cases where there has been a long delay since the last meeting,and in reality not much remains in common between two members of a family,looking at the family albums might provide greater emotional satisfaction than the reunion itself.
どなたかお願いいたします。 There was an almost rustic simplicity in the faint smile that played upon his lean, spacious cheek and lighted up his humorous eyes as he at last slowly and carefully deposited his big tea-cup upon the table.
recent policy initiatives include the extension of the right to stay from three to five years to researchers and data processing engineers in facilities or businesses located in special zones.
in 2006 the immigration bureau created guidelines for granting the status of permanent residence in japan, which included duration of stay criteria, a relaxation of the contribution to japanese society criterion and the clarification of other general requirements. 和訳お願いします
すみません>>450です。やはりどうにもわかりません。助けて下さい。 The history of life on earth has been a history of interaction between living things and their surroundings. To a large extent,the physical form and the habits of the earth's vegetaion and its animal life have been moulded by the environment. Considering the whole span of earthly time,the opposite effect,in which life actually modifies its surroundings,has been relatively slight.
Only within the moment of time represented by the present century has one species-man-acquired significant power to alter the nature of his world. お願いします。
But the circumstances were different for Okimawans,who until the latter part of the 19th century considered themselves members of a separate nation.
During the Meiji Era,however,the provisions of the assimilation policy ensured that ethnic groups such as Okinawans were compelled by law to forsake their native language and culture in order to fit into the cast of loyal Japanese subject.
Okinawan children who were caught speaking their native languae in school were forced to hang a punishment card around their neck.
Assimilation policy was not free assimilation. In reality, it was forced assimilation.
An experimental vaccine for hepatitis E has proved nearly 96 percent protective in a test among soldiers in Nepal. The results set the stage for a final trial that could lead to commercialization of the vaccine, the first to be developed against this virus.
Other hepatitis vaccines don't work against hepatitis E, and there's no effective treatment for the disease that it causes. By some estimates, one-third of the world's population, mainly in Africa and Asia, has been infected at some time. A hepatitis E infection causes fatal liver failure in one to three percent of patients showing symptoms. Other signs of the disease are abdominal pain, nausea, fatigue, and yellowed skin.
The loss of wages from weeks or months of missed work creates a "huge burden" on families in poor countries where this hepatitis is endemic, says Bruce L. Innis, an infectious-disease physician at GlaxoSmithKline in King of Prussia, Pa.
Innis teamed with researchers from Nepal and the U.S. Army to recruit 1,794 Nepalese soldiers to test the vaccine. Half received three shots of the vaccine over 6 months, while the others got inert injections.
Over an average of 27 months, three volunteers who had received the full vaccine regimen came down with hepatitis E, compared with 66 soldiers who got the placebo, the researchers report in the March 1 New England Journal of Medicine. Tests on patients' blood or stool ascertained the viral infection.
"The vaccine practically knocks out the disease," says pathologist Krzysztof Krawczynski of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Atlanta. He cautions that the researchers didn't measure whether vaccinated soldiers who appeared healthy were nonetheless infected with the virus. Such subclinical infections might create a group of people who, although feeling well, would spread the virus via their feces to untreated drinking-water sources such as streams.
"Many vaccines don't stop infection," counters Suzanne U. Emerson of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) in Bethesda, Md. The successful vaccine for hepatitis A falls in that category.
The main requirement of a vaccine is to prevent disease, which the new hepatitis E vaccine does, Emerson says. She and her NIAID colleagues fashioned the vaccine in 1994 from one of the virus' proteins.
Meanwhile, puzzles linger. Unlike many diseases, which prey mainly on children and old people, hepatitis E usually strikes people between 15 and 40 years of age. And despite probable exposure to hepatitis E in early childhood, people in endemic zones "fail to build up immunity to it-one of the enduring mysteries of hepatitis E," Innis says. Most troublesome is hepatitis E's high death rate―up to 25 percent―in pregnant women.
If the vaccine clears its final hurdle in a large-scale trial, Innis envisions a public health approach that targets adolescents and young adults―with extra efforts to reach girls before they enter childbearing years.
“Combining this with other vaccines would be a practical approach," that could cut costs, says study coauthor Mammen P. Mammen, Jr., a U.S. Army infectious-disease physician at Fort Detrick in Frederick, Md.
It's unclear how long the vaccine's protection lasts. If immunity to hepatitis E wanes, Innis says, scientists might design a booster shot, as they did for the whooping cough vaccine.
長文ですがお願いします Learning a Second Language Some people learn a second language easily. Other people have trouble learnkng a new language. How can you help yourself learn a new language, such as English? There are several ways to make learning English a little easier and more interesting.
The first step is to feel positive about learning English. If you believe that you can learn, you will learn. Be patient. You do not have to understand everything all at once. It is natural to make mistakes when you learn something new. We can learn from our mistakes. In other words, do not worry about taking risks.
The second step is to practice your English. for example, write in a journal, or diary, every day. You will get used to writing English, and you will fell comfortable expressing your writing is improving. In adittion, you must speak English every day. You can practice with your classmates outside class. You will all make mistakes, but gradually you will become comfortable communicating in English.
The third step is to keep a record of your language learning. You can write this in your journal. after each class, think about what you did. Did you answer a question correctly? Did youb understand someyhing the teacher explained? Perhaps the lesson was difficult, but you tired to understand it. Write these accomplishments in your journal.
You must be positive about learning Englishb and believe that you can do it. It is important to practicfe every day make a record of your achievements. You will enjoy learning English, and you will fell moreb confidence in yourself.
If you want to be accepted here on equal terms with the Japanese, you must do things as they typically do.
Outward conformity is necessary to get approval.
The other edge of the sword of acceptance in Japan cuts in the exact oppossite direction.
You are fully expected not to know how to act:to display surprise at how different the Japanese are from everybody else on the planet.
Many Japanese are still still suspicious of foreigners who fit in too comfortably here, although the genuine internationalization of Japanese life that has occurred in the past two decades has gone a long way to decrease their number.
It all looks like a lose-lose situation,especially for those of us who love Japan, want to live here permanently and be a part of the society and culture.
I don't know what Lafcadio Hearn would say if he were to come back and live in Japan in the 21st century.
He probably would act like a Meiji-Era Japanese and puzzle all of us.
As for me, the incident with the chair only happened once, and I doubt if it will ever happen again.
Who knows,maybe in the future the Japanese will be on chairs and I'll be the only one sitting on the tatami.
Plato was born in 428-7 B.C.,in the early years of the Peloponnesian War. Hewas a well-to-do aristocrat, related to various people who were concerned in the rule of the Thirty Tyrants. He was a young man when Athens was defeated, and he could attribute the defeat to democracy, which his social position and his family connections were likely to make him despise. He was a pupil of Socrates, for whom he had a profound affection and respect; and Socrates was put to death by the democracy. "Wisdom," in the sense supposed, would not be any kind of specialized skill, such as is possessed by the shoemaker or the Physician or the military tactician. It must be something more generalized than this, since its possession is supposed to make a man capable of governing wisely. I think Plato would have said than it consists in knowledge of the good, and would have supplemented this defintion with the Socratic doctrine that no man sins wittingly, from which it follows that whoever knows what is good does what is right.
>>499続きです。 There is, however, something of great importance in Plato`s doctrine which is not traceable to his predecessors, and that is the theory of "ideas"or"forms." This theory is partly logical, partly metaphysical. The logocal part has to do with the meaning of general words. There are many individual animals of whom we can truly say "this is a cat." What do we mean by the word "cat"? Obviously something different from each particular cat. An animal is a cat, it would seem,because it participates in a general nature common to all cats. Language cannot get on without general words such as cannot get on without general words such as "cat," and such words are evidently not meaningless. But if the word "cat" means anything, it means something which is not this or that cat, but some kind of universal cattiness. This is not born ahen a particular cat is born, and does not die when it dies. In fact, it has no position in space or time; it is "eternal." This is the logocal part of the doctrine. The arguments in its favor, whether ultimately valid or not, are strong, and quite independent of the metaphysical part of the doctrine.
@Norman Rockwell is a brilliant storyteller within a particular American tradition . What makes his work so effective is that he appears to have shared with millions of other Americans a particular set of assumptions about life in the United State; and he has blended his skills as a illustrator with a wealth of careful observation to bring the consequences of these assumptions to life. The fact that Rockwell has habitually worked for large-circulation magazines has helped to sustain the authenticity of his position within the tradition. While the ideas for his Post covers originated with Rockwell himself, they were never executed without the prior approval of the magazine's editorial staff━a staff whith, very understandably, was concerned with its circulation figures and thus with the tastes of its readers. AWhen Rockwell began his career, an artist had only to present the figure of figures central to any incident that might be portrayed, while the setting itself could be taken for granted. Rockwell has , however, outlived this situation, and it has led to changes in his art which give it aspecial interest. In his later work━since the early forties━he has gone beyond the simple presentation of incident to the more complex portrayal of incident within a very specific environment . There are some purely practical factors to be taken into account in any consideration of this shift. Starting with the isuue dated June 27, 1942, the Post changed the layout formula of its cover, giving Rockwell a good deal more flexibility. Also important is the fact that Ken Stuart, who was appointed art editor in 1944, decided that the cover should present, week by week, a cumulative and almost documentary portrait of changing face of the nation.
BWhat we find in Rockwell's later work is a shift toward naturalism without any abandonment of his old values. Occasionally this made for a clash of interests which led to unresolved work. At his best, however, Rockwell has been able to resolve these elements into a new and unique synthesis, blending the values of American's recent past with the realities of a present that could no longer be ignored. Since millions of Americans were presented with the problem of making a similar adjustment in their own lives, they were immediately able to identify with this changed mood in Rockwell's art. CRockwell's new interests led him yo the detailed documentation of interiors and architectual setting , and this brought with it its pwn dividend. Rockwell's later covers and illustrations give us an accurate record of this highly particularized envionment. Often the paint on the walls is no longer fresh and there is garbage in the streets(Rockwell's portrait of America is seldom as flattering as many people seem to think it is);Rockwell's later work is packed with unadulterated, carefully observed information.
DLooking at Rockwell's Post covers of the forties, fifties and sixties one becomes involved not only with tahe incident portrayed but also with the American mythology that is encoded in its setting. EIn 1946 Rockwell painted for the cover of the Post a suburban train station during the rush hour. In this work we are given an unusually expansive gilmpse of the kind of setting he favors We see across the station roof to a hillside punctuated by winter trees and modest homes. Power lines, a pylon, and telephone wires cut across this scene(at this date rooftops are still innocent of television aerials). Automobiles clutter the narrow roads that wind toward the station. We see all or parts of a dozen homes. Some of these are plesant, wood-frame structures with high gables and porches for summer evenings; then there is a quaint coach house, but we are also shown a row of dreary buildings, each the same as the next, which the developer has ineffectually embellished with a half-timebered appearance. This is not a noble landscape but it is a friendly one. Any of these homes could accommodate the events that Rockwell delights in portraying. They are homes where people are not unfamiliar with baby-sitting problems, where teen-agers take dates and high-school proms very seriously. If we could walk among these homes we would probably find Red Cross stickers in the windows and basketball hoops above garage doors. If we could enter the living rooms we would not be surprised to find a Sears catalogue beside the radio. We feel immediately that we know the kind of people who live here.
1 After slowly and laboriously reaching the peak, you pause at the very top, and survey the landscape far below. Then, suddenly, your heart seems to stop and your stomach to leap into space. You are racing to the ground on a steep drop ― and at an angle of 45 degrees or more! But then, after safely getting to the bottom of the slope, you find yourself climbing again, much faster than before. Suddenly, before you know it, you are plunging earthward yet again. Why do you subject yourself to this torture?
2 First appearing in 17th century Russia, heart-stopping roller coasters have long been enjoyed by thrill-seekers all over the world. The supporting structure may be made of wood or steel, there may be steep drops or multiple loops, but even the most exciting roller coaster needs only a simple mechanical system to provide riders with the thrill of their life.
3 How simple is the system? First of all< roller coaster cars are not self-powered. After the train of cars is pulled up to the first peak by a cable, the force of gravity and the track design ensure that no on-board engines are necessary. As long as excess friction is avoided, the laws of physics allow the roller coaster to complete its circuit on its own and give its riders a good scare in the process.
>>511の続きです 4 According to physics, when the roller coaster reaches the first peak it has potential energy ― gravitational energy in this case ― which is equal to the amount of energy that was required to bring it to the top. This potential energy is then released as kinetic energy as the train races down the slope. On its second upward ascent the train is powered by inertia ― no cable is needed. Then, once it reaches the second peak, it again has a large amount of potential energy, ready to be used up on the second dip. Since some of the train's initial energy at the top of the first peak will inevitably be lost to friction, it cannot regain all of the potential energy it once had. Thus, the second peak must be at least slightly lower than the first one.
5 Unfortunately, despite the careful design of roller coasters, accidents have been known to happen. For example, an improperly maintained track might cause a roller coaster car to come off the track. It is also possible, but also very rare, for a person to fall out of a roller coaster. Usually, gravity and inertia keep riders safely in their seats. Many roller coasters, however, feature moments when the G force is less than 1. At such times riders are temporarily free of the full force of gravity and need a properly fitting safety harness.
6 Still, you must admit there is something special about this extreme form of entertainment. Thrill-seekers, even if they know how safe the roller coaster actually is, are sure to enjoy the very scary nature of the ride. The dramatic start, the mad rush downhill, the sudden changes in direction and speed: roller coasters are designed to let us safely be scared to death.
長いですけどお願いします。 1 Nineteenth-century English social scientist Herbert Spencer made this foresighted observation: "Those who arrogantly reject the Theory of Evolution, as not adequately supported by facts, seem quite to forget that their own theory is supported by no facts at all." Well over a century later nothing has changed. When I debate creationists, they present not one fact in favor of creation and instead demand "it is just one transitional fossil that proves evolution." When I do offer evidence (for example, Ambulocetus natans, a transitional fossil between ancient land mammals and modern whales), they respond that there are now two gaps in the fossil record.
2 This is a clever debate retort, but it reveals a profound error that I call the Fossil Fallacy:the belief that a "single fossil" --- one bit of data --- constitutes proof of a multifarious process or historical sequence. In fact, proof is derived through a collection of evidence from numerous lines of inquiry, all of which point to an unmistakable conclusion. We know evolution happened not because of transitional fossil such as A.natans but because of the collection of evidence from such diverse fields as geology, paleontology, biogeography, comparative anatomy and physiology, molecular biology, genetics, and many more. No single discovery from any of these fields denotes proof of evolution, but together they reveal that life evolved in a certain sequence by a particular process.
3 Consider the case of the dog. With so many breeds of dogs popular for many thousands of years, one would think there would be an abundance of transitional fossils providing paleontologists with plenticul data from which to reconstruct their evolutionary ancestry. In fact, according to Jennifer A.Leonard, an evolutionary biologist, "the fossil record from wolves to dogs is pretty sparse." Then how do we know whence dogs evolved? In the November 22, 2002, Science, Leonard and her colleagues report that mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) data from early dog remains "strongly support the hypothesis that ancient American and Eurasian domestic dogs share a common origin from Old World gray wolves."
4 In the same issue, molecular biologist Peter Savolainen and his colleagues note that even though the fossil record is problematic, their study of mtDNA sequence variation among 654 domestic dogs from around the world "points to an origin of the domestic dog in East Asia" about 15,000 years before the present from a single gene pool of wolves. Finally, anthropologist Brian Hare and his colleagues descrice in this same issue the results of a study showing that domestic dogs are more skillful than wolves at using human signals to indicate the location of hidden food. Yet "dogs and wolves do not perform differently in a nonsocial memory task, ruling out the possibility that dogs outperform wolves in all human-guided tasks," they write. Therefore, "dogs' social-communicative skills with humans were acquired during the process of domestication."
5 No single fossil proves that dogs came from wolves, but archaeological, morphological, genetic and behavioral "fossils" converge to reveal the ancestor of all dogs to be the East Asian wolf. The tale of human evolution is revealed in a similar manner (although here we do have an abundance of fossils), as it is for all ancestors in the history of life. We know evolution happened because innumerable bits of data from myriad fields of science conjoin to paint a rich portrait of life's pilgrimage.
if indeed the plans go through at allBut the comparison one industry official user to illustrate the mistake that America must avoid is the large scale privatization in Russia in the 1990s, which involved a transfer of entire industrier to a few, well-connected oligarchs.
And yet....read letters sent to the editors of Japan's English-language dailies,and you will encounter a long list of grievances.
Many non-Japanese people believe that the Japanese are,at best,barely tolerant of outsiders or, at worst, bitterly hostile to them.
What is the actual situation?
Let's go back,for a moment,to Hearn's era.
Hearn himself was then one of an exceedingly small number of foreigners who took Japanese citizenship.
The Western community at the time,from missionary to merchant,considered doing that to be an outrageous act.
Forsaking the superior Christian white man's culture for an Asian one went against all proper notions of what true civilization signified and entailed.
The notion was that being Japanese represented not merely a legal matter of registration, but a total commitment to conform to the customs and codes of conduct that every Japanese was presumed to follow as a matter of birthright.
Let's return to the present,when,in some senses,the old concept of assimilation has changed little.
On the one hand,Japanese don't expect foreigners to be like them at all.
Their view of their own culture and traditions is as something practically unique and peculiar to these islands.
When a foreigner knows too much or acts in what appears to be a Japanese manner, the Japnese response is likely to be one of puzzlement,amusement,shock or dismay.
Part2 Grace came home on Christmas Day short visit from the hospital. She showed little interest in the hundreds of presents that she received from her friends. The next morning, Robert, Annie, and Grace went to see Pilgrim. They opened the door of the stable. “No! Oh, no!” Grace shouted. Pilgrim’s eyes were bloody and crazy. There were terrible cuts on his face.
Several weeks later, Grace was getting better physically. She could walk quite well now with the help of her crutches. But something was wrong inside. Annie could see that something inside her daughter was slowly dying. “If Pilgrim were all right, he would be a great help to Grace,” she said to herself. Annie looked for someone to calm Pilgrim’s troubled heart. One day, she heard of Tom Booker, a horse whisperer in Montana. Horse whisperer can understand horses. They can calm the most troubled horses just by talking to them.
Part3 Tom Booker could see how much Grace and Pilgrim were joined in their suffering. “If I could help the horse, I could also help Grace,” he thought. Tom decided to do something for them. Day after day, he stayed with Pilgrim in the arena for some time. Weeks passed, but nothing changed. When Tom came near Pilgrim, the horse always moved away to a far corner. One day, however, little by little Pilgrim came to Tom. Tom was whispering something to Pilgrim. “Go on, Pilgrim. He won’t hurt you,” Grace thought. Pilgrim put his nose to Tom’s hands and smelled them. Tom just stood there and let him. At then moment, Grace was all happiness. Pilgrim’s show of trust changed everything. She knew that this change in herself was going to stay with her forever. Tom called Grace into the arena. She held her hands out below the horse’s nose. There was fear on both sides. Then Pilgrim put his nose to her hands and then to her face and hair.
Part4 A few weeks later, everyone Grace knew was there, at the side of the arena. They were waiting to see Grace ride on Pilgrim again. Tom rode Pilgrim slowly around the arena a few times. Grace stood next to her mother. She tried to stay calm. Then Tom got down from Pilgrim and walked over to Grace. She went to meet him. Her new leg felt good. “Ready?” he asked. He saw the worry in her face. “Sure.” Tom put his arm around her shoulders, and they walked over to Pilgrim. He lifted his ears when they came near. Tom stopped Grace a little way away from Pilgrim and went the final few steps alone. He put his hand on Pilgrim’s neck and his head close to the horse’s. Pilgrim never took his eyes off Grace. When Tom tried to bring the animal to Grace, Pilgrim refused to move. He lifted his head and looked down at Grace. He must have remembered that terrible moment of the accident.
Part5 “OK, Grace,” Tom said. “We’re going to try one more thing. I didn’t want to do this. But there’s something inside that horse that I can’t reach in any other way. I’m going to make him lie down.” Pilgrim fought long and hard. But finally he fell over on his side and laid his head on the sand. “Now, Grace, step up. Go on, step up in him,” Tom almost shouted. And she did. With tears falling down her face, she stood on the animal she loved most in the world. Tom helped Grace down and put his hands on her shoulders. He said, “Lying down like that was the worst thing for Pilgrim. But he found it was OK. Even you standing on him was OK. Now he know that the light comes only after the darkest hour.” Now Tom prepared the horse for riding and told Grace to get on. She felt no fear. She walked him first one way around the arena and then the other. Grace could feel Pilgrim under her, just like before. He was strong, trusting, and true.
Overpopulation is not defined by a fixed number of people; rather, it is a radio of population to resources needed to survive. These include food, especially, but also water, clean air, fuel, building supplies, and other environmental resources. As long as we can obtain enough resources, the world can survive population increases. But many worry that we are reaching a limit. Fortunately, technological advances have helped us produce more food, thereby reducing overpopulation problems. The "Green Revolution" of the 1960s, which introduced high-yield crops and modern agricultural technology, helped to feed millions and avoid the "population bomb" that had been predicted.
This pollution is for the most part irrecoverable;the chain of evil it initiates not only in the world that must support life but in living tissues is for the most part irreversible.
In this now universal contamination of the envionment,chemicals are the sinster and little-recognized patners of radition in changing the very nature of the world -the very nature of its life.
続き Strontium 90,released through unclear explosions into the air,comes to earth in rain o drifts down as fallout, lodges in soil, enters into the grass or corn or wheat grown there, and in time takes up its abode in the bones of a human being, there to remain until his death. Similary chemicals sprayed on croplands or forests or gardens lie long in soil, entering into living organisms, passing from one to another in a chain of poisoning and death.
Or they pass mysteriously by underground streams until they emerge and, through alchemy of air and sunlight, combine into new forms that kill vegetation ,sicken cattle, and work unknown harm on those who drink from once-pure wells. As albert schweitzer has said, "man can hardly even recognize the devils of his own creation."
For almost a year,economists at the Univercity have been asking Americans about their happiness for the school's widely quoted monthly measure of consumer confidence.
和訳お願いします Since arriving in Japan in 1967 I have had countless such experiences. Allow me to recount one here. In the 1980s,I helped find and arrange an apartment in Tokyo for a Japanese friend who was coming from Kyoto to live in the city. I did negotiations on price,etc.,for her as well. When she came to Tokyo,I set up a meeting at the apartment for her with the owner,a kind elderly Japanese lady. When the three of us entered the unfurnished apartment,I was surprised to see a single chair in the middle of the tatami room. Please sit down there,the landlady said to me in a polite fashion. Oh no,I replied. I'm fine on the tatami.I have lived on tatami for many years.
No,I insist,please, she said. I turned to my friend,who remained silent but was pleading with her eyes,Just do as she asks,please. This is important to me. So there I sat, on a chair in the middle of the tatami room, while the two Japanese engaged in conversation below.
I can tell you, I felt like a complete idiot.
Needless to say, the landlady was only trying to be gracious,assuming that because I was not a Japanese I would naturally prefer to sit on a chair.
My having spoken Japanese with her,assuring her that I knew the ins and outs of the Japanese rental system,had no effect.
Can't internationalization be left to statesmen and business leaders to worry about, leaving younger people free to concentrate on whatever may interst them,without concern for such big sounding but vague matters?
Many people feel that all this fuss about internationalization is what shakespeare called much ado about nothing. Or else they believe that,whatever it may be, it is just too vast and remote a problem for them to do anything about. But if this is the way young japanese actually do think, then they are making a serious mistake. the internationalization of japan concerns the present life and immediate future of each individual japanese.
If younger people wait until they themselves have reached positions of leadership,they may find they have waited too long to solve the difficulties japan might by then face. Internatinalization is a challenge that confronts japan and each individual japanese right now.
Advice to students:Study hard,do your homework,don't skip classes,raise your grades and get a part-time job.
That's right,work part-time.
But don't work too much. Studies have shown that students who work 20 hours or fewer each week get better grades than students who work more than that or don't work at all.
The experience of part-time work also helps them manage their time better,become more responsible and interact more easily with people.
So go ahead - take orders,sell clothes,cook hamburgers or wash dishes.
力を貸してください。宜しくお願いします。 1 In most British minds, there are two different images of Japan. One image is of the first-class products made by world-leading industries, and the other is of a mysterious ancient culture full of ancient ritual. Modern aspects of Japan are considered only to be a result of westernization, while the true essence of Japan can be found in the traditional culture. However, there are several problems with these images.
One is whether we can say that Japan's desire to modernize was no more than a desire to westernize. Certainly, a century and a half ago the Japanese admired the material products of the West. But it is also true that for that for most of its history, Japan has been keen to modernize its nation by imitating foreign cultures -- not just those of the West, but also those of Korea and China.
This leads to the second problem: the traditions of Japan. In fact, much of what is usually considered as Japanese has its roots not in Japan but on the Asian continent, or in some cases, even in the West. The ancient Japanese court music and the tea ceremony, to mention a few, came from China. Even tempura was introduced by the Portuguese in the 16th century.
The third problem is what is seen as the mysterious aspects of traditional Japanese culture. This image is rather a result of the Westerners' viewpoint. They try to see in Japanese culture something which is different from their own. That is why they are so often disappointed by Japan's Westernization.
2 Westerners tend to see something mysterious not only in the traditional culture of Japan, but also in its westernization. In particular, the management-labor system based on unique Japanese culture is often regarded as the main factor in their success. Yet, Japanese business structure has been exported to such countries as England and Wales, where it is working quite well. Therefore, the success of such a system cannot be due to something unique within Japanese culture.
For many years, it has been said that Japanese culture is unique. Recently, however, the theory of Japanese uniqueness has been seriously criticized. Japanese culture is unique only in the sense that British culture is unique.
Japan was too far away to be attacked from the continent, but near enough to easily import the cream of the continental culture.The Japanese have come to have two characteristic attitudes: they have a great curiosity about high quality foreign cultures, which they seek to adapt and improve; but at the same time, they feel a certain inferiority complex.
In many ways the humble curiosity of the Japanese has helped them greatly until now. But cultures change with time. Japan has now become a superpower. It is not used to playing the role of a leader in international relations. For Japan to become more active in the world, Japan itself needs to have a deeper understanding about its culture.
APart-time work is an important part of life for many studemt.
In Japan four out of five junior college and university students work part-time.
Finding a way to balance a part-time job with studies is not always easy,however. Here are some suggestions that might help.
Make as much money as you can during summer holidays and other periods when there are no classes.
After classes start,work less to give yourself more time for schoolwork and club activities.
Find a job that gives you choices about the days and the number of hours you work.
Be flexible yourself.
If your employer asks you to work on a day that you were not scheduled to work,agree to do so if you can.
This will help build a good relationship with your employer.
Don't work too much!
Of course,more work means more money,but don't let your work become more important than school. Make sure you have at least one or two nights for yourself.
Start with 8 or 10 hours a week,and then increase your hours if you have the time and energy to work more.
One of the most common examples of the principal-agent problem occurs between a principal who wants something sold but needs someone else to do the selling. Whether one is selling shoes,cosmetics,advertising space,or vacuum cleaners,it is easy to be passive about selling someone else's product.A really good sales job takes not only time but also sensitivity, energy and creativity, which may be more naturally directed toward one’s more personal interests. Consequently, salespeople,acting as agents of a principal,nearly always receive contracts flush with incentives for closing the deal with customers. A typical salesperson receives a relatively low fixed wage and a commission on each sale that is a percentage of the item’s final selling price.Usually the more difficult it is to monitor the salesperson,the greater the percentage of the salesperson's income is composed of commission.When monitoring by the principal is easier,the fixed-Wage component may be higher,while still providing some incentive for an enthusiastic sales effort. 和訳よろしくお願いします。
Tropical rainforests are very important for the environment. They absorb large amounts of carbon dioxide which would otherwise contribute to global warming, and provide a home for numerous species of animals, birds, fish, insects and plants which can survive nowhere else. However, they are being destroyed by loggers, farmers and mining companies, and through the construction of roads and dams. In the 1990s, deforestation occured at an annual rate of 9.8million hectares per year, mainly in Central and South America, South East Asia and West Africa. The Amazon region contains a third of the world's rainforests, and has seen some of the worst destruction. When this began on a large scale in Brazil in the 1960s, conservationists raised the alarm, but they were opposed by powerful forces: a government eager to develop ‘unproductive’land, multinational corporations seeking cheap lumber, beef and cattle feed, and ruthless local businesses determined to make money at any cost to the environment and to indigenous communities living in the rainforests.
The National Rubber Tappers Council, formed in 1985, campaigned for regulations to protect the rainforest on which their members' livelihood depended. When their leader, Chico Mendes, was assassinated in 1988 by the son of a cattle rancher, Brazil came under international pressure to take strict measures to protect its remaining rainforests. Around the same time, the international campaign to protect rainforests adopted more confrontational tactics, asking consumers to boycott the products of corporations involved in destroying rainforests. McDonalds and Burger King reluctantly ended their links with Central American cattle ranches that had been created by clearing rainforests; and Mitsubishi ended its logging operations in South East Asia. Less well-known companies soon replaced them, however, and the destruction continues to this day. In addittion to consumer boycotts, various other approaches have been tried. One of these is the debt-for-nature exchange, in which a non-governmental organization pays off a part of a poor country's international debt and in exchange receives the right to manage a threatened ecosystem. Since the first such exchange took place in Bolivia in 1987, the system has spread to many other countries.
While other studies have shown that people become less materialistic as they age, the finding on immigrants is relatively new and may reflect their desire to assimilate, Lutz said.
“Wearing the right clothes and the right brands is one way to fit into a particular group,”he said.“Perhaps when newcomers want to find out what it's like here they say,‘Let's go to the mall and see what Americans buy.”’
One reason shopping has assumed greater importance in American society may be becouse churches, civic organizations ond other institutions have declined, Lutz said. The appearance of such aphorisms as“Born to Shop”and“I Shop, Therefore I Am”on bumper stickers reflect the prominent position shopping plays in consumer clture, he said.
すみません、どなたかお願いします; He was undoubtedly an Athenian citizen of moderate means, who spent his time in disputation, and taught philosophy to the young, but not for money, like the Sophists. He was certainly tried, condemned to death, and executed in 399 B.C., at about the age of seventy.He was unquestionably a well-known figure in Athens, since Aristophanes caricatured him in The Clouds. But beyond this point we become involved in controversy. Two of his pupils, Xenophon and Plato, wrote voluminously about him, but they said very different things.
There has been a tendency to think that everithing Xenophon says must be true, because he had not the wits to think of anything untrue. This is a very invalid line of argument. A stupid man`s report of what a clever man says is never accurate, because he unconsciously translates what he hears into something that he can understand. I would rather be reported by my bitterest enemy among philosophers than by a friend innocent of philosophy.
With Plato`s account of Socrates, the difficulty is quite a different one from what it is the case of Xenophon, namely, that it is very hard to judge how far Plato means to portray the historical Socrates, and how far he intends the person called "Socrates" in his dialogues to be merely the mouthpiece of of his own opinions. Plato, in addition to being a philosopher, is an imaginative writer of great genius and charm. No one supposes, and he himself does not seriously pretend, that the conversations in his dialogues took place just as he records them.
The Platonic Socrates consistently maintains that he knows nothing, and is only wiser than others in knowing that he knows nothing;but he does not think knowledge unobtainable. On the contrary, he thinks the search for knowledge of the utmost importance. He maintains that no man sins wittingly and therefore only knowledge is needed to make all men perfectly virtuous. The close connection between virtue and knowledge is characteristic of Socrates and Plato. To some degree, it exists in all Greek thought, as opposed to that of Christianity. In Christian ethics, a pure heart is the essential, and is at least as likely to be found among the ignorant as among the learned. This difference between Greek and Christian ethics has persisted down to the present day. Dialectic, that is to say, the method of seeking knowledge by question and answer, was not invented by Socrates. it seems to have been first practiced systematically by Zeno, the disciple of Paemenides; in Plato`s dialogue Parmenides, Zeno subjects Socrates to the same kind of treatment to which, elsewhere in Plato, Socrates subjects others.
The matters that are suitable for treatment by the Socratic method are those as to which we have already enough knowledge to come to a right conclusion, but have failed, through confusion of thought or lack of analysis, to make the best logocal use of what we know. A question such as "what is justice?" is eminently suited for discussion in a Platonic dialogue. We all freely use the words "just" and "unjust," and, by examining the ways in which we use them, we can arrive inductively at the definition that will best suit with usage. All that is needed is linguistic discovery, not a discovery in ethics.
すみません、>>562の最後の行のAll that〜からが間違ってました; 正しくは↓です。 All that is needed is knowledge of how the words in question are used. But when our inquiry is concluded, we have made only a linguistic discovery, concluded, we have made only a linguistic discovery, not a discovery in only a linguistic discovery, not a discovery in ethics.
Part-time work is an important part of life for many studemt. In Japan four out of five junior college and university students work part-time. Finding a way to balance a part-time job with studies is not always easy,however. Here are some suggestions that might help.
Make as much money as you can during summer holidays and other periods when there are no classes.
After classes start,work less to give yourself more time for schoolwork and club activities.
Find a job that gives you choices about the days and the number of hours you work.
Be flexible yourself.
If your employer asks you to work on a day that you were not scheduled to work,agree to do so if you can.
This will help build a good relationship with your employer.
Don't work too much! Of course,more work means more money,but don't let your work become more important than school. Make sure you have at least one or two nights for yourself.
Start with 8 or 10 hours a week,and then increase your hours if you have the time and energy to work more.
➀ 1 One of the most common examples of the principal-agent problem occurs between a principal who wants something sold but needs someone else to do the selling.
2 Whether one is selling shoes,cosmetics,advertising space,or vacuum cleaners,it is easy to be passive about selling someone else's product.
3 A really good sales job takes not only time but also sensitivity, energy and creativity, which may be more naturally directed toward one’s more personal interests.
4 Consequently, salespeople,acting as agents of a principal,nearly always receive contracts flush with incentives for closing the deal with customers.
5 A typical salesperson receives a relatively low fixed wage and a commission on each sale that is a percentage of the item’s final selling price.
6 Usually the more difficult it is to monitor the salesperson,the greater the percentage of the salesperson's income is composed of commission.
7 When monitoring by the principal is easier, the fixed-Wage component may be higher,while still providing some incentive for an enthusiastic sales effort.
A 1 The supervisors of door-to-door salespeople face a double dose of difficulty that surpasses that of the ordinary principal.First,they face the ordinary problem of motivating their sales staff to interact persuasively with customers.
2 But unlike a salesperson selling shoes or cosmetics in the confines of a physical retail space,they face a colossal monitoring problem due to the ambulatory nature of their sales staff.
3 In practice,the supervisor simply can’t monitor the salespeople at all.
4 As a result,door-to-door salespeople labor under contracts that often pay no fixed wage whatsoever, with their income entirely consisting of a share of their gross sales. B 1 In 1906,Alfred C.Fuller founded a legendary door-to-door sales enterprise,the Fuller Brush Company.
2 Fuller began the company, renowned for its distinctive collection of home and personal care products,by establishing three basic rules for his products: make it work;make it last;and guarantee it“no matter what.”
3 His company took off quickly.
4 Fuller became something of a folk hero,and the traveling Fuller Brush Man became an American folk icon.
5 Early Walt Disney cartoons cast Donald Duck in the role of a Fuller Brush Man.
6 In Disney's rendition of the Three Little Pigs,the Big Bad Wolf appeared at the little pigs' front door disguised as a Fuller Brush Man before he huffed and puffed and tried to blow their houses down.
when fortnum & mason,the classy london department store,advertised for a chocolate buyer,hundreds of people applied for the position. obviously,knowing a lot abnut chocolate is very important for a chocolate buyer. the buyer must travel around the world tasting all kinds of chocolate:dark,milk,bitter and white. being knowledgeable about products that are made with chocorate,such as truffles,is important too. after selecting and purchasing a product,the buyer arranges for it to be sent to london. there it is sold from the gourmet food section at the department store. on the day that the advertisement appeared in the newspapers,32 friends emailed chloe doutre-roussel telling her to apply for this dream job.they knew how much chloe loved eating chocolate. so chloe applied for the job. at her interview she explained that she was currently working as an economist for the united nations,could speak several languages fluently and enjoyed traveling.
more importantly,she told them that she was a chocoholic.''i'm hooked on chocolate,''she told them. ''i keep hundreds of different kinds of chocolate in my home and there are specialty chocolates in every drawer of my desk at the UN.realizing this,my colleagues visit me every afternoon around teatime. i'm a popular person!'' lucky chloe got the job.the interviewers admired her passion for chocolate and her knowledge of many different chocolate products. chloe is now working hard for fortnum & mason,tasting and eating chocolate every day. what a life! 長いので分けましたがお願いします
It is never easy to raise thoroughbreds. Sakuraoji,the first thoroughbred born at the school,hurt one of his legs and could not race after that. The second thoroughbred,a female,had to be put down after one of her legs was accidentally injured by her mother. It was very painful for everybody. The students learned that raising thoroughbreds for racing and keeping pets are quite defferent things.
Because of these tragic accidents,Yumeroman,the third thoroughbred,was raised very carefully and even spoiled a little. As a result,he became a naughty horse. He often acted wildly and tried to bite the students,but they all loved him.
A year passed by and Yumeroman had to leave the school. He was handed over to a new owner. Seeing his empty stable,the students felt very sad.
Another principle based in common law is that police officers ,even with warrants,must knock on the door of a house and announce that they are police officers ,as heard in many films :“Open up. It`s the police!” Let`s look at a case taken to the Supreme Court in which the defense attorney tried unsuccessfully to argue that the “knock and announce” principle must always be enforced.
One day, when I was a freshman in high school, I saw a kid from my class walking home from school. His name was Kyle. It looked like he was carrying all of his books. I thought to myself, "Why would anyone take all his books home on a Friday? He must really be a nerd." I had a big weekend planned (parties and a football game with my friends tomorrow afternoon), so I just shrugged my shoulders and went on.
As I was walking, I saw a bunch of kids running toward him. They knocked all his books out of his arms and tripping him, causing him to land in the dirt. His glasses went flying, and I saw them land in the grass about ten feet from him. He looked up and I saw this terrible sadness in his eyes. I felt sorry for him, and so I jogged over to him. And as he crawled around looking for his glasses, and I saw tears in his eyes. I handed him his glasses, "Those guys are jerks,"I said. "They really should grow up ." He looked at me, and said, "Thanks!" There was a big smile on his face. It was one of those smiles that showed real gratitude. I helped him pick up his books and asked him where he lived. As it turned out, he lived near me. When I asked him why I had never seen him before, He said that he had gone to a private school for the past several years.
The difficulty about philosophy is that people take quite opposite attitudes toward it. Some honor it as the pursuit of wisdom or the love of wisdom and others despise it or even hold it in contempt as useless inquiry or idle speculation or merely their opinion. Philosophy means different things to different persons so that perhaps if we look at the kinds of questions that people have sent in to us, we may get some guidance about the points we ought to consider first that may need to be clarified most. As I see it, there are two main points to consider. The first is the desire to distinguish and relate philosophy, science, and religion. And the second is the need to consider philosophy in relation to life and explain how it is useful; or more than that, to prove that it is useful.
>>574 The difficulty about philosophy is [ that people take quite opposite attitudes toward it ]. Some honor it [ as the pursuit of wisdom or the love of wisdom ] and others despise it or even hold it in contempt [ as useless inquiry or idle speculation or merely their opinion ].
Philosophy means different things to different persons [ so that perhaps [ if we look at the kinds of questions [ that people have sent in to us ] ], we may get some guidance about the points [ we ought to consider first ] [ that may need to be clarified most ] ].
[ As I see it ], there are two main points [ to consider ]. The first is the desire [ to distinguish and relate philosophy, science, and religion ]. And the second is the need [ to consider philosophy in relation to life and explain [ how it is useful ] ]; or more than that, [ to prove [ that it is useful ]. これで分かりやすくなったでしょう?
[ As I see it ], there are two main points [ to consider ]. The first is the desire [ to distinguish and relate philosophy, science, and religion ]. And the second is the need [ to consider philosophy in relation to life and explain [ how it is useful ] ]; or more than that, [ to prove [ that it is useful ]. これで分かりやすくなったでしょう?
@By suspending small amounts of solvents in nanoscale droplets, chemists have found an environmentally safer method of cleaning centuries-old frescoes and saving them from the unintended consequences of previous restorations.
AThe preservation of historic frescoes often involves firming up the paint and slowing its degradation by oxygen, light, and air pollution. In the 1970s, synthetic resins seemed like an ideal fix. Conservators began coating frescoes with protective layers of these acrylic polymers. However, the use of the synthetic chemicals created unforeseen problems, says Piero Baglioni, a chemist at the University of Florence.
BFor one thing, the polymers obstructed microscopic pores within the paint, preventing the natural perspiration of the underlying walls. This accelerated the accumulation of damaging salts, such as sulfates, under the coating.
CFurthermore, within two decades, the protective layers themselves began to degrade. They often turned yellow from photooxidization, and they tended to shrink, creating stresses on the underlying paint, says Baglioni's collaborator Rodorico Giorgi.
DConservators began using solvents to remove the polymers. But the solvents were toxic materials such as aromatic compounds, which could be hazardous to the user. Moreover, the solvents couldn't clear the paint's pores, according to Baglioni. "It's impossible to remove these resins using a normal solvent," he says.
EIn the 1990s, Baglioni's team began replacing pure organic solvents with less toxic, water-based microemulsions of the aromatic compounds. That meant using surfactants to suspend the solvents in microscopic droplets of water. These water-based microemulsions cut the concentrations of hazardous solvents by at least 95 percent.
FMicrodroplets of solvents could easily get inside paint pores, where they would gobble up the resins. Conservators could then absorb them with a wet poultice.
GThe microemulsions were effective at removing not only synthetic polymers, but also organic materials such as soot and wax from burning candles, Giorgi says.
HUsing a new class of surfactants and new processing techniques, the Florence team has now brought down the concentration of hazardous solvents to less than one percent. Their new emulsions contain droplets as small as 10 nanometers. This increases their surface area per unit volume and enables conservators to use less-toxic concentrations of the solvents. The team describes its results in the May 22 Langmuir.
IAs an alternative to synthetic resins for saving frescoes, the Florence team favors the use of nanoparticles of calcium hydroxide, or slaked lime. These can also penetrate the paint's porous surface, providing a natural way of integrating them with the original, calcium carbonate-based paints.
JRamon Carrasco, an archaeologist at the National Institute of Anthropology and History in Campeche, Mexico, says that he has enlisted the help of the Florence team for preserving frescoes in the Mayan ruins of Calakmul, in the Yucatan. "We were very careful not to use synthetic resins," says Carrasco. "They prevent the original materials from breathing."